IELTS Reading: How to practice responsible consumerism – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

“How To Practice Responsible Consumerism” không chỉ là một xu hướng sống xanh mà còn là một chủ đề quen thuộc trong các bài đọc học thuật, đặc biệt trong IELTS Reading. Chủ đề này xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng cao, liên quan đến môi trường, kinh tế bền vững, chuỗi cung ứng, hành vi người tiêu dùng – những mảng kiến thức rất phù hợp để kiểm tra kỹ năng đọc hiểu và suy luận. Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ nhận được:

• Đề thi mẫu gồm 3 passages tăng dần độ khó (Easy → Medium → Hard)
• Các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng giống đề thật
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích logic và vị trí thông tin
• Từ vựng quan trọng và kỹ thuật làm bài theo từng dạng câu hỏi
  Bộ đề phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, muốn luyện tập tăng tốc độ đọc, nâng điểm kỹ năng phân tích, và mở rộng vốn từ vựng theo hướng học thuật về responsible consumerism.

How to practice responsible consumerism trong IELTS Reading với tips và chiến lược làm bài

1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

• Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages
• Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
• Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
  • Passage 1: 15-17 phút
  • Passage 2: 18-20 phút
  • Passage 3: 23-25 phút

Chiến Lược Làm Bài Hiệu Quả

• Đọc câu hỏi trước, sau đó đọc passage (skimming để nắm main idea, scanning để tìm chi tiết)
• Chú ý từ khóa và paraphrase; luyện nhận diện synonym, collocation, cấu trúc so sánh/đối lập
• Quản lý thời gian: đặt mốc thời gian cho mỗi passage, không sa đà vào câu khó
• Không bỏ trống câu nào; đoán có chiến lược khi gần hết giờ

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

• Multiple Choice
• True/False/Not Given
• Sentence Completion
• Yes/No/Not Given
• Matching Headings
• Summary/Note Completion
• Matching Features
• Short-answer Questions

How to practice responsible consumerism và chiến lược IELTS Reading thực chiến

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Everyday Choices: The Basics of Responsible Shopping

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

In recent years, the phrase “responsible consumerism” has moved from niche blogs into household conversations. It asks ordinary shoppers to make daily choices that reduce harm and increase benefit. Rather than chasing the newest trends, responsible consumers focus on value, durability, and the wider effects of their purchases. The good news is that many of these choices are simple and cost-effective, and they can be started today.

A practical first step is to buy less and buy better. Many products are designed to be replaced quickly, but a sturdy, repairable item can last longer and prevent waste. For example, a well-made kettle or backpack may cost more at the outset, yet it reduces the need for repeated purchases. In this way, responsible buying is not about denial but about smarter planning. It also helps to ask, before every purchase, “Do I really need this?” This question sounds trivial, but it can stop impulse shopping and save money.

Another useful habit is to extend the life of what you already own. Cleaning and maintaining shoes, sharpening knives, and learning simple repairs all make a difference. Community repair cafés and online tutorials make such skills accessible. Sharing also matters. Borrow a drill from a neighbor or join a local tool library if you only need an item once. These practices keep products in use and reduce demand for new materials.

Food choices offer many opportunities. Buying seasonal produce, choosing local suppliers, and planning meals cut down on food waste. Leftovers can become tomorrow’s lunch; old bread can become toast or breadcrumbs. If you eat meat, reducing portion sizes even slightly can lower your carbon footprint. Where budget allows, certified products—such as Fairtrade cocoa or Rainforest Alliance coffee—can signal better labor conditions and more sustainable farming. However, labels can be confusing. Not every green leaf icon means the same thing, and some labels are purely marketing. Look for credible certification and read the fine print.

Packaging is another area to consider. Bringing a reusable bottle, cup, and shopping bag reduces single-use plastic. When possible, choose products with recyclable or minimal packaging. Buying in bulk can help, but only if you will use the quantity before it expires. Otherwise, bulk buying can turn into bulk wasting.

Second-hand shopping is a powerful, often overlooked option. Many charity shops and online marketplaces offer high-quality clothing, furniture, and electronics. A pre-owned item can be both affordable and stylish. Similarly, refilling ink, reusing containers, and choosing refurbished devices reduce pressure on landfills and conserve resources.

Digital tools can support these habits. Price trackers help you avoid impulsive buys by waiting for discounts. Apps that rate brands on sustainability can guide you to better options. But technology is not a magic wand. Your habits—such as pausing before buying, comparing options, and caring for what you own—are what truly drive change.

Finally, responsible consumerism is a journey, not a perfection test. You do not need to change everything at once. Set small goals: one plastic-free swap per month, one repaired item per season, or one second-hand purchase per year. Celebrate progress, share what you learn, and remain curious. When millions of people adopt small, consistent actions, the combined effect is significant, and the market responds to this steady signal of demand for better products.

Key ideas include the value of durability, the impact of labels, the benefits of repair and sharing, and the role of mindful decision-making. While there is no single blueprint, the principle is simple: buy thoughtfully, use fully, and waste less. This approach not only supports the planet and workers, but also respects your budget and time.

Questions 1-13

Instructions: Answer the questions below. Questions follow the order of information in the passage.

Questions 1-4: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. What is the main message of responsible consumerism in the passage?
   A Buying the cheapest products possible
   B Limiting shopping to essentials only
   C Making daily choices that reduce harm and increase benefit
   D Avoiding technology in shopping

2. According to the passage, a well-made item is beneficial because it
   A guarantees the lowest price.
   B reduces repeated purchases.
   C is always environmentally friendly.
   D is easier to recycle.

3. The passage suggests that food waste can be reduced by
   A buying imported foods.
   B avoiding leftovers.
   C planning meals and using leftovers.
   D buying in bulk as much as possible.

4. What is the author’s view on eco-labels?
   A All labels with green icons are reliable.
   B Eco-labels should always be ignored.
   C Some labels are credible; others are just marketing.
   D Labels are more important than product quality.

Questions 5-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?
Write True if the statement agrees with the passage.
Write False if it contradicts the passage.
Write Not Given if there is no information.

5. Repair cafés are expensive and hard to access.
6. Bulk buying is recommended only when the quantity can be used in time.
7. The passage claims that refurbished devices are usually low quality.
8. Apps can rate how sustainable brands are.
9. The author says perfection is necessary for responsible consumerism.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Asking “Do I really need this?” can prevent __ purchases.
11. Borrowing tools from others helps keep products __.
12. Choosing __ products may support better labor conditions.
13. Responsible consumerism is described as a __, not a test.

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PASSAGE 2 – From Individual Acts to Collective Impact

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A
When people ask how to practice responsible consumerism, they often begin with personal habits—recycling, using a reusable cup, or buying second-hand. These choices matter, but the larger story involves how many individuals influence markets and institutions together. Responsible consumerism scales up when personal choices connect to shared standards, data transparency, and public accountability.

B
Consider certification. Programs like Fairtrade, B Corp, and Forest Stewardship Council attempt to translate complex supply chains into understandable signals. While no scheme is perfect, credible certifications set auditable criteria for labor, environment, and governance. Their power does not lie solely in a logo; it lies in the requirements behind the logo and the audits that can trigger corrective action. Without third-party checks, “green” promises often turn into greenwashing.

C
Consumer pressure can also reshape business models. Boycotts and “buycotts” (actively choosing better brands) send price signals that executives and investors monitor closely. In the apparel sector, worker-safety agreements emerged after coordinated campaigns that linked buyers, unions, and local inspectors. Likewise, electronics firms now publish supplier lists and conflict-mineral reports because customers demanded visibility. These shifts illustrate a broader point: when people act in concert, disclosure becomes a competitive advantage rather than a burden.

D
Public policy is another multiplier. Laws on extended producer responsibility, for instance, require manufacturers to finance the collection and recycling of products they sell. Such policies push companies to redesign packaging, reduce hazardous materials, and offer repair services. Carbon reporting, once voluntary, is becoming mandatory in several jurisdictions. Responsible consumerism, therefore, is not just about what to buy; it is about what rules ensure that better choices are the default.

E
Digital tools connect these layers. Barcode-scanning apps pull ratings on deforestation risk, labor violations, and carbon intensity. Community platforms gather reviews on repairability and longevity. However, the data are only as strong as their methods. Robust ratings explain their methodology, disclose conflicts of interest, and update scores when conditions change. Absent these practices, numbers can mislead, and well-meaning consumers may reward the wrong behaviors.

F
Ultimately, individual action, market incentives, and regulation operate as a system. Progress occurs when the three align: consumers reward better products; companies compete on verified performance; and governments set baselines that raise the floor for everyone. The practical path is iterative: start small, choose credible information, and support rules that lock in gains.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer? Write Yes/No/Not Given.

14. The writer believes that certifications are meaningless without perfect enforcement.
15. According to the writer, boycotts and buycotts can influence corporate decisions.
16. The writer says that all sustainability data in apps are reliable.
17. The writer suggests that regulation can encourage companies to offer repair services.
18. The writer claims responsible consumerism should avoid engaging with public policy.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A–E from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i–viii next to each paragraph.

List of Headings:
i Personal habits versus systemic change
ii The limits of recycling programs
iii How certifications gain power
iv Digital tools: potential and pitfalls
v Making disclosure a competitive edge
vi Regulation that changes design
vii The future of plastic-free packaging
viii Aligning consumers, markets, and rules

19. Paragraph A
20. Paragraph B
21. Paragraph C
22. Paragraph D
23. Paragraph E

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

Responsible consumerism advances when credible certifications use clear criteria and independent checks to prevent 24 __. Collective actions such as boycotts can push companies toward greater 25 __. Alongside this, policies like extended producer responsibility motivate better product 26 __ and support repair.

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PASSAGE 3 – Measuring Responsibility: Economics and Ethics of Consumer Behavior

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

Attempts to define how to practice responsible consumerism often confront a measurement problem: which purchases actually reduce harm when the full life cycle is considered? A product that looks “green” at the point of sale may entail upstream pollution or downstream waste. To evaluate trade-offs, researchers rely on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which estimates environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. LCA does not deliver certainty; instead, it offers a structured approximation that can be compared across options.

A central challenge involves system boundaries. If the boundary excludes consumer use (for instance, washing temperatures for clothing), the footprint may be understated; include too much, and models become intractable. Similarly, allocating impacts in multi-output processes—like refining crude oil into fuels and chemicals—requires assumptions that can shift rankings. Therefore, responsible selection is partly about reading the assumptions behind any result.

Economists add another layer: externalities and prices rarely align. When pollution costs are not internalized, market prices underweight long-term damage. Policy tools such as carbon pricing and extended producer responsibility (EPR) aim to correct these failures. Carbon prices signal the climate cost of emissions; EPR shifts end-of-life costs to producers, incentivizing durable design and take-back schemes. Yet these tools interact with human behavior in complex ways.

Behavioral research documents information asymmetry, bounded rationality, and the rebound effect. For example, when a household buys an energy-efficient appliance, lower operating costs can lead to increased usage, offsetting some expected savings. Likewise, eco-labels reduce information asymmetry but can overload consumers with signals they cannot interpret. Here, choice architecture—defaults, salient comparisons, and simplified labels—can guide better outcomes without eliminating freedom of choice.

Ethical questions complicate the calculus. Should a consumer prioritize local production to cut transport emissions, or choose an imported item made in a factory with higher labor standards? Is a reusable product always preferable to a single-use item? The answer depends on context: a heavy, durable container may require many reuses before it outperforms a lightweight alternative in carbon terms; water-scarce regions may value water savings over energy savings. LCA can illuminate these trade-offs, but it cannot decide whose values take precedence.

Empirical studies suggest that mixed strategies perform best: reduce overall consumption where feasible; shift to products with demonstrably lower life-cycle impacts; and support institutions that internalize externalities. In practice, this means repairing rather than replacing when marginal costs are reasonable, preferring items with documented durability, and choosing suppliers that disclose verifiable data. On the policy side, minimum durability standards and right-to-repair rules have shown measurable benefits in extending product lifetimes.

Businesses respond to these signals heterogeneously. Some adopt science-based targets and publish Scope 3 emissions, even when such disclosures expose supply-chain risks. Others pursue selective branding, highlighting a single improvement while neglecting material issues—a sophisticated form of greenwashing. Investors, meanwhile, are refining ESG metrics, though debates persist about comparability and whether aggregate scores conceal important trade-offs.

Looking ahead, three tools are poised to reshape responsible consumerism. First, product passports—digital records that store material composition, repair information, and verified impact data—could enable precise comparisons at the shelf. Second, automated LCA using standardized datasets might provide near-real-time footprints, narrowing the lag between action and evidence. Third, dynamic pricing that reflects environmental conditions (for instance, electricity that is cheaper during renewable surpluses) can nudge usage to lower-impact windows. Each tool, however, raises governance questions about data quality, privacy, and equitable access.

Ultimately, responsible consumerism is less a morality tale than a continuous optimization under uncertainty. Consumers, firms, and regulators co-produce outcomes, and progress depends on credible metrics, well-designed incentives, and practical defaults. The aim is not purity, but a steady shift in decisions so that, over time, the least harmful choices become the easiest ones to make.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. What is presented as the main limitation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?
    A It excludes supply-chain impacts by design.
    B It provides structured estimates rather than absolute certainty.
    C It always overestimates environmental harm.
    D It cannot compare across different products.

28. “System boundaries” are important because they
    A determine which impacts are included in an assessment.
    B guarantee that models remain simple.
    C remove the need for assumptions.
    D only apply to transportation emissions.

29. Which policy tool is described as internalizing end-of-life costs to encourage better design?
    A Carbon pricing
    B Minimum wage laws
    C Extended producer responsibility
    D Trade tariffs

30. The “rebound effect” refers to
    A consumers avoiding energy-efficient products due to high prices.
    B increased use that offsets expected savings from efficiency gains.
    C firms hiding negative impacts behind complex reports.
    D regulations that reduce consumer choice.

31. According to the passage, which combination tends to work best in practice?
    A Purchasing only local products
    B Buying the cheapest items and recycling more
    C Reducing consumption, choosing low-impact products, and supporting institutional changes
    D Avoiding all products with any environmental footprint

Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each researcher or framework (A–F) with the correct idea below (32–36). Choose the correct letter A–F.

Researchers/Frameworks:
A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
B Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
C Behavioral Economics
D Science-based targets
E Product passports
F Dynamic pricing

32. A tool that could provide verified composition and repair information at the point of sale
33. A concept explaining how people’s limited rationality affects choices
34. A policy shifting recycling and disposal obligations to manufacturers
35. A corporate approach aligning emissions cuts with climate science
36. A mechanism that changes costs in response to environmental conditions

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.

37. What term describes when labels reduce but do not eliminate unequal access to information?
38. Which emissions category do some firms disclose to capture supply-chain impacts?
39. Name one governance concern raised by product passports.
40. What kind of standards help extend product lifetimes on the policy side?

How to practice responsible consumerism qua LCA, ESG và chính sách khuyến khích

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. Not Given
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. False
10. impulse
11. in use
12. certified
13. journey

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. No
15. Yes
16. No
17. Yes
18. No
19. i
20. iii
21. v
22. vi
23. iv
24. greenwashing
25. disclosure
26. design

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. A
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. E
33. C
34. B
35. D
36. F
37. information asymmetry
38. Scope 3
39. data quality (also accept privacy or equitable access)
40. minimum durability standards

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

• Câu 1: C

  • Dạng: Multiple Choice
  • Từ khóa: main message; reduce harm and increase benefit
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 1, câu 1-3
  • Giải thích: Tác giả định nghĩa responsible consumerism là “make daily choices that reduce harm and increase benefit”. A, B, D không phù hợp.

• Câu 4: C

  • Dạng: Multiple Choice
  • Từ khóa: labels; credible certification; marketing
  • Vị trí: Đoạn về food & labels
  • Giải thích: Tác giả nói “some labels are purely marketing… look for credible certification.” → C đúng. A, B, D sai lệch.

• Câu 6: True

  • Dạng: T/F/NG
  • Từ khóa: bulk buying; only if you will use the quantity before it expires
  • Vị trí: Đoạn về packaging/bulk
  • Giải thích: Câu trong bài khẳng định rõ điều kiện của bulk buying → True.

• Câu 7: False

  • Từ khóa: refurbished devices
  • Vị trí: Đoạn về second-hand/refurbished
  • Giải thích: Bài nói refurbished reduce pressure on landfills; không hề chê chất lượng. Mệnh đề “usually low quality” mâu thuẫn → False.

• Câu 10: impulse

  • Dạng: Sentence Completion
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
  • Giải thích: “can stop impulse shopping” → điền “impulse”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

• Câu 14: No

  • Dạng: Yes/No/Not Given
  • Vị trí: B — “no scheme is perfect… power… auditable criteria.” Không đòi “perfect enforcement”; nhấn mạnh tiêu chí kiểm toán → No.

• Câu 15: Yes

  • Vị trí: C — “Boycotts and buycotts… executives and investors monitor closely.” → Yes.

• Câu 19: i

  • Dạng: Matching Headings
  • Vị trí: A — “personal habits… but… scale up to markets and institutions” → đối chiếu cá nhân vs hệ thống.

• Câu 23: iv

  • Vị trí: E — “Digital tools… data… methods… numbers can mislead” → tiềm năng và hạn chế.

• Câu 24: greenwashing

  • Dạng: Summary Completion
  • Vị trí: B — “Without third-party checks… greenwashing.”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

• Câu 27: B

  • Dạng: MCQ
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 1 — “LCA does not deliver certainty; it offers a structured approximation.” → B.

• Câu 28: A

  • Vị trí: Đoạn 2 — “system boundaries… exclude/include impacts.” → A.

• Câu 30: B

  • Vị trí: Đoạn về behavioral research — ví dụ năng lượng hiệu quả nhưng dùng nhiều hơn → rebound effect.

• Câu 35: D

  • Dạng: Matching Features
  • Vị trí: Đoạn doanh nghiệp — “science-based targets” → căn với khoa học khí hậu.

• Câu 40: minimum durability standards

  • Dạng: Short Answer
  • Vị trí: Đoạn thực tiễn/policy — “minimum durability standards and right-to-repair rules…”

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
cost-effective	adj	/ˌkɒst ɪˈfektɪv/	hiệu quả chi phí	simple and cost-effective	cost-effective solution
sturdy	adj	/ˈstɜːdi/	bền chắc	a sturdy, repairable item	sturdy design
denial	n	/dɪˈnaɪəl/	sự từ chối/kiêng khem	not about denial but smarter planning	in denial
trivial	adj	/ˈtrɪviəl/	tầm thường, nhỏ nhặt	question sounds trivial	seem trivial
food waste	n	/fuːd weɪst/	lãng phí thực phẩm	cut down on food waste	reduce food waste
carbon footprint	n	/ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/	dấu chân carbon	lower your carbon footprint	reduce/measure carbon footprint
Fairtrade	n	/ˈfeətreɪd/	thương mại công bằng	Fairtrade cocoa	Fairtrade label
marketing	n	/ˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ/	tiếp thị	some labels are purely marketing	marketing claim
minimal	adj	/ˈmɪnɪməl/	tối thiểu	recyclable or minimal packaging	minimal impact
stylish	adj	/ˈstaɪlɪʃ/	hợp thời trang	affordable and stylish	stylish option
refurbished	adj	/ˌriːˈfɜːbɪʃt/	tân trang	choosing refurbished devices	refurbished electronics
magic wand	n	/ˌmædʒɪk ˈwɒnd/	cây đũa thần (ẩn dụ)	not a magic wand	no magic wand

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa	Ví dụ	Collocation
auditable	adj	/ˈɔːdɪtəbl/	có thể kiểm toán	auditable criteria	auditable standards
greenwashing	n	/ˈɡriːnwɒʃɪŋ/	tẩy xanh	turn into greenwashing	accuse of greenwashing
buycott	n	/ˈbaɪkɒt/	mua ủng hộ	boycotts and buycotts	organize a buycott
disclosure	n	/dɪsˈkləʊʒə/	công bố, minh bạch	disclosure becomes an advantage	financial/environmental disclosure
extended producer responsibility	n	/ɪkˈstendɪd prəˈdjuːsə rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/	trách nhiệm mở rộng của nhà sản xuất	laws on extended producer responsibility	EPR policy
methodology	n	/ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/	phương pháp luận	explain their methodology	robust methodology
jurisdiction	n	/ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/	khu vực pháp lý	mandatory in several jurisdictions	cross-jurisdiction
baseline	n	/ˈbeɪslaɪn/	chuẩn ban đầu	set baselines	raise the baseline
multiplier	n	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪə/	yếu tố nhân	policy is a multiplier	multiplier effect
accountability	n	/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/	trách nhiệm giải trình	public accountability	accountability mechanism
supply chain	n	/səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/	chuỗi cung ứng	complex supply chains	supply chain transparency
repairability	n	/rɪˌpeərəˈbɪləti/	khả năng sửa chữa	reviews on repairability	repairability score
visibility	n	/ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti/	tính minh bạch/hiển thị	customers demanded visibility	increase visibility
competitive advantage	n	/kəmˈpetətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/	lợi thế cạnh tranh	disclosure becomes a competitive advantage	sustainable competitive advantage

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa	Ví dụ	Collocation
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)	n	—	đánh giá vòng đời	rely on LCA	LCA model
system boundaries	n	—	ranh giới hệ thống	system boundaries are crucial	set boundaries
intractable	adj	/ɪnˈtræktəbl/	khó giải quyết	models become intractable	intractable problem
assumptions	n	/əˈsʌmpʃnz/	giả định	requires assumptions	underlying assumptions
externalities	n	/ˌekstəˈnælɪtiz/	ngoại tác	prices ignore externalities	negative externalities
carbon pricing	n	—	định giá carbon	policy tools such as carbon pricing	carbon pricing scheme
information asymmetry	n	—	bất cân xứng thông tin	labels reduce information asymmetry	address asymmetry
bounded rationality	n	—	lý trí giới hạn	documents bounded rationality	boundedly rational
rebound effect	n	—	hiệu ứng dội ngược	explains the rebound effect	direct/indirect rebound
choice architecture	n	—	kiến trúc lựa chọn	use choice architecture	default choice architecture
context	n	/ˈkɒntekst/	bối cảnh	answer depends on context	context-specific
science-based targets	n	—	mục tiêu theo khoa học	adopt science-based targets	set SBTs
Scope 3 emissions	n	—	phát thải Phạm vi 3	publish Scope 3 emissions	disclose Scope 3
ESG metrics	n	—	chỉ số ESG	refining ESG metrics	comparable ESG metrics
product passports	n	—	hộ chiếu sản phẩm	product passports could enable	digital product passport
dynamic pricing	n	—	định giá linh hoạt	dynamic pricing reflects conditions	dynamic electricity pricing
optimization	n	/ˌɒptɪmaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tối ưu hóa	continuous optimization	optimization under uncertainty
take-back schemes	n	—	chương trình thu hồi	incentivizing take-back schemes	producer take-back

6. Kỹ Thuật Làm Bài Theo Từng Dạng Câu Hỏi

Multiple Choice

• Cách làm:
  • Đọc câu hỏi, gạch chân từ khóa; xác định đoạn chứa thông tin
  • Loại trừ đáp án chứa từ ngữ tuyệt đối (always, all) nếu bài không khẳng định
  • Tìm paraphrase trong passage, ưu tiên ý chính xác nhất
• Lỗi thường gặp:
  • Chọn đáp án có từ giống hệt bài nhưng khác nghĩa tổng thể
  • Không đọc kỹ mệnh đề phủ định/đối lập
• Ví dụ: P3 Câu 27 — LCA “does not deliver certainty” → structured approximation = B.

True/False/Not Given

• Phân biệt:
  • True: Trùng thông tin (paraphrase được chấp nhận)
  • False: Mâu thuẫn với bài
  • Not Given: Bài không nói/không đủ xác nhận
• Lỗi thường gặp:
  • Nội suy quá mức từ kiến thức ngoài
  • Nhầm False và Not Given do đọc chưa hết đoạn
• Ví dụ: P1 Câu 5 — Không có thông tin repair cafés đắt/khó tiếp cận → Not Given.

Yes/No/Not Given

• Tập trung vào quan điểm tác giả, không chỉ thông tin thực tế.
• Dấu hiệu: từ chỉ thái độ (argue, suggest, claim).
• Ví dụ: P2 Câu 14 — tác giả không đòi “perfect enforcement” → No.

Matching Headings

• Cách làm:
  • Đọc lướt mỗi đoạn, xác định main idea (không sa đà ví dụ, số liệu)
  • So khớp heading bao quát nhất; gạch bỏ heading đã dùng
• Tips:
  • Chú ý câu chủ đề và câu kết đoạn
• Ví dụ: P2 Đoạn C → “disclosure as competitive advantage” → Heading v.

Summary/Note Completion

• Cách làm:
  • Xác định loại từ cần điền (n, v, adj)
  • Tìm khu vực tương ứng theo thứ tự logic
  • Chú ý giới hạn từ: NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
• Ví dụ: P2 24 → “prevent greenwashing”.

Matching Features

• Cách làm:
  • Tạo bảng đối chiếu: tên/khái niệm ↔ đặc điểm/vai trò
  • Tập trung vào định nghĩa/ứng dụng đặc trưng
• Ví dụ: P3 32-36 — product passports, EPR, dynamic pricing, etc.

Short-answer Questions

• Cách làm:
  • Xác định từ khóa đặc trưng (tên riêng, thuật ngữ)
  • Trả lời ngắn gọn theo giới hạn từ
• Ví dụ: P3 38 — “Scope 3”.

Kết bài

How to practice responsible consumerism là một chủ đề vừa thực tiễn vừa học thuật, rất “đắt” trong IELTS Reading test. Ba passages trong bộ đề đã mô phỏng độ khó tăng dần, từ kỹ năng định vị thông tin cơ bản đến suy luận học thuật về LCA, externalities, và chính sách công. Với đáp án chi tiết, bạn có thể tự đánh giá điểm mạnh, khắc phục lỗi bẫy paraphrase, và nâng khả năng xử lý nhiều dạng câu hỏi. Đừng quên ôn lại từ vựng chủ điểm, áp dụng các chiến lược đọc nhanh – hiểu sâu, và luyện đề định kỳ để nâng band điểm IELTS Reading. Khi nắm vững tư duy “buy thoughtfully, use fully, waste less”, bạn vừa tiến bộ trong bài thi, vừa thực hành đúng tinh thần How to practice responsible consumerism trong đời sống hàng ngày.