Mở Bài
Chủ đề sức khỏe tâm thần của người cao tuổi (How To Support Mental Health In Older Adults) đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt là trong bối cảnh toàn cầu đối mặt với xu hướng già hóa dân số. Theo thống kê, chủ đề liên quan đến y tế, sức khỏe cộng đồng và người cao tuổi xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong các bộ đề Cambridge IELTS từ tập 12 trở đi.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge, bao gồm độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5), Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi thuộc nhiều dạng khác nhau như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Đặc biệt, mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về cách xác định thông tin trong bài đọc.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề học thuật quan trọng, nâng cao vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành y tế-xã hội, đồng thời rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài Reading một cách bài bản và hiệu quả.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng tương đương 1 điểm, và điểm số sẽ được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 0-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (dễ nhất, nên hoàn thành nhanh)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (khó nhất, cần thời gian suy luận)
Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian thêm để chuyển đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn nên ghi đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong quá trình làm bài.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 8 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến/quan điểm của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối đặc điểm với các yếu tố trong bài
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Understanding Mental Health in Later Life
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Mental health is a crucial component of overall wellbeing throughout our lives, and this remains true as we age. However, older adults face unique challenges that can significantly impact their psychological wellbeing. Understanding these challenges is the first step toward providing effective support for the mental health of elderly individuals in our communities.
As people reach their senior years, typically defined as 65 years and above, they often encounter major life transitions. Retirement marks the end of decades of professional identity and daily routine. Many older adults describe feeling a loss of purpose after leaving the workforce, particularly if their careers were central to their sense of self. Additionally, the death of a spouse, siblings, or close friends becomes increasingly common, leading to profound grief and potential isolation. Physical health decline is another inevitable aspect of aging, with conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, or heart disease limiting mobility and independence.
These factors can contribute to mental health conditions that are unfortunately common among older adults. Depression affects approximately 7% of the elderly population worldwide, though this figure is likely underestimated due to underdiagnosis. Unlike younger people, older adults may not express sadness directly but instead complain of physical symptoms, fatigue, or loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed. Anxiety disorders are also prevalent, often triggered by fears about health, financial security, or becoming a burden to family members.
Social isolation represents one of the most significant risk factors for poor mental health in older adults. Research consistently shows that seniors who maintain strong social connections experience better mental health outcomes. However, various barriers make socializing difficult for this age group. Reduced mobility due to physical limitations or lack of transportation can prevent older adults from attending social gatherings. The loss of friends through death or relocation narrows social circles naturally over time. Furthermore, technological advances, while beneficial, can create a digital divide that leaves less tech-savvy seniors feeling disconnected from younger generations who primarily communicate through smartphones and social media.
The importance of addressing mental health in older adults cannot be overstated. Untreated mental health conditions lead to decreased quality of life, increased physical health problems, and higher rates of mortality. Depression, for instance, can worsen existing medical conditions and reduce adherence to treatment plans. It also increases the risk of suicide, with older adults having disproportionately high suicide rates compared to other age groups in many countries.
Fortunately, there are numerous effective strategies for supporting the mental health of older adults. At the community level, age-friendly programs such as senior centers, exercise classes, and hobby groups provide opportunities for social engagement and purpose. These programs combat isolation while promoting physical health and cognitive stimulation. Many communities now offer specialized services like transportation assistance to help seniors access these resources.
On a personal level, family members and caregivers play a vital role in mental health support. Regular communication, whether through visits, phone calls, or video chats, helps older adults feel connected and valued. Including seniors in family decisions and activities reinforces their continued importance within the family unit. Encouraging continued engagement in hobbies, volunteer work, or part-time employment can provide ongoing purpose and structure.
Healthcare providers must also be vigilant in screening for mental health issues during routine appointments. Many older adults grew up in eras when mental health carried significant stigma, making them reluctant to discuss emotional struggles. Doctors should ask specific questions about mood, sleep patterns, appetite, and social activities. When mental health conditions are identified, various treatment options are available. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, has proven highly effective for treating depression and anxiety in older adults. Medication may also be appropriate, though doctors must carefully consider potential interactions with other medications commonly taken by seniors.
Technology is increasingly offering new solutions for senior mental health support. Telehealth services allow older adults to access mental health professionals from home, eliminating transportation barriers. Some seniors are learning to use tablets and computers to stay connected with distant family members and join online communities of people with shared interests. Simple devices like medication reminders and emergency alert systems can reduce anxiety about health management and safety.
The role of physical health in maintaining mental wellbeing should not be underestimated. Regular exercise, even gentle activities like walking or tai chi, releases endorphins that naturally improve mood. A nutritious diet supports both brain and body function. Adequate sleep is essential, though many older adults struggle with sleep disturbances that can exacerbate mental health problems. Addressing these physical health foundations often leads to improvements in psychological wellbeing.
Looking forward, society must continue developing comprehensive approaches to support the mental health of our aging population. This includes training more geriatric mental health specialists, reducing stigma through public education campaigns, and ensuring that mental health services are accessible and affordable for seniors on fixed incomes. As our global population ages, investing in the mental health of older adults is not just compassionate – it is essential for the wellbeing of our communities.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, what is a common challenge faced by older adults after retirement?
A) Finding new employment opportunities
B) Feeling a loss of purpose and identity
C) Managing increased financial responsibilities
D) Adapting to new technology requirements
2. The passage suggests that depression in older adults
A) affects more than 10% of the elderly population
B) is always accompanied by clear expressions of sadness
C) may be underreported due to inadequate diagnosis
D) only occurs in those with serious physical illnesses
3. What does the passage identify as one of the most significant risk factors for poor mental health in seniors?
A) Financial insecurity
B) Physical health decline
C) Social isolation
D) Technological incompetence
4. According to the text, how does untreated depression affect older adults?
A) It only impacts their emotional state
B) It can worsen physical health conditions
C) It primarily affects their relationships
D) It leads to immediate hospitalization
5. Which statement best describes the role of technology in senior mental health?
A) It has no significant impact on older adults
B) It creates only negative effects through digital divide
C) It offers both challenges and solutions for mental health support
D) It completely replaces traditional mental health services
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Older adults always express depression through direct statements about feeling sad.
7. Senior centers and community programs help reduce social isolation among older adults.
8. All older adults are resistant to learning new technology.
9. Physical exercise can naturally improve mood by releasing endorphins.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. Many older adults are reluctant to discuss mental health problems due to the __ associated with it in their generation.
11. __ services enable seniors to consult with mental health professionals without leaving their homes.
12. Healthcare providers should screen for mental health by asking about mood, sleep, and __ during check-ups.
13. Society needs to train more __ __ __ to better serve the aging population.
PASSAGE 2 – Comprehensive Strategies for Elder Mental Healthcare
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The demographic shift toward an aging global population has placed unprecedented emphasis on developing holistic approaches to elder mental healthcare. While traditional medical models focused primarily on treating diagnosed conditions, contemporary understanding recognizes that supporting mental health in older adults requires multifaceted interventions that address psychological, social, environmental, and biological factors simultaneously. This paradigm shift reflects growing evidence that mental wellbeing in later life results from the complex interplay of numerous elements rather than any single cause.
A. The Biopsychosocial Model of Elder Mental Health
Modern geriatric mental health practice increasingly adopts the biopsychosocial model, which considers biological, psychological, and social factors as interconnected determinants of mental wellbeing. Biologically, aging brings changes in brain structure and neurochemistry that can affect mood regulation and cognitive function. The reduction in neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine may contribute to depression, while changes in brain regions responsible for emotional processing can alter how older adults experience and express feelings. Additionally, chronic physical conditions and medications commonly used by seniors can have psychiatric side effects that complicate mental health assessment and treatment.
Psychologically, older adults must navigate significant cognitive reframing as they adapt to age-related changes. The concept of “successful aging” has evolved beyond merely avoiding disease to encompass maintaining purpose, autonomy, and personal growth. Psychological resilience – the ability to adapt to adversity – varies considerably among individuals and can be strengthened through targeted interventions. However, past trauma, unresolved grief, and maladaptive coping strategies developed earlier in life may surface or intensify during the challenges of aging, requiring therapeutic intervention.
The social dimension encompasses the individual’s relationships, community connections, and societal position. Ageism – discrimination based on age – represents a pervasive social factor that undermines mental health. Negative stereotypes about aging can become self-fulfilling prophecies when older adults internalize these beliefs, leading to reduced self-efficacy and withdrawal from activities. Conversely, cultures that venerate elders and maintain strong intergenerational bonds tend to report better mental health outcomes among their senior populations.
Người cao tuổi vui vẻ tham gia các hoạt động cộng đồng và giao lưu xã hội để cải thiện sức khỏe tâm thần
B. Evidence-Based Interventions
Research has identified numerous evidence-based interventions that effectively support elder mental health. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), adapted for older adults, helps modify negative thought patterns and develop healthier coping mechanisms. Modifications for this population might include slower pacing, more repetition, and incorporation of written materials to compensate for potential memory difficulties. Reminiscence therapy, which involves structured review of life experiences, has shown particular efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms while enhancing self-esteem and life satisfaction. This approach validates the older adult’s life experiences and helps them construct meaningful narratives about their journey.
Interpersonal therapy (IPT) addresses the relationship difficulties and role transitions common in later life. Since many mental health struggles in seniors stem from losses and changing social roles, IPT’s focus on improving current relationships and navigating transitions makes it particularly germane to this population. Problem-solving therapy teaches systematic approaches to identifying and addressing specific life challenges, empowering older adults to regain a sense of control and competence.
Pharmacological interventions, when necessary, require careful consideration in elderly patients. Age-related changes in drug metabolism, the presence of multiple medical conditions, and polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) increase the risk of adverse effects and drug interactions. The principle of “start low, go slow” guides medication management, beginning with lower doses and gradually adjusting based on response and tolerability. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally preferred for treating depression in older adults due to their relatively favorable side-effect profile compared to older antidepressants.
C. Community and Environmental Interventions
Beyond individual treatment, community-level interventions create supportive environments that promote mental health. The age-friendly cities movement, pioneered by the World Health Organization, advocates for urban planning that considers older adults’ needs through accessible transportation, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and abundant public spaces that encourage social interaction. Communities implementing these principles report increased social participation and reduced isolation among seniors.
Intergenerational programs that bring together young people and older adults provide mutual benefits. Seniors gain a sense of purpose through mentoring or teaching younger generations, while young people develop more positive attitudes toward aging and gain wisdom from elders’ experiences. These programs combat ageism while addressing isolation, creating reciprocal relationships that enhance wellbeing across age groups.
Technology-based interventions are increasingly important, though implementation requires addressing the digital literacy gap. Once barriers are overcome, technology offers powerful tools for mental health support. Virtual support groups connect geographically isolated seniors with others facing similar challenges. Cognitive training applications may help maintain mental acuity, though research on their long-term effectiveness continues. Wearable devices that monitor activity, sleep, and physiological markers can provide early warning of mental health changes, enabling proactive intervention.
D. The Role of Caregivers and Family Systems
Family caregivers constitute the backbone of elder mental health support, yet they often experience significant stress that can compromise their own wellbeing and their ability to provide care. Caregiver burden – the physical, emotional, and financial strain of caregiving – is associated with increased rates of depression and anxiety among caregivers themselves. Comprehensive approaches to elder mental health must therefore include caregiver support through respite services, education, counseling, and peer support groups.
The concept of collaborative care models has gained traction, involving coordination among primary care physicians, mental health specialists, social workers, and family members. These models improve treatment outcomes by ensuring comprehensive assessment, coordinated treatment planning, and ongoing monitoring. Care coordinators serve as liaisons, helping navigate complex healthcare systems and ensuring that all aspects of an older adult’s wellbeing are addressed.
E. Cultural Competence and Individualized Care
Effective mental health support must account for cultural diversity within the older adult population. Cultural beliefs shape how individuals conceptualize mental health, express distress, and view appropriate treatment. Some cultures emphasize family care over professional intervention, while others may view mental health treatment as shameful. Mental health professionals must develop cultural competence – understanding and respecting these differences while providing effective care that aligns with individuals’ values and preferences.
Person-centered care represents a fundamental principle in elder mental health support. Rather than applying standardized protocols, this approach begins with understanding each individual’s unique history, preferences, strengths, and goals. Treatment plans developed collaboratively with older adults, respecting their autonomy and incorporating their priorities, demonstrate better adherence and outcomes than those imposed without meaningful input.
The challenges of supporting mental health in older adults are considerable, but the expanding evidence base provides grounds for optimism. As societies continue aging, the integration of biological, psychological, and social approaches, supported by community resources and culturally sensitive practice, offers a roadmap for enhancing the mental wellbeing of our elder population.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-17: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. The traditional medical approach to elder mental health was sufficient for addressing all aspects of wellbeing.
15. Ageism can negatively impact older adults’ mental health by causing them to believe negative stereotypes about aging.
16. All older adults experience the same degree of psychological resilience when facing age-related challenges.
17. Technology-based interventions are only effective for older adults who already possess strong digital skills.
Questions 18-22: Matching Headings
The passage has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The importance of medication in treating elderly patients
ii. Understanding mental health through multiple interconnected factors
iii. The negative impact of modern society on seniors
iv. Therapeutic approaches supported by scientific research
v. Creating supportive communities and using technology
vi. Supporting both elders and those who care for them
vii. Respecting individual differences and backgrounds in treatment
viii. Financial barriers to mental health treatment
18. Section A
19. Section B
20. Section C
21. Section D
22. Section E
Questions 23-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The biopsychosocial model recognizes that elder mental health involves biological factors such as changes in brain 23. __ and neurotransmitters. Psychologically, older adults must develop 24. __ to adapt to life changes. Socially, negative attitudes toward aging, known as 25. __, can harm mental wellbeing. When prescribing medications to elderly patients, doctors follow the principle of “26. __ low, go slow” due to increased risks of side effects.
PASSAGE 3 – Neurobiological and Societal Paradigms in Geriatric Mental Health
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The exponential growth of the global geriatric population has precipitated a fundamental reconceptualization of mental health frameworks applicable to older adults, necessitating an integration of cutting-edge neuroscience, social epidemiology, and health policy. Contemporary discourse in geriatric psychiatry increasingly acknowledges that supporting mental health in later life transcends conventional clinical paradigms, requiring instead a transdisciplinary synthesis that reconciles biological reductionism with the psychosocial complexity inherent in the aging experience. This intellectual evolution reflects not merely incremental advances in understanding, but rather a wholesale reimagining of what constitutes mental health in the context of senescence.
Neurobiological Underpinnings and Their Clinical Implications
Recent advances in neuroimaging and molecular biology have illuminated the intricate neurobiological processes underlying mental health changes in aging populations. The phenomenon of neuroplasticity – the brain’s capacity for structural and functional reorganization – persists throughout the lifespan, albeit with age-related modifications. Contrary to earlier deterministic models that portrayed cognitive and emotional decline as inevitable, contemporary research demonstrates that environmental enrichment, cognitive engagement, and physical activity can promote neurogenesis and synaptic density even in advanced age. The hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory consolidation and emotional regulation, shows particular susceptibility to both age-related atrophy and experience-dependent enhancement, suggesting potential targets for intervention.
The neuroendocrine system undergoes significant alterations with aging, with cascading effects on mental health. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which governs stress response, is implicated in late-life depression. Chronic elevation of cortisol, the primary stress hormone, exerts neurotoxic effects on hippocampal neurons while impairing prefrontal cortex function, potentially creating a vicious cycle wherein stress both results from and contributes to mental health deterioration. Furthermore, age-related decline in growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) compromises neuronal maintenance and the brain’s capacity for adaptive responses to environmental challenges.
Inflammatory processes represent another crucial biological pathway linking physical and mental health in older adults. The concept of “inflammaging” – chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with aging – has gained substantial empirical support. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha not only affect physical health but also influence neurotransmitter metabolism, potentially precipitating depressive symptoms. This bidirectional relationship between systemic inflammation and mental health suggests that interventions targeting inflammation (through diet, exercise, or pharmacological means) may yield psychiatric benefits, exemplifying the somatic-psychiatric interface that characterizes geriatric mental health.
The gut-brain axis has emerged as a novel frontier in understanding mental health across the lifespan, with particular relevance to older adults. The intestinal microbiome – the complex ecosystem of microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tract – influences brain function through multiple pathways, including neurotransmitter synthesis, immune modulation, and the production of neuroactive metabolites. Age-related changes in microbiome composition, often exacerbated by polypharmacy and dietary changes, may contribute to mental health alterations. Psychobiotic interventions – the use of probiotics specifically targeting mental health – represent a promising, though still experimental, approach to supporting psychological wellbeing in seniors.
Sociocultural Dimensions and Structural Determinants
While neurobiological insights provide essential mechanistic understanding, a reductionist focus on brain processes risks obscuring the profound influence of sociocultural contexts and structural determinants on elder mental health. The concept of “social determinants of health” has been extensively elaborated in public health literature, yet its application to geriatric mental health remains underutilized in clinical practice. Socioeconomic status, educational attainment, housing stability, and neighborhood characteristics exert cumulative effects throughout the lifespan, with disparities often widening in old age. Older adults from marginalized communities face disproportionate mental health burdens due to the compounded effects of systemic inequality, limited access to quality healthcare, and psychosocial stressors associated with discrimination.
The life course perspective provides a valuable framework for understanding how experiences and exposures across the entire lifespan shape mental health in later years. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, demonstrate enduring associations with late-life mental health outcomes, operating through both biological mechanisms (such as epigenetic modifications) and psychological pathways (including attachment patterns and coping strategies). Conversely, protective factors accumulated throughout life – such as education, supportive relationships, and mastery experiences – confer resilience that buffers against the challenges of aging. This temporal dimension underscores that supporting mental health in older adults may require addressing historical traumas and leveraging accumulated strengths rather than focusing exclusively on current circumstances.
Ageism operates as a pervasive structural barrier to elder mental health at multiple levels. At the interpersonal level, ageist attitudes from family members, healthcare providers, and society broadly can diminish older adults’ sense of worth and belonging. Institutional ageism manifests in healthcare systems that de-prioritize geriatric mental health, insurance policies that inadequately cover mental health services for seniors, and research agendas that systematically exclude older adults from clinical trials. Internalized ageism – the incorporation of negative age stereotypes into one’s self-concept – predicts poorer mental health outcomes and may become a self-fulfilling prophecy as older adults disengage from activities and relationships due to beliefs about age-appropriate behavior.
Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of family systems significantly influence elder mental health, though these relationships vary dramatically across cultural contexts. In societies characterized by filial piety – the cultural expectation that children will care for aging parents – family support may provide substantial mental health benefits, though this depends on whether expectations align with actual circumstances. Role reversal, wherein adult children assume caretaking responsibilities for parents, can be experienced as either natural and fulfilling or as status degradation, depending on cultural scripts and individual psychology. The increasing prevalence of geographic dispersion of families in many societies has disrupted traditional support systems, necessitating the development of alternative networks and formal support services.
Chuyên gia y tế tư vấn và chăm sóc sức khỏe tâm thần cho người cao tuổi trong môi trường chuyên nghiệp
Integrative Frameworks and Policy Implications
The complexity of factors influencing elder mental health necessitates integrative frameworks that can accommodate multiple levels of analysis and intervention. The socio-ecological model conceptualizes mental health as emerging from dynamic interactions among individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels. Interventions aligned with this model operate simultaneously across multiple domains: enhancing individual coping skills, strengthening social networks, modifying organizational practices to be more age-inclusive, developing age-friendly communities, and advocating for policies that promote elder wellbeing.
Collaborative care models represent one operationalization of integrative approaches, embedding mental health specialists within primary care settings to facilitate seamless coordination of physical and mental healthcare. These models address the reality that older adults more commonly access primary care than specialty mental health services, while also recognizing the bidirectional influences between physical and mental health. Evidence indicates that collaborative care improves depression outcomes while proving cost-effective relative to usual care, yet implementation barriers including financing structures and workforce shortages limit widespread adoption.
From a policy perspective, supporting elder mental health requires multilevel interventions spanning prevention, early identification, treatment, and rehabilitation. Universal prevention strategies – such as promoting age-friendly environments and combating ageism – benefit entire populations. Selective prevention targets groups at elevated risk, such as older adults experiencing bereavement or those with chronic physical conditions. Indicated prevention provides interventions to individuals showing early signs of mental health difficulties before they meet diagnostic criteria for disorders. This stratified approach maximizes efficiency by matching intervention intensity to need levels.
The concept of “mental health in all policies” advocates for considering mental health implications across diverse policy domains – including transportation, housing, urban planning, and economic policy – rather than restricting mental health to healthcare policy alone. For instance, policies ensuring affordable housing security for older adults reduce stress and anxiety related to housing instability. Universal design principles in public infrastructure enable older adults with mobility limitations to maintain social participation. Age discrimination protections in employment law can extend working years for those who desire continued occupational engagement.
Future Directions and Emerging Challenges
As populations continue aging, several emerging challenges require proactive attention. The increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias raises complex questions about the intersection of cognitive decline and mental health. The phenomenological experience of individuals living with dementia includes anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms that require sensitive, person-centered approaches distinct from both general geriatric mental health and traditional dementia care models.
Technological innovations present both opportunities and challenges. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms show promise for early detection of mental health changes through analysis of patterns in electronic health records, speech, or even social media use. However, these technologies also raise concerns about privacy, potential for bias, and the risk of dehumanizing care through over-reliance on technological solutions. The challenge lies in harnessing technology’s benefits while preserving the fundamentally relational nature of mental health support.
Climate change represents an emerging threat to elder mental health that has received insufficient attention. Older adults face disproportionate vulnerability to climate-related events such as heat waves, which carry both direct physiological risks and psychological impacts through displacement, loss of community, and eco-anxiety. Mental health support systems must develop climate-resilient capacities to address these evolving challenges.
Ultimately, supporting mental health in older adults requires paradigmatic integration of biological, psychological, social, and structural perspectives, translated into coordinated action across individual, community, and policy levels. The imperative is not merely humanitarian but pragmatic: as the proportion of older adults grows globally, their mental health increasingly determines the wellbeing and sustainability of societies as a whole.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, neuroplasticity in older adults
A) disappears completely as people age
B) continues throughout life with some age-related changes
C) only occurs in specific brain regions
D) requires medical intervention to be maintained
28. The passage suggests that “inflammaging” refers to
A) acute inflammatory responses in older adults
B) chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with aging
C) inflammation that only affects the brain
D) temporary inflammation caused by stress
29. What does the life course perspective emphasize?
A) Only current circumstances affect mental health
B) Childhood experiences have no impact on late-life mental health
C) Experiences throughout the entire lifespan shape mental health in later years
D) Biological factors are more important than life experiences
30. According to the text, collaborative care models
A) have proven too expensive to implement widely
B) only focus on physical health conditions
C) integrate mental health specialists within primary care settings
D) replace traditional mental health services completely
31. The passage indicates that climate change
A) has no relevance to elder mental health
B) only affects physical health in older adults
C) represents an emerging threat to elder mental health
D) has been extensively studied in relation to senior wellbeing
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each concept (Questions 32-36) with the correct description (A-H) below.
32. Gut-brain axis
33. Socio-ecological model
34. Internalized ageism
35. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
36. Mental health in all policies
Descriptions:
A) A growth factor that declines with age and affects brain function
B) The incorporation of negative age stereotypes into one’s self-concept
C) A framework conceptualizing mental health across multiple levels of society
D) The relationship between intestinal microorganisms and brain function
E) A method of treating depression through medication
F) Considering mental health implications across diverse policy areas
G) A type of therapy specifically for older adults
H) The process of neuroplasticity in aging brains
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What does chronic elevation of cortisol exert on hippocampal neurons?
38. What type of interventions use probiotics specifically targeting mental health?
39. According to the passage, what two types of factors demonstrate enduring associations with late-life mental health outcomes?
40. What term describes the use of AI and machine learning for identifying mental health changes?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- C
- B
- C
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- stigma
- Telehealth
- social activities
- geriatric mental health specialists
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- NO
- ii
- iv
- v
- vi
- vii
- neurochemistry
- psychological resilience
- ageism
- start
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- C
- C
- C
- D
- C
- B
- A
- F
- neurotoxic effects
- Psychobiotic interventions
- Adverse childhood experiences
- early detection
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: retirement, common challenge, older adults
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Many older adults describe feeling a loss of purpose after leaving the workforce, particularly if their careers were central to their sense of self.” Đây chính là paraphrase của đáp án B “Feeling a loss of purpose and identity.” Các đáp án khác không được nhắc đến như những thách thức phổ biến sau khi nghỉ hưu.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: depression, older adults, passage suggests
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn nêu “Depression affects approximately 7% of the elderly population worldwide, though this figure is likely underestimated due to underdiagnosis.” Từ “underdiagnosis” paraphrase thành “inadequate diagnosis” trong đáp án C.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: most significant risk factors, poor mental health
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Câu mở đầu đoạn 4 khẳng định rõ ràng: “Social isolation represents one of the most significant risk factors for poor mental health in older adults.”
Câu 4: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: untreated depression, affect, older adults
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ ra “Depression, for instance, can worsen existing medical conditions and reduce adherence to treatment plans.” Điều này phù hợp với đáp án B.
Câu 5: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: technology, role, senior mental health
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4 và đoạn 9
- Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập cả mặt tiêu cực (digital divide trong đoạn 4) và mặt tích cực (telehealth services, online communities trong đoạn 9), cho thấy công nghệ vừa tạo ra thách thức vừa mang lại giải pháp.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: always express, direct statements, sad
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài văn nêu rõ “Unlike younger people, older adults may not express sadness directly but instead complain of physical symptoms” – điều này trái ngược với ý trong câu hỏi.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: senior centers, community programs, reduce, social isolation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn khẳng định “These programs combat isolation while promoting physical health and cognitive stimulation.”
Câu 8: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all older adults, resistant, learning new technology
- Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin cụ thể
- Giải thích: Mặc dù bài đề cập đến digital divide và việc một số người cao tuổi học sử dụng công nghệ, nhưng không có thông tin về việc “tất cả” người cao tuổi đều kháng cự việc học công nghệ.
Câu 9: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: physical exercise, naturally improve mood, endorphins
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “Regular exercise, even gentle activities like walking or tai chi, releases endorphins that naturally improve mood.”
Câu 10: stigma
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: reluctant, discuss mental health, generation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Many older adults grew up in eras when mental health carried significant stigma, making them reluctant to discuss emotional struggles.”
Câu 11: Telehealth
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: services, consult, mental health professionals, home
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Telehealth services allow older adults to access mental health professionals from home.”
Câu 12: social activities
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: screen, mental health, mood, sleep
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Doctors should ask specific questions about mood, sleep patterns, appetite, and social activities.”
Câu 13: geriatric mental health specialists
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: train, serve, aging population
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “This includes training more geriatric mental health specialists.”
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: traditional medical approach, sufficient
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả cho rằng “While traditional medical models focused primarily on treating diagnosed conditions, contemporary understanding recognizes that supporting mental health in older adults requires multifaceted interventions” – điều này cho thấy cách tiếp cận truyền thống không đủ.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Ageism, negative stereotypes, mental health
- Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn cuối
- Giải thích: “Negative stereotypes about aging can become self-fulfilling prophecies when older adults internalize these beliefs” – tác giả đồng ý với quan điểm này.
Câu 16: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all older adults, same degree, psychological resilience
- Vị trí trong bài: Section A
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “psychological resilience… varies considerably among individuals” nhưng không có quan điểm của tác giả về việc tất cả người cao tuổi có cùng mức độ khả năng phục hồi.
Câu 17: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: technology-based interventions, only effective, strong digital skills
- Vị trí trong bài: Section C
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói “Once barriers are overcome, technology offers powerful tools” – điều này cho thấy các rào cản có thể vượt qua, không chỉ hiệu quả với những người đã có kỹ năng.
Câu 18: ii (Understanding mental health through multiple interconnected factors)
- Vị trí: Section A
- Giải thích: Section A giới thiệu mô hình biopsychosocial, khám phá các yếu tố sinh học, tâm lý và xã hội kết nối với nhau ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe tâm thần.
Câu 19: iv (Therapeutic approaches supported by scientific research)
- Vị trí: Section B
- Giải thích: Section B tập trung vào “Evidence-Based Interventions” bao gồm CBT, reminiscence therapy, IPT và các phương pháp điều trị có bằng chứng khoa học.
Câu 20: v (Creating supportive communities and using technology)
- Vị trí: Section C
- Giải thích: Section C thảo luận về “Community and Environmental Interventions”, age-friendly cities, và technology-based interventions.
Câu 21: vi (Supporting both elders and those who care for them)
- Vị trí: Section D
- Giải thích: Section D nói về vai trò của người chăm sóc, caregiver burden, và collaborative care models hỗ trợ cả người cao tuổi và người chăm sóc.
Câu 22: vii (Respecting individual differences and backgrounds in treatment)
- Vị trí: Section E
- Giải thích: Section E nhấn mạnh cultural competence và person-centered care – tôn trọng sự khác biệt văn hóa và cá nhân trong điều trị.
Câu 23: neurochemistry
- Vị trí: Section A, đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “aging brings changes in brain structure and neurochemistry“
Câu 24: psychological resilience
- Vị trí: Section A, đoạn 3, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Psychological resilience – the ability to adapt to adversity”
Câu 25: ageism
- Vị trí: Section A, đoạn cuối, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Ageism – discrimination based on age – represents a pervasive social factor”
Câu 26: start
- Vị trí: Section B, đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: The principle of “start low, go slow” guides medication management
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: neuroplasticity, older adults
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “The phenomenon of neuroplasticity… persists throughout the lifespan, albeit with age-related modifications” – cho thấy nó tiếp tục nhưng có những thay đổi liên quan đến tuổi tác.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: inflammaging, refers to
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa được nêu rõ: “inflammaging” – chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with aging“
Câu 29: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: life course perspective, emphasize
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The life course perspective provides a valuable framework for understanding how experiences and exposures across the entire lifespan shape mental health in later years.”
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: collaborative care models
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Collaborative care models represent one operationalization of integrative approaches, embedding mental health specialists within primary care settings“
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: climate change, elder mental health
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 13, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Climate change represents an emerging threat to elder mental health that has received insufficient attention.”
Câu 32: D (The relationship between intestinal microorganisms and brain function)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The gut-brain axis… The intestinal microbiome… influences brain function through multiple pathways”
Câu 33: C (A framework conceptualizing mental health across multiple levels of society)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “The socio-ecological model conceptualizes mental health as emerging from dynamic interactions among individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels.”
Câu 34: B (The incorporation of negative age stereotypes into one’s self-concept)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 7, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Internalized ageism – the incorporation of negative age stereotypes into one’s self-concept”
Câu 35: A (A growth factor that declines with age and affects brain function)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “age-related decline in growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) compromises neuronal maintenance”
Câu 36: F (Considering mental health implications across diverse policy areas)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 12, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The concept of “mental health in all policies” advocates for considering mental health implications across diverse policy domains”
Câu 37: neurotoxic effects
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Chronic elevation of cortisol… exerts neurotoxic effects on hippocampal neurons”
Câu 38: Psychobiotic interventions
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “Psychobiotic interventions – the use of probiotics specifically targeting mental health”
Câu 39: Adverse childhood experiences
- Vị trí: Đoạn 6, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)… demonstrate enduring associations with late-life mental health outcomes”
- Lưu ý: Câu hỏi hỏi về số nhiều (factors) nhưng đáp án giới hạn 3 từ nên chỉ có thể viết một yếu tố. Trong bài thi thật, thí sinh nên viết yếu tố được nhấn mạnh rõ nhất.
Câu 40: early detection
- Vị trí: Đoạn 13, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms show promise for early detection of mental health changes”
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| crucial component | n phrase | /ˈkruːʃl kəmˈpoʊnənt/ | thành phần quan trọng | Mental health is a crucial component of overall wellbeing | crucial factor, crucial element |
| significantly impact | v phrase | /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli ˈɪmpækt/ | tác động đáng kể | challenges that can significantly impact their psychological wellbeing | greatly impact, profoundly impact |
| major life transitions | n phrase | /ˈmeɪdʒər laɪf trænˈzɪʃnz/ | những chuyển biến lớn trong cuộc sống | they often encounter major life transitions | significant transitions, life changes |
| loss of purpose | n phrase | /lɒs əv ˈpɜːrpəs/ | mất đi mục đích sống | feeling a loss of purpose after leaving the workforce | sense of purpose, lack of purpose |
| profound grief | n phrase | /prəˈfaʊnd ɡriːf/ | nỗi đau sâu sắc | leading to profound grief and potential isolation | deep grief, intense grief |
| underdiagnosis | n | /ˌʌndərdaɪəɡˈnoʊsɪs/ | chẩn đoán thiếu, không phát hiện đầy đủ | this figure is likely underestimated due to underdiagnosis | missed diagnosis, diagnostic gap |
| triggered by | v phrase | /ˈtrɪɡərd baɪ/ | được kích hoạt bởi | often triggered by fears about health | caused by, initiated by |
| social isolation | n phrase | /ˈsoʊʃl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn/ | sự cô lập xã hội | Social isolation represents one of the most significant risk factors | loneliness, social disconnection |
| digital divide | n phrase | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl dɪˈvaɪd/ | khoảng cách công nghệ số | can create a digital divide that leaves less tech-savvy seniors | technology gap, digital gap |
| age-friendly programs | n phrase | /eɪdʒ ˈfrendli ˈproʊɡræmz/ | các chương trình thân thiện với người cao tuổi | age-friendly programs such as senior centers | senior-friendly initiatives |
| vital role | n phrase | /ˈvaɪtl roʊl/ | vai trò thiết yếu | family members and caregivers play a vital role | crucial role, essential role |
| stigma | n | /ˈstɪɡmə/ | sự kỳ thị, định kiến xấu | mental health carried significant stigma | social stigma, cultural stigma |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| demographic shift | n phrase | /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk ʃɪft/ | sự thay đổi dân số | The demographic shift toward an aging global population | population shift, demographic change |
| holistic approaches | n phrase | /hoʊˈlɪstɪk əˈproʊtʃɪz/ | phương pháp toàn diện | developing holistic approaches to elder mental healthcare | comprehensive approaches, integrated approaches |
| multifaceted interventions | n phrase | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd ˌɪntərˈvenʃnz/ | các can thiệp đa chiều | requires multifaceted interventions | complex interventions, multilevel interventions |
| paradigm shift | n phrase | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển đổi mô hình tư duy | This paradigm shift reflects growing evidence | fundamental change, conceptual shift |
| biopsychosocial model | n phrase | /ˌbaɪoʊˌsaɪkoʊˈsoʊʃl ˈmɑːdl/ | mô hình sinh-tâm-xã hội | adopts the biopsychosocial model | integrated model, holistic model |
| interconnected determinants | n phrase | /ˌɪntərkəˈnektɪd dɪˈtɜːrmɪnənts/ | các yếu tố quyết định liên kết | as interconnected determinants of mental wellbeing | linked factors, related factors |
| neurochemistry | n | /ˌnʊroʊˈkemɪstri/ | hóa thần kinh | changes in brain structure and neurochemistry | brain chemistry, neural chemistry |
| psychiatric side effects | n phrase | /ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk saɪd ɪˈfekts/ | tác dụng phụ tâm thần | can have psychiatric side effects | psychological side effects, mental side effects |
| cognitive reframing | n phrase | /ˈkɑːɡnətɪv riːˈfreɪmɪŋ/ | tái cấu trúc nhận thức | must navigate significant cognitive reframing | cognitive restructuring, reframing thoughts |
| maladaptive coping strategies | n phrase | /ˌmælədˈæptɪv ˈkoʊpɪŋ ˈstrætədʒiz/ | chiến lược đối phó không phù hợp | maladaptive coping strategies developed earlier | unhealthy coping, dysfunctional coping |
| intergenerational bonds | n phrase | /ˌɪntərˌdʒenəˈreɪʃənl bɑːndz/ | mối liên kết giữa các thế hệ | maintain strong intergenerational bonds | cross-generational connections |
| evidence-based interventions | n phrase | /ˈevɪdəns beɪst ˌɪntərˈvenʃnz/ | các can thiệp dựa trên bằng chứng khoa học | numerous evidence-based interventions | research-based interventions |
| cognitive-behavioral therapy | n phrase | /ˈkɑːɡnətɪv bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˈθerəpi/ | liệu pháp nhận thức-hành vi | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) adapted for older adults | CBT, talk therapy |
| efficacy | n | /ˈefɪkəsi/ | hiệu quả | has shown particular efficacy in reducing symptoms | effectiveness, potency |
| polypharmacy | n | /ˌpɑːliˈfɑːrməsi/ | sử dụng nhiều thuốc cùng lúc | the presence of polypharmacy | multiple medications, medication overload |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exponential growth | n phrase | /ˌekspəˈnenʃl ɡroʊθ/ | sự tăng trưởng theo cấp số nhân | The exponential growth of the global geriatric population | rapid growth, accelerated growth |
| reconceptualization | n | /ˌriːkənˌseptʃuələˈzeɪʃn/ | sự tái khái niệm hóa | precipitated a fundamental reconceptualization | rethinking, reformulation |
| transdisciplinary synthesis | n phrase | /ˌtrænzdɪsəˈplɪneri ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ | tổng hợp xuyên ngành | requiring a transdisciplinary synthesis | interdisciplinary integration |
| neuroimaging | n | /ˈnʊroʊˌɪmɪdʒɪŋ/ | chụp hình thần kinh | advances in neuroimaging and molecular biology | brain imaging, neural imaging |
| neuroplasticity | n | /ˌnʊroʊplæˈstɪsəti/ | tính dẻo thần kinh | The phenomenon of neuroplasticity | brain plasticity, neural flexibility |
| neurogenesis | n | /ˌnʊroʊˈdʒenəsɪs/ | sự sinh tế bào thần kinh mới | can promote neurogenesis and synaptic density | neural generation, brain cell formation |
| atrophy | n | /ˈætrəfi/ | sự teo, sự thoái hóa | susceptibility to age-related atrophy | degeneration, deterioration |
| dysregulation | n | /dɪsˌreɡjəˈleɪʃn/ | sự mất điều hòa | Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis | disruption, imbalance |
| neurotoxic effects | n phrase | /ˌnʊroʊˈtɑːksɪk ɪˈfekts/ | tác động gây độc thần kinh | exerts neurotoxic effects on hippocampal neurons | toxic effects, harmful effects |
| inflammaging | n | /ɪnˈflæmeɪdʒɪŋ/ | viêm liên quan đến lão hóa | The concept of “inflammaging” | chronic inflammation, age-related inflammation |
| proinflammatory cytokines | n phrase | /ˌproʊɪnˈflæmətɔːri ˈsaɪtəkaɪnz/ | các cytokin tiền viêm | Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 | inflammatory markers, immune signaling molecules |
| gut-brain axis | n phrase | /ɡʌt breɪn ˈæksɪs/ | trục ruột-não | The gut-brain axis has emerged | gut-brain connection, microbiome-brain link |
| intestinal microbiome | n phrase | /ɪnˈtestɪnl ˈmaɪkroʊbaɪoʊm/ | hệ vi sinh đường ruột | The intestinal microbiome influences brain function | gut microbiota, gut flora |
| psychobiotic interventions | n phrase | /ˌsaɪkoʊbaɪˈɑːtɪk ˌɪntərˈvenʃnz/ | can thiệp tâm sinh học | Psychobiotic interventions represent a promising approach | probiotic treatments, microbiome therapies |
| structural determinants | n phrase | /ˈstrʌktʃərəl dɪˈtɜːrmɪnənts/ | các yếu tố quyết định cấu trúc | the profound influence of structural determinants | systemic factors, underlying factors |
| socioeconomic status | n phrase | /ˌsoʊsioʊˌekəˈnɑːmɪk ˈsteɪtəs/ | địa vị kinh tế-xã hội | Socioeconomic status, educational attainment | social status, economic position |
| adverse childhood experiences | n phrase | /ædˈvɜːrs ˈtʃaɪldhʊd ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz/ | trải nghiệm bất lợi thời thơ ấu | Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) | childhood trauma, early adversity |
| epigenetic modifications | n phrase | /ˌepɪdʒəˈnetɪk ˌmɑːdɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/ | biến đổi biểu sinh | operating through epigenetic modifications | genetic changes, DNA modifications |
| internalized ageism | n phrase | /ɪnˈtɜːrnəlaɪzd ˈeɪdʒɪzəm/ | sự kỳ thị tuổi tác nội tại hóa | Internalized ageism predicts poorer outcomes | self-directed ageism, internalized bias |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề hỗ trợ sức khỏe tâm thần cho người cao tuổi không chỉ là một vấn đề y tế mà còn là thách thức xã hội toàn cầu trong bối cảnh già hóa dân số. Qua bài thi IELTS Reading mẫu này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc và yêu cầu của kỳ thi thực tế.
Passage 1 giúp bạn làm quen với các khái niệm cơ bản về sức khỏe tâm thần người cao tuổi thông qua văn phong dễ hiểu, phù hợp với band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 nâng cao độ phức tạp với các mô hình can thiệp đa chiều và từ vựng học thuật chuyên sâu hơn, thử thách các bạn ở mức band 6.0-7.5. Cuối cùng, Passage 3 đòi hỏi khả năng phân tích và suy luận cao với nội dung học thuật về nền tảng thần kinh sinh học và các yếu tố quyết định cấu trúc, phù hợp với band 7.0-9.0.
Với 40 câu hỏi thuộc 8 dạng khác nhau được giải thích chi tiết, bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng mà còn hiểu rõ phương pháp xác định thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách tránh các “bẫy” phổ biến trong IELTS Reading. Hệ thống từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa và collocation sẽ là tài liệu quý giá giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ chuyên ngành.
Hãy luyện tập đề thi này trong điều kiện thi thật – 60 phút không gián đoạn – để đánh giá chính xác năng lực hiện tại của mình. Việc phân tích kỹ phần giải thích đáp án sẽ giúp bạn không ngừng cải thiện kỹ năng Reading và tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi IELTS chính thức. Tương tự như Effects of technology on sleep patterns, chủ đề sức khỏe trong bối cảnh xã hội hiện đại luôn là một trong những nội dung được ưa chuộng trong các đề thi IELTS gần đây, đòi hỏi người học cần có vốn từ vựng và kiến thức nền tảng vững chắc.
Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn!
