Chủ đề về lối sống lành mạnh (healthy living) là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Với xu hướng quan tâm ngày càng tăng về sức khỏe và chất lượng cuộc sống, chủ đề này không chỉ có tính thực tiễn cao mà còn giúp học viên tích lũy vốn từ vựng hữu ích cho cả bài thi Speaking và Writing. Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng hoàn toàn giống như thi thật. Mỗi passage đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết, giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài và cách paraphrase, cùng với bảng từ vựng quan trọng giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ học thuật. Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thực tế, rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian và nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh học thuật một cách hiệu quả nhất.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính là 1 điểm và không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần, với Passage 1 thường là bài đọc dễ nhất và Passage 3 là khó nhất.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (bao gồm đọc bài và trả lời câu hỏi)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút
Lưu ý quan trọng là bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì không có thời gian riêng để chép đáp án vào answer sheet như phần Listening.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice: Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
- True/False/Not Given: Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given: Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
- Matching Headings: Ghép tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion: Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
- Matching Features: Ghép thông tin với các đặc điểm tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions: Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Foundation of Healthy Living Habits
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Building a healthy lifestyle is not about drastic changes or following restrictive diets that promise quick results. Instead, it requires a consistent approach to daily habits that support both physical and mental wellbeing. Understanding the fundamental principles of healthy living can help individuals make informed choices that lead to long-term benefits rather than temporary improvements.
The first essential component of healthy living is regular physical activity. Health experts recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week for adults. This can include activities such as brisk walking, cycling, swimming, or dancing. Physical activity does not necessarily mean spending hours at the gym. Simple changes like taking the stairs instead of the elevator, walking to nearby destinations, or doing household chores can contribute significantly to your daily activity levels. Cardiovascular exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, improves circulation, and helps maintain a healthy weight. Additionally, resistance training at least twice a week helps build muscle mass and strengthen bones, which is particularly important as we age.
Nutrition forms the second pillar of healthy living. A balanced diet should include a variety of foods from all major food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. The key is portion control and choosing nutrient-dense foods over processed alternatives. Vegetables and fruits should fill half your plate at each meal, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread offer more nutrients and fiber than their refined counterparts. Lean protein sources such as fish, poultry, beans, and nuts support muscle repair and keep you feeling satisfied longer. It is equally important to limit the intake of added sugars, saturated fats, and excessive salt, which are often hidden in packaged and convenience foods.
Hydration is frequently overlooked but crucial for maintaining health. Water regulates body temperature, transports nutrients, removes waste, and cushions joints. Most health authorities recommend drinking approximately eight glasses of water daily, though individual needs vary based on activity level, climate, and overall health status. Many people mistake thirst for hunger, leading to unnecessary snacking. Drinking a glass of water before meals can also help with portion control by creating a sense of fullness.
Sleep represents another fundamental aspect of healthy living that is often sacrificed in our busy modern lives. Adults should aim for seven to nine hours of quality sleep per night. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, consolidates memories, and regulates hormones that control appetite and stress responses. Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to numerous health problems including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weakened immune function. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and maintaining a comfortable sleep environment can significantly improve sleep quality.
Nền tảng lối sống lành mạnh thông qua hoạt động thể chất và dinh dưỡng cân bằng hàng ngày
Stress management is equally important for maintaining overall wellbeing. Chronic stress can have serious effects on both physical and mental health, contributing to conditions such as high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression. Effective stress management techniques include meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, spending time in nature, and engaging in hobbies or activities you enjoy. Building strong social connections and maintaining meaningful relationships also provide important emotional support during challenging times.
Preventive healthcare should not be neglected in the pursuit of healthy living. Regular medical check-ups allow for early detection of potential health issues when they are most treatable. Dental check-ups, vision tests, and age-appropriate screenings for conditions like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease are all important components of a proactive approach to health. Staying up-to-date with vaccinations helps protect both individual and community health.
Finally, avoiding harmful substances is crucial. Tobacco use remains one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide, linked to numerous cancers, heart disease, and respiratory conditions. Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the liver, increase cancer risk, and contribute to mental health problems. If you smoke, quitting is one of the single most important steps you can take to improve your health. Similarly, moderating alcohol intake to recommended levels or abstaining completely can provide significant health benefits.
Creating and maintaining healthy habits requires patience and self-compassion. Rather than attempting to overhaul your entire lifestyle overnight, focus on making small, sustainable changes one at a time. Once a new habit becomes established, you can build upon it by adding another healthy practice. Remember that setbacks are normal and do not represent failure. The goal is progress, not perfection. By gradually incorporating these fundamental principles into your daily routine, you can build a foundation for lifelong health and wellbeing that will serve you well for years to come.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Healthy living requires making sudden and extreme changes to your lifestyle.
- Adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise every week.
- Resistance training is more important than cardiovascular exercise for older adults.
- Most people need to drink exactly eight glasses of water each day.
- Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to various health problems including obesity.
Questions 6-9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- A balanced plate should have vegetables and fruits covering __ of its surface at each meal.
- Whole grains contain more nutrients and __ compared to refined grains.
- The body uses sleep time to repair tissues and control hormones related to appetite and __.
- Regular medical check-ups enable __ of health problems when they can be treated most effectively.
Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, simple daily activities that contribute to physical fitness include:
A. only gym-based exercises
B. taking stairs and walking short distances
C. competitive sports exclusively
D. professional training sessions -
What does the passage suggest about making lifestyle changes?
A. Change everything at once for best results
B. Focus on perfection in all areas
C. Make gradual, sustainable modifications
D. Follow strict diet plans immediately -
The passage indicates that stress management techniques include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. meditation and yoga
B. spending time outdoors
C. taking sleeping pills regularly
D. maintaining social relationships -
According to the passage, tobacco use is:
A. one of the main preventable causes of death
B. only harmful to lung health
C. less dangerous than alcohol
D. impossible to quit successfully
PASSAGE 2 – The Science Behind Sustainable Health Practices
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The concept of healthy living has evolved considerably over recent decades, shaped by advances in medical research, nutritional science, and our understanding of human physiology. While the basic principles of eating well, exercising regularly, and getting adequate rest remain foundational, contemporary research has revealed the complex biochemical mechanisms underlying these practices and identified numerous factors that can either facilitate or hinder our efforts to maintain optimal health.
One area that has garnered significant scientific attention is the relationship between gut microbiota and overall health. The human digestive system harbors trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiome, which play crucial roles in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. Research has demonstrated that the composition of gut bacteria can influence everything from nutrient absorption to mood regulation. Dietary choices directly impact the diversity and health of these microbial communities. Diets rich in fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, while diets high in processed foods and artificial additives can disrupt this delicate ecosystem. The concept of prebiotics and probiotics has emerged from this research, with prebiotic foods like onions, garlic, and bananas providing nourishment for beneficial bacteria, and probiotic-rich foods such as yogurt, kefir, and fermented vegetables introducing helpful microorganisms directly into the gut.
The science of circadian rhythms has similarly transformed our understanding of sleep and daily routines. These biological clocks regulate numerous physiological processes including hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolic function. Disruption of circadian rhythms, whether through irregular sleep schedules, night shift work, or excessive artificial light exposure in the evening, has been linked to increased risk of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. This research has highlighted the importance of maintaining consistent sleep-wake schedules and minimizing exposure to blue light from electronic devices before bedtime. The timing of meals also influences circadian rhythms, with studies suggesting that eating in alignment with natural light-dark cycles may improve metabolic health and support healthy body weight regulation.
Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to form new neural connections throughout life, represents another fascinating area of research with implications for healthy living. Physical exercise has been shown to promote neuroplasticity by increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that supports the growth and survival of neurons. This helps explain why regular physical activity is associated with improved cognitive function, reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, and better mental health outcomes. Particularly beneficial are activities that combine physical movement with cognitive challenges, such as learning a new sport, dancing, or practicing martial arts. These activities engage multiple brain regions simultaneously, creating more extensive neural networks and cognitive reserves that can protect against age-related cognitive decline.
Khoa học đằng sau thực hành sức khỏe bền vững vi sinh vật đường ruột và nhịp sinh học
The field of epigenetics has revolutionized our understanding of how lifestyle choices influence gene expression. While we cannot change our genetic code, research has revealed that environmental factors including diet, exercise, stress levels, and exposure to toxins can modify how genes are expressed without altering the DNA sequence itself. These epigenetic modifications can influence susceptibility to various diseases and, remarkably, some can be passed to future generations. This research underscores the profound impact that daily choices have not only on individual health but potentially on the health of descendants. For instance, studies have shown that regular exercise can modify the expression of genes related to inflammation and metabolism, while chronic stress can alter the expression of genes involved in immune responses.
Hormesis, a biological phenomenon where exposure to low levels of stress triggers adaptive responses that enhance resilience, provides scientific support for certain health practices. Exercise itself is a form of hormetic stress: the physical challenge of working out causes minor damage to muscle fibers and creates metabolic stress, but the body’s repair processes result in stronger muscles and improved cardiovascular capacity. Similarly, practices like intermittent fasting or exposure to temperature extremes through cold showers or sauna use may trigger beneficial adaptive responses. However, the key is finding the appropriate level of stress, as excessive stress can be harmful rather than beneficial.
The role of inflammation in chronic disease has become increasingly clear through research. While acute inflammation is a necessary part of the immune response to injury or infection, chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development of numerous conditions including heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Lifestyle factors significantly influence inflammatory status. Diets high in refined carbohydrates, trans fats, and processed meats promote inflammation, while diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and phytochemicals from plant foods help reduce it. Regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and stress management also demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, while sedentary behavior, poor sleep, and chronic stress exacerbate inflammation.
Understanding the science behind these processes can be empowering, but it also presents challenges. The volume and complexity of health-related research can be overwhelming, and findings from individual studies are sometimes contradictory or overinterpreted by media sources seeking attention-grabbing headlines. Critical evaluation of health information has become an essential skill. Reliable sources include peer-reviewed scientific journals, established health organizations, and healthcare professionals who stay current with research. It is important to recognize that nutritional science often deals with correlations rather than definitive causal relationships, and what works for one person may not work identically for another due to genetic variations, different gut microbiome compositions, and various other individual factors.
The concept of personalized medicine and precision nutrition has emerged partly from this recognition of individual variation. Advances in genetic testing and metabolic profiling are beginning to enable more tailored health recommendations. However, while these tools show promise, most healthy living principles remain universally applicable. The fundamentals of consuming whole foods, maintaining regular physical activity, prioritizing sleep, managing stress, and fostering social connections provide benefits across virtually all populations, regardless of individual genetic or metabolic differences.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, gut microbiota affects:
A. only the digestive system
B. digestion, immunity, and mental wellbeing
C. exclusively immune responses
D. only nutrient processing -
Research on circadian rhythms suggests that:
A. sleep schedules do not matter for health
B. disrupted biological clocks may increase disease risk
C. night work has no health consequences
D. artificial light has only positive effects -
The concept of neuroplasticity indicates that:
A. the brain cannot change after childhood
B. only medication can improve brain function
C. physical exercise supports new neural connections
D. cognitive decline is inevitable with age -
Epigenetics research shows that:
A. genetic code can be permanently altered by lifestyle
B. environmental factors cannot influence genes
C. lifestyle choices may affect gene expression
D. only medication can modify genetic activity -
The principle of hormesis suggests that:
A. all stress is harmful to health
B. mild stress can trigger beneficial adaptations
C. exercise should be avoided as it causes stress
D. the body cannot adapt to challenges
Questions 19-22
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The human gut contains trillions of microorganisms known collectively as the (19) __. These organisms influence many aspects of health including digestion and even mood. Foods containing (20) __, such as onions and garlic, help nourish beneficial bacteria, while (21) __ like yogurt introduce helpful microorganisms directly. Meanwhile, diets high in processed foods and (22) __ can harm these microbial communities.
Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a role in the development of various diseases.
- All research findings about nutrition should be immediately applied to everyone’s diet.
- Individual genetic differences mean that personalized health approaches are necessary.
- The fundamental principles of healthy living benefit most people regardless of genetic variations.
PASSAGE 3 – Sociocultural Dimensions and Behavioral Economics of Health Practices
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The pursuit of healthy living extends far beyond individual choices and biological imperatives, encompassing complex intersections of sociocultural factors, economic determinants, and psychological mechanisms that shape health behaviors across populations. While biomedical perspectives emphasize the physiological benefits of particular practices, a comprehensive understanding requires examining how structural inequalities, cultural norms, cognitive biases, and environmental architecture collectively influence health outcomes. This multidimensional perspective reveals that addressing public health challenges necessitates interventions operating at individual, community, and systemic levels simultaneously.
Socioeconomic status represents perhaps the most significant predictor of health outcomes, with profound implications for how we conceptualize and promote healthy living. Research consistently demonstrates strong socioeconomic gradients in health, wherein individuals from lower socioeconomic strata experience higher rates of chronic disease, shorter life expectancy, and reduced access to health-promoting resources. These disparities arise not merely from differences in health knowledge but from material constraints that limit options. Food deserts, areas with limited access to affordable nutritious food, disproportionately affect low-income communities, rendering adherence to dietary recommendations practically challenging regardless of nutritional literacy. Similarly, built environment characteristics including lack of safe recreational spaces, pedestrian infrastructure, and exposure to environmental hazards systematically constrain opportunities for physical activity and exposure to green spaces that benefit both physical and mental health. Addressing these structural determinants requires policy interventions extending beyond individual education to encompass urban planning, agricultural subsidies, food systems reform, and equitable resource distribution.
Cultural frameworks profoundly shape conceptualizations of health and acceptable practices for maintaining it. Western biomedicine tends toward reductionist and individualistic models emphasizing personal responsibility, whereas many other cultural traditions embrace more holistic and communal approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine’s concept of qi and balance, Ayurvedic medicine’s emphasis on constitutional types and seasonal routines, and Indigenous healing practices that integrate spiritual dimensions all represent coherent systems with different epistemological foundations than Western medical paradigms. Rather than dismissing these alternatives as unscientific, integrative medicine approaches seek to identify synergies between different systems, recognizing that cultural concordance of health practices enhances adherence and that some traditional practices have demonstrated efficacy even when their mechanisms differ from Western physiological models. Moreover, cultural competence in health promotion requires recognizing how collectivist values, religious beliefs, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships influence health decisions and tailoring interventions accordingly rather than imposing universalized recommendations that may be culturally inappropriate or practically unfeasible.
Behavioral economics has illuminated numerous cognitive phenomena that influence health decisions in ways that classical economic models assuming rational actors cannot explain. Present bias, the tendency to overweight immediate rewards relative to future benefits, helps explain why people struggle with health behaviors that require current sacrifice for delayed gains. The immediate pleasure of consuming palatable but nutritionally poor food outweighs abstract future health consequences in temporal discounting calculations. Loss aversion, whereby losses loom larger psychologically than equivalent gains, can be leveraged in health interventions by framing recommendations in terms of what might be lost through inaction rather than gained through action. Status quo bias and the psychological costs of decision-making mean that default options exert disproportionate influence on behavior, suggesting that choice architecture modifying defaults rather than simply providing information may more effectively promote health. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in workplace wellness programs with an opt-out option rather than requiring opt-in enrollment significantly increases participation.
Kích thước xã hội văn hóa và kinh tế hành vi trong thực hành sức khỏe cộng đồng
The concept of social contagion in health behaviors demonstrates that individual choices exist within networks of social influence. Studies tracking social networks over time reveal that behaviors including smoking, obesity, and exercise participation spread through social connections in patterns resembling infectious disease transmission. People whose friends gain weight are more likely to gain weight themselves; conversely, having friends who exercise regularly increases one’s own exercise likelihood. These patterns suggest that social norms and peer influences constitute powerful determinants of health behavior, potentially more influential than individual education or even economic incentives. This insight has implications for intervention design, suggesting that leveraging social networks and cultivating health-promoting social norms within communities may prove more effective than targeting isolated individuals. Community-based participatory research approaches that engage communities in identifying health priorities and designing culturally appropriate interventions have demonstrated promising results precisely because they work with rather than against existing social structures and cultural dynamics.
The psychological construct of self-efficacy, one’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific outcomes, emerged from social cognitive theory as a critical mediator of health behavior change. Individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to initiate health behaviors, persist despite challenges, and recover from setbacks. Self-efficacy is distinct from knowledge; understanding what constitutes healthy behavior does not automatically translate to confidence in one’s ability to implement it. Building self-efficacy requires mastery experiences (successful behavior execution), vicarious experiences (observing similar others succeed), verbal persuasion (encouragement from credible sources), and physiological feedback (interpreting bodily sensations as indicators of capability rather than inability). This framework explains why health interventions emphasizing small, achievable goals and providing supportive environments for skill development often succeed where information-focused approaches fail. The concept also intersects with locus of control, the extent to which individuals believe they can influence their health outcomes, which varies across cultures and socioeconomic contexts based on actual experiences of control or powerlessness over life circumstances.
Environmental sustainability has emerged as an increasingly relevant consideration in discussions of healthy living, as recognition grows that human health cannot be separated from planetary health. Dietary patterns that optimize individual health outcomes may not be ecologically sustainable at population scale. Animal-based foods, particularly beef, impose vastly higher environmental costs regarding greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption compared to plant-based alternatives. The industrialized food system optimized for caloric yield and profit maximization has generated both epidemic rates of diet-related chronic disease and significant environmental degradation. Conversely, dietary patterns emphasizing whole plant foods, moderate animal product consumption, and minimally processed foods generally align individual health benefits with reduced environmental impact. Active transportation modes like walking and cycling simultaneously provide physical activity and reduce carbon emissions. These convergences suggest that sustainable health promotion frameworks integrating human and environmental wellbeing may address multiple crises simultaneously, though implementing such approaches requires addressing economic structures that currently incentivize unsustainable practices.
The quantified self movement and proliferation of wearable technology and health-tracking applications represent a contemporary phenomenon with ambiguous implications. Proponents argue these tools enhance self-awareness, provide objective feedback, and facilitate behavior change through self-monitoring and gamification. Critics raise concerns about reductionism that equates health with measurable metrics, potential for increased anxiety and obsessive behaviors, data privacy issues, and surveillance capitalism that monetizes intimate health data. Research on effectiveness yields mixed results; some individuals benefit from tracking, while others find it burdensome or counterproductive. The appeal and utility of these technologies appear socioculturally patterned, resonating more strongly with populations already possessing health-promoting resources and potentially exacerbating existing disparities. More fundamentally, the emphasis on individual measurement and optimization reflects and reinforces neoliberal ideologies of personal responsibility that obscure structural determinants of health.
Ultimately, evidence-based approaches to promoting healthy living must acknowledge that human behavior emerges from the interaction of biological predispositions, psychological processes, social relationships, cultural meanings, and material circumstances. Interventions addressing only one dimension while ignoring others are unlikely to generate sustainable population-level improvements in health. Most promising are multilevel interventions that simultaneously enhance individual capabilities, reshape social norms, modify physical and economic environments, and reform policies to create conditions wherein healthy choices become easier and more accessible. Such comprehensive approaches require collaboration across disciplines and sectors, sustained commitment of resources, and recognition that health equity demands addressing the root causes of health disparities rather than merely treating their symptoms.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, socioeconomic disparities in health arise primarily from:
A. lack of health knowledge among poor communities
B. individual lifestyle choices and personal responsibility
C. structural constraints limiting access to health resources
D. genetic differences between socioeconomic groups -
The passage suggests that regarding different medical traditions:
A. Western biomedicine is superior to all other approaches
B. traditional practices should be completely dismissed
C. integrative approaches may identify synergies between systems
D. cultural factors are irrelevant to health outcomes -
Behavioral economics research indicates that:
A. people always make rational health decisions
B. cognitive biases influence health choices significantly
C. economic factors are the only determinants of behavior
D. information alone is sufficient to change behavior -
The concept of social contagion suggests that:
A. diseases spread only through physical contact
B. health behaviors spread through social networks
C. individuals make decisions independently of others
D. peer influence has minimal effect on health choices -
The passage indicates that the quantified self movement:
A. universally benefits all populations equally
B. definitely improves health outcomes for everyone
C. has mixed results and may increase disparities
D. should replace all traditional health approaches
Questions 32-36
Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below.
The passage explores how multiple factors influence health behaviors beyond individual biology. Socioeconomic status creates (32) __ that systematically affect health opportunities, with phenomena like food deserts limiting access to nutritious options. Cultural frameworks shape how health is conceptualized, with some traditions taking more (33) __ approaches compared to Western medicine’s individualistic model. Research in behavioral economics reveals that (34) __ such as present bias influence decision-making about health. The concept of (35) __ demonstrates that behaviors spread through social networks. Building (36) __, or confidence in one’s ability to perform health behaviors, emerges as crucial for behavior change.
A. cognitive biases
B. genetic variations
C. holistic and communal
D. structural inequalities
E. self-efficacy
F. medical treatments
G. social contagion
H. environmental pollution
I. pharmaceutical interventions
J. technological solutions
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Dietary patterns that benefit individual health are always environmentally sustainable.
- Self-efficacy is more important than knowledge for implementing health behaviors.
- Wearable technology will eventually solve all public health problems.
- Effective health promotion requires addressing multiple levels from individual to structural factors simultaneously.
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- TRUE
- half
- fiber
- stress responses
- early detection
- B
- C
- C
- A
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- B
- B
- C
- C
- B
- gut microbiome
- prebiotics
- probiotic-rich foods / probiotics
- artificial additives
- YES
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- C
- B
- B
- C
- D
- C
- A
- G
- E
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: drastic changes, sudden, extreme
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Building a healthy lifestyle is not about drastic changes” (Xây dựng lối sống lành mạnh không phải về những thay đổi mạnh mẽ). Câu hỏi khẳng định cần thay đổi đột ngột và cực đoan, mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với thông tin trong bài.
Câu 2: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: 150 minutes, moderate exercise, weekly
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu chính xác “Health experts recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week for adults”. Thông tin khớp hoàn toàn.
Câu 3: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: resistance training, more important, cardiovascular, older adults
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập cả hai loại hình tập luyện nhưng không so sánh mức độ quan trọng của chúng đối với người lớn tuổi. Chỉ nói resistance training “particularly important as we age” nhưng không nói nó quan trọng hơn cardio.
Câu 4: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: exactly eight glasses, everyone
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “approximately eight glasses” và “individual needs vary” (nhu cầu cá nhân khác nhau), do đó không phải mọi người đều cần chính xác 8 ly.
Câu 5: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: chronic sleep deprivation, obesity, health problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to numerous health problems including obesity”. Thông tin khớp chính xác.
Câu 6: half
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: vegetables, fruits, plate
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Vegetables and fruits should fill half your plate at each meal” – rau và trái cây nên chiếm một nửa đĩa ăn.
Câu 7: fiber
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: whole grains, more nutrients
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7
- Giải thích: “Whole grains… offer more nutrients and fiber than their refined counterparts” – ngũ cốc nguyên hạt có nhiều chất dinh dưỡng và chất xơ hơn.
Câu 8: stress responses
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: sleep, repair tissues, hormones, appetite
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “the body repairs tissues, consolidates memories, and regulates hormones that control appetite and stress responses” – cơ thể điều chỉnh hormone kiểm soát sự thèm ăn và phản ứng căng thẳng.
Câu 9: early detection
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: regular medical check-ups, health problems, treated effectively
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Regular medical check-ups allow for early detection of potential health issues when they are most treatable” – cho phép phát hiện sớm các vấn đề sức khỏe tiềm ẩn.
Câu 10: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: simple daily activities, physical fitness
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc đưa ví dụ “taking the stairs instead of the elevator, walking to nearby destinations” là những hoạt động đơn giản đóng góp vào mức độ hoạt động hàng ngày.
Câu 11: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: lifestyle changes, approach
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Rather than attempting to overhaul your entire lifestyle overnight, focus on making small, sustainable changes one at a time” – tập trung vào những thay đổi nhỏ, bền vững từng bước một.
Câu 12: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: stress management techniques
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc liệt kê meditation, deep breathing, yoga, spending time in nature, và maintaining relationships nhưng không đề cập đến việc dùng thuốc ngủ thường xuyên.
Câu 13: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: tobacco use
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Tobacco use remains one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide” – sử dụng thuốc lá là một trong những nguyên nhân gây tử vong có thể phòng ngừa hàng đầu.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: gut microbiota, affects
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “play crucial roles in digestion, immune function, and even mental health” – vi sinh vật đường ruột ảnh hưởng đến tiêu hóa, miễn dịch và sức khỏe tinh thần.
Câu 15: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: circadian rhythms, research suggests
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Disruption of circadian rhythms… has been linked to increased risk of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers” – rối loạn nhịp sinh học liên quan đến tăng nguy cơ các bệnh.
Câu 16: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: neuroplasticity, indicates
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Physical exercise has been shown to promote neuroplasticity by increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor” – tập thể dục thúc đẩy khả năng thần kinh dẻo, hỗ trợ tạo kết nối thần kinh mới.
Câu 17: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: epigenetics, shows
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “environmental factors including diet, exercise, stress levels… can modify how genes are expressed” – các yếu tố môi trường có thể thay đổi cách gen được biểu hiện.
Câu 18: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: hormesis, suggests
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “exposure to low levels of stress triggers adaptive responses that enhance resilience” – tiếp xúc với mức độ căng thẳng thấp kích hoạt các phản ứng thích nghi có lợi.
Câu 19: gut microbiome
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: trillions of microorganisms, collectively known
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “collectively known as the gut microbiome” – được gọi chung là hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột.
Câu 20: prebiotics
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: onions, garlic, nourishment for beneficial bacteria
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 8-9
- Giải thích: “prebiotic foods like onions, garlic… providing nourishment for beneficial bacteria” – thực phẩm prebiotic cung cấp dinh dưỡng cho vi khuẩn có lợi.
Câu 21: probiotic-rich foods / probiotics
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: yogurt, introduce helpful microorganisms
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 9-10
- Giải thích: “probiotic-rich foods such as yogurt… introducing helpful microorganisms directly into the gut” – thực phẩm giàu probiotic đưa vi sinh vật có lợi trực tiếp vào đường ruột.
Câu 22: artificial additives
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: processed foods, disrupt, microbial communities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-8
- Giải thích: “diets high in processed foods and artificial additives can disrupt this delicate ecosystem” – chế độ ăn nhiều thực phẩm chế biến và phụ gia nhân tạo có thể phá vỡ hệ sinh thái vi sinh vật.
Câu 23: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: chronic low-grade inflammation, development of diseases
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development of numerous conditions” – tác giả khẳng định viêm mãn tính góp phần vào sự phát triển của nhiều tình trạng bệnh lý.
Câu 24: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all research findings, immediately applied, everyone’s diet
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: Tác giả cảnh báo về “findings from individual studies are sometimes contradictory” và nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của “critical evaluation”, mâu thuẫn với việc áp dụng ngay lập tức mọi phát hiện nghiên cứu.
Câu 25: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: individual genetic differences, personalized approaches necessary
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập personalized medicine “show promise” nhưng cũng nói “most healthy living principles remain universally applicable”. Tác giả không khẳng định rõ ràng rằng cách tiếp cận cá nhân hóa là cần thiết.
Câu 26: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: fundamental principles, benefit, regardless of genetic variations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “The fundamentals… provide benefits across virtually all populations, regardless of individual genetic or metabolic differences” – tác giả đồng ý rằng các nguyên tắc cơ bản có lợi cho hầu hết mọi người.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: socioeconomic disparities, arise primarily
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-7
- Giải thích: “These disparities arise not merely from differences in health knowledge but from material constraints that limit options” – sự chênh lệch phát sinh từ những hạn chế vật chất, không chỉ từ thiếu kiến thức.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: different medical traditions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “integrative medicine approaches seek to identify synergies between different systems” – y học tích hợp tìm kiếm sự phối hợp giữa các hệ thống khác nhau.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: behavioral economics, indicates
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “illuminated numerous cognitive phenomena that influence health decisions in ways that classical economic models assuming rational actors cannot explain” – các hiện tượng nhận thức ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến quyết định sức khỏe.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: social contagion, suggests
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “behaviors including smoking, obesity, and exercise participation spread through social connections” – hành vi lan truyền qua các mối quan hệ xã hội.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: quantified self movement
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-7
- Giải thích: “Research on effectiveness yields mixed results” và “potentially exacerbating existing disparities” – kết quả nghiên cứu không đồng nhất và có thể làm tăng sự chênh lệch.
Câu 32: D (structural inequalities)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “material constraints” và “structural determinants” được nhắc đến như những yếu tố tạo ra bất bình đẳng cấu trúc.
Câu 33: C (holistic and communal)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “many other cultural traditions embrace more holistic and communal approaches” – các truyền thống văn hóa khác có cách tiếp cận toàn diện và cộng đồng hơn.
Câu 34: A (cognitive biases)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn thảo luận về “present bias”, “loss aversion”, “status quo bias” – tất cả đều là các thiên lệch nhận thức.
Câu 35: G (social contagion)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, tiêu đề và nội dung
- Giải thích: “The concept of social contagion in health behaviors” – khái niệm lây lan xã hội được mô tả rõ ràng.
Câu 36: E (self-efficacy)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “The psychological construct of self-efficacy, one’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviors” – tự tin vào khả năng thực hiện hành vi.
Câu 37: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: dietary patterns, individual health, always environmentally sustainable
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Dietary patterns that optimize individual health outcomes may not be ecologically sustainable at population scale” – tác giả nói rõ không phải lúc nào cũng bền vững về môi trường.
Câu 38: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: self-efficacy, more important than knowledge
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói self-efficacy “is distinct from knowledge” và knowledge “does not automatically translate to confidence” nhưng không so sánh trực tiếp mức độ quan trọng hơn.
Câu 39: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: wearable technology, solve all public health problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: Tác giả thảo luận về cả ưu và nhược điểm của công nghệ đeo nhưng không đưa ra tuyên bố về việc giải quyết tất cả vấn đề sức khỏe cộng đồng.
Câu 40: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: effective health promotion, multiple levels, individual to structural, simultaneously
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Most promising are multilevel interventions that simultaneously enhance individual capabilities, reshape social norms, modify physical and economic environments, and reform policies” – tác giả đồng ý cần can thiệp đa cấp độ đồng thời.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| drastic | adj | /ˈdræstɪk/ | mạnh mẽ, quyết liệt | drastic changes | drastic measures, drastic reduction |
| restrictive | adj | /rɪˈstrɪktɪv/ | hạn chế, thu hẹp | restrictive diets | restrictive policies, restrictive practices |
| moderate-intensity | adj | /ˈmɒdərət ɪnˈtensəti/ | cường độ vừa phải | moderate-intensity exercise | moderate-intensity activity, moderate-intensity training |
| cardiovascular | adj | /ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/ | tim mạch | cardiovascular exercise | cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular health |
| resistance training | n | /rɪˈzɪstəns ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ | tập luyện sức bền | resistance training twice a week | strength and resistance training |
| lean protein | n | /liːn ˈprəʊtiːn/ | protein nạc | lean protein sources | lean protein foods, lean protein diet |
| nutrient-dense | adj | /ˈnjuːtriənt dens/ | giàu chất dinh dưỡng | nutrient-dense foods | nutrient-dense options, nutrient-dense diet |
| processed | adj | /ˈprəʊsest/ | chế biến sẵn | processed foods | highly processed, processed products |
| dietary fiber | n | /ˈdaɪətri ˈfaɪbə(r)/ | chất xơ | providing dietary fiber | soluble dietary fiber, adequate dietary fiber |
| hydration | n | /haɪˈdreɪʃn/ | sự cung cấp nước | hydration is crucial | proper hydration, adequate hydration |
| chronic | adj | /ˈkrɒnɪk/ | mãn tính | chronic sleep deprivation | chronic disease, chronic condition |
| preventable | adj | /prɪˈventəbl/ | có thể phòng ngừa | preventable causes of death | preventable disease, preventable illness |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gut microbiota | n | /ɡʌt ˌmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈəʊtə/ | hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột | relationship between gut microbiota and health | gut microbiota composition, diverse gut microbiota |
| microbiome | n | /ˈmaɪkrəʊbaɪəʊm/ | hệ vi sinh | the gut microbiome | human microbiome, intestinal microbiome |
| prebiotic | n/adj | /ˌpriːbaɪˈɒtɪk/ | chất tiền sinh học | prebiotic foods | prebiotic fiber, prebiotic supplements |
| probiotic | n/adj | /ˌprəʊbaɪˈɒtɪk/ | chất sinh học có lợi | probiotic-rich foods | probiotic bacteria, probiotic supplements |
| fermented | adj | /fəˈmentɪd/ | lên men | fermented vegetables | fermented foods, fermented products |
| circadian rhythm | n | /sɜːˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm/ | nhịp sinh học | science of circadian rhythms | disrupted circadian rhythm, internal circadian rhythm |
| neuroplasticity | n | /ˌnjʊərəʊplæˈstɪsəti/ | tính dẻo thần kinh | neuroplasticity represents | brain neuroplasticity, enhance neuroplasticity |
| brain-derived neurotrophic factor | n | /breɪn dɪˈraɪvd ˌnjʊərəʊˈtrɒfɪk ˈfæktə(r)/ | yếu tố tăng trưởng thần kinh | increasing levels of BDNF | BDNF levels, BDNF production |
| cognitive function | n | /ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈfʌŋkʃn/ | chức năng nhận thức | improved cognitive function | cognitive function decline, maintain cognitive function |
| neurodegenerative | adj | /ˌnjʊərəʊdɪˈdʒenərətɪv/ | thoái hóa thần kinh | neurodegenerative diseases | neurodegenerative disorders, neurodegenerative conditions |
| epigenetics | n | /ˌepɪdʒəˈnetɪks/ | di truyền biểu sinh | field of epigenetics | epigenetics research, epigenetics modifications |
| gene expression | n | /dʒiːn ɪkˈspreʃn/ | biểu hiện gen | modify gene expression | gene expression patterns, regulate gene expression |
| hormesis | n | /hɔːˈmiːsɪs/ | phản ứng hormetic | hormesis provides support | hormesis effect, hormesis principle |
| inflammation | n | /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/ | viêm nhiễm | role of inflammation | chronic inflammation, reduce inflammation |
| anti-inflammatory | adj | /ˌænti ɪnˈflæmətri/ | chống viêm | anti-inflammatory effects | anti-inflammatory properties, anti-inflammatory diet |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sociocultural | adj | /ˌsəʊsiəʊˈkʌltʃərəl/ | văn hóa xã hội | sociocultural factors | sociocultural context, sociocultural influences |
| socioeconomic | adj | /ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ | kinh tế xã hội | socioeconomic status | socioeconomic gradient, socioeconomic disparities |
| structural inequality | n | /ˈstrʌktʃərəl ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/ | bất bình đẳng cấu trúc | structural inequalities affect health | address structural inequality, systemic structural inequality |
| food desert | n | /fuːd ˈdezət/ | sa mạc thực phẩm | food deserts affect communities | living in food deserts, food desert areas |
| built environment | n | /bɪlt ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ | môi trường xây dựng | built environment characteristics | urban built environment, healthy built environment |
| holistic | adj | /həˈlɪstɪk/ | toàn diện | holistic approaches | holistic approach, holistic perspective |
| epistemological | adj | /ɪˌpɪstəməˈlɒdʒɪkl/ | nhận thức luận | epistemological foundations | epistemological framework, epistemological assumptions |
| integrative medicine | n | /ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪv ˈmedsn/ | y học tích hợp | integrative medicine approaches | integrative medicine practices, integrative medicine model |
| behavioral economics | n | /bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ | kinh tế học hành vi | behavioral economics has illuminated | behavioral economics principles, behavioral economics research |
| present bias | n | /ˈpreznt ˈbaɪəs/ | thiên lệch hiện tại | present bias explains struggles | overcome present bias, present bias effects |
| temporal discounting | n | /ˈtempərəl dɪsˈkaʊntɪŋ/ | chiết khấu thời gian | temporal discounting calculations | temporal discounting rates, steep temporal discounting |
| loss aversion | n | /lɒs əˈvɜːʃn/ | e ngại mất mát | loss aversion can be leveraged | loss aversion bias, strong loss aversion |
| choice architecture | n | /tʃɔɪs ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)/ | kiến trúc lựa chọn | choice architecture modifying defaults | design choice architecture, effective choice architecture |
| social contagion | n | /ˈsəʊʃl kənˈteɪdʒən/ | lây lan xã hội | social contagion in health behaviors | social contagion effects, social contagion phenomenon |
| self-efficacy | n | /ˌself ˈefɪkəsi/ | tự tin năng lực | psychological construct of self-efficacy | build self-efficacy, enhance self-efficacy |
| locus of control | n | /ˈləʊkəs əv kənˈtrəʊl/ | tính tự chủ kiểm soát | locus of control varies | internal locus of control, external locus of control |
| environmental sustainability | n | /ɪnˌvaɪrənmentl səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ | tính bền vững môi trường | environmental sustainability consideration | promote environmental sustainability, environmental sustainability goals |
| quantified self | n | /ˈkwɒntɪfaɪd self/ | bản thân định lượng | quantified self movement | quantified self data, quantified self tracking |
| surveillance capitalism | n | /səˈveɪləns ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa tư bản giám sát | surveillance capitalism monetizes data | surveillance capitalism era, surveillance capitalism practices |
Kết Luận
Bài thi IELTS Reading mẫu về chủ đề “How To Practice Healthy Living” đã cung cấp cho bạn một trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Passage 1 giới thiệu những nguyên tắc cơ bản về lối sống lành mạnh phù hợp với học viên band 5.0-6.5, Passage 2 đi sâu vào các cơ chế khoa học đằng sau các thực hành sức khỏe bền vững cho band 6.0-7.5, và Passage 3 khám phá những khía cạnh văn hóa xã hội và kinh tế học hành vi ở mức độ học thuật cao cho band 7.0-9.0.
Chủ đề sức khỏe và lối sống lành mạnh là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS, xuất hiện thường xuyên ở cả bốn kỹ năng. Việc làm quen với bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành này không chỉ giúp bạn cải thiện điểm Reading mà còn hỗ trợ đắc lực cho phần Speaking và Writing. Tương tự như How artificial intelligence is improving personalized medicine, những bài đọc về sức khỏe thường kết hợp nhiều khía cạnh từ khoa học sinh học đến ứng dụng thực tiễn.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể đã chỉ ra chính xác vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không đúng. Phương pháp học này giúp bạn không chỉ kiểm tra kết quả mà còn hiểu rõ logic làm bài, từ đó phát triển kỹ năng làm bài bài bản và tự tin hơn khi đối mặt với đề thi thật. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến Impact of urban development on public health, bài đọc này cũng cung cấp nhiều từ vựng và cấu trúc câu liên quan hữu ích.
Bảng từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage giúp bạn dễ dàng ôn tập và ghi nhớ. Hãy chú ý đến các collocation và cách sử dụng từ trong ngữ cảnh cụ thể, vì đây là yếu tố quan trọng giúp bạn sử dụng từ vựng một cách tự nhiên và chính xác. Những từ như “gut microbiota”, “circadian rhythms”, “neuroplasticity” hay “behavioral economics” không chỉ xuất hiện trong các bài đọc về sức khỏe mà còn trong nhiều chủ đề khoa học khác.
Việc quản lý thời gian là kỹ năng then chốt trong IELTS Reading. Hãy tuân thủ thời gian đề xuất cho mỗi passage: 15-17 phút cho Passage 1, 18-20 phút cho Passage 2, và 23-25 phút cho Passage 3. Như kinh nghiệm từ Cycling infrastructure in sustainable cities roles, việc phân bổ thời gian hợp lý và tập trung vào các câu hỏi dễ trước sẽ giúp bạn tối ưu hóa điểm số.
Hãy nhớ rằng cải thiện kỹ năng Reading đòi hỏi sự kiên trì và luyện tập thường xuyên. Đừng nản lòng nếu ban đầu bạn gặp khó khăn với Passage 3 hoặc một số dạng câu hỏi nhất định. Mỗi lần làm bài, hãy phân tích kỹ những câu sai để hiểu rõ nguyên nhân và điều chỉnh chiến lược làm bài. Để tiếp tục rèn luyện kỹ năng, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm các bài thi mẫu khác như The influence of global digital art on student creativity hoặc How to save money on groceries để làm quen với nhiều chủ đề đa dạng hơn.
Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Hãy tiếp tục rèn luyện đều đặn, chú ý đến kỹ thuật làm bài và xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật vững chắc để tự tin chinh phục phần thi Reading một cách xuất sắc nhất!
