Mở Bài
Khả năng phục hồi (resilience) trong những thời kỳ khó khăn là một chủ đề xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Đề tài này không chỉ phản ánh những thách thức toàn cầu hiện nay mà còn đòi hỏi người học phải nắm vững vốn từ vựng về tâm lý học, phát triển cá nhân và xã hội học.
Với hơn 20 năm kinh nghiệm giảng dạy IELTS, tôi nhận thấy các bài đọc về resilience thường kết hợp nhiều dạng câu hỏi phức tạp, yêu cầu kỹ năng skimming, scanning và suy luận cao. Bài thi mẫu này được thiết kế dựa trên cấu trúc đề thi IELTS thực tế, giúp bạn:
- Làm quen với 3 passages đầy đủ từ mức độ dễ đến khó (Easy → Medium → Hard)
- Thực hành đa dạng 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading
- Nắm vững từ vựng chuyên ngành về tâm lý học và phát triển bản thân
- Học cách phân bổ thời gian hiệu quả cho 60 phút thi
- Rèn luyện kỹ năng paraphrase và xác định thông tin chính xác
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band 7.0+.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính là 1 điểm, sau đó quy đổi sang thang điểm band từ 1-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Đây là bài dễ nhất, bạn nên hoàn thành nhanh để dành thời gian cho các passage sau
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Độ khó tăng lên, cần đọc kỹ hơn và paraphrase nhiều hơn
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Passage khó nhất với từ vựng học thuật và cấu trúc câu phức tạp
Lưu ý: Bạn phải tự chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet trong 60 phút này (không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án như phần Listening).
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Bài thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:
- Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đòi hỏi kỹ năng và chiến lược riêng, vì vậy hãy đọc kỹ instructions trước khi làm bài.
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Foundations of Personal Resilience
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and adapt to challenging circumstances. In recent years, psychologists have identified resilience as one of the most important predictors of success in both personal and professional life. Unlike innate talents such as intelligence or physical strength, resilience is a skill that can be developed and strengthened through conscious effort and practice.
The core components of resilience include emotional awareness, optimism, strong relationships, and effective problem-solving skills. Research conducted at the University of Pennsylvania has shown that individuals who demonstrate high levels of resilience tend to possess a growth mindset – they view challenges as opportunities for learning rather than insurmountable obstacles. This fundamental shift in perspective allows them to maintain motivation even when facing setbacks.
One of the most crucial elements in building resilience is developing emotional intelligence. This involves recognizing and understanding one’s own emotions, as well as empathizing with others. When people can identify their emotional responses to stress, they are better equipped to manage these reactions constructively. For example, someone who recognizes they feel overwhelmed during a crisis can take proactive steps such as seeking support or breaking down problems into manageable tasks.
Social connections play a vital role in fostering resilience. Studies have consistently demonstrated that individuals with strong support networks recover from traumatic events more quickly than those who are isolated. These relationships provide emotional validation, practical assistance, and different perspectives on challenges. The simple act of sharing difficulties with trusted friends or family members can significantly reduce stress levels and help people gain clarity about their situations.
Physical health is another fundamental pillar of resilience. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and proper nutrition directly impact our ability to cope with stress. When our bodies are well-maintained, we have greater energy reserves to draw upon during difficult times. Exercise, in particular, has been shown to release endorphins that improve mood and reduce anxiety, creating a positive feedback loop that enhances overall wellbeing.
Cognitive flexibility – the ability to adjust thinking and adapt strategies when circumstances change – is essential for resilience. People who can consider multiple solutions to a problem and shift their approach when necessary are more likely to overcome obstacles. This mental agility can be cultivated through practices such as brainstorming alternative scenarios or deliberately challenging one’s own assumptions.
Another important aspect is maintaining a sense of purpose. Individuals who have clear personal values and long-term goals tend to persevere through hardship more effectively. Their sense of purpose provides direction and motivation, helping them stay focused on what truly matters even when immediate circumstances seem bleak. This forward-looking orientation prevents them from becoming mired in current difficulties.
Finally, resilient people typically practice self-compassion. Rather than engaging in harsh self-criticism when things go wrong, they treat themselves with the same kindness they would offer a good friend. This compassionate approach reduces shame and negative self-talk, allowing individuals to learn from mistakes without becoming paralyzed by them. Research by Dr. Kristin Neff has shown that self-compassion is strongly correlated with psychological resilience and emotional stability.
Understanding these fundamental principles is the first step toward developing greater resilience. While some people may naturally possess more resilient tendencies, everyone can strengthen their capacity to bounce back from adversity through intentional practice and the cultivation of these key attributes.
Những nền tảng cơ bản giúp xây dựng khả năng phục hồi và vượt qua khó khăn trong cuộc sống
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Resilience is an inherited characteristic that cannot be improved.
- People with high resilience see challenges as learning opportunities.
- Emotional intelligence helps people manage their responses to stress.
- Most resilient people prefer to solve problems without asking for help.
- Physical exercise can create a cycle of improved mood and reduced anxiety.
Questions 6-9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Research at the University of Pennsylvania found that resilient individuals have a __ which helps them view challenges positively.
- Strong __ help people recover from traumatic events more quickly than isolated individuals.
- The ability to adjust thinking and change strategies is called __.
- Resilient people practice __ by treating themselves kindly when things go wrong.
Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a core component of resilience?
- A) Emotional awareness
- B) Financial security
- C) Strong relationships
- D) Problem-solving skills
-
What does the passage say about sharing difficulties with others?
- A) It makes problems worse
- B) It reduces stress and brings clarity
- C) It should only be done with professionals
- D) It is less effective than solving problems alone
-
According to the research mentioned, self-compassion is:
- A) Unrelated to resilience
- B) Only helpful for children
- C) Strongly linked to emotional stability
- D) More important than physical health
-
The main purpose of this passage is to:
- A) Compare resilient and non-resilient people
- B) Explain the foundations of personal resilience
- C) Criticize people who lack resilience
- D) Describe specific resilience training programs
PASSAGE 2 – Building Resilience in the Workplace
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
In today’s volatile business environment, organizational resilience has become a critical determinant of long-term success. Companies that foster resilience among their workforce are better positioned to navigate disruptions, adapt to market changes, and maintain productivity during periods of uncertainty. However, cultivating workplace resilience requires more than superficial initiatives; it demands a fundamental transformation in organizational culture and management practices.
Forward-thinking organizations recognize that resilience is not merely about bouncing back from adversity but about growing stronger through challenges – a concept psychologists refer to as “post-traumatic growth”. This paradigm shift has profound implications for how companies structure their employee development programs, performance management systems, and leadership training. Rather than penalizing failure, resilient organizations create psychologically safe environments where employees can take calculated risks, learn from setbacks, and innovate without fear of repercussions.
One hallmark of resilient organizations is their emphasis on transparent communication. During times of crisis, information flows freely across hierarchical levels, ensuring that employees understand both challenges and strategic responses. This communication transparency mitigates anxiety caused by uncertainty and empowers employees to contribute meaningfully to problem-solving efforts. Companies such as Microsoft and Google have institutionalized open communication channels, including regular town halls and anonymous feedback mechanisms, which strengthen trust and collective resilience.
Leadership comportment during challenging times significantly influences organizational resilience. Leaders who demonstrate vulnerability, acknowledge difficulties honestly, and maintain composure under pressure model resilient behaviors for their teams. Research by the Center for Creative Leadership has shown that authentic leadership – characterized by genuine self-expression and transparent decision-making – correlates strongly with team resilience and employee engagement. When leaders share their own struggles and coping strategies, they normalize adversity and reduce the stigma associated with seeking support.
Investment in continuous learning constitutes another cornerstone of workplace resilience. Organizations that prioritize skill development and encourage cross-functional training create adaptable workforces capable of pivoting when circumstances change. The notion of career flexibility has gained traction as companies realize that employees with diverse skill sets can be redeployed during restructuring or market shifts, preserving institutional knowledge while maintaining operational continuity. This approach contrasts sharply with traditional hierarchical models where employees remained confined to narrow specializations.
Work-life integration has emerged as a crucial factor in sustaining employee resilience. Progressive companies have moved beyond token wellness programs to implement comprehensive support systems that address physical, mental, and financial wellbeing. These initiatives range from flexible work arrangements and generous parental leave policies to on-site mental health resources and financial planning assistance. Tương tự như the integration of storytelling in leadership education giúp lãnh đạo kết nối với nhân viên, các chương trình hỗ trợ toàn diện này tạo nền tảng vững chắc cho sức khỏe tinh thần của đội ngũ. By acknowledging that personal and professional lives are inextricably linked, organizations demonstrate genuine concern for employee welfare, which translates into greater loyalty and sustained performance.
The cultivation of social capital within organizations reinforces resilience at both individual and collective levels. Teams characterized by high-quality relationships, mutual trust, and collaborative norms exhibit greater adaptability when facing challenges. Structured team-building activities, mentorship programs, and cross-departmental projects all serve to strengthen these interpersonal bonds. When employees feel genuinely connected to colleagues, they are more likely to seek assistance, share resources, and collectively problem-solve during difficult periods.
Organizational resilience also requires robust systems and contingency planning. Companies must develop scenario-based strategies that anticipate potential disruptions and outline response protocols. This proactive approach minimizes chaos during actual crises, as employees can refer to established procedures rather than improvising under pressure. Regular resilience audits – assessments that evaluate organizational vulnerabilities and response capabilities – help companies identify weaknesses before they become critical liabilities.
Finally, resilient organizations maintain a balance between stability and agility. While consistent policies and reliable structures provide necessary grounding, excessive rigidity can impede adaptation. The most successful companies cultivate ambidexterity – the ability to simultaneously optimize current operations while exploring innovative alternatives. This dual capacity enables organizations to preserve core functions during turbulence while positioning themselves to capitalize on emerging opportunities once conditions stabilize.
Questions 14-18
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, organizational resilience is:
- A) Only about recovering from difficulties
- B) Growing stronger through challenges
- C) Avoiding all workplace problems
- D) Maintaining the same business practices
-
What does the passage suggest about failure in resilient organizations?
- A) It should always be punished
- B) It is viewed as a learning opportunity
- C) It rarely happens
- D) It is hidden from employees
-
Transparent communication during crises helps to:
- A) Increase employee anxiety
- B) Reduce the need for leadership
- C) Empower employees to contribute solutions
- D) Eliminate all workplace problems
-
According to research mentioned, authentic leadership is:
- A) Unrelated to team resilience
- B) Only effective in small companies
- C) Strongly connected to employee engagement
- D) Less important than financial performance
-
What does the passage say about work-life integration?
- A) It is less important than productivity
- B) It only involves flexible schedules
- C) It addresses multiple aspects of wellbeing
- D) It decreases employee performance
Questions 19-23
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Organizations need to build resilience to survive in today’s challenging business world. Resilient companies create (19) __ where employees can take risks without fear. Good leaders show (20) __ by sharing their own difficulties, which helps reduce stigma around asking for help. Companies should invest in (21) __ so employees can develop diverse skills. Building (22) __ through team activities strengthens relationships between colleagues. Finally, organizations need both stability and (23) __ to adapt while maintaining core operations.
Questions 24-26
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Traditional hierarchical models are more effective than flexible career paths.
- Regular resilience audits help companies find weaknesses before they become serious problems.
- Small companies find it easier to build organizational resilience than large corporations.
PASSAGE 3 – The Neuroscience and Psychology of Resilience in Adversity
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The neurobiological underpinnings of resilience have become a focal point of contemporary psychological research, revealing intricate mechanisms through which the human brain processes adversity and facilitates recovery. Advanced neuroimaging techniques, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), have illuminated the neural circuits involved in stress response and emotional regulation, challenging earlier assumptions that resilience was primarily attributable to personality traits or environmental factors alone. The emerging consensus among neuroscientists suggests that resilience is best understood as a dynamic interplay between genetic predispositions, neuroplasticity, and experiential learning.
Central to this understanding is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the body’s primary stress-response system. When individuals encounter threatening situations, the hypothalamus initiates a cascade of hormonal signals that culminate in the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. Điều này có điểm tương đồng với impact of climate change on global economic stability khi các hệ thống phức tạp phản ứng với áp lực, vì cả hai đều liên quan đến khả năng thích nghi với những thay đổi đột ngột. While acute cortisol elevation serves adaptive functions by mobilizing energy resources and enhancing alertness, chronic activation of the HPA axis – as occurs during prolonged adversity – can precipitate deleterious effects including impaired cognition, compromised immune function, and heightened vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Resilient individuals exhibit distinctive HPA axis response patterns, characterized by rapid cortisol elevation followed by efficient recovery to baseline levels, suggesting superior physiological regulation of stress.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly its ventromedial and dorsolateral regions, plays a crucial regulatory role in modulating limbic system activity during stressful experiences. The PFC exerts top-down control over the amygdala – the brain’s “threat detection center” – enabling conscious reappraisal of potentially threatening stimuli. Research conducted by Dr. Richard Davidson at the University of Wisconsin has demonstrated that individuals with greater PFC activation during emotional challenges display enhanced capacity for emotion regulation and faster recovery from negative affective states. This finding has profound implications, suggesting that interventions targeting prefrontal function – such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based practices – may strengthen neural pathways associated with resilience.
Neuroplasticity – the brain’s remarkable capacity to reorganize neural connections in response to experience – constitutes the biological substrate underlying resilience development. Contrary to long-held beliefs that neural architecture was relatively fixed after early development, research has conclusively established that the brain remains malleable throughout the lifespan. Experiences of adversity, when navigated successfully, can precipitate adaptive neural remodeling that enhances future stress tolerance. This phenomenon, termed “stress inoculation”, suggests that moderate exposure to manageable challenges during formative periods may confer protective benefits by strengthening stress-response systems without overwhelming them.
The neurotransmitter systems implicated in resilience include serotonin, dopamine, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Serotonergic pathways modulate mood and emotional stability, with optimal serotonin function correlating with greater resilience to depressive symptoms following stressful life events. Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway influences motivation and reward processing, critical factors in maintaining goal-directed behavior during adversity. Particularly intriguing is NPY, an anxiolytic neuropeptide that appears to buffer against stress-induced behavioral impairments. Studies of military personnel exposed to extreme stress have revealed that those with higher baseline NPY levels demonstrated superior psychological resilience and lower rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as a fascinating dimension of resilience research, illustrating how environmental experiences can modify gene expression without altering underlying DNA sequences. Traumatic experiences, particularly during sensitive developmental periods, can induce epigenetic modifications that affect stress-response gene expression, potentially transmitting vulnerability or resilience across generations. Để hiểu rõ hơn về challenges of urban planning in growing cities và how smart cities are promoting sustainable living, chúng ta cần nhận thức về các yếu tố môi trường tác động đến sức khỏe tinh thần cộng đồng tương tự như cách biểu sinh ảnh hưởng đến khả năng phục hồi cá nhân. However, these epigenetic alterations are not necessarily permanent; interventions including psychotherapy, social support, and stress-reduction techniques may reverse maladaptive epigenetic patterns, a phenomenon termed “epigenetic plasticity”.
Social neuroscience perspectives have illuminated the neurobiological basis of social support’s protective effects. The release of oxytocin during positive social interactions attenuates HPA axis activity and promotes affiliative behaviors, creating a biological mechanism through which social connections enhance resilience. Mirror neuron systems, which activate when observing others’ experiences, may facilitate empathy and social learning of coping strategies, suggesting that resilience can be partially transmitted through social observation and modeling.
Integrating these neurobiological insights with psychological frameworks has yielded comprehensive models that account for the multifaceted nature of resilience. The “resilience network” conceptualization posits that resilience emerges from coordinated activity across multiple brain regions and neurochemical systems, rather than residing in any single neural structure. This systems-level perspective aligns with psychological evidence that resilience encompasses cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains, each contributing to overall adaptive capacity.
Contemporary interventions informed by neuroscience findings show considerable promise. Neurofeedback training, which enables individuals to modulate their own brain activity through real-time feedback, has demonstrated efficacy in strengthening emotion regulation capacities. Pharmacological approaches targeting specific neurotransmitter systems may augment psychotherapeutic interventions, though ethical considerations regarding enhancement versus treatment remain contentious. Preventive strategies emphasizing early-life stress reduction and secure attachment formation may optimize neural development trajectories, potentially forestalling vulnerability to later adversity.
The implications of this research extend beyond individual resilience to inform community-level interventions and public health strategies. Understanding the neurobiological foundations of resilience facilitates the development of targeted programs that address specific vulnerabilities while leveraging innate neuroplasticity to promote adaptive functioning. As research continues to elucidate the complex interactions between brain, behavior, and environment, the prospect of cultivating resilience at both individual and societal levels becomes increasingly attainable.
Nghiên cứu về não bộ và cơ chế thần kinh học của khả năng phục hồi con người
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, advanced neuroimaging techniques have:
- A) Proven that resilience is entirely genetic
- B) Shown that resilience involves complex brain mechanisms
- C) Demonstrated that personality is unimportant for resilience
- D) Replaced the need for psychological research
-
The HPA axis response in resilient individuals is characterized by:
- A) No cortisol release during stress
- B) Continuously high cortisol levels
- C) Quick elevation and efficient recovery of cortisol
- D) Delayed response to threatening situations
-
Dr. Richard Davidson’s research found that people with greater prefrontal cortex activation:
- A) Have weaker emotional control
- B) Recover faster from negative emotions
- C) Experience more frequent stress
- D) Cannot benefit from therapy
-
The concept of “stress inoculation” suggests that:
- A) All stress should be avoided in childhood
- B) Extreme stress makes people stronger
- C) Moderate challenges can build future stress tolerance
- D) Stress has no developmental benefits
-
What does the passage say about epigenetic modifications?
- A) They permanently alter DNA sequences
- B) They only affect one generation
- C) They cannot be reversed
- D) They can potentially be changed through interventions
Questions 32-36
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The prefrontal cortex enables __ of potentially threatening stimuli through top-down control.
- The brain’s capacity to reorganize neural connections throughout life is called __.
- __ is an anxiolytic neuropeptide that appears to protect against stress-induced problems.
- During positive social interactions, the release of __ reduces HPA axis activity.
- The “resilience network” concept suggests resilience comes from __ across multiple brain regions.
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 3?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Chronic activation of the HPA axis can harm cognitive function and immune system health.
- Neural architecture becomes completely fixed after childhood development.
- Higher levels of neuropeptide Y in military personnel were associated with better psychological resilience.
- Neurofeedback training is more effective than traditional psychotherapy for all patients.
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- FALSE
- TRUE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- growth mindset
- support networks
- cognitive flexibility
- self-compassion
- B
- B
- C
- B
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- B
- B
- C
- C
- C
- psychologically safe environments / safe environments
- vulnerability
- continuous learning
- social capital
- agility
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- B
- C
- D
- conscious reappraisal
- neuroplasticity
- Neuropeptide Y / NPY
- oxytocin
- coordinated activity
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Resilience, inherited characteristic, cannot be improved
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Unlike innate talents such as intelligence or physical strength, resilience is a skill that can be developed and strengthened” – điều này mâu thuẫn hoàn toàn với câu hỏi khẳng định resilience là đặc điểm di truyền không thể cải thiện.
Câu 2: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: High resilience, challenges, learning opportunities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “individuals who demonstrate high levels of resilience tend to possess a growth mindset – they view challenges as opportunities for learning” – paraphrase chính xác của câu hỏi.
Câu 3: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Emotional intelligence, manage responses to stress
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Câu “When people can identify their emotional responses to stress, they are better equipped to manage these reactions constructively” khớp với ý của câu hỏi.
Câu 4: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Resilient people, prefer, solve problems, without asking for help
- Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
- Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập đến tầm quan trọng của support networks nhưng không nói về việc người có khả năng phục hồi cao thích hay không thích nhờ giúp đỡ.
Câu 5: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Physical exercise, cycle, improved mood, reduced anxiety
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Exercise, in particular, has been shown to release endorphins that improve mood and reduce anxiety, creating a positive feedback loop” – đây chính là “cycle” được nhắc đến trong câu hỏi.
Câu 6: growth mindset
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: University of Pennsylvania, resilient individuals, view challenges positively
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Câu gốc: “Research conducted at the University of Pennsylvania has shown that individuals who demonstrate high levels of resilience tend to possess a growth mindset.”
Câu 7: support networks
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Recover from traumatic events, more quickly, isolated individuals
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “individuals with strong support networks recover from traumatic events more quickly than those who are isolated.”
Câu 8: cognitive flexibility
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Ability, adjust thinking, change strategies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “Cognitive flexibility – the ability to adjust thinking and adapt strategies when circumstances change.”
Câu 9: self-compassion
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Treating themselves kindly, things go wrong
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Resilient people typically practice self-compassion. Rather than engaging in harsh self-criticism when things go wrong, they treat themselves with the same kindness.”
Câu 10: B (Financial security)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Core components of resilience, NOT mentioned
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Bài đọc liệt kê “emotional awareness, optimism, strong relationships, and effective problem-solving skills” – không có đề cập đến financial security.
Câu 11: B (It reduces stress and brings clarity)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Sharing difficulties with others
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “The simple act of sharing difficulties with trusted friends or family members can significantly reduce stress levels and help people gain clarity about their situations.”
Câu 12: C (Strongly linked to emotional stability)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Self-compassion, research
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Research by Dr. Kristin Neff has shown that self-compassion is strongly correlated with psychological resilience and emotional stability.”
Câu 13: B (Explain the foundations of personal resilience)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Main Purpose
- Từ khóa: Main purpose of passage
- Vị trí trong bài: Toàn bộ passage
- Giải thích: Cả bài tập trung vào việc giải thích các nền tảng cơ bản của khả năng phục hồi cá nhân, từ emotional intelligence đến self-compassion.
Kỹ thuật và chiến lược làm bài thi IELTS Reading đạt điểm cao
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: B (Growing stronger through challenges)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Organizational resilience
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Forward-thinking organizations recognize that resilience is not merely about bouncing back from adversity but about growing stronger through challenges – a concept psychologists refer to as ‘post-traumatic growth’.”
Câu 15: B (It is viewed as a learning opportunity)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Failure in resilient organizations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Rather than penalizing failure, resilient organizations create psychologically safe environments where employees can take calculated risks, learn from setbacks.”
Câu 16: C (Empower employees to contribute solutions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Transparent communication, crises
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “This communication transparency mitigates anxiety caused by uncertainty and empowers employees to contribute meaningfully to problem-solving efforts.”
Câu 17: C (Strongly connected to employee engagement)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Authentic leadership, research
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Research by the Center for Creative Leadership has shown that authentic leadership – characterized by genuine self-expression and transparent decision-making – correlates strongly with team resilience and employee engagement.”
Câu 18: C (It addresses multiple aspects of wellbeing)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Work-life integration
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Progressive companies have moved beyond token wellness programs to implement comprehensive support systems that address physical, mental, and financial wellbeing.”
Câu 19: psychologically safe environments (hoặc safe environments)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Create, employees can take risks without fear
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Cụm từ chính xác trong bài: “create psychologically safe environments where employees can take calculated risks, learn from setbacks, and innovate without fear.”
Câu 20: vulnerability
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Good leaders show, sharing difficulties
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Leaders who demonstrate vulnerability, acknowledge difficulties honestly, and maintain composure under pressure model resilient behaviors.”
Câu 21: continuous learning
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Invest in, employees develop diverse skills
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Investment in continuous learning constitutes another cornerstone of workplace resilience.”
Câu 22: social capital
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Building, team activities, strengthen relationships
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “The cultivation of social capital within organizations reinforces resilience at both individual and collective levels.”
Câu 23: agility
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Organizations need both stability and, adapt while maintaining operations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Finally, resilient organizations maintain a balance between stability and agility.”
Câu 24: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Traditional hierarchical models, more effective, flexible career paths
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This approach contrasts sharply with traditional hierarchical models where employees remained confined to narrow specializations” – cho thấy tác giả ủng hộ mô hình linh hoạt hơn mô hình truyền thống.
Câu 25: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Resilience audits, find weaknesses, serious problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Regular resilience audits – assessments that evaluate organizational vulnerabilities and response capabilities – help companies identify weaknesses before they become critical liabilities.”
Câu 26: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Small companies, easier, build resilience, large corporations
- Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
- Giải thích: Bài đọc không so sánh khả năng xây dựng resilience giữa công ty nhỏ và công ty lớn.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B (Shown that resilience involves complex brain mechanisms)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Advanced neuroimaging techniques
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Advanced neuroimaging techniques… have illuminated the neural circuits involved in stress response and emotional regulation, challenging earlier assumptions.”
Câu 28: C (Quick elevation and efficient recovery of cortisol)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: HPA axis response, resilient individuals
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-8
- Giải thích: “Resilient individuals exhibit distinctive HPA axis response patterns, characterized by rapid cortisol elevation followed by efficient recovery to baseline levels.”
Câu 29: B (Recover faster from negative emotions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Dr. Richard Davidson, prefrontal cortex activation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Research conducted by Dr. Richard Davidson… has demonstrated that individuals with greater PFC activation during emotional challenges display enhanced capacity for emotion regulation and faster recovery from negative affective states.”
Câu 30: C (Moderate challenges can build future stress tolerance)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: “Stress inoculation”
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “This phenomenon, termed ‘stress inoculation’, suggests that moderate exposure to manageable challenges during formative periods may confer protective benefits.”
Câu 31: D (They can potentially be changed through interventions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Epigenetic modifications
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “However, these epigenetic alterations are not necessarily permanent; interventions including psychotherapy, social support, and stress-reduction techniques may reverse maladaptive epigenetic patterns.”
Câu 32: conscious reappraisal
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Prefrontal cortex, enables, threatening stimuli, top-down control
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “The PFC exerts top-down control over the amygdala… enabling conscious reappraisal of potentially threatening stimuli.”
Câu 33: neuroplasticity
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Brain’s capacity, reorganize neural connections, throughout life
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Neuroplasticity – the brain’s remarkable capacity to reorganize neural connections in response to experience.”
Câu 34: Neuropeptide Y (hoặc NPY)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Anxiolytic neuropeptide, protect against stress-induced problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4
- Giải thích: “Particularly intriguing is NPY, an anxiolytic neuropeptide that appears to buffer against stress-induced behavioral impairments.”
Câu 35: oxytocin
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Positive social interactions, release, reduces HPA axis activity
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The release of oxytocin during positive social interactions attenuates HPA axis activity and promotes affiliative behaviors.”
Câu 36: coordinated activity
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: “Resilience network” concept, resilience comes from, multiple brain regions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The ‘resilience network’ conceptualization posits that resilience emerges from coordinated activity across multiple brain regions and neurochemical systems.”
Câu 37: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Chronic activation, HPA axis, harm cognitive function, immune system
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “Chronic activation of the HPA axis… can precipitate deleterious effects including impaired cognition, compromised immune function.”
Câu 38: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Neural architecture, completely fixed, childhood development
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Contrary to long-held beliefs that neural architecture was relatively fixed after early development, research has conclusively established that the brain remains malleable throughout the lifespan” – mâu thuẫn hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.
Câu 39: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Higher levels, neuropeptide Y, military personnel, better psychological resilience
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Studies of military personnel exposed to extreme stress have revealed that those with higher baseline NPY levels demonstrated superior psychological resilience.”
Câu 40: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Neurofeedback training, more effective, traditional psychotherapy, all patients
- Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói neurofeedback training “has demonstrated efficacy in strengthening emotion regulation capacities” nhưng không so sánh hiệu quả với traditional psychotherapy hay nói về tất cả bệnh nhân.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| capacity | n | /kəˈpæsəti/ | khả năng, năng lực | the capacity to recover quickly | have the capacity to |
| recover | v | /rɪˈkʌvər/ | hồi phục, phục hồi | recover quickly from difficulties | recover from |
| predictor | n | /prɪˈdɪktər/ | yếu tố dự báo | predictor of success | strong predictor |
| innate | adj | /ɪˈneɪt/ | bẩm sinh,타고난 | innate talents such as intelligence | innate ability |
| conscious effort | n phrase | /ˈkɒnʃəs ˈefət/ | nỗ lực có ý thức | through conscious effort and practice | make a conscious effort |
| growth mindset | n phrase | /ɡrəʊθ ˈmaɪndset/ | tư duy phát triển | possess a growth mindset | develop a growth mindset |
| setback | n | /ˈsetbæk/ | thất bại, trở ngại | maintain motivation even when facing setbacks | suffer a setback |
| emotional intelligence | n phrase | /ɪˈməʊʃənl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ | trí tuệ cảm xúc | developing emotional intelligence | high emotional intelligence |
| empathize | v | /ˈempəθaɪz/ | đồng cảm | empathizing with others | empathize with someone |
| overwhelmed | adj | /ˌəʊvəˈwelmd/ | quá tải, choáng ngợp | feel overwhelmed during a crisis | feel overwhelmed by |
| proactive | adj | /prəʊˈæktɪv/ | chủ động | take proactive steps | proactive approach |
| cognitive flexibility | n phrase | /ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ | sự linh hoạt nhận thức | cognitive flexibility is essential | demonstrate cognitive flexibility |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| volatile | adj | /ˈvɒlətaɪl/ | bất ổn, dễ thay đổi | volatile business environment | volatile market |
| foster | v | /ˈfɒstər/ | thúc đẩy, nuôi dưỡng | foster resilience among workforce | foster development |
| navigate | v | /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ | điều hướng, vượt qua | navigate disruptions | navigate challenges |
| cultivate | v | /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ | trau dồi, phát triển | cultivating workplace resilience | cultivate relationships |
| paradigm shift | n phrase | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển đổi mô hình tư duy | This paradigm shift has profound implications | major paradigm shift |
| penalize | v | /ˈpiːnəlaɪz/ | phạt, trừng phạt | Rather than penalizing failure | penalize mistakes |
| transparent | adj | /trænsˈpærənt/ | minh bạch, rõ ràng | transparent communication | transparent process |
| mitigate | v | /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ | giảm thiểu | mitigate anxiety | mitigate risks |
| authentic leadership | n phrase | /ɔːˈθentɪk ˈliːdəʃɪp/ | lãnh đạo chân thực | authentic leadership correlates strongly | demonstrate authentic leadership |
| cornerstone | n | /ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/ | nền tảng, trụ cột | cornerstone of workplace resilience | cornerstone of success |
| cross-functional | adj | /krɒs-ˈfʌŋkʃənl/ | liên chức năng | cross-functional training | cross-functional team |
| pivot | v | /ˈpɪvət/ | xoay chuyển, thay đổi hướng | capable of pivoting when circumstances change | pivot strategy |
| deploy | v | /dɪˈplɔɪ/ | triển khai, bố trí | employees can be redeployed | deploy resources |
| social capital | n phrase | /ˈsəʊʃl ˈkæpɪtl/ | vốn xã hội | cultivation of social capital | build social capital |
| contingency planning | n phrase | /kənˈtɪndʒənsi ˈplænɪŋ/ | kế hoạch dự phòng | robust systems and contingency planning | effective contingency planning |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neurobiological | adj | /ˌnjʊərəʊbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ | thuộc về thần kinh sinh học | neurobiological underpinnings | neurobiological mechanisms |
| underpin | v | /ˌʌndəˈpɪn/ | tạo nền tảng | neurobiological underpinnings of resilience | underpin theory |
| illuminate | v | /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ | làm sáng tỏ | have illuminated the neural circuits | illuminate the problem |
| neural circuit | n phrase | /ˈnjʊərəl ˈsɜːkɪt/ | mạch thần kinh | neural circuits involved in stress response | neural circuit activity |
| attributable | adj | /əˈtrɪbjətəbl/ | có thể quy cho | primarily attributable to personality traits | attributable to factors |
| dynamic interplay | n phrase | /daɪˈnæmɪk ˈɪntəpleɪ/ | sự tương tác năng động | dynamic interplay between genetic predispositions | dynamic interplay of forces |
| neuroplasticity | n | /ˌnjʊərəʊplæˈstɪsəti/ | tính dẻo dai thần kinh | neuroplasticity and experiential learning | brain neuroplasticity |
| hypothalamus | n | /ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs/ | vùng dưới đồi | hypothalamus initiates cascade | hypothalamus function |
| cascade | n | /kæˈskeɪd/ | chuỗi phản ứng | initiates a cascade of hormonal signals | cascade of events |
| cortisol | n | /ˈkɔːtɪsɒl/ | cortisol (hormone căng thẳng) | release of cortisol from adrenal glands | cortisol levels |
| precipitate | v | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ | gây ra, đẩy nhanh | chronic activation can precipitate deleterious effects | precipitate crisis |
| deleterious | adj | /ˌdeləˈtɪəriəs/ | có hại | deleterious effects including impaired cognition | deleterious impact |
| prefrontal cortex | n phrase | /ˌpriːˈfrʌntl ˈkɔːteks/ | vỏ não trước trán | prefrontal cortex plays regulatory role | prefrontal cortex activity |
| amygdala | n | /əˈmɪɡdələ/ | hạch hạnh nhân (não) | PFC exerts control over amygdala | amygdala activation |
| modulate | v | /ˈmɒdjuleɪt/ | điều chỉnh, kiểm soát | modulating limbic system activity | modulate response |
| malleable | adj | /ˈmæliəbl/ | dễ uốn nắn, linh hoạt | brain remains malleable throughout lifespan | malleable structure |
| epigenetic | adj | /ˌepɪdʒəˈnetɪk/ | biểu sinh | epigenetic mechanisms have emerged | epigenetic changes |
| oxytocin | n | /ˌɒksɪˈtəʊsɪn/ | oxytocin (hormone tình yêu) | release of oxytocin during social interactions | oxytocin levels |
| attenuate | v | /əˈtenjueɪt/ | làm yếu đi, giảm | attenuates HPA axis activity | attenuate effects |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “How To Develop Resilience In Challenging Times” là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và phổ biến trong IELTS Reading, phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu về sức khỏe tinh thần và phát triển bản thân. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với:
Ba passages đầy đủ các mức độ:
- Passage 1 giới thiệu những nền tảng cơ bản của khả năng phục hồi cá nhân
- Passage 2 phân tích cách xây dựng resilience trong môi trường làm việc
- Passage 3 đi sâu vào khoa học thần kinh và tâm lý học về khả năng phục hồi
Đa dạng 7 dạng câu hỏi bao gồm True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Sentence Completion, Summary Completion, và Short-answer Questions – đây là những dạng bài phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi thực tế.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích giúp bạn hiểu rõ:
- Tại sao đáp án đó đúng
- Vị trí thông tin trong bài
- Cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage
- Chiến lược làm bài cho từng dạng câu hỏi
Từ vựng chuyên ngành về tâm lý học, phát triển cá nhân và khoa học thần kinh được highlight và tổng hợp thành bảng tra cứu tiện lợi, giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật.
Hãy thực hành bài thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ các câu trả lời sai, và học thuộc từ vựng để nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong phần IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn ôn thi hiệu quả và thành công!
