IELTS Reading: Bảo Vệ Danh Tính Số – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Giới Thiệu

Trong kỷ nguyên số hóa, vấn đề bảo vệ danh tính trực tuyến (digital identity protection) đã trở thành một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi và được đề cập nhiều trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện dưới dạng Academic Reading passages, đặc biệt trong các đề thi từ năm 2020 trở lại đây, khi mà an ninh mạng và quyền riêng tư số đang là mối quan tâm toàn cầu.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, từ band 5.0 đến band 9.0. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất như True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Information, và Summary Completion – những dạng bài chiếm tỷ trọng cao trong kỳ thi thực tế. Điều đặc biệt là mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tìm thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase – hai yếu tố then chốt để đạt band điểm cao.

Ngoài ra, bộ đề còn tổng hợp hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng liên quan đến công nghệ, an ninh mạng và bảo mật thông tin – những từ vựng học thuật thường gặp không chỉ trong IELTS Reading mà còn trong Writing Task 2 và Speaking Part 3. Đây là tài liệu phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band 7.0-8.0.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Điểm số thô (raw score) từ 40 câu sẽ được chuyển đổi thành band score từ 0 đến 9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, nên hoàn thành nhanh để dành thời gian cho phần sau)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần đọc kỹ hơn)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, yêu cầu phân tích sâu)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án vào answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần viết trực tiếp vào phiếu trả lời trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice (Trắc nghiệm) – Chọn đáp án đúng từ 3-4 lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài đọc
5. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features – Nối đặc điểm với nhân vật/tổ chức
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Digital Identity: The New Frontier of Personal Security

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

In today’s interconnected world, your digital identity has become just as important as your physical identity. Digital identity refers to the online persona or information that represents you in the digital realm – from your email addresses and social media profiles to your banking details and shopping preferences. As we spend more time online, the need to protect this valuable asset has never been more critical.

Every time you create an account, post a photo, or make a purchase online, you leave a digital footprint. This trail of data can reveal a surprising amount about your life, habits, and preferences. Cybercriminals are constantly looking for ways to exploit these digital traces for financial gain or identity theft. Understanding the basics of digital identity protection is the first step toward safeguarding your online presence.

One of the most fundamental ways to protect your digital identity is through strong password practices. Many people still use simple, easy-to-guess passwords like “123456” or “password,” which are the equivalent of leaving your front door wide open. Security experts recommend creating complex passwords that combine uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. Even better, use a different password for each account – a practice that prevents a single breach from compromising all your online services.

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your accounts. Instead of just entering a password, you must also provide a second form of identification, typically a code sent to your mobile phone or generated by an authentication app. This means that even if someone steals your password, they still cannot access your account without the second factor. Many online services now offer 2FA, and enabling it takes just a few minutes but significantly reduces your risk of being hacked.

Social media platforms present unique challenges for digital identity protection. While they allow us to connect with friends and share our experiences, they also broadcast personal information to a wide audience. Information that seems harmless – your birthday, your pet’s name, your hometown – can actually be used to answer security questions or piece together your identity. It’s wise to regularly review your privacy settings and limit what information is publicly visible.

Public Wi-Fi networks, such as those in coffee shops, airports, and hotels, are convenient but potentially dangerous. These networks are often unsecured, meaning that hackers can easily intercept the data you send and receive. Avoid accessing sensitive information like bank accounts or entering passwords when using public Wi-Fi. If you must use these networks, consider using a Virtual Private Network (VPN), which encrypts your internet connection and protects your data from prying eyes.

Another important aspect of digital identity protection is being cautious about the information you share online. Phishing attacks – fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information by disguising as a trustworthy entity – have become increasingly sophisticated. These attacks often come through emails or messages that appear to be from legitimate companies, asking you to click a link or provide personal details. Always verify the sender’s identity before responding to such requests, and be suspicious of messages that create a sense of urgency.

Regularly monitoring your digital footprint can help you detect problems early. Check your bank and credit card statements for unauthorized transactions, review your credit reports annually, and set up alerts for unusual account activity. Many financial institutions now offer free tools to help you monitor your accounts in real-time. The sooner you discover a problem, the easier it is to resolve.

Software updates may seem annoying, but they play a crucial role in protecting your digital identity. Companies regularly release updates to patch security vulnerabilities that hackers could exploit. Keeping your operating system, apps, and antivirus software up to date ensures you have the latest protection against emerging threats. Enable automatic updates when possible to ensure you don’t fall behind.

Finally, educating yourself about digital security is an ongoing process. Cyber threats evolve constantly, and what worked last year may not be sufficient today. Stay informed about new security risks and best practices by following reputable technology news sources and security blogs. Remember that protecting your digital identity is not a one-time task but a continuous effort that requires attention and adaptation.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, digital identity includes:

   • A) Only social media profiles
   • B) Physical identification documents
   • C) Online information that represents a person
   • D) Banking details exclusively

2. The passage suggests that simple passwords are:

   • A) Acceptable for most accounts
   • B) Equivalent to leaving a door open
   • C) Recommended by security experts
   • D) Sufficient with two-factor authentication

3. Two-factor authentication requires:

   • A) Two different passwords
   • B) A password and a second form of identification
   • C) Only a mobile phone
   • D) Special authentication hardware

4. Public Wi-Fi networks are described as:

   • A) Always safe to use
   • B) Convenient but potentially dangerous
   • C) Suitable for banking transactions
   • D) More secure than home networks

5. According to the passage, software updates are important because they:

   • A) Add new features to programs
   • B) Make computers run faster
   • C) Fix security vulnerabilities
   • D) Are required by law

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Most people use strong, complex passwords for their online accounts.

7. Social media platforms automatically protect all personal information.

8. Hackers can intercept data on unsecured public Wi-Fi networks.

9. Credit reports should be checked monthly.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Cybercriminals look for ways to exploit digital traces for financial gain or __.

11. A __ encrypts your internet connection when using public Wi-Fi.

12. __ are fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information by pretending to be trustworthy.

13. Protecting digital identity requires __ and adaptation rather than being a one-time task.

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PASSAGE 2 – The Evolution of Digital Identity Verification

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The concept of proving who you are has undergone a dramatic transformation in the digital age. Traditional identity verification methods – showing a passport, signing a document, or presenting a driver’s license – are being supplemented and sometimes replaced by sophisticated digital alternatives. This evolution is driven by the increasing volume of online transactions and the need for robust security measures that can keep pace with innovative cybercriminals.

Biometric authentication represents one of the most significant advances in digital identity verification. Unlike passwords, which can be forgotten, stolen, or shared, biometric identifiers such as fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice patterns are unique to each individual and extremely difficult to replicate. Many smartphones now incorporate fingerprint sensors or facial recognition technology, making biometric authentication both convenient and secure. However, this technology raises important privacy concerns. Once compromised, biometric data cannot be changed like a password – you cannot get a new fingerprint if yours is stolen.

The rise of blockchain technology is introducing new possibilities for digital identity management. Blockchain, the distributed ledger technology that underpins cryptocurrencies, offers a way to create decentralized identity systems where individuals have greater control over their personal information. In traditional systems, your identity data is held by centralized authorities such as governments or corporations. With blockchain-based identity systems, you can maintain ownership of your data and selectively disclose only the information necessary for specific transactions. For instance, when proving you are old enough to purchase alcohol, you could verify your age without revealing your exact birthdate or address. Mối liên hệ này tương tự với cách blockchain technology is improving digital identity verification trong các ứng dụng thực tế hiện nay.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has become the gold standard for securing online accounts, combining two or more independent credentials: something you know (password), something you have (mobile phone or security token), and something you are (biometric data). Financial institutions and technology companies increasingly require MFA for accessing sensitive services. While this layered approach significantly enhances security, it can also introduce friction into the user experience. Finding the right balance between security and convenience remains an ongoing challenge for service providers.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning are revolutionizing how organizations detect and prevent identity fraud. These technologies can analyze vast amounts of data in real-time, identifying patterns and anomalies that might indicate fraudulent activity. For example, if someone logs into your account from a new device in a different country shortly after you logged in from your usual location, AI systems can flag this as suspicious and trigger additional verification steps. These adaptive authentication systems learn from user behavior over time, becoming more accurate at distinguishing legitimate users from imposters.

The Internet of Things (IoT) introduces both opportunities and challenges for digital identity protection. As more devices become connected – from smart home appliances to wearable fitness trackers – they generate unprecedented amounts of personal data. Each connected device becomes a potential entry point for attackers if not properly secured. The proliferation of IoT devices means that digital identity now extends beyond computers and smartphones to include a complex ecosystem of connected objects, each requiring appropriate security measures.

Zero-trust security models are gaining traction as organizations recognize that perimeter-based security is no longer sufficient. The traditional approach of trusting everything inside an organization’s network while blocking external threats has proven inadequate in an era of cloud computing and remote work. Zero-trust architecture operates on the principle of “never trust, always verify,” requiring continuous authentication and authorization for all users and devices, regardless of their location. This approach minimizes the potential damage from compromised credentials or insider threats.

Regulatory frameworks are evolving to address digital identity concerns. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has set new standards for how organizations collect, store, and process personal data, giving individuals greater rights over their information. Similar regulations are emerging globally, reflecting growing awareness that digital identity protection requires not just technical solutions but also legal safeguards. These regulations impose significant compliance obligations on organizations, with substantial penalties for data breaches or misuse of personal information.

The future of digital identity verification likely involves a combination of these technologies, creating seamless yet secure experiences. Passwordless authentication, which eliminates passwords in favor of biometrics or cryptographic keys, is gaining momentum as a solution that enhances both security and usability. Meanwhile, self-sovereign identity concepts propose giving individuals complete control over their digital identities, stored in personal digital wallets rather than centralized databases. As technology continues to advance, the fundamental challenge remains unchanged: verifying that people are who they claim to be while respecting their privacy and maintaining user-friendly systems.

Bảo mật danh tính số bằng công nghệ sinh trắc học và xác thực đa yếu tố trong IELTS Reading

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Biometric authentication is more secure than traditional passwords in all situations.

15. Blockchain technology allows individuals to have more control over their personal information.

16. Multi-factor authentication always improves user experience.

17. AI systems for fraud detection become more accurate over time.

18. The zero-trust security model is more effective than traditional perimeter-based security.

Questions 19-22: Matching Information

Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I.

(Note: Paragraph A = first paragraph, B = second paragraph, etc.)

19. A description of how regulatory measures are protecting digital identity

20. An explanation of authentication that doesn’t rely on centralized databases

21. Information about the security risks posed by connected devices

22. Details about technology that analyzes user behavior patterns

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Word Box:
biometric, convenient, distributed, fraudulent, legitimate, ownership, perimeter, privacy, replicate, selectively

Digital identity verification has evolved significantly with new technologies. (23) __ authentication uses unique physical characteristics that are difficult to (24) __, though it raises important (25) __ concerns. Blockchain technology creates (26) __ ledger systems where individuals can maintain control over their personal data.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Psychology and Economics of Digital Identity Security

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The paradox of digital identity protection lies in the fundamental disconnect between the rational understanding of security risks and actual user behavior. Despite widespread awareness of cyber threats, individuals consistently engage in risky practices that compromise their digital identities. This phenomenon, which behavioral economists term “optimism bias,” reflects a cognitive tendency to believe that negative events are less likely to happen to oneself than to others. Understanding this psychological dimension is crucial for developing effective strategies to enhance digital identity protection beyond mere technological solutions.

Security fatigue represents a significant barrier to maintaining robust digital identity protection. The average internet user manages dozens of online accounts, each with different security requirements, password policies, and authentication mechanisms. This overwhelming cognitive load leads to what researchers call “compliance burden” – the mental exhaustion that results from constantly making security-related decisions. Consequently, users develop coping strategies that prioritize convenience over security: reusing passwords across multiple platforms, ignoring software updates, or dismissing security warnings without reading them. This behavior is not irrational but rather a predictable response to an unsustainable security ecosystem that places excessive responsibility on individual users.

The economic dimensions of digital identity theft extend far beyond the immediate financial losses experienced by victims. When aggregated, the costs include direct monetary theft, the expenses associated with identity restoration, psychological trauma, and the broader macroeconomic impacts of reduced consumer confidence in digital commerce. The Federal Trade Commission estimates that identity theft costs consumers billions annually, but this figure understates the true economic impact. Organizations face substantial costs from reputational damage, legal liabilities, and the need to invest in increasingly sophisticated security infrastructure. These costs are ultimately passed on to consumers through higher prices and fees, creating a negative externality where security breaches impose costs on parties not directly involved in the initial security failure.

Asymmetric information between service providers and users exacerbates digital identity vulnerabilities. Companies possess detailed knowledge about security threats and vulnerabilities in their systems, while users lack the technical expertise to assess risks adequately. This information asymmetry creates a principal-agent problem: service providers may underinvest in security measures because the costs of breaches are partially borne by users, while the expenses of implementing robust security reduce corporate profitability. Market mechanisms alone fail to incentivize optimal security investments, suggesting a role for regulatory intervention. This dynamic parallels broader concerns about digital currency’s role in financial inclusion where information gaps can create systemic vulnerabilities.

The concept of “security by design” has emerged as a paradigm shift in how digital identity protection is approached. Rather than treating security as an add-on feature or placing the burden primarily on users, this approach integrates security considerations into the fundamental architecture of systems and applications from the outset. Privacy-enhancing technologies such as differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs exemplify this philosophy, enabling functionality while minimizing exposure of sensitive personal information. However, implementing security by design requires upfront investment and may constrain innovation in ways that conflict with the rapid iteration culture prevalent in technology development.

Behavioral interventions offer promising complementary approaches to technical security measures. Nudge theory, derived from behavioral economics, suggests that subtle modifications to choice architecture can encourage better security practices without restricting freedom. For instance, making two-factor authentication the default option (requiring users to actively opt out rather than opt in) significantly increases adoption rates. Similarly, framing security measures as protecting loved ones rather than oneself can leverage prosocial motivations more effectively than appeals to self-interest. The impact of such approaches is evident in various digital domains, much like impact of AI on digital marketing demonstrates how behavioral insights shape technological applications.

The emergence of digital identity ecosystems necessitates rethinking traditional notions of personal responsibility and collective security. In interconnected systems, individual security practices have spillover effects on others; a compromised account can become a launching point for attacks on contacts or be leveraged in credential stuffing attacks against other services. This creates a “herd immunity” dynamic where community-wide security depends on widespread adoption of protective measures. The tragedy of the commons manifests when individuals free-ride on others’ security efforts while neglecting their own, undermining collective protection.

Socioeconomic disparities influence digital identity protection in ways that are often overlooked. Lower-income individuals may lack access to the latest devices with advanced security features, rely on shared or public computers that are less secure, or be unable to afford paid security services. Additionally, digital literacy varies significantly across demographic groups, with older adults and those with limited education particularly vulnerable to sophisticated scams and social engineering attacks. These inequities mean that the burden of digital identity theft falls disproportionately on those least able to absorb the financial and emotional costs, perpetuating broader patterns of social inequality.

The long-term trajectory of digital identity protection will likely be shaped by tensions between competing values: security versus convenience, privacy versus functionality, individual autonomy versus collective safety, and innovation versus regulation. Technological solutionism – the belief that technology alone can resolve these complex challenges – overlooks the fundamentally social nature of digital identity. Effective protection strategies must integrate technical innovations with psychological insights, economic incentives, regulatory frameworks, and ethical considerations. This holistic approach recognizes that digital identity is not merely a technical artifact but a multifaceted construct reflecting who we are, how we interact, and the society we are collectively creating in the digital age.

Tâm lý học hành vi và kinh tế học trong bảo vệ danh tính số cho IELTS Reading

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, optimism bias refers to:

    • A) Being too positive about technology
    • B) The belief that negative events are less likely to affect oneself
    • C) A rational approach to security risks
    • D) Overconfidence in digital systems

28. Security fatigue occurs because:

    • A) People are lazy about security
    • B) Users manage too many accounts with different requirements
    • C) Security technology is too complicated
    • D) Companies don’t provide enough support

29. The principal-agent problem in digital security means that:

    • A) Users and companies have aligned interests
    • B) Service providers may underinvest in security
    • C) Security is impossible to achieve
    • D) Regulations are ineffective

30. “Security by design” refers to:

    • A) Making security an optional feature
    • B) Letting users control all security settings
    • C) Integrating security into fundamental system architecture
    • D) Designing attractive security interfaces

31. The passage suggests that digital identity protection is fundamentally:

    • A) A purely technical challenge
    • B) An economic problem only
    • C) A multifaceted social construct
    • D) Impossible to achieve fully

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Concepts:
32. Compliance burden
33. Negative externality
34. Nudge theory
35. Herd immunity
36. Tragedy of the commons

Descriptions:
A) When security breaches impose costs on uninvolved parties
B) Community-wide security depending on widespread protective measures
C) Mental exhaustion from security decisions
D) Using encryption to protect data
E) Subtle modifications to encourage better practices
F) Individuals neglecting security while relying on others’ efforts
G) Government regulation of digital services
H) Professional security consulting services

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of technologies minimize exposure of sensitive information while maintaining functionality?

38. What demographic groups are mentioned as particularly vulnerable to scams?

39. What concept describes believing that technology alone can solve complex challenges?

40. Besides technical innovations, what four areas must be integrated for effective digital identity protection strategies?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. FALSE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. identity theft
11. Virtual Private Network / VPN
12. Phishing attacks
13. continuous effort

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NOT GIVEN
15. YES
16. NO
17. YES
18. YES
19. H (paragraph về regulatory frameworks)
20. I (paragraph cuối về self-sovereign identity)
21. F (paragraph về Internet of Things)
22. E (paragraph về Artificial Intelligence)
23. Biometric
24. replicate
25. privacy
26. distributed

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. B
30. C
31. C
32. C
33. A
34. E
35. B
36. F
37. Privacy-enhancing technologies
38. Older adults / limited education (chấp nhận cả hai đáp án)
39. Technological solutionism
40. psychological insights, economic incentives, regulatory frameworks, ethical considerations (chấp nhận bất kỳ ba yếu tố nào)

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: digital identity includes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa rõ “Digital identity refers to the online persona or information that represents you in the digital realm – from your email addresses and social media profiles to your banking details and shopping preferences.” Đây là paraphrase của đáp án C “Online information that represents a person.”

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: simple passwords
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết sử dụng so sánh trực tiếp: “which are the equivalent of leaving your front door wide open” – tương đương với việc để cửa mở toang, chính xác là đáp án B.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: most people, strong complex passwords
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Many people still use simple, easy-to-guess passwords” – nhiều người vẫn dùng mật khẩu đơn giản, điều này mâu thuẫn với câu phát biểu “hầu hết mọi người dùng mật khẩu mạnh.”

Câu 8: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: hackers, intercept data, public Wi-Fi
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “hackers can easily intercept the data you send and receive” trên mạng công cộng không bảo mật, khớp chính xác với câu phát biểu.

Câu 10: identity theft

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Cybercriminals, exploit, financial gain
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “Cybercriminals are constantly looking for ways to exploit these digital traces for financial gain or identity theft” – tìm cách khai thác để kiếm lợi tài chính hoặc đánh cắp danh tính.

Câu 11: Virtual Private Network/VPN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: encrypts, internet connection, public Wi-Fi
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “consider using a Virtual Private Network (VPN), which encrypts your internet connection” – VPN mã hóa kết nối internet của bạn.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: biometric authentication, more secure, all situations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói biometric authentication “convenient and secure” và khó sao chép, nhưng cũng đề cập vấn đề về privacy concerns và việc không thể thay đổi nếu bị xâm phạm. Tác giả không khẳng định nó an toàn hơn trong MỌI tình huống.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: blockchain, individuals, control, personal information
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “offers a way to create decentralized identity systems where individuals have greater control over their personal information” – rõ ràng khẳng định blockchain cho phép cá nhân có quyền kiểm soát lớn hơn.

Câu 16: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: multi-factor authentication, always improves, user experience
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói MFA “can also introduce friction into the user experience” – có thể gây ma sát trong trải nghiệm người dùng, mâu thuẫn với “always improves.”

Câu 19: H (paragraph về regulatory frameworks)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: regulatory measures, protecting digital identity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: Đoạn này đề cập đến GDPR và các quy định toàn cầu về bảo vệ dữ liệu cá nhân: “Regulatory frameworks are evolving to address digital identity concerns.”

Câu 23-26: Biometric, replicate, privacy, distributed

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2 và 3
• Giải thích:
  • (23) Biometric: “Biometric authentication uses unique physical characteristics”
  • (24) replicate: “difficult to replicate”
  • (25) privacy: “raises important privacy concerns”
  • (26) distributed: “distributed ledger technology”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: optimism bias
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “optimism bias reflects a cognitive tendency to believe that negative events are less likely to happen to oneself than to others” – xu hướng tin rằng sự kiện tiêu cực ít có khả năng xảy ra với bản thân hơn người khác.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: security fatigue, occurs
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “The average internet user manages dozens of online accounts, each with different security requirements” và điều này dẫn đến “cognitive load” và “compliance burden.”

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: principal-agent problem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích: “service providers may underinvest in security measures because the costs of breaches are partially borne by users” – nhà cung cấp có thể đầu tư dưới mức cần thiết vào bảo mật.

Câu 32-36: Matching Features

• Câu 32 (C): Compliance burden = “mental exhaustion from security decisions” (đoạn 2)
• Câu 33 (A): Negative externality = “security breaches impose costs on parties not directly involved” (đoạn 3)
• Câu 34 (E): Nudge theory = “subtle modifications to choice architecture” (đoạn 6)
• Câu 35 (B): Herd immunity = “community-wide security depends on widespread adoption” (đoạn 7)
• Câu 36 (F): Tragedy of the commons = “individuals free-ride on others’ security efforts while neglecting their own” (đoạn 7)

Câu 37: Privacy-enhancing technologies

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
• Từ khóa: minimize exposure, sensitive information, functionality
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “Privacy-enhancing technologies…enable functionality while minimizing exposure of sensitive personal information.”

Câu 38: Older adults/limited education

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
• Từ khóa: demographic groups, vulnerable, scams
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê: “older adults and those with limited education particularly vulnerable to sophisticated scams.”

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
digital footprint	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈfʊtprɪnt/	dấu vết kỹ thuật số	Every time you create an account, you leave a digital footprint	leave a digital footprint
cybercriminal	n	/ˈsaɪbəˈkrɪmɪnl/	tội phạm mạng	Cybercriminals are constantly looking for ways to exploit	sophisticated cybercriminals
two-factor authentication	n	/tuː ˈfæktə ɔːˌθentɪˈkeɪʃn/	xác thực hai yếu tố	Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security	enable two-factor authentication
phishing attack	n	/ˈfɪʃɪŋ əˈtæk/	tấn công lừa đảo qua email	Phishing attacks have become increasingly sophisticated	fall victim to phishing attacks
safeguard	v	/ˈseɪfɡɑːd/	bảo vệ, che chở	Understanding basics is the first step toward safeguarding your online presence	safeguard personal information
compromise	v	/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/	xâm phạm, làm lộ thông tin	A single breach can compromise all your online services	compromise security
encrypt	v	/ɪnˈkrɪpt/	mã hóa	VPN encrypts your internet connection	encrypt sensitive data
intercept	v	/ˌɪntəˈsept/	chặn, ngăn chặn	Hackers can intercept the data you send	intercept communications
unauthorized	adj	/ʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/	trái phép, không được phép	Check statements for unauthorized transactions	unauthorized access
patch	v	/pætʃ/	vá lỗi (phần mềm)	Updates patch security vulnerabilities	patch vulnerabilities
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	lỗ hổng bảo mật	Companies release updates to patch security vulnerabilities	security vulnerability
credential	n	/krɪˈdenʃl/	thông tin đăng nhập	Protect your login credentials	user credentials

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
biometric	adj	/ˌbaɪəʊˈmetrɪk/	sinh trắc học	Biometric authentication represents significant advances	biometric data
replicate	v	/ˈreplɪkeɪt/	sao chép, nhân bản	Biometric identifiers are difficult to replicate	replicate results
blockchain	n	/ˈblɒktʃeɪn/	chuỗi khối	Blockchain introduces new possibilities for identity management	blockchain technology
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	phi tập trung	Create decentralized identity systems	decentralized network
selectively disclose	v phrase	/sɪˈlektɪvli dɪsˈkləʊz/	tiết lộ có chọn lọc	You can selectively disclose only necessary information	selectively disclose information
multi-factor	adj	/ˈmʌlti ˈfæktə/	đa yếu tố	Multi-factor authentication has become the gold standard	multi-factor authentication
adaptive	adj	/əˈdæptɪv/	thích ứng	Adaptive authentication systems learn from user behavior	adaptive security
anomaly	n	/əˈnɒməli/	điều bất thường	AI can identify patterns and anomalies	detect anomalies
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/	sự gia tăng nhanh	The proliferation of IoT devices	nuclear proliferation
zero-trust	adj	/ˈzɪərəʊ trʌst/	không tin tưởng (mô hình bảo mật)	Zero-trust security models are gaining traction	zero-trust architecture
compliance	n	/kəmˈplaɪəns/	tuân thủ	Regulations impose compliance obligations	regulatory compliance
cryptographic	adj	/ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪk/	mật mã	Authentication uses cryptographic keys	cryptographic algorithm
seamless	adj	/ˈsiːmləs/	liền mạch, trơn tru	Creating seamless yet secure experiences	seamless integration
self-sovereign	adj	/self ˈsɒvrɪn/	tự chủ	Self-sovereign identity gives individuals complete control	self-sovereign identity

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradox	n	/ˈpærədɒks/	nghịch lý	The paradox of digital identity protection	a paradox exists
optimism bias	n	/ˈɒptɪmɪzəm ˈbaɪəs/	thiên kiến lạc quan	Behavioral economists term this optimism bias	exhibit optimism bias
cognitive load	n	/ˈkɒɡnətɪv ləʊd/	gánh nặng nhận thức	This creates overwhelming cognitive load	reduce cognitive load
compliance burden	n	/kəmˈplaɪəns ˈbɜːdn/	gánh nặng tuân thủ	What researchers call compliance burden	impose compliance burden
macroeconomic	adj	/ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/	kinh tế vĩ mô	Broader macroeconomic impacts	macroeconomic policy
asymmetric information	n	/ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/	thông tin bất cân xứng	Asymmetric information exacerbates vulnerabilities	asymmetric information problem
principal-agent problem	n	/ˈprɪnsəpl ˈeɪdʒənt ˈprɒbləm/	vấn đề ủy thác – đại diện	This creates a principal-agent problem	address principal-agent problem
paradigm shift	n	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình tư duy	Security by design represents a paradigm shift	undergo paradigm shift
differential privacy	n	/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl ˈprɪvəsi/	quyền riêng tư khác biệt	Technologies such as differential privacy	ensure differential privacy
homomorphic encryption	n	/ˌhəʊməˈmɔːfɪk ɪnˈkrɪpʃn/	mã hóa đồng cấu	Technologies like homomorphic encryption	use homomorphic encryption
nudge theory	n	/nʌdʒ ˈθɪəri/	lý thuyết thúc đẩy nhẹ	Nudge theory suggests subtle modifications	apply nudge theory
spillover effect	n	/ˈspɪləʊvə ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng lan tỏa	Individual practices have spillover effects	positive spillover effects
credential stuffing	n	/krɪˈdenʃl ˈstʌfɪŋ/	nhồi nhét thông tin đăng nhập	Be leveraged in credential stuffing attacks	credential stuffing attack
herd immunity	n	/hɜːd ɪˈmjuːnəti/	miễn dịch cộng đồng	Creates a herd immunity dynamic	achieve herd immunity
tragedy of the commons	n	/ˈtrædʒədi əv ðə ˈkɒmənz/	bi kịch của tài sản chung	The tragedy of the commons manifests	illustrate tragedy of the commons
socioeconomic disparity	n	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk dɪˈspærəti/	bất bình đẳng kinh tế xã hội	Socioeconomic disparities influence protection	address socioeconomic disparities
technological solutionism	n	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl səˈluːʃənɪzm/	chủ nghĩa công nghệ giải pháp	Technological solutionism overlooks social nature	critique technological solutionism
multifaceted construct	n	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd ˈkɒnstrʌkt/	cấu trúc đa diện	Digital identity is a multifaceted construct	analyze multifaceted construct

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Kết Luận

Chủ đề “How To Protect Your Digital Identity” không chỉ là một nội dung học thuật quan trọng trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà chúng ta đối mặt trong thế giới số hóa ngày nay. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, bạn đã được tiếp cận với đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS thực tế, từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given cho đến Matching Information và Summary Completion.

Mỗi passage không chỉ cung cấp kiến thức chuyên sâu về bảo vệ danh tính số – từ những biện pháp cơ bản như mật khẩu mạnh và xác thực hai yếu tố, đến các công nghệ tiên tiến như blockchain và AI, cho đến những phân tích về tâm lý học hành vi và kinh tế học – mà còn được thiết kế chặt chẽ để phản ánh cấu trúc và độ khó của đề thi Cambridge IELTS chính thức. Những ai đang chuẩn bị cho IELTS cũng nên tham khảo thêm về social implications of digital currencies để hiểu rõ hơn về bối cảnh rộng lớn hơn của công nghệ số và tác động xã hội của nó.

Phần đáp án chi tiết với giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và cách nhận diện từ khóa sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng là gì mà còn hiểu TẠI SAO đó là đáp án đúng – đây chính là chìa khóa để cải thiện kỹ năng Reading một cách bền vững. Hơn 40 từ vựng học thuật được tổng hợp kèm phiên âm, nghĩa và collocations sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng vững chắc cho cả bốn kỹ năng IELTS.

Hãy nhớ rằng, việc luyện tập IELTS Reading không chỉ là làm bài tập mà còn là quá trình phát triển tư duy phản biện, kỹ năng đọc hiểu sâu và khả năng quản lý thời gian hiệu quả. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến lĩnh vực marketing và công nghệ, bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về how to get more clients để mở rộng kiến thức ứng dụng thực tế. Hãy sử dụng bộ đề này không chỉ một lần mà lặp lại nhiều lần, mỗi lần tập trung vào một khía cạnh khác nhau: lần đầu làm trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút), lần hai phân tích kỹ các câu trả lời sai, lần ba tập trung vào từ vựng và cấu trúc câu.

Chúc bạn luyện tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm IELTS Reading như mong muốn! Hãy nhớ rằng sự tiến bộ trong IELTS là một hành trình đòi hỏi kiên trì và phương pháp học tập khoa học, và mỗi bài thi mẫu chất lượng như thế này là một bước tiến quan trọng trên con đường chinh phục mục tiêu của bạn.