IELTS Reading: Công Nghệ Bảo Tồn Truyền Thống Văn Hóa – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Trong kỷ nguyên số hóa, mối quan hệ giữa công nghệ và bảo tồn văn hóa đang trở thành chủ đề quan trọng và xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Chủ đề “How Technology Is Preserving Cultural Traditions” không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu mà còn đòi hỏi người học phải hiểu biết về cả khía cạnh công nghệ lẫn văn hóa xã hội.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Bạn sẽ được tiếp cận với các dạng bài từ True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Headings đến Summary Completion. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí trong bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách thức làm bài hiệu quả.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với độ khó tăng dần qua từng passage để bạn có thể tự đánh giá trình độ và cải thiện kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

Bài thi IELTS Reading kéo dài 60 phút cho 3 passages với 40 câu hỏi. Điểm đặc biệt là bạn không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy cần quản lý thời gian thật chặt chẽ.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó dễ, band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra lại đáp án, đặc biệt là chính tả với các câu điền từ.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. True/False/Not Given – Kiểm tra khả năng đối chiếu thông tin
2. Multiple Choice – Đánh giá hiểu biết chi tiết và tổng quan
3. Matching Headings – Xác định ý chính từng đoạn
4. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
5. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đối tượng tương ứng
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời ngắn gọn dựa trên thông tin cụ thể

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Digital Archives and Cultural Memory

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Throughout human history, cultural traditions have been passed down from generation to generation through oral storytelling, physical artifacts, and written records. However, many of these precious cultural heritage elements are at risk of being lost forever due to natural disasters, wars, and the simple passage of time. In recent years, technology has emerged as a powerful tool for preserving and sharing these traditions with both current and future generations.

One of the most significant technological advances in cultural preservation is the development of digital archives. Museums, libraries, and cultural institutions around the world are now digitizing their collections, creating virtual repositories that can be accessed by anyone with an internet connection. The British Library, for example, has digitized over 40 million pages of historical documents, including ancient manuscripts, maps, and photographs. This process involves carefully scanning physical items at high resolution, ensuring that every detail is captured and stored in a format that will remain accessible for decades to come.

3D scanning technology has revolutionized the way we preserve physical artifacts and historical sites. Using laser scanners and photogrammetry, researchers can create incredibly detailed digital models of objects ranging from small pottery pieces to entire buildings. The CyArk project, launched in 2003, has documented over 200 cultural heritage sites in more than 50 countries using this technology. When the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris caught fire in 2019, the detailed 3D scans that had been created years earlier became invaluable for restoration efforts, providing architects with precise measurements and visual references.

Music and oral traditions, which have traditionally been among the most vulnerable forms of cultural heritage, are also benefiting from technological preservation. The Global Jukebox project, initiated by anthropologist Alan Lomax in the 1980s and relaunched digitally in 2017, contains thousands of recordings of traditional songs, dances, and spoken word performances from cultures around the world. These recordings, many of which were made on deteriorating physical media like cassette tapes and vinyl records, have been converted to digital formats that will not degrade over time.

Language preservation has received a significant boost from technology as well. UNESCO estimates that one language disappears every two weeks, taking with it unique cultural knowledge and perspectives. To combat this loss, organizations like the Endangered Languages Project use digital platforms to document and share information about at-risk languages. Mobile applications such as Duolingo have also begun offering courses in indigenous languages, making it easier for younger generations to learn and maintain their ancestral tongues. The Rosetta Project, meanwhile, is creating a digital archive of over 1,500 languages, including detailed grammatical information and sample texts.

Social media platforms, despite their commercial nature, have become unexpected allies in cultural preservation. Communities around the world use platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok to share traditional practices, from cooking techniques to craft-making processes. Indigenous artists in Australia, for example, have gained international followings by sharing their dot painting techniques and dreamtime stories online. This not only preserves these traditions in digital form but also creates economic opportunities for practitioners and generates interest among younger people who might otherwise see these practices as outdated.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies are opening up new possibilities for immersive cultural experiences. The Smithsonian Institution has created VR experiences that allow users to explore historical environments and interact with artifacts in ways that would be impossible in a traditional museum setting. Similarly, AR applications can overlay historical information onto real-world locations, enabling people to see how places looked in the past or to view artifacts that are too fragile to be displayed publicly.

However, technology-based preservation is not without its challenges. Digital obsolescence remains a concern, as file formats and storage media can become outdated quickly. Information stored on a floppy disk from the 1990s, for instance, may be difficult to access today due to the scarcity of compatible hardware. This has led to the development of digital preservation strategies that include regularly migrating data to new formats and maintaining multiple backup copies in different locations.

Despite these challenges, the role of technology in cultural preservation continues to expand. As tools become more accessible and affordable, even small communities can document and share their traditions. The democratization of preservation technology means that cultural heritage is no longer solely in the hands of large institutions but can be managed and shared by the communities themselves, ensuring that diverse voices and perspectives are represented in the historical record.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. The British Library has digitized more than 40 million pages of historical documents.
2. The CyArk project began documenting cultural heritage sites in the year 2000.
3. 3D scans of Notre-Dame Cathedral were used to help with restoration after the 2019 fire.
4. The Global Jukebox project was initially started in the 21st century.
5. UNESCO reports that approximately one language becomes extinct every two weeks.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. The process of creating digital models using lasers and photogrammetry is known as ____ technology.
7. Physical media like cassette tapes have been converted to ____ that do not deteriorate.
8. The Endangered Languages Project uses ____ to share information about at-risk languages.
9. Indigenous Australian artists share their ____ and dreamtime stories on social media platforms.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, what is one major problem with digital preservation?

    • A. It is too expensive for most institutions
    • B. File formats and storage media can become outdated
    • C. Not enough people have internet access
    • D. Digital files take up too much space

11. How has technology changed cultural preservation according to the passage?

    • A. It has made preservation only possible for wealthy nations
    • B. It has replaced traditional methods entirely
    • C. It has allowed communities to manage their own cultural heritage
    • D. It has reduced interest in historical artifacts

12. What does the passage say about social media’s role in cultural preservation?

    • A. It has had a negative impact on traditional practices
    • B. It has become an unexpected tool for sharing traditions
    • C. It is only useful for commercial purposes
    • D. It is not suitable for serious preservation work

13. The Smithsonian Institution has used VR technology to:

    • A. Replace physical museum exhibits
    • B. Train museum staff
    • C. Create immersive cultural experiences
    • D. Sell digital artifacts

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PASSAGE 2 – Community-Driven Digital Preservation Initiatives

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The landscape of cultural preservation has undergone a paradigm shift in recent decades, moving away from the traditional model of top-down institutional control toward more democratized, community-led initiatives. This transformation has been largely facilitated by the proliferation of affordable digital technologies and the internet, which have empowered local communities to become active agents in documenting and safeguarding their own cultural narratives rather than remaining passive subjects of external documentation efforts.

The concept of participatory preservation challenges the conventional museum-centric approach that historically dominated the field. Traditional preservation models often involved external experts arriving in communities, collecting artifacts or documenting practices, and then removing these materials to distant institutions where they would be curated according to outsider perspectives. This approach, critics argue, decontextualized cultural materials and privileged academic or institutional interpretations over community knowledge. Contemporary digital preservation projects, by contrast, emphasize community ownership, collaborative documentation, and the importance of maintaining cultural materials within their original social contexts.

Cộng đồng địa phương sử dụng công nghệ số để bảo tồn truyền thống văn hóa của họ

A compelling example of this shift is the Mukurtu platform, developed in collaboration with the Warumungu Aboriginal community in Australia. Mukurtu is an open-source content management system specifically designed for indigenous communities to manage and share their digital heritage on their own terms. Unlike conventional digital archives, Mukurtu incorporates customizable access protocols that respect traditional cultural rules about who can view, use, or interact with specific materials. Some knowledge may be restricted to particular age groups, genders, or initiated community members, and the platform’s architecture accommodates these culturally-specific access restrictions. Since its launch, Mukurtu has been adopted by over 500 communities worldwide, demonstrating the demand for preservation tools that honor indigenous knowledge systems and cultural sovereignty.

The Māori people of New Zealand have been particularly innovative in leveraging technology for cultural continuity. The Māori Language Commission has developed numerous digital resources, including the Māori Dictionary app, which has been downloaded over 100,000 times, and a text prediction system that suggests Māori words on smartphones. These tools address a critical challenge: encouraging everyday use of te reo Māori among younger generations who have grown up predominantly speaking English. Beyond language, the Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision archive has digitized thousands of hours of Māori film, radio, and television content, making it freely available online with bilingual metadata that facilitates discovery by both Māori and international researchers.

Participatory mapping projects represent another significant avenue for technology-enabled cultural preservation. The Khasi people of northeastern India have used GPS-enabled smartphones to create detailed maps of their traditional forest territories, documenting not only geographical features but also the cultural significance of specific locations—sites of historical events, sacred groves, areas used for traditional gathering and hunting, and places associated with oral histories. This geographic information, combined with narrative descriptions, photographs, and video recordings, creates a rich, multi-layered cultural landscape that counters official maps which typically ignore indigenous place names and land-use patterns. Tương tự như the role of education in preserving indigenous cultures, các sáng kiến bản đồ số này không chỉ bảo tồn kiến thức mà còn trao quyền cho cộng đồng trong việc bảo vệ quyền lợi văn hóa của họ.

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a powerful tool for large-scale preservation projects. The New York Public Library’s “What’s on the Menu?” project invited volunteers to transcribe historical restaurant menus, creating a searchable database of 45,000 menus documenting changing American culinary culture from the 1840s to the present. The Smithsonian Digital Volunteers program has similarly harnessed collective effort to transcribe field notes, journals, and specimen labels, work that would take paid staff decades to complete. These projects succeed not only in processing massive amounts of material but also in building public engagement with cultural heritage.

However, community-driven digital preservation faces significant obstacles. The “digital divide” remains a persistent challenge, with many culturally significant communities lacking reliable internet access or the technical infrastructure necessary for digital preservation work. Even when technology is available, there may be capacity gaps in technical skills required to use sophisticated documentation equipment or manage complex databases. Furthermore, the question of long-term sustainability looms large: who will maintain these digital archives in 20 or 50 years, especially when they depend on the volunteer efforts of community members who have many other demands on their time and resources?

Ethical considerations surrounding digital cultural materials have also grown more complex. The ease of copying and sharing digital content can conflict with traditional cultural protocols about the appropriate circulation of sacred or sensitive materials. Some communities have experienced their documented traditions being appropriated by outsiders for commercial purposes or used in ways that violate cultural norms. This has led to increased emphasis on developing robust licensing frameworks and usage agreements that protect community interests while still allowing beneficial sharing and education.

Despite these challenges, the trajectory is clear: technology is fundamentally reshaping who controls cultural narratives and how preservation work is conducted. The most successful initiatives are those that view technology not as an end in itself but as a tool that must be adapted to serve community values and priorities. As one Mukurtu developer noted, “Technology should fit culture, not the other way around.” This principle—that preservation methods must be culturally responsive rather than imposing standardized approaches—represents a maturation of the field and offers hope that digital preservation can support rather than undermine cultural continuity.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to the passage, traditional preservation models have been criticized for:

    • A. Being too expensive to implement effectively
    • B. Removing cultural materials from their original contexts
    • C. Using outdated technology
    • D. Focusing only on written records

15. The Mukurtu platform is distinctive because it:

    • A. Is the most widely used digital archive system
    • B. Only stores indigenous Australian materials
    • C. Allows communities to control access based on cultural rules
    • D. Requires expensive equipment to operate

16. What has the Māori Language Commission achieved through digital tools?

    • A. Made te reo Māori the primary language in New Zealand
    • B. Created resources to encourage Māori language use
    • C. Banned English language use in Māori communities
    • D. Digitized all Māori cultural materials

17. The Khasi people’s mapping project is significant because it:

    • A. Creates maps that are more accurate than official ones
    • B. Documents cultural meanings alongside geographic features
    • C. Has been adopted by the Indian government
    • D. Uses the most advanced GPS technology

18. Crowdsourcing projects like “What’s on the Menu?” succeed by:

    • A. Paying volunteers for their work
    • B. Using artificial intelligence to transcribe documents
    • C. Engaging the public in processing large amounts of material
    • D. Completing work faster than digital methods

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Community-driven preservation represents a 19. ____ from traditional institutional approaches. The Mukurtu platform incorporates 20. ____ that allow communities to restrict access to certain materials according to cultural traditions. In New Zealand, digital tools help encourage the everyday use of 21. ____ among younger generations. The Khasi mapping project creates a 22. ____ cultural landscape that includes narrative descriptions and historical associations. However, these initiatives face challenges including the persistent 23. ____ and questions about long-term sustainability.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Participatory preservation projects are more effective than traditional museum-based approaches in all situations.
25. The ease of copying digital content can create problems related to cultural protocols.
26. Most community-driven preservation projects receive adequate government funding.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Paradox of Digital Cultural Preservation: Authentication, Transformation, and the Nature of Heritage

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The application of digital technologies to cultural preservation presents a fundamental epistemological paradox: the very act of preservation through digitization necessarily transforms the thing being preserved, raising profound questions about authenticity, materiality, and the nature of cultural heritage itself. While proponents of digital preservation celebrate its capacity to democratize access and ensure the survival of fragile materials, critics argue that the process fundamentally alters the phenomenological experience of engaging with cultural artifacts, potentially commodifying and flattening the rich, multi-sensory dimensions of cultural traditions into two-dimensional representations that circulate in decontextualized digital spaces.

This paradox becomes particularly acute when considering the ontological status of digital reproductions. When a medieval manuscript is digitized, what exactly has been preserved? The visual appearance of the pages, certainly, but not the texture of the parchment, the smell of aged materials, the weight of the volume, or the tactile experience of turning pages that have been handled by readers across centuries. Phenomenologists argue that these material qualities are not incidental features but constitute essential aspects of the artifact’s meaning and cultural significance. The philosopher Walter Benjamin, in his seminal essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” introduced the concept of “aura”—the unique presence and authenticity of an artwork tied to its specific location in space and time. Điều này có điểm tương đồng với cultural differences in approaches to science education khi cả hai đều nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của bối cảnh văn hóa trong việc truyền tải và tiếp nhận kiến thức. Benjamin argued that reproduction, even while making art more accessible, inevitably diminishes this aura, a critique that applies with particular force to digital reproduction given its potentially infinite replicability and radical decontextualization.

Furthermore, the process of digitization embeds particular epistemological assumptions and cultural biases into the preservation process itself. Decisions about what to digitize, how to categorize materials, what metadata to attach, and how to structure access all reflect the worldviews and priorities of those conducting the digitization, who are often external to the communities whose heritage is being documented. The Library of Congress classification system, for example, was developed to organize Western knowledge and often proves inadequate or inappropriate for indigenous knowledge systems that conceptualize relationships between concepts differently. When indigenous materials are forced into these pre-existing taxonomic structures, their inherent organizational logic is obscured or lost, representing a form of epistemic violence that perpetuates colonial patterns of knowledge organization.

The question of representational adequacy also looms large. Can the dynamic, performative dimensions of cultural traditions—the embodied knowledge of how to perform a dance, the social relationships enacted through ceremonial practices, the accumulated expertise required to master a craft—be adequately captured through digital documentation? Anthropologist Tim Ingold argues that skills and knowledge are fundamentally embodied and enskilled, developed through practical engagement rather than abstract information transfer. From this perspective, a video recording of a pottery-making process, while valuable, cannot substitute for the apprenticeship relationship through which such skills are traditionally transmitted, complete with tactile feedback, ongoing adjustment, and the multi-sensory awareness that develops through repeated practice.

Công nghệ thực tế ảo tạo trải nghiệm văn hóa nhập vai cho người dùng hiện đại

The phenomenon of “digital repatriation” illustrates both the promises and limitations of technology-mediated cultural preservation. Many museums in Europe and North America hold extensive collections of artifacts, photographs, and documents from indigenous communities worldwide, often acquired during colonial periods through ethically questionable means. Digital repatriation involves creating high-quality digital copies of these materials and providing them to descendant communities, allowing cultural reconnection without requiring physical return of objects. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến the rise of remote learning platforms in higher education, khái niệm số hóa và chia sẻ kiến thức từ xa này mang lại những bài học quan trọng về khả năng tiếp cận và giới hạn của nền tảng số. The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa has pioneered such efforts, making digital copies of Māori taonga (treasures) available to iwi (tribes) worldwide. While communities generally welcome these initiatives, they also emphasize that digital surrogates cannot replace the spiritual and genealogical connections embodied in physical objects, particularly those considered tapu (sacred) or integral to ceremonial practices.

The economics of digital preservation also merit critical examination. The infrastructure required for long-term digital preservation—climate-controlled server facilities, ongoing data migration, format updating, and cybersecurity measures—represents a substantial and perpetual financial commitment. Unlike a physical artifact that, once conserved, may remain stable for extended periods, digital materials require active, continuous maintenance to remain accessible. This creates an asymmetric burden: wealthy institutions in developed nations can afford robust digital preservation infrastructure, while smaller institutions and community-based organizations often lack such resources, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities in whose heritage receives adequate preservation. Some scholars describe this as the “digital dark age” problem, wherein contemporary digital materials may prove less durable and accessible to future generations than physical materials from previous centuries, despite—or because of—our technological sophistication.

Machine learning and artificial intelligence introduce additional complexities. Algorithmic approaches to cultural heritage—using AI to colorize historical photographs, reconstruct damaged artifacts, or generate synthetic performances based on recorded examples—raise questions about where preservation ends and creative interpolation begins. When algorithms fill gaps in damaged frescoes or add color to black-and-white photographs based on probabilistic analysis, are we preserving history or creating plausible fictions? Critics worry about the potential for such technologies to generate “deepfake heritage”—convincing but inaccurate reconstructions that may displace authentic materials in public consciousness. The recent AI-generated “restoration” of a 19th-century Spanish church fresco, which bore little resemblance to the original artwork, exemplifies these concerns.

Yet despite these legitimate critiques, dismissing digital preservation would be both impractical and irresponsible given the genuine threats facing cultural heritage: climate change, political instability, systematic suppression of minority cultures, and simple material degradation. Một ví dụ chi tiết về the rise of e-learning in higher education là việc các tổ chức giáo dục đã chứng minh rằng công nghệ có thể vừa bổ sung vừa tăng cường các phương pháp truyền thống mà không hoàn toàn thay thế chúng. The destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan and the Mosul Museum in Iraq demonstrated how quickly irreplaceable heritage can be lost. In such contexts, digital documentation, however imperfect, may represent the only means of preserving any record for future generations. The challenge, then, is not whether to employ digital technologies in cultural preservation, but rather how to do so thoughtfully, acknowledging limitations, respecting community protocols, and maintaining critical awareness of what is gained and lost in the translation from physical to digital domains.

The path forward likely involves “hybrid approaches” that recognize digital and physical preservation as complementary rather than competing strategies. Digital technologies can facilitate access, enable new forms of analysis, and provide backup copies against catastrophic loss, while physical preservation maintains the material authenticity and sensory richness that digital formats cannot replicate. Success will require ongoing dialogue between technologists, cultural heritage professionals, and communities themselves, ensuring that preservation methods serve cultural continuity rather than simply fetishizing technological capability. As anthropologist Michael Wesch observes, “The question is not just how we can use new technologies to preserve culture, but how we can preserve what matters about culture as we necessarily transform it through our preservation efforts.”

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, Walter Benjamin’s concept of “aura” refers to:

    • A. The visual quality of an artwork
    • B. The financial value of cultural artifacts
    • C. The unique presence of an artwork in time and space
    • D. The technical skill required to create art

28. The passage suggests that the Library of Congress classification system:

    • A. Is universally applicable to all knowledge systems
    • B. Was specifically designed for indigenous materials
    • C. May be inappropriate for organizing indigenous knowledge
    • D. Has been replaced by better systems

29. Tim Ingold’s argument about embodied knowledge implies that:

    • A. Video documentation is worthless for preservation
    • B. Skills cannot be adequately captured through digital means alone
    • C. Traditional apprenticeship is outdated
    • D. Digital technology is superior to physical practice

30. Digital repatriation is described as having:

    • A. Completely solved the problem of colonial artifact holdings
    • B. Both benefits and limitations for cultural reconnection
    • C. Been rejected by most indigenous communities
    • D. No real value compared to physical return

31. The “digital dark age” problem refers to:

    • A. The period before digital technology existed
    • B. Intentional destruction of digital archives
    • C. The potential for digital materials to become inaccessible
    • D. Lack of electricity in developing countries

Questions 32-36

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

32. When manuscripts are digitized, aspects like the texture, smell, and ____ of the physical object are lost.
33. Forcing indigenous materials into Western classification systems represents a form of ____.
34. Digital preservation requires ____, which means materials need constant attention to remain accessible.
35. AI-generated reconstructions that appear authentic but are inaccurate are referred to as ____.
36. The passage suggests that successful preservation will require ____ that use both digital and physical methods together.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Digital preservation completely captures all meaningful aspects of cultural artifacts.
38. The cost of long-term digital preservation may increase existing inequalities between wealthy and poor institutions.
39. All indigenous communities prefer physical return of artifacts over digital copies.
40. Despite its limitations, digital preservation plays an important role given the threats facing cultural heritage.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. 3D scanning
7. digital formats
8. digital platforms
9. dot painting
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. paradigm shift
20. access protocols
21. te reo Māori
22. multi-layered
23. digital divide
24. NOT GIVEN
25. YES
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. weight (of the volume)
33. epistemic violence
34. active, continuous maintenance
35. deepfake heritage
36. hybrid approaches
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: British Library, digitized, 40 million pages
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “The British Library…has digitized over 40 million pages of historical documents.” Câu hỏi sử dụng “more than” thay cho “over” nhưng ý nghĩa không thay đổi, nên đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: CyArk project, 2000
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3
• Giải thích: Passage ghi rõ “The CyArk project, launched in 2003”, không phải 2000 như câu hỏi đưa ra. Đây là thông tin mâu thuẫn trực tiếp, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Notre-Dame Cathedral, 3D scans, restoration, 2019 fire
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài văn nêu “the detailed 3D scans…became invaluable for restoration efforts, providing architects with precise measurements.” Từ “invaluable” được paraphrase thành “were used to help with”, nên đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 4: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Global Jukebox project, 21st century
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage cho biết dự án “initiated…in the 1980s”, không phải thế kỷ 21 (bắt đầu từ năm 2001). Mặc dù được “relaunched digitally in 2017”, nhưng câu hỏi nói về thời điểm “initially started”, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: UNESCO, one language, extinct, every two weeks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “UNESCO estimates that one language disappears every two weeks.” Câu hỏi paraphrase “disappears” thành “becomes extinct” và “approximately” thay cho “estimates”, nhưng ý nghĩa không đổi.

Câu 6: 3D scanning

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: lasers, photogrammetry, digital models
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage nêu “3D scanning technology…Using laser scanners and photogrammetry”. Cụm “3D scanning” chính xác mô tả công nghệ được hỏi.

Câu 7: digital formats

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: cassette tapes, converted, not deteriorate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài văn chỉ ra “converted to digital formats that will not degrade over time.” Từ “degrade” được paraphrase thành “deteriorate” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 8: digital platforms

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Endangered Languages Project, share information
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Passage ghi “organizations…use digital platforms to document and share information about at-risk languages.”

Câu 9: dot painting

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Indigenous Australian artists, dreamtime stories, social media
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Indigenous artists in Australia…sharing their dot painting techniques and dreamtime stories online.”

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: major problem, digital preservation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Passage chỉ rõ “Digital obsolescence remains a concern, as file formats and storage media can become outdated quickly.” Đáp án B phản ánh chính xác vấn đề này. Các đáp án khác không được nhắc đến như là vấn đề chính.

Câu 11: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: technology changed, cultural preservation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn kết luận “cultural heritage is no longer solely in the hands of large institutions but can be managed and shared by the communities themselves.” Đáp án C tóm tắt chính xác sự thay đổi này.

Câu 12: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: social media, role, cultural preservation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Passage mô tả “Social media platforms…have become unexpected allies in cultural preservation.” Từ “unexpected” được paraphrase thành “unexpected tool” trong đáp án B.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Smithsonian Institution, VR technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “The Smithsonian Institution has created VR experiences that allow users to explore historical environments.” Đáp án C (“create immersive cultural experiences”) phản ánh chính xác thông tin này.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: traditional preservation models, criticized
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: Passage nói “This approach…decontextualized cultural materials.” Đáp án B chính xác phản ánh phê bình về việc “removing cultural materials from their original contexts.”

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Mukurtu platform, distinctive
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-6
• Giải thích: Bài văn nhấn mạnh “Mukurtu incorporates customizable access protocols that respect traditional cultural rules.” Đây là đặc điểm riêng biệt được nhấn mạnh nhiều nhất.

Câu 16: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Māori Language Commission, achieved, digital tools
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-5
• Giải thích: Passage liệt kê các công cụ số “address a critical challenge: encouraging everyday use of te reo Māori among younger generations.” Đáp án B tóm tắt thành tựu này.

Câu 17: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Khasi people, mapping project, significant
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ ra họ “documenting not only geographical features but also the cultural significance of specific locations.” Đáp án B chính xác phản ánh điều này.

Câu 18: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Crowdsourcing, succeed
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Passage nói các dự án “succeed not only in processing massive amounts of material but also in building public engagement.” Đáp án C nắm bắt yếu tố “engaging the public.”

Câu 19: paradigm shift

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: community-driven preservation, traditional approaches
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên nói “undergone a paradigm shift…moving away from…traditional model.”

Câu 20: access protocols

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Mukurtu, restrict access, cultural traditions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn nêu “incorporates customizable access protocols.”

Câu 21: te reo Māori

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: New Zealand, everyday use, younger generations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4
• Giải thích: Passage cho biết công cụ “encouraging everyday use of te reo Māori.”

Câu 22: multi-layered

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Khasi mapping, cultural landscape
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết mô tả “creates a rich, multi-layered cultural landscape.”

Câu 23: digital divide

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: challenges, initiatives face
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage nêu “The ‘digital divide’ remains a persistent challenge.”

Câu 24: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Giải thích: Mặc dù bài văn ủng hộ participatory preservation, nhưng không có câu nào khẳng định nó “more effective…in all situations.” Đây là một tuyên bố tuyệt đối không được đề cập.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “The ease of copying and sharing digital content can conflict with traditional cultural protocols.” Đây chính xác là điều mà nhà văn khẳng định.

Câu 26: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Giải thích: Bài văn đề cập đến vấn đề tài chính và tính bền vững, nhưng không nói cụ thể về government funding hay liệu nó có adequate hay không.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Walter Benjamin, aura
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Bài văn định nghĩa aura là “the unique presence and authenticity of an artwork tied to its specific location in space and time.” Đáp án C phản ánh chính xác định nghĩa này.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câ hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Library of Congress classification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: Passage chỉ ra hệ thống này “often proves inadequate or inappropriate for indigenous knowledge systems.” Đáp án C phản ánh chính xác vấn đề được nêu.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Tim Ingold, embodied knowledge
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-7
• Giải thích: Ingold lập luận rằng “a video recording…cannot substitute for the apprenticeship relationship.” Đáp án B chính xác nắm bắt quan điểm này—không phải video không có giá trị (loại A), mà là không thể đầy đủ.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: digital repatriation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, toàn đoạn
• Giải thích: Passage mô tả “both the promises and limitations” và nói cộng đồng “welcome these initiatives” nhưng “digital surrogates cannot replace” kết nối spiritual. Đáp án B phản ánh cả hai mặt này.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: digital dark age problem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 7-10
• Giải thích: Bài văn giải thích “contemporary digital materials may prove less durable and accessible to future generations.” Đáp án C chính xác mô tả vấn đề về accessibility trong tương lai.

Câu 32: weight (of the volume)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (THREE WORDS)
• Từ khóa: manuscripts digitized, texture, smell
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Passage liệt kê “the texture of the parchment, the smell of aged materials, the weight of the volume.” Ba yếu tố được nêu song song, và câu hỏi yêu cầu điền yếu tố thứ ba.

Câu 33: epistemic violence

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (THREE WORDS)
• Từ khóa: indigenous materials, Western classification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-9
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói “representing a form of epistemic violence that perpetuates colonial patterns.”

Câu 34: active, continuous maintenance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (THREE WORDS)
• Từ khóa: digital preservation requires, constant attention
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “digital materials require active, continuous maintenance to remain accessible.”

Câu 35: deepfake heritage

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (THREE WORDS)
• Từ khóa: AI-generated, authentic but inaccurate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết cảnh báo về “deepfake heritage—convincing but inaccurate reconstructions.”

Câu 36: hybrid approaches

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (THREE WORDS)
• Từ khóa: digital and physical methods, together
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage đề xuất “hybrid approaches that recognize digital and physical preservation as complementary.”

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, toàn đoạn
• Giải thích: Toàn bộ đoạn văn lập luận ngược lại, chỉ ra nhiều khía cạnh (tactile, material qualities, aura) không thể được digital preservation nắm bắt. Đây là lập luận trung tâm của tác giả, nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-9
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “wealthy institutions…can afford robust digital preservation infrastructure, while smaller institutions…often lack such resources, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities.” Tác giả chắc chắn khẳng định điều này.

Câu 39: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Giải thích: Mặc dù passage nói communities “generally welcome” digital repatriation và “emphasize that digital surrogates cannot replace” physical objects, nhưng không có tuyên bố rằng “all” communities prefer physical return. Đây là một tuyên bố tuyệt đối không được xác nhận.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, toàn đoạn
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói “dismissing digital preservation would be both impractical and irresponsible given the genuine threats facing cultural heritage” và kết luận “digital documentation…may represent the only means of preserving any record.” Đây rõ ràng là quan điểm của tác giả.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
cultural heritage	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈherɪtɪdʒ/	di sản văn hóa	“many of these precious cultural heritage elements are at risk”	preserve cultural heritage, protect cultural heritage
digitizing	v	/ˈdɪdʒɪtaɪzɪŋ/	số hóa	“museums…are now digitizing their collections”	digitizing process, digitizing efforts
virtual repositories	n	/ˈvɜːtʃuəl rɪˈpɒzɪtəriz/	kho lưu trữ ảo	“creating virtual repositories that can be accessed”	online repositories, digital repositories
3D scanning technology	n	/θriː diː ˈskænɪŋ tekˈnɒlədʒi/	công nghệ quét 3D	“3D scanning technology has revolutionized”	advanced scanning technology, laser scanning technology
restoration efforts	n	/ˌrestəˈreɪʃn ˈefəts/	nỗ lực phục hồi	“became invaluable for restoration efforts”	conservation and restoration efforts, ongoing restoration efforts
deteriorating	adj	/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪtɪŋ/	đang xuống cấp	“made on deteriorating physical media”	deteriorating condition, rapidly deteriorating
indigenous languages	n	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒɪz/	ngôn ngữ bản địa	“courses in indigenous languages”	preserve indigenous languages, endangered indigenous languages
immersive cultural experiences	n	/ɪˈmɜːsɪv ˈkʌltʃərəl ɪkˈspɪəriənsɪz/	trải nghiệm văn hóa nhập vai	“opening up new possibilities for immersive cultural experiences”	create immersive experiences, provide immersive experiences
digital obsolescence	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˌɒbsəˈlesns/	sự lỗi thời số	“Digital obsolescence remains a concern”	combat digital obsolescence, risk of digital obsolescence
democratization	n	/dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃn/	dân chủ hóa	“The democratization of preservation technology”	democratization of access, democratization process

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigm shift	n	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	chuyển đổi mô hình	“has undergone a paradigm shift”	major paradigm shift, represent a paradigm shift
participatory preservation	n	/pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪtəri ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/	bảo tồn có sự tham gia	“The concept of participatory preservation challenges”	community participatory preservation, participatory preservation methods
decontextualized	adj	/ˌdiːkɒnˈtekstʃuəlaɪzd/	bị tách khỏi bối cảnh	“decontextualized cultural materials”	decontextualized information, become decontextualized
community ownership	n	/kəˈmjuːnəti ˈəʊnəʃɪp/	quyền sở hữu cộng đồng	“emphasize community ownership”	promote community ownership, ensure community ownership
open-source content management system	n	/ˈəʊpən sɔːs ˈkɒntent ˈmænɪdʒmənt ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống quản lý nội dung mã nguồn mở	“Mukurtu is an open-source content management system”	develop open-source systems, use open-source platforms
customizable access protocols	n	/ˈkʌstəmaɪzəbl ˈækses ˈprəʊtəkɒlz/	giao thức truy cập tùy chỉnh	“incorporates customizable access protocols”	establish access protocols, implement access protocols
cultural sovereignty	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈsɒvrɪnti/	chủ quyền văn hóa	“honor indigenous knowledge systems and cultural sovereignty”	maintain cultural sovereignty, respect cultural sovereignty
bilingual metadata	n	/baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl ˈmetədeɪtə/	siêu dữ liệu song ngữ	“freely available online with bilingual metadata”	create bilingual metadata, provide bilingual metadata
multi-layered cultural landscape	n	/ˈmʌlti ˈleɪəd ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈlændskeɪp/	cảnh quan văn hóa đa tầng	“creates a rich, multi-layered cultural landscape”	complex cultural landscape, diverse cultural landscape
crowdsourcing	n	/ˈkraʊdsɔːsɪŋ/	huy động cộng đồng	“Crowdsourcing has emerged as a powerful tool”	crowdsourcing projects, use crowdsourcing
harnessed collective effort	v phrase	/ˈhɑːnɪst kəˈlektɪv ˈefət/	khai thác nỗ lực tập thể	“harnessed collective effort to transcribe”	harness collective knowledge, harness community efforts
digital divide	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl dɪˈvaɪd/	khoảng cách số	“The digital divide remains a persistent challenge”	bridge the digital divide, close the digital divide
capacity gaps	n	/kəˈpæsəti ɡæps/	khoảng trống năng lực	“there may be capacity gaps in technical skills”	address capacity gaps, identify capacity gaps
licensing frameworks	n	/ˈlaɪsnsɪŋ ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung cấp phép	“developing robust licensing frameworks”	establish licensing frameworks, create licensing frameworks
culturally responsive	adj	/ˈkʌltʃərəli rɪˈspɒnsɪv/	đáp ứng văn hóa	“preservation methods must be culturally responsive”	culturally responsive approaches, culturally responsive practices

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
epistemological paradox	n	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈpærədɒks/	nghịch lý nhận thức luận	“presents a fundamental epistemological paradox”	philosophical paradox, inherent paradox
phenomenological experience	n	/fɪˌnɒmɪnəˈlɒdʒɪkl ɪkˈspɪəriəns/	trải nghiệm hiện tượng học	“alters the phenomenological experience”	subjective phenomenological experience, lived phenomenological experience
commodifying	v	/kəˈmɒdɪfaɪɪŋ/	hàng hóa hóa	“potentially commodifying and flattening”	commodifying culture, risk of commodifying
multi-sensory dimensions	n	/ˈmʌlti ˈsensəri daɪˈmenʃnz/	chiều kích đa giác quan	“the rich, multi-sensory dimensions”	multi-sensory experience, multi-sensory engagement
decontextualized digital spaces	n	/ˌdiːkɒnˈtekstʃuəlaɪzd ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈspeɪsɪz/	không gian số phi bối cảnh	“circulate in decontextualized digital spaces”	decontextualized information, decontextualized content
ontological status	n	/ˌɒntəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈsteɪtəs/	địa vị bản thể luận	“the ontological status of digital reproductions”	ontological questions, ontological nature
tactile experience	n	/ˈtæktaɪl ɪkˈspɪəriəns/	trải nghiệm xúc giác	“the tactile experience of turning pages”	tactile sensations, tactile qualities
aura	n	/ˈɔːrə/	hào quang, vầng linh khí	“introduced the concept of aura”	artistic aura, authentic aura
infinite replicability	n	/ˈɪnfɪnət ˌreplɪkəˈbɪləti/	khả năng sao chép vô hạn	“its potentially infinite replicability”	digital replicability, easy replicability
epistemological assumptions	n	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl əˈsʌmpʃnz/	giả định nhận thức luận	“embeds particular epistemological assumptions”	underlying assumptions, cultural assumptions
taxonomic structures	n	/ˌtæksəˈnɒmɪk ˈstrʌktʃəz/	cấu trúc phân loại	“forced into these pre-existing taxonomic structures”	classification structures, hierarchical structures
epistemic violence	n	/ɪˈpɪstɛmɪk ˈvaɪələns/	bạo lực nhận thức	“representing a form of epistemic violence”	epistemic injustice, epistemic harm
embodied knowledge	n	/ɪmˈbɒdid ˈnɒlɪdʒ/	kiến thức được thể hiện qua cơ thể	“skills and knowledge are fundamentally embodied”	embodied understanding, embodied practices
enskilled	adj	/ɪnˈskɪld/	được rèn luyện kỹ năng	“embodied and enskilled”	enskilled practice, become enskilled
apprenticeship relationship	n	/əˈprentɪsʃɪp rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/	mối quan hệ học việc	“cannot substitute for the apprenticeship relationship”	traditional apprenticeship, apprenticeship model
digital repatriation	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˌriːpætriˈeɪʃn/	hồi hương số	“The phenomenon of digital repatriation”	cultural repatriation, digital repatriation initiatives
perpetual financial commitment	n	/pəˈpetʃuəl faɪˈnænʃl kəˈmɪtmənt/	cam kết tài chính lâu dài	“represents a substantial and perpetual financial commitment”	ongoing financial commitment, long-term financial commitment
asymmetric burden	n	/ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk ˈbɜːdn/	gánh nặng bất cân xứng	“This creates an asymmetric burden”	unequal burden, disproportionate burden
algorithmic approaches	n	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk əˈprəʊtʃɪz/	cách tiếp cận thuật toán	“Algorithmic approaches to cultural heritage”	computational approaches, algorithmic methods
plausible fictions	n	/ˈplɔːzəbl ˈfɪkʃnz/	hư cấu hợp lý	“creating plausible fictions”	believable fictions, convincing fictions
deepfake heritage	n	/ˈdiːpfeɪk ˈherɪtɪdʒ/	di sản giả mạo sâu	“generate deepfake heritage”	digital forgeries, fake reconstructions
hybrid approaches	n	/ˈhaɪbrɪd əˈprəʊtʃɪz/	cách tiếp cận lai ghép	“likely involves hybrid approaches”	blended approaches, integrated approaches
complementary strategies	n	/ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri ˈstrætədʒiz/	chiến lược bổ sung	“complementary rather than competing strategies”	complementary methods, complementary approaches
fetishizing	v	/ˈfetɪʃaɪzɪŋ/	thần thánh hóa	“rather than simply fetishizing technological capability”	fetishizing technology, avoid fetishizing

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Kết Luận

Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bạn đã được tiếp cận với chủ đề “How technology is preserving cultural traditions” từ nhiều góc độ khác nhau. Passage 1 giới thiệu tổng quan về các công nghệ bảo tồn cơ bản như digital archives, 3D scanning, và virtual reality. Passage 2 đi sâu vào các sáng kiến do cộng đồng dẫn dắt và những thách thức của participatory preservation. Passage 3 phân tích các vấn đề triết học phức tạp xung quanh authenticity, materiality, và bản chất của cultural heritage trong thời đại số.

Bộ đề thi này cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng khác nhau, phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc và độ khó của IELTS Reading thực tế. Các đáp án chi tiết với giải thích về vị trí trong bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách thức làm bài hiệu quả, không chỉ cho chủ đề này mà còn cho các chủ đề tương tự khác.

Từ vựng học thuật được làm nổi bật trong các passages sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho việc nâng cao vốn từ của bạn, đặc biệt là trong các lĩnh vực technology, culture, và social issues—những chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Hãy thực hành đều đặn với đề thi này, phân tích kỹ các đáp án, và áp dụng những kỹ thuật đọc hiểu đã học để cải thiện band điểm Reading của bạn.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!