IELTS Reading: Smart Cities Và Phát Triển Bền Vững - Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Trong những năm gần đây, chủ đề Smart Cities (Thành phố thông minh) đã trở thành một trong những đề tài nóng hổi xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt khi kết hợp với khái niệm sustainable living (lối sống bền vững). Theo thống kê từ Cambridge IELTS và British Council, các bài đọc liên quan đến công nghệ đô thị, môi trường và phát triển bền vững chiếm khoảng 25-30% tổng số đề thi trong 5 năm qua.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng hoàn toàn giống với format thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách xác định đáp án chính xác.

Ngoài ra, bạn sẽ được trang bị kho từ vựng học thuật quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và các collocations hữu ích. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó thực tế của kỳ thi và xây dựng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Hãy chuẩn bị đồng hồ, giấy bút và bắt đầu thử thách 60 phút với chủ đề “How Smart Cities Are Promoting Sustainable Living”!

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một phần quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic, đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu và xử lý thông tin học thuật của bạn. Bài thi kéo dài 60 phút cho 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng số điểm sẽ được chuyển đổi thành band score từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi trực tiếp)
Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, yêu cầu suy luận)
Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, nội dung phức tạp)
Thời gian dự phòng: 2-3 phút để kiểm tra lại đáp án

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian riêng để chép đáp án vào answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án ngay trong quá trình làm bài hoặc dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án cẩn thận.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice Questions – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
Matching Features – Ghép thông tin với đặc điểm
Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau, từ scanning (quét thông tin) đến skimming (đọc lướt) và detailed reading (đọc kỹ).

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Smart Cities

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The concept of smart cities has gained tremendous momentum over the past decade as urban populations continue to grow at an unprecedented rate. According to the United Nations, approximately 68% of the world’s population is projected to live in urban areas by 2050, up from 55% in 2018. This rapid urbanization presents both challenges and opportunities for city planners and policymakers who are increasingly turning to technology and innovation to create more sustainable and livable urban environments.

A smart city uses digital technology and data-driven solutions to improve the quality of life for its residents while reducing environmental impact. At its core, the smart city concept integrates information and communication technologies (ICT) with Internet of Things (IoT) devices to manage a city’s assets efficiently. These assets include everything from transportation systems and power plants to water supply networks and waste management facilities. By collecting and analyzing data from various sources, city administrators can make informed decisions that optimize resource allocation and enhance public services.

One of the most visible applications of smart city technology is in traffic management. Cities like Singapore and Barcelona have implemented intelligent transportation systems that use sensors and cameras to monitor traffic flow in real-time. These systems can adjust traffic light timings automatically to reduce congestion, suggest alternative routes to drivers, and even predict traffic patterns based on historical data. The result is not only smoother traffic flow but also reduced fuel consumption and lower carbon emissions. In Singapore, the implementation of such systems has led to a 15% reduction in average commute times and a 10% decrease in vehicle emissions in the city center.

Energy efficiency is another critical area where smart cities are making significant strides toward sustainability. Smart grids, which use digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage, allow for more efficient distribution of electricity. In Copenhagen, Denmark, the city has installed smart meters in thousands of homes, enabling residents to monitor their energy consumption in real-time through mobile applications. This transparency has encouraged more conscious energy use, resulting in a 20% reduction in household electricity consumption over five years. Additionally, the city has integrated renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power into its grid, with the goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2025.

Water management is equally important in the smart city framework. Traditional water systems often suffer from significant losses due to leaks and inefficient distribution. Smart water networks use sensors to detect leaks immediately and monitor water quality continuously. The city of Barcelona has implemented such a system that has reduced water consumption by 25% through better leak detection and real-time monitoring. Furthermore, smart irrigation systems in public parks adjust watering schedules based on weather forecasts and soil moisture levels, preventing water waste while maintaining green spaces.

Waste management has also been revolutionized through smart city initiatives. In Seoul, South Korea, the city introduced a volume-based waste fee system combined with smart bins that notify collection services when they are full. This approach has increased the recycling rate to over 60% and reduced the amount of waste sent to landfills by 30%. Residents purchase special bags for food waste, which has encouraged them to compost more and waste less. The data collected from smart bins helps optimize collection routes, reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from waste trucks.

Smart cities also prioritize creating better living conditions through improved air quality monitoring. Networks of sensors distributed throughout urban areas measure pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone levels. This data is made available to the public through mobile apps, allowing residents to make informed decisions about outdoor activities. In cities with high pollution levels, such information can trigger alerts and temporary restrictions on vehicle use during peak pollution periods. London’s Low Emission Zone, supported by smart monitoring systems, has contributed to a 20% reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels in the city center since its implementation.

The success of smart city initiatives depends heavily on public engagement and digital literacy. Cities must ensure that technology serves all residents, including vulnerable populations who may lack access to digital devices or the internet. Many smart cities have established community programs to educate citizens about new technologies and provide access points such as public Wi-Fi and information kiosks. Amsterdam, often cited as a leading smart city, has created an open data platform where residents can access city information and even contribute their own data and ideas for urban improvement.

However, the implementation of smart city technologies is not without challenges. Privacy concerns regarding the collection and use of personal data remain a significant issue. Cities must establish clear policies on data governance, ensuring transparency about what data is collected, how it is used, and who has access to it. Cybersecurity is another critical concern, as interconnected systems can be vulnerable to attacks that could disrupt essential services. Additionally, the high initial costs of implementing smart infrastructure can be prohibitive, particularly for cities in developing countries.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of smart cities in promoting sustainable living are undeniable. By leveraging technology to optimize resource use, reduce waste, and improve quality of life, smart cities offer a promising path toward a more sustainable urban future. As more cities around the world adopt smart technologies and share their experiences, best practices are emerging that can help others accelerate their own transformation journeys.

Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, what percentage of the world’s population is expected to live in cities by 2050?
A. 55%
B. 60%
C. 68%
D. 75%
What is the primary purpose of smart city technology?
A. To increase city revenue
B. To improve quality of life and reduce environmental impact
C. To monitor citizens’ activities
D. To replace human workers with machines
How much has Singapore reduced average commute times through intelligent transportation systems?
A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 20%
D. 25%
What is Copenhagen’s goal regarding carbon emissions?
A. To reduce emissions by half by 2030
B. To become carbon-neutral by 2025
C. To eliminate all fossil fuels by 2025
D. To reduce emissions by 20% annually
By how much has Barcelona reduced water consumption through smart water systems?
A. 15%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 30%
What is Seoul’s recycling rate after implementing smart waste management?
A. Over 50%
B. Over 60%
C. Over 70%
D. Over 80%

Questions 7-10: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Smart cities only focus on environmental sustainability and ignore economic factors.
Smart water networks in Barcelona can detect leaks in real-time.
All residents in smart cities have equal access to digital technologies.
London’s Low Emission Zone has reduced nitrogen dioxide levels by 20%.

Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Smart grids use __ to detect changes in electricity usage patterns.
One major challenge for smart cities is the concern about __ related to personal data collection.
Cities need to establish clear policies on __ to ensure transparency about data use.

PASSAGE 2 – Technological Infrastructure Enabling Sustainable Urban Development

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The transformation of conventional cities into smart, sustainable urban centers requires a sophisticated technological infrastructure that goes far beyond simply installing sensors and collecting data. This infrastructure must be carefully designed, integrated, and maintained to ensure that different systems can communicate effectively and work together to achieve sustainability goals. The technological foundation of a smart city typically comprises several interconnected layers, each serving specific functions while contributing to the overall objective of creating a more efficient, livable, and environmentally responsible urban environment.

At the base layer lies the physical infrastructure consisting of sensors, actuators, cameras, and other IoT devices distributed throughout the city. These devices function as the city’s nervous system, constantly gathering information about everything from traffic patterns and air quality to energy consumption and waste levels. Modern smart cities deploy thousands or even millions of these devices, creating a dense network of data collection points. For instance, the city of Santander in Spain has installed over 20,000 sensors across its urban landscape, making it one of the most extensively instrumented cities in Europe. These sensors monitor parking availability, environmental conditions, lighting levels, and structural health of buildings and bridges. Such comprehensive monitoring enables city administrators to detect problems early, respond to situations promptly, and plan interventions more effectively.

The second layer involves connectivity infrastructure that enables these devices to transmit data to central systems for processing. This requires robust, reliable, and secure communication networks. Many cities are implementing 5G networks specifically to support smart city applications, as the technology offers the high bandwidth, low latency, and massive device connectivity necessary for real-time monitoring and control. Barcelona’s smart city initiative, for example, relies on a citywide fiber-optic network combined with wireless technologies to ensure seamless data transmission. The city has also created a municipal Wi-Fi network that provides free internet access to residents in public spaces while simultaneously serving as infrastructure for municipal sensors and services.

Data management and analytics constitute the third crucial layer. The enormous volume of data generated by smart city sensors—often referred to as “big data”—requires sophisticated storage, processing, and analytical capabilities. Cloud computing platforms have become essential for managing this data deluge, offering scalable storage and processing power. However, the trend is increasingly toward edge computing, where data processing occurs closer to the source rather than in distant data centers. This approach reduces latency, decreases bandwidth requirements, and improves system responsiveness. In autonomous vehicle applications, for instance, edge computing enables split-second decision-making that would be impossible if data had to travel to a remote server and back.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms represent the intelligence layer that transforms raw data into actionable insights. These technologies can identify patterns, predict trends, and optimize systems in ways that would be impossible for human operators to achieve manually. In the context of energy management, AI algorithms can predict demand patterns based on weather forecasts, historical usage, and real-time data, then adjust power generation and distribution accordingly. Similarly, in transportation, machine learning models can predict traffic congestion before it occurs and recommend interventions such as adjusting signal timings or suggesting alternative routes to drivers. The city of Los Angeles uses an AI-powered system that has reduced traffic congestion by analyzing data from thousands of sensors and automatically optimizing traffic light sequences throughout the city.

Digital twin technology has emerged as a powerful tool for urban planning and management in smart cities. A digital twin is a virtual replica of the physical city that incorporates real-time data from sensors and allows planners to simulate different scenarios before implementing changes in the real world. Singapore has developed a comprehensive digital twin called Virtual Singapore that models the entire city-state in three dimensions, including buildings, infrastructure, and even vegetation. Planners can use this platform to test the impact of new buildings on wind patterns and sunlight, simulate emergency evacuations, or evaluate the effectiveness of new transportation routes. This capability to experiment virtually significantly reduces risks and costs associated with urban development projects.

The integration of renewable energy technologies into smart city infrastructure is fundamental to achieving sustainability goals. Solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable sources must be seamlessly incorporated into the smart grid to provide clean energy while maintaining reliability. Advanced battery storage systems help address the intermittency issues associated with renewable energy, storing excess power generated during peak production times for use during periods of high demand or low generation. The city of Adelaide in Australia has implemented a virtual power plant that connects thousands of residential solar panel installations with battery storage systems, creating a distributed energy network that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and enhances grid resilience.

Building management systems in smart cities extend sustainability efforts to individual structures. Modern smart buildings incorporate sensors that monitor occupancy, temperature, humidity, and light levels, automatically adjusting heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and lighting systems to optimize comfort while minimizing energy use. These systems can reduce building energy consumption by 20-30% compared to conventional buildings. When scaled across an entire city, such efficiencies contribute significantly to overall sustainability goals. Moreover, smart buildings can participate in demand response programs, adjusting their energy consumption during peak demand periods to reduce strain on the grid and avoid the need for less efficient backup power plants.

The success of smart city technological infrastructure also depends on interoperability standards that ensure different systems and devices from various manufacturers can work together effectively. Without such standards, cities risk creating isolated “data silos” where valuable information cannot be shared across different departments or systems. Organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) are working to establish common frameworks and protocols for smart city technologies. Cities that adopt open standards and platforms benefit from greater flexibility, reduced vendor lock-in, and the ability to integrate new technologies as they emerge.

However, building and maintaining this complex technological infrastructure presents significant challenges. The initial capital investment required can be substantial, often running into hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars for large cities. Ongoing maintenance, upgrades, and cybersecurity measures add to the total cost of ownership. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological change means that infrastructure installed today may become obsolete within a few years, necessitating continuous investment and adaptation. Cities must therefore develop long-term strategic plans that balance immediate needs with future flexibility, ensuring that their infrastructure investments remain relevant and valuable over time.

Hạ tầng công nghệ hiện đại của thành phố thông minh với IoT và năng lượng xanh

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Installing sensors alone is sufficient to transform a city into a smart city.
Edge computing is becoming more popular than cloud computing for smart city applications.
Digital twin technology eliminates all risks associated with urban development projects.
Smart buildings can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to conventional buildings.
The cost of smart city infrastructure is justified by the immediate return on investment.

Questions 19-22: Matching Headings

The passage has ten paragraphs labeled with letters. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 2, 4, 6, and 8 from the list of headings below.

Write the correct letters (A-H) next to questions 19-22.

List of Headings:
A. The role of artificial intelligence in data analysis
B. Physical devices forming the foundation of smart cities
C. Integration of clean energy sources
D. Communication networks connecting city systems
E. Virtual modeling for urban planning
F. Energy-efficient building technologies
G. Financial barriers to implementation
H. Standardization requirements for system compatibility

Paragraph 2: __
Paragraph 4: __
Paragraph 6: __
Paragraph 8: __

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Smart city technological infrastructure consists of multiple interconnected layers. The foundation includes physical devices like sensors that act as the city’s (23) __. These devices transmit information through connectivity infrastructure, with many cities now implementing (24) __ to support real-time applications. The data is then processed using cloud computing or increasingly through (25) __, which reduces delays and improves responsiveness. Finally, (26) __ and machine learning transform raw data into useful insights that help optimize city systems and predict future trends.

PASSAGE 3 – Social, Economic and Ethical Dimensions of Smart Sustainable Cities

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The proliferation of smart city initiatives worldwide has generated considerable scholarly discourse regarding the multidimensional implications of technology-driven urban transformation, particularly concerning the intricate relationship between technological advancement and genuine sustainability. While proponents extol the virtues of data-driven governance and optimized resource allocation, critical urban scholars increasingly interrogate the underlying assumptions, power dynamics, and distributional consequences that accompany smart city development. This critical examination reveals that the path toward sustainable urban futures through smart technologies is considerably more complex and contested than the techno-optimistic narratives promulgated by technology vendors and some municipal governments would suggest.

From a socioeconomic perspective, the implementation of smart city technologies invariably intersects with existing patterns of inequality and social stratification within urban populations. The concept of the “digital divide”—disparities in access to and ability to use information and communication technologies—assumes particular salience in the smart city context. While affluent, digitally literate residents may readily embrace smart city applications that optimize their daily routines and enhance their quality of life, marginalized populations often lack the necessary devices, connectivity, or skills to benefit from these innovations. This phenomenon can exacerbate existing inequalities, creating what some scholars term “smart city exclusion” where the benefits of urban technological transformation accrue disproportionately to privileged groups. In Detroit, for example, researchers documented how smart city infrastructure investments concentrated in downtown areas designated for economic revitalization, while predominantly low-income African American neighborhoods experiencing acute service deficits received minimal attention or investment.

The neoliberal political economy undergirding many smart city projects further complicates sustainability objectives. Faced with fiscal constraints and austerity pressures, municipal governments increasingly partner with multinational technology corporations to finance and implement smart city infrastructure. These public-private partnerships (PPPs) often entail significant concessions to corporate partners, including long-term contracts, exclusive data access rights, and influence over urban policy priorities. Critics argue that such arrangements effectively commodify urban governance, subordinating public interest considerations to corporate profit motives. The case of Sidewalk Labs’ proposed development in Toronto—a highly publicized project by Alphabet Inc.’s urban innovation division—illustrates these tensions. The project faced sustained opposition from civil society organizations concerned about data governance, privacy protections, and the appropriateness of granting a private corporation such extensive control over urban development and resident data. Ultimately, the company withdrew its proposal in 2020, citing economic viability concerns amid the COVID-19 pandemic, though critics maintained that public pressure regarding governance issues played a significant role.

Data governance emerges as perhaps the most contentious dimension of smart sustainable cities. The fundamental architecture of smart cities necessitates ubiquitous data collection, generating what legal scholar Shoshana Zuboff terms “surveillance capitalism”—the commodification of personal information for profit maximization. The granular data captured by smart city sensors—movement patterns, energy consumption behaviors, waste generation habits, and countless other indicators of daily life—creates unprecedented opportunities for behavioral inference and predictive analytics. While such capabilities can indeed optimize city services and resource allocation, they simultaneously enable intrusive monitoring and algorithmic governance that may undermine individual autonomy and democratic participation. Researchers have documented instances where smart city data has been used for purposes beyond its original collection intent, including predictive policing algorithms that have been shown to perpetuate racial biases and social sorting mechanisms that determine access to services based on algorithmic risk assessments.

The environmental credentials of smart cities also warrant critical scrutiny. While efficiency improvements in energy, water, and waste management certainly contribute to sustainability goals, they may generate rebound effects where increased efficiency leads to increased consumption, thereby offsetting environmental gains. Moreover, the emphasis on technological solutions can distract from more fundamental questions about consumption patterns, economic growth imperatives, and lifestyle transformations necessary for genuine sustainability. Some environmental scholars argue that smart cities perpetuate “ecological modernization” discourse that assumes environmental problems can be resolved through technological innovation and market mechanisms without challenging the underlying economic structures driving environmental degradation. The substantial embodied energy and material resources required to manufacture and deploy smart city infrastructure—including rare earth elements for sensors, energy-intensive data centers, and frequent device replacement due to rapid technological obsolescence—represent significant environmental costs that are often overlooked in sustainability assessments.

The notion of citizen participation in smart cities presents a further paradox. While digital platforms theoretically enable enhanced civic engagement and participatory governance, the actual practice often falls short of these democratic ideals. E-participation platforms may create the appearance of inclusive decision-making while actually concentrating power among technically proficient users and obscuring the political contestation inherent in urban governance. Political scientists distinguish between “thick” participation involving substantive deliberation and decision-making power, and “thin” participation limited to feedback provision and consultation—with smart city initiatives predominantly manifesting the latter form. Furthermore, when participation occurs primarily through digital channels, it systematically excludes populations lacking digital access or literacy, thereby reinforcing rather than ameliorating existing power asymmetries.

Alternative visions of “smart from below” or “grassroots smart cities” have emerged as counterpoints to corporate-driven models. These approaches emphasize community empowerment, collective ownership of data and infrastructure, and alignment of technological development with locally articulated needs and values. The Fab City initiative, originating in Barcelona, exemplifies this alternative paradigm by promoting locally productive and globally connected cities that leverage digital fabrication technologies and circular economy principles to enhance urban self-sufficiency and resilience. Similarly, the Commons-Based Peer Production model, implemented in various European cities, establishes urban infrastructure as shared resources governed by communities rather than corporations or centralized authorities. These experiments demonstrate that the relationship between urban technology and sustainability is not predetermined but rather subject to political choices about governance structures, ownership models, and development priorities.

The ethical frameworks governing smart city development require more robust articulation and enforcement. Current regulatory approaches often lag behind technological capabilities, creating governance vacuums where corporate self-regulation predominates. Ethicists argue for embedding “privacy by design” and “ethics by design” principles into smart city infrastructure from inception, rather than treating these concerns as afterthoughts. This necessitates algorithmic transparency, enabling citizens to understand how automated systems affecting their lives operate; data minimization, collecting only information necessary for specific legitimate purposes; and democratic data governance, ensuring communities have meaningful control over data collection, usage, and retention policies. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) represents one attempt to establish such frameworks, though its effectiveness in the smart city context remains debated, with critics noting enforcement challenges and corporations’ capacity to engineer compliance while maintaining problematic practices.

Intergenerational equity constitutes another underexplored ethical dimension of smart sustainable cities. Current smart city investments create path dependencies that will constrain options available to future generations, both through infrastructure lock-in effects and through the precedents established for urban governance and technological mediation of daily life. The emphasis on current residents’ quality of life and immediate sustainability metrics may obscure longer-term consequences, including technological obsolescence, environmental legacies of electronic waste, and the normalization of surveillance that future generations may find difficult to reverse. Sustainability discourse typically invokes intergenerational responsibility, yet smart city planning processes rarely incorporate mechanisms for considering these long-term implications or providing future generations any voice in present decisions that will profoundly shape their urban experiences.

The question of what constitutes authentic sustainability in the smart city context thus transcends technical considerations of resource efficiency to encompass fundamental issues of social justice, democratic governance, and the kind of urban life we wish to create. As geographer Rob Kitchin argues, truly sustainable smart cities would subordinate technological imperatives to social and ecological priorities, ensuring that digital innovations serve collectively determined goals rather than imposing predetermined visions of urban futurity. This requires moving beyond technocratic governance toward more genuinely participatory and deliberative processes where diverse urban stakeholders—including those typically marginalized in planning decisions—can meaningfully shape smart city development trajectories. It necessitates critical evaluation of whether proposed interventions address root causes of unsustainability or merely optimize existing problematic systems. Ultimately, the contribution of smart cities to sustainable living depends not on the sophistication of their technological infrastructure per se, but on the values embedded in their design, the distribution of their benefits and burdens, and their capacity to enhance rather than undermine the social foundations of human flourishing and ecological integrity.

Người dân tham gia quản trị và phát triển bền vững thành phố thông minh

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, what is the main concern regarding the digital divide in smart cities?
A. It increases the cost of implementing technology
B. It creates inequality in accessing smart city benefits
C. It slows down technological development
D. It makes data collection more difficult
Why did Sidewalk Labs withdraw from the Toronto project?
A. The technology was not advanced enough
B. The project was too expensive to complete
C. Economic concerns and public pressure about governance
D. The government refused to provide funding
What does Shoshana Zuboff’s term “surveillance capitalism” refer to?
A. Government monitoring of citizens
B. The use of cameras in public spaces
C. The commodification of personal information for profit
D. Corporate control of surveillance systems
According to the passage, what is a potential environmental drawback of smart cities?
A. They consume more energy than traditional cities
B. Rebound effects may offset efficiency gains
C. They produce more waste than conventional cities
D. They require destruction of green spaces
What distinguishes “thick” participation from “thin” participation?
A. The number of people involved
B. The duration of participation
C. The level of substantive decision-making power
D. The use of digital versus traditional methods

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 32-36.

Concepts:
32. Digital divide
33. Public-private partnerships
34. Privacy by design
35. Fab City initiative
36. Path dependencies

Descriptions:
A. Infrastructure investments that constrain future options
B. Disparities in technology access and usage abilities
C. Community-based approach promoting local production
D. Collaboration between governments and corporations
E. Collecting minimal data for legitimate purposes
F. Embedding privacy principles from the beginning
G. Using renewable energy in urban planning
H. Participatory budgeting for city projects

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

What term describes the process of treating urban governance as a market commodity?
What type of algorithms have been shown to perpetuate racial biases in smart cities?
What model establishes urban infrastructure as shared resources governed by communities?
According to Rob Kitchin, what kind of governance should smart cities move beyond?

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

C
B
B
B
C
B
FALSE
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
TRUE
digital communications / communications technology
privacy concerns / privacy
data governance

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

NO
NOT GIVEN
NO
YES
NOT GIVEN
B
A
E
F
nervous system
5G networks
edge computing
Artificial intelligence / AI

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

B
C
C
B
C
B
D
F
C
A
commodify urban governance
predictive policing (algorithms)
Commons-Based Peer Production
technocratic governance

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: percentage, world’s population, 2050
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: Câu hỏi yêu cầu tìm tỷ lệ dân số thế giới dự kiến sống ở thành phố vào năm 2050. Trong bài viết có câu: “approximately 68% of the world’s population is projected to live in urban areas by 2050”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp với từ khóa “live in cities” = “live in urban areas”.

Câu 2: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: primary purpose, smart city technology
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ: “A smart city uses digital technology and data-driven solutions to improve the quality of life for its residents while reducing environmental impact.” Đây chính xác là đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập như mục đích chính.

Câu 3: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Singapore, reduced, commute times
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Trong đoạn về quản lý giao thông, bài viết nêu: “the implementation of such systems has led to a 15% reduction in average commute times”. Con số 15% tương ứng với đáp án B.

Câu 7: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: only focus, environmental sustainability, ignore economic factors
Vị trí trong bài: Toàn bài, đặc biệt đoạn 2
Giải thích: Câu phát biểu này mâu thuẫn với thông tin trong bài. Bài viết đề cập đến nhiều khía cạnh của smart cities bao gồm cả cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống, hiệu quả dịch vụ công, và tối ưu hóa nguồn lực—không chỉ riêng môi trường. Do đó đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 8: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Smart water networks, Barcelona, detect leaks, real-time
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ: “Smart water networks use sensors to detect leaks immediately and monitor water quality continuously.” Từ “immediately” đồng nghĩa với “real-time”, và Barcelona được nhắc đến là ví dụ cụ thể. Đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 10: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: London’s Low Emission Zone, nitrogen dioxide, 20%
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định: “London’s Low Emission Zone, supported by smart monitoring systems, has contributed to a 20% reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels”. Thông tin khớp chính xác với phát biểu, đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 11: digital communications / communications technology

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Smart grids, detect changes, electricity usage
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “Smart grids, which use digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage”. Đáp án cần điền là “digital communications” hoặc “communications technology”, cả hai đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 12: privacy concerns / privacy

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: major challenge, concern, personal data collection
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập: “Privacy concerns regarding the collection and use of personal data remain a significant issue.” Từ cần điền là “privacy concerns” hoặc “privacy”.

Câu 13: data governance

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: establish clear policies, transparency, data use
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “Cities must establish clear policies on data governance, ensuring transparency about what data is collected”. Đáp án chính xác là “data governance”.

Hướng dẫn giải chi tiết đáp án IELTS Reading với chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Installing sensors alone, sufficient, transform
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định rõ ràng: “The transformation of conventional cities into smart, sustainable urban centers requires a sophisticated technological infrastructure that goes far beyond simply installing sensors”. Quan điểm của tác giả mâu thuẫn với phát biểu, đáp án là NO.

Câu 15: NOT GIVEN

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Edge computing, more popular, cloud computing
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “the trend is increasingly toward edge computing” nhưng không so sánh trực tiếp mức độ phổ biến giữa edge computing và cloud computing. Đáp án là NOT GIVEN.

Câu 16: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Digital twin technology, eliminates all risks
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu: “This capability to experiment virtually significantly reduces risks”, chỉ “reduces” (giảm) chứ không “eliminates all” (loại bỏ hoàn toàn). Đáp án là NO.

Câu 17: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Smart buildings, significantly reduce energy consumption
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định: “These systems can reduce building energy consumption by 20-30% compared to conventional buildings.” Con số 20-30% được coi là “significant”, đáp án là YES.

Câu 19: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Đoạn 2: Nội dung chính về physical infrastructure, sensors, IoT devices
Giải thích: Đoạn này mô tả chi tiết về các thiết bị vật lý như sensors, actuators, cameras tạo nên nền tảng của smart city. Heading B “Physical devices forming the foundation of smart cities” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 20: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Đoạn 4: Nội dung về data analytics, AI, machine learning
Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào việc AI và machine learning biến raw data thành actionable insights. Heading A “The role of artificial intelligence in data analysis” chính xác nhất.

Câu 23: nervous system

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: sensors, act as
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2
Giải thích: Bài viết có câu: “These devices function as the city’s nervous system”. Đáp án là “nervous system”.

Câu 24: 5G networks

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: cities implementing, support real-time applications
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “Many cities are implementing 5G networks specifically to support smart city applications”. Đáp án là “5G networks”.

Câu 25: edge computing

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: reduces delays, improves responsiveness
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu: “the trend is increasingly toward edge computing” và “This approach reduces latency… and improves system responsiveness”. Đáp án là “edge computing”.

Câu 26: Artificial intelligence / AI

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: transforms raw data, useful insights
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng đầu
Giải thích: Câu mở đầu đoạn 5: “Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms represent the intelligence layer that transforms raw data into actionable insights”. Đáp án là “Artificial intelligence” hoặc “AI”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: digital divide, main concern
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích digital divide dẫn đến “smart city exclusion where the benefits of urban technological transformation accrue disproportionately to privileged groups”. Đây chính là inequality in accessing benefits (B).

Câu 28: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Sidewalk Labs, Toronto, withdrew
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, cuối đoạn
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu: “the company withdrew its proposal in 2020, citing economic viability concerns amid the COVID-19 pandemic, though critics maintained that public pressure regarding governance issues played a significant role”. Đáp án C bao gồm cả hai yếu tố này.

Câu 29: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Shoshana Zuboff, surveillance capitalism
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng trong bài: “surveillance capitalism—the commodification of personal information for profit maximization”. Đáp án chính xác là C.

Câu 30: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: environmental drawback
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập: “they may generate rebound effects where increased efficiency leads to increased consumption, thereby offsetting environmental gains”. Đáp án là B.

Câu 31: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: thick participation, thin participation, distinguishes
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Bài viết phân biệt: “thick participation involving substantive deliberation and decision-making power, and thin participation limited to feedback provision”. Sự khác biệt nằm ở decision-making power (C).

Câu 32: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Giải thích: Digital divide được định nghĩa trong đoạn 2 là “disparities in access to and ability to use information and communication technologies”, khớp với mô tả B.

Câu 33: D

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Giải thích: Public-private partnerships được mô tả trong đoạn 3 là sự hợp tác giữa municipal governments và multinational technology corporations, tương ứng với D.

Câu 34: F

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Giải thích: Đoạn 8 đề cập “embedding privacy by design and ethics by design principles into smart city infrastructure from inception”, khớp với mô tả F.

Câu 37: commodify urban governance

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: treating urban governance, market commodity
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “Critics argue that such arrangements effectively commodify urban governance”. Đáp án là “commodify urban governance” (3 từ).

Câu 38: predictive policing (algorithms)

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: algorithms, perpetuate racial biases
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, cuối đoạn
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu: “predictive policing algorithms that have been shown to perpetuate racial biases”. Đáp án là “predictive policing” hoặc “predictive policing algorithms”.

Câu 39: Commons-Based Peer Production

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: urban infrastructure, shared resources, governed by communities
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập: “the Commons-Based Peer Production model… establishes urban infrastructure as shared resources governed by communities”. Đáp án chính xác là “Commons-Based Peer Production” (3 từ).

Câu 40: technocratic governance

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: Rob Kitchin, move beyond
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Câu cuối đoạn: “This requires moving beyond technocratic governance toward more genuinely participatory and deliberative processes”. Đáp án là “technocratic governance” (2 từ).

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
urbanization	n	/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/	Đô thị hóa	This rapid urbanization presents both challenges and opportunities	urban development, rapid urbanization
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	Bền vững	Create more sustainable and livable urban environments	sustainable development, sustainable living
data-driven	adj	/ˈdeɪtə drɪvən/	Dựa trên dữ liệu	Uses data-driven solutions to improve quality of life	data-driven decisions, data-driven approach
carbon emissions	n	/ˈkɑːbən ɪˈmɪʃənz/	Phát thải carbon	Reduced fuel consumption and lower carbon emissions	reduce carbon emissions, carbon footprint
real-time monitoring	n	/rɪəl taɪm ˈmɒnɪtərɪŋ/	Giám sát theo thời gian thực	Monitor water quality through real-time monitoring	real-time data, real-time tracking
renewable energy	n	/rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi/	Năng lượng tái tạo	Integrated renewable energy sources such as wind and solar	renewable energy sources, clean energy
greenhouse gas	n	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs/	Khí nhà kính	Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste trucks	greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide
particulate matter	n	/pɑːˈtɪkjələt ˈmætə/	Bụi mịn	Measure pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5)	air pollution, fine particles
digital literacy	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈlɪtərəsi/	Kiến thức số	Depends on public engagement and digital literacy	improve digital literacy, digital skills
cybersecurity	n	/ˈsaɪbəsɪˌkjʊərəti/	An ninh mạng	Cybersecurity is another critical concern	cybersecurity threats, data security
optimize	v	/ˈɒptɪmaɪz/	Tối ưu hóa	Optimize resource use and reduce waste	optimize performance, optimize efficiency
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	Cơ sở hạ tầng	The high initial costs of implementing smart infrastructure	build infrastructure, urban infrastructure

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
sophisticated	adj	/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/	Tinh vi, phức tạp	Requires a sophisticated technological infrastructure	sophisticated technology, sophisticated system
actuators	n	/ˈæktʃueɪtəz/	Thiết bị truyền động	Sensors, actuators, cameras and other IoT devices	sensors and actuators, mechanical actuators
fiber-optic	adj	/ˈfaɪbər ˈɒptɪk/	Cáp quang	Relies on a citywide fiber-optic network	fiber-optic cable, fiber-optic technology
latency	n	/ˈleɪtənsi/	Độ trễ	Offers high bandwidth and low latency	reduce latency, network latency
big data	n	/bɪɡ ˈdeɪtə/	Dữ liệu lớn	The enormous volume of data referred to as big data	big data analytics, big data processing
cloud computing	n	/klaʊd kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ/	Điện toán đám mây	Cloud computing platforms have become essential	cloud computing services, cloud storage
edge computing	n	/edʒ kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ/	Điện toán biên	The trend is increasingly toward edge computing	edge computing devices, edge processing
digital twin	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl twɪn/	Bản sao kỹ thuật số	Digital twin technology has emerged as a powerful tool	create a digital twin, digital twin model
intermittency	n	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənsi/	Tính gián đoạn	Address the intermittency issues of renewable energy	intermittency problems, power intermittency
battery storage	n	/ˈbætəri ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/	Lưu trữ pin	Advanced battery storage systems help address issues	battery storage capacity, energy storage
interoperability	n	/ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/	Khả năng tương tác	Success depends on interoperability standards	ensure interoperability, system interoperability
data silos	n	/ˈdeɪtə ˈsaɪləʊz/	Kho dữ liệu riêng biệt	Risk creating isolated data silos	break down data silos, eliminate silos
scalable	adj	/ˈskeɪləbl/	Có khả năng mở rộng	Offering scalable storage and processing power	scalable solution, scalable infrastructure
vendor lock-in	n	/ˈvendə lɒk ɪn/	Phụ thuộc nhà cung cấp	Reduced vendor lock-in and greater flexibility	avoid vendor lock-in, prevent lock-in
obsolescence	n	/ˌɒbsəˈlesns/	Sự lỗi thời	Infrastructure may become obsolete within a few years	technological obsolescence, planned obsolescence

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/	Sự tăng nhanh	The proliferation of smart city initiatives worldwide	nuclear proliferation, rapid proliferation
multidimensional	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈdaɪmenʃənəl/	Đa chiều	The multidimensional implications of technology	multidimensional approach, multidimensional analysis
interrogate	v	/ɪnˈterəɡeɪt/	Xem xét kỹ lưỡng	Scholars increasingly interrogate the underlying assumptions	interrogate the data, interrogate assumptions
socioeconomic	adj	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/	Kinh tế xã hội	From a socioeconomic perspective	socioeconomic status, socioeconomic factors
stratification	n	/ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	Sự phân tầng	Existing patterns of inequality and social stratification	social stratification, class stratification
salience	n	/ˈseɪliəns/	Tính nổi bật	The digital divide assumes particular salience	gain salience, increase in salience
neoliberal	adj	/ˌniːəʊˈlɪbərəl/	Tân tự do	The neoliberal political economy undergirding projects	neoliberal policies, neoliberal economics
commodify	v	/kəˈmɒdɪfaɪ/	Thương mại hóa	Effectively commodify urban governance	commodify data, commodify services
ubiquitous	adj	/juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/	Có mặt khắp nơi	Necessitates ubiquitous data collection	ubiquitous technology, ubiquitous computing
algorithmic	adj	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk/	Thuộc thuật toán	Enable intrusive monitoring and algorithmic governance	algorithmic decision-making, algorithmic bias
rebound effects	n	/rɪˈbaʊnd ɪˈfekts/	Hiệu ứng phản tác dụng	May generate rebound effects offsetting gains	energy rebound effects, rebound phenomenon
embodied energy	n	/ɪmˈbɒdid ˈenədʒi/	Năng lượng ẩn chứa	The substantial embodied energy required	embodied carbon, embodied emissions
civic engagement	n	/ˈsɪvɪk ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/	Tham gia công dân	Digital platforms enable enhanced civic engagement	promote civic engagement, civic participation
participatory	adj	/pɑːˈtɪsɪpətəri/	Tham gia	More genuinely participatory and deliberative processes	participatory democracy, participatory approach
technocratic	adj	/ˌteknəˈkrætɪk/	Theo chế độ kỹ trị	Moving beyond technocratic governance	technocratic approach, technocratic solutions
path dependencies	n	/pɑːθ dɪˈpendənsiz/	Phụ thuộc đường đi	Create path dependencies constraining future options	technological path dependencies, institutional path dependencies
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənəl/	Liên thế hệ	Intergenerational equity constitutes another dimension	intergenerational justice, intergenerational responsibility
deliberative	adj	/dɪˈlɪbərətɪv/	Thảo luận cẩn thận	More genuinely participatory and deliberative processes	deliberative democracy, deliberative decision-making

Bộ từ vựng học thuật IELTS Reading về thành phố thông minh và phát triển bền vừng

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How smart cities are promoting sustainable living” không chỉ là một xu hướng công nghệ đương đại mà còn phản ánh những thách thức lớn mà nhân loại đang đối mặt trong bối cảnh đô thị hóa nhanh chóng và biến đổi khí hậu. Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi mô phỏng chân thực với ba passages tăng dần độ khó từ band 5.0 đến 9.0.

Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản về smart cities với từ vựng dễ tiếp cận, Passage 2 đi sâu vào hạ tầng công nghệ với ngôn ngữ học thuật phức tạp hơn, và Passage 3 khám phá những khía cạnh xã hội, đạo đức và triết học với cấu trúc câu tinh vi và lập luận đa chiều. Bộ đề bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings đến Summary Completion—tất cả đều được thiết kế theo đúng format thi thật.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo không chỉ đơn thuần cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Kho từ vựng phong phú với hơn 40 từ học thuật quan trọng, mỗi từ đều có phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và collocations hữu ích sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ làm tốt bài thi Reading mà còn cải thiện vốn từ vựng tổng thể.

Hãy thực hành đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ những câu trả lời sai, và học thuộc từ vựng quan trọng. Việc ôn luyện chuyên sâu với electric vehicles in public transport, impacts of renewable energy on national energy policies, và electric bikes for urban commuting cũng mang lại những hiểu biết bổ sung về các chủ đề liên quan. Tương tự như đã thấy qua impact of urban development on public health, các thành phố thông minh đang tạo ra những thay đổi tích cực đối với chất lượng cuộc sống. Để hiểu rõ hơn về mối liên hệ giữa phát triển đô thị và hệ thống giao thông, impact of urban sprawl on transportation systems cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về những thách thức đương đại. Với sự chuẩn bị kỹ lưỡng và phương pháp học tập đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!

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IELTS Reading: Smart Cities và Phát Triển Bền Vững – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết