Mở Bài
Biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến nền kinh tế toàn cầu là một trong những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading những năm gần đây. Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On Global Economic Stability” không chỉ có tính thời sự cao mà còn yêu cầu thí sinh hiểu biết sâu rộng về các vấn đề môi trường, kinh tế và xã hội đương đại.
Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge, bao gồm độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Đề thi bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với các dạng bài phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác.
Bạn cũng sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích rõ ràng về cách xác định thông tin trong bài, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Phần từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp theo từng passage giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật một cách có hệ thống.
Đề thi này phù hợp với học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang hướng tới band điểm 7.0-8.0.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là một phần quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic, đòi hỏi thí sinh hoàn thành 40 câu hỏi trong vòng 60 phút. Bài thi bao gồm ba passages với độ dài và độ khó tăng dần.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard, band 7.0-9.0)
Lưu ý quan trọng là không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian thật tốt và ghi đáp án trực tiếp trong khi làm bài.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Economic Growth: The Basic Connection
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Climate change has become one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21st century, and its impact on global economic stability is increasingly difficult to ignore. As temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, economies around the world are experiencing significant disruptions that threaten decades of development progress.
The relationship between climate change and economic growth is complex and multifaceted. At its most basic level, climate change affects the economy through several direct channels. Agricultural productivity, which forms the backbone of many developing economies, is particularly vulnerable to changing rainfall patterns and extreme temperatures. A study conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute found that crop yields in tropical regions could decline by up to 30% by 2050 if current warming trends continue. This agricultural decline not only threatens food security but also reduces income for millions of farming families worldwide.
Infrastructure damage represents another significant economic burden. Rising sea levels and more frequent extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts cause billions of dollars in damage annually. The World Bank estimates that natural disasters related to climate change cost the global economy approximately $520 billion each year and push an additional 26 million people into poverty. Coastal cities, which are home to over 40% of the world’s population and generate a disproportionate share of global GDP, face particularly high risks from storm surges and flooding.
The energy sector, a critical component of modern economies, is also being transformed by climate change. Traditional fossil fuel industries face mounting pressure to reduce emissions, while governments worldwide are investing heavily in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. This energy transition requires massive capital investment but also creates new economic opportunities in green technology and sustainable infrastructure development.
Insurance markets are experiencing significant stress as climate-related claims increase. Property insurance premiums have risen sharply in areas prone to natural disasters, and some insurance companies have begun withdrawing coverage from high-risk regions entirely. This trend makes it more difficult and expensive for businesses and homeowners to protect their assets, creating additional economic uncertainty.
Beyond these direct impacts, climate change also affects economies through less obvious but equally important channels. Labor productivity decreases when workers are exposed to extreme heat, particularly in outdoor industries such as construction and agriculture. Research has shown that worker efficiency can decline by up to 20% when temperatures exceed 35°C. Health impacts, including the spread of tropical diseases to new regions and increased air pollution, place additional burdens on healthcare systems and reduce workforce participation.
Tourism, a major economic driver for many countries, is also being reshaped by climate change. Ski resorts in Europe and North America are experiencing shorter seasons due to reduced snowfall, while some tropical destinations are seeing coral bleaching and beach erosion that diminish their appeal to visitors. Conversely, some previously less popular destinations at higher latitudes may benefit from warmer temperatures, creating winners and losers in the global tourism industry.
Financial markets are beginning to recognize climate change as a significant economic risk factor. The concept of “stranded assets” – fossil fuel reserves that may become worthless if climate policies prevent their extraction – poses substantial risks to energy companies and their investors. Central banks and financial regulators in many countries are now requiring banks and insurance companies to assess and disclose their exposure to climate-related financial risks, a recognition that environmental sustainability and economic stability are increasingly intertwined.
Despite these challenges, addressing climate change also presents significant economic opportunities. The transition to a low-carbon economy is creating millions of new jobs in renewable energy, electric vehicle manufacturing, and energy efficiency sectors. The International Renewable Energy Agency estimates that the renewable energy sector alone could employ more than 42 million people globally by 2050, compared to 11.5 million today. Countries and companies that successfully navigate this transition may gain competitive advantages in the global marketplace.
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, agricultural productivity in tropical regions by 2050 could:
A. increase by 30% due to longer growing seasons
B. decrease by up to 30% if warming continues
C. remain stable with proper adaptation measures
D. decline by 50% according to World Bank estimates -
The passage states that climate-related natural disasters:
A. cost less than $400 billion annually
B. primarily affect wealthy nations
C. push 26 million people into poverty each year
D. are decreasing in frequency but increasing in severity -
What is happening to insurance markets according to the text?
A. They are expanding coverage to high-risk areas
B. Premiums are decreasing due to better technology
C. Some companies are withdrawing from high-risk regions
D. Climate-related claims are stabilizing -
The concept of “stranded assets” refers to:
A. insurance policies that become worthless
B. fossil fuel reserves that may lose their value
C. coastal properties threatened by rising seas
D. agricultural land damaged by extreme weather -
By 2050, the renewable energy sector is estimated to employ:
A. 11.5 million people globally
B. 26 million people in developing countries
C. more than 42 million people worldwide
D. fewer people than the fossil fuel industry
Questions 6-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Over 40% of the global population lives in coastal cities.
- Worker productivity can decrease by 20% in temperatures above 35°C.
- All countries will experience economic losses from climate change.
- Ski resorts in Asia are experiencing longer seasons due to climate change.
- Central banks are now requiring financial institutions to disclose climate-related risks.
Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Climate change affects the economy through several _____ that are clearly identifiable.
- The transition to cleaner energy sources requires massive _____ but creates new opportunities.
- Environmental sustainability and economic stability are becoming increasingly _____ according to financial regulators.
PASSAGE 2 – Regional Economic Vulnerabilities and Climate Adaptation Strategies
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The uneven distribution of climate change impacts across different regions and economic sectors presents a significant challenge to global economic stability. While the phenomenon is truly global in scope, its effects are being felt most acutely in regions least equipped to handle them, creating a paradoxical situation where those who have contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions face the most severe economic consequences.
Sub-Saharan Africa exemplifies this inequitable burden. The region accounts for less than 4% of global carbon emissions, yet it faces some of the most devastating climate impacts. Prolonged droughts in the Horn of Africa have decimated livestock populations and collapsed agricultural systems that millions depend upon for their livelihoods. The Economic Commission for Africa projects that climate change could reduce the continent’s GDP by up to 15% by 2030 if adaptation measures are not rapidly implemented. This economic contraction would reverse decades of development gains and exacerbate existing poverty and inequality.
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face an existential threat from rising sea levels and increasingly powerful tropical cyclones. Nations such as the Maldives, Tuvalu, and many Caribbean islands could see significant portions of their territory rendered uninhabitable within this century. Beyond the human tragedy, this represents a complete economic catastrophe – tourism infrastructure worth billions of dollars, fishing industries that provide primary employment, and agricultural lands could all be lost. Some estimates suggest that a one-meter sea-level rise could cost SIDS economies up to 20% of their annual GDP in damage and adaptation expenditure.
The Arctic region, paradoxically, presents a case where climate change creates both severe challenges and new economic opportunities. Retreating ice sheets are devastating traditional livelihoods of indigenous communities and causing permafrost degradation that destabilizes infrastructure. However, they are also opening new shipping routes and access to previously unreachable natural resources. The Northern Sea Route through the Arctic Ocean could reduce shipping times between Europe and Asia by up to 40%, potentially reshaping global trade patterns. This has sparked geopolitical tensions as nations vie for control over newly accessible territory and resources.
Sơ đồ minh họa tác động không đồng đều của biến đổi khí hậu lên các khu vực kinh tế toàn cầu và chiến lược thích ứng
In response to these varied threats, regions are developing differentiated adaptation strategies tailored to their specific vulnerabilities and economic circumstances. The European Union has established a comprehensive Climate Adaptation Strategy that includes strengthening infrastructure resilience, developing heat-resistant crop varieties, and creating financial mechanisms to support affected industries. The EU’s Just Transition Fund, with a budget of €17.5 billion, aims to support regions most affected by the transition to a low-carbon economy, recognizing that some coal-dependent areas may face significant economic disruption.
Southeast Asian nations, facing threats from typhoons, flooding, and sea-level rise, are investing heavily in climate-resilient infrastructure. Vietnam has constructed an extensive system of sea walls and flood barriers, while Singapore has elevated much of its critical infrastructure and developed sophisticated urban drainage systems. Indonesia is even planning to relocate its capital city from the sinking coastal metropolis of Jakarta to a new site in Borneo, a massive undertaking that reflects the severity of climate-related urban challenges.
Financial innovation is playing an increasingly important role in climate adaptation. Green bonds, which raise capital specifically for climate and environmental projects, have grown from a niche market to mainstream financial instruments, with over $500 billion issued globally in 2021 alone. Catastrophe bonds and weather derivatives allow governments and businesses to transfer some climate-related financial risks to capital markets. The Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, for example, provides rapid emergency funding to member countries following hurricanes and earthquakes, helping to stabilize economies in the immediate aftermath of disasters.
However, the adaptation finance gap remains substantial. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that developing countries will need between $140-300 billion annually by 2030 to adapt to climate change, yet current international climate finance flows are far below this level. The failure to close this gap not only increases humanitarian suffering but also creates systemic economic risks. Climate-induced migration, conflict over scarce resources, and the collapse of vulnerable economies can have cascading effects that destabilize entire regions and disrupt global trade and financial systems.
Technological innovation offers some hope for reducing adaptation costs and building economic resilience. Precision agriculture using satellite imagery and artificial intelligence can help farmers optimize water use and crop selection in changing climatic conditions. Early warning systems for extreme weather events, when coupled with effective emergency response plans, can dramatically reduce economic losses from natural disasters. The development of drought-resistant and heat-tolerant crop varieties through both traditional breeding and genetic modification could help maintain agricultural productivity in challenging environments.
Some economists argue that the challenge of climate adaptation could drive a new wave of economic innovation and productivity growth, similar to previous technological revolutions. The massive investment required to build climate-resilient infrastructure, develop new technologies, and transform energy systems could stimulate economic growth and create employment opportunities, particularly if managed strategically. However, this optimistic scenario requires substantial upfront investment, international cooperation, and political will that has often been lacking.
The insurance industry, traditionally focused on managing individual risks, is being forced to reconceptualize its role in the face of climate-related systemic risks. Some major insurers are now working directly with governments and international organizations to develop comprehensive risk management strategies that combine insurance products with risk reduction investments and climate adaptation planning. This evolution from simple risk transfer to proactive risk management represents a significant shift in how economic actors approach climate challenges.
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Regions that have contributed least to climate change are experiencing the worst economic impacts.
- The Northern Sea Route will definitely improve economic relations between Europe and Asia.
- The European Union’s Just Transition Fund is sufficient to address all climate adaptation needs in Europe.
- Technological innovation can reduce the costs of climate adaptation.
- The insurance industry has successfully managed climate-related systemic risks.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
The passage has ten paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. Financial instruments supporting climate adaptation
ii. The dual nature of Arctic climate change
iii. Africa’s disproportionate climate burden
iv. Technology’s role in building resilience
v. The fundamental unfairness of climate impacts
vi. Island nations facing total economic collapse
vii. European adaptation strategies and funding
viii. Insurance industry transformation
- Paragraph B (starting with “Sub-Saharan Africa…”)
- Paragraph C (starting with “Small Island Developing States…”)
- Paragraph D (starting with “The Arctic region…”)
- Paragraph F (starting with “Southeast Asian nations…”)
- Paragraph G (starting with “Financial innovation…”)
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Developing countries face a significant 24) _____ gap, requiring between $140-300 billion annually by 2030 for climate adaptation. The failure to provide adequate funding creates 25) _____ risks that can affect entire regions. Some economists believe climate adaptation challenges could drive economic innovation, but this requires substantial 26) _____ investment and international cooperation.
PASSAGE 3 – Macroeconomic Implications and the Future of Global Financial Systems
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The macroeconomic ramifications of climate change extend far beyond the immediate physical damages to infrastructure and agricultural systems, penetrating the very foundational structures of global economic organization and financial architecture. As climate scientists’ projections grow increasingly dire and physical impacts more pronounced, economists and policymakers are grappling with the reality that climate change represents not merely an environmental challenge but a fundamental threat to economic orthodoxy and the assumptions underlying modern financial systems.
Central banks and monetary authorities, traditionally focused on price stability and employment, are being forced to confront climate change as a first-order macroeconomic variable. The Bank of England, European Central Bank, and the Network for Greening the Financial System – a coalition of over 100 central banks – have all acknowledged that climate change poses material risks to financial stability. These institutions recognize that the conventional tools of monetary policy may prove inadequate in the face of climate-induced supply shocks, which simultaneously reduce productive capacity and increase prices, creating a form of stagflation that defies traditional policy responses.
The concept of “climate risk” encompasses both physical risks – the direct damage from extreme weather events and long-term climate shifts – and transition risks – the economic disruptions arising from the shift away from fossil fuels toward a low-carbon economy. Financial institutions globally hold trillions of dollars in assets whose valuations implicitly assume climate stability and continued fossil fuel use. A disorderly transition, whether triggered by sudden policy changes, technological breakthroughs, or cascading climate disasters, could precipitate a financial crisis rivaling or exceeding the 2008 global financial meltdown. The Financial Stability Board has warned that up to $2.5 trillion in fossil fuel assets could become stranded under aggressive climate policies.
Sovereign debt markets, which underpin the global financial system, face unprecedented challenges from climate change. Nations heavily dependent on climate-vulnerable industries or facing severe physical climate risks may see their creditworthiness deteriorate, increasing borrowing costs precisely when they need additional resources for adaptation. Some Small Island Developing States already face debt distress exacerbated by climate disasters, creating a vicious cycle where climate impacts reduce fiscal revenues, increase borrowing needs, and elevate debt service costs, leaving fewer resources for adaptation and development. The possibility of climate-induced sovereign defaults could have contagion effects throughout the international financial system.
Recognizing these interconnected risks, financial regulators are developing new frameworks for climate-related financial disclosure. The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), established by the Financial Stability Board, has created voluntary guidelines for companies to report their climate risks and opportunities. These standards are rapidly becoming de facto mandatory as investors, regulators, and stakeholders demand transparency. The European Union is implementing even more stringent requirements through its Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation and Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, which will require detailed reporting on environmental impacts and climate risks from thousands of companies operating in European markets.
Capital reallocation on a massive scale is both necessary and inevitable as financial markets internalize climate risks and opportunities. The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero, comprising financial institutions controlling over $130 trillion in assets, has committed to aligning investment portfolios with net-zero emissions by 2050. This represents a fundamental reorientation of capital flows away from high-emission industries toward climate solutions and resilient infrastructure. However, critics argue that many of these commitments lack enforcement mechanisms and specific interim targets, potentially representing mere “greenwashing” rather than substantive change.
The challenge of carbon pricing – assigning economic costs to greenhouse gas emissions – remains politically contentious yet economically crucial. Economists broadly agree that explicit carbon pricing through taxes or cap-and-trade systems represents the most efficient mechanism for driving emissions reductions and fostering innovation in clean technologies. However, implementation faces significant political obstacles, particularly concerns about regressive impacts on lower-income populations and competitive disadvantages for industries in jurisdictions with carbon prices competing against those without. The European Union’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, which would impose tariffs on imports from countries without comparable carbon pricing, attempts to address competitiveness concerns but raises complex questions about international trade law and potentially exacerbates geopolitical tensions.
Biểu đồ phân tích rủi ro khí hậu trong hệ thống tài chính toàn cầu và cơ chế định giá carbon
Intergenerational equity considerations add another layer of complexity to climate economics. Standard economic models employ discount rates to value future costs and benefits relative to present ones, but the choice of discount rate dramatically affects climate policy analysis. A higher discount rate makes costly near-term emissions reductions appear less economically justified, while a lower rate suggests aggressive immediate action is warranted. This technical economic parameter embodies profound ethical questions about our obligations to future generations – how much should current populations sacrifice for the welfare of people not yet born?
The distributional consequences of both climate change impacts and mitigation policies pose significant challenges for economic and social stability. Within countries, climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations who have fewer resources to adapt, while carbon pricing and other climate policies can place additional burdens on those already struggling economically. Between countries, the historical responsibility of wealthy nations for cumulative emissions contrasts with the reality that emerging economies require substantial energy consumption for continued development. The concept of “climate justice” demands that solutions address these inequities, but translating this principle into concrete policy mechanisms has proven enormously challenging.
Some heterodox economists argue that climate change necessitates a fundamental rethinking of economic growth paradigms. The ecological economics movement questions whether perpetual GDP growth is compatible with planetary boundaries and proposes alternative metrics of prosperity focused on human wellbeing and ecological sustainability rather than mere material consumption. Modern Monetary Theory proponents argue that governments with sovereign currencies could finance massive green infrastructure investments without traditional budgetary constraints. While these perspectives remain outside the economic mainstream, the manifest inadequacy of conventional approaches to addressing climate change is lending them increased credibility and influence.
The intersection of climate change with existing economic vulnerabilities creates the potential for compound crises that could overwhelm policy responses. A severe pandemic simultaneously with major climate disasters, for example, could strain governmental capacities beyond breaking points. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated both the fragility of global supply chains and the potential for rapid, comprehensive government intervention in response to existential threats. Some economists argue the climate crisis demands an even more dramatic mobilization of resources, analogous to wartime economic reorganization, while others warn that such approaches risk economic inefficiency and authoritarian overreach.
Looking forward, the trajectory of global economic stability will be inextricably linked to humanity’s success in addressing climate change. Optimistic scenarios envision technological breakthroughs in clean energy, carbon removal, and adaptation technologies driving a new era of sustainable prosperity. Pessimistic projections suggest escalating climate impacts overwhelming adaptive capacities, triggering economic collapse, mass migration, and geopolitical conflict. The most likely outcome probably lies between these extremes – a turbulent transition period characterized by significant economic disruption, uneven impacts across regions and populations, but ultimately successful adaptation to a changed climate and transformation to a low-carbon economy. The critical question is whether this transition can be managed in an orderly fashion that preserves economic stability and social cohesion, or whether it will be chaotic and destructive.
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, central banks are now recognizing climate change as:
A. a secondary concern compared to inflation
B. a first-order macroeconomic variable
C. primarily an environmental rather than economic issue
D. something that can be addressed with conventional monetary policy -
The Financial Stability Board has warned that under aggressive climate policies:
A. all fossil fuel companies will immediately go bankrupt
B. up to $2.5 trillion in fossil fuel assets could become stranded
C. financial markets will stabilize more quickly
D. transition risks will disappear entirely -
The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero represents financial institutions controlling:
A. $2.5 trillion in assets
B. $17.5 billion in climate funding
C. over $130 trillion in assets
D. $500 billion in green bonds -
The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism:
A. has been universally accepted by all trading partners
B. eliminates all competitiveness concerns about carbon pricing
C. would impose tariffs on imports from countries without comparable carbon pricing
D. has already resolved international trade law disputes -
The passage suggests that the most likely future scenario is:
A. complete economic collapse due to climate change
B. a technological utopia with no economic disruption
C. a turbulent transition with significant but manageable disruption
D. that climate change will have no economic impacts
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match the following concepts (32-36) with the correct description (A-H) from the passage.
Concepts:
32. Physical risks
33. Transition risks
34. Discount rates
35. Climate justice
36. Ecological economics
Descriptions:
A. Questions perpetual GDP growth and proposes alternative prosperity metrics
B. Direct damage from extreme weather and climate shifts
C. Technical parameter embodying ethical questions about future generations
D. Demands solutions address inequities in climate impacts and responsibilities
E. The cost of borrowing for governments
F. Economic disruptions from shifting away from fossil fuels
G. Insurance products for natural disasters
H. Carbon pricing mechanisms used in Europe
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
- How many central banks are part of the Network for Greening the Financial System?
- What type of crisis could a disorderly climate transition precipitate?
- What do critics say many net-zero commitments lack?
- What does the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate about global supply chains?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- C
- B
- C
- TRUE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- direct channels
- capital investment
- intertwined
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- NO
- YES
- NO
- iii
- vi
- ii
- NOT GIVEN (Heading matching continues with other paragraphs)
- i
- adaptation finance
- systemic economic
- upfront
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- C
- C
- C
- B
- F
- C
- D
- A
- over 100
- financial crisis
- enforcement mechanisms
- fragility
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: agricultural productivity, tropical regions, 2050
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “crop yields in tropical regions could decline by up to 30% by 2050 if current warming trends continue”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp với đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc trái với thông tin trong bài.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: natural disasters, climate change, cost
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ ra “natural disasters related to climate change cost the global economy approximately $520 billion each year and push an additional 26 million people into poverty”. Đáp án C paraphrase chính xác thông tin “push 26 million people into poverty each year”.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: insurance markets
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Passage nêu “some insurance companies have begun withdrawing coverage from high-risk regions entirely”, khớp chính xác với đáp án C.
Câu 6: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: 40%, global population, coastal cities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “Coastal cities, which are home to over 40% of the world’s population”, trùng khớp hoàn toàn với statement.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: worker productivity, 20%, temperatures, 35°C
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Passage chỉ ra “worker efficiency can decline by up to 20% when temperatures exceed 35°C”, tương ứng chính xác với câu hỏi.
Câu 10: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Central banks, financial institutions, climate-related risks
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “Central banks and financial regulators in many countries are now requiring banks and insurance companies to assess and disclose their exposure to climate-related financial risks”, khẳng định đúng nội dung của statement.
Câu 11: direct channels
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: climate change, affects, economy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu tiên
- Giải thích: Câu gốc là “climate change affects the economy through several direct channels”, cần điền “direct channels” để hoàn thành câu.
Câu 12: capital investment
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: transition, energy sources, requires
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Passage nêu “This energy transition requires massive capital investment but also creates new economic opportunities”, từ cần điền là “capital investment”.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: contributed least, worst economic impacts
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Tác giả rõ ràng bày tỏ quan điểm “those who have contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions face the most severe economic consequences”, thể hiện sự đồng tình với statement.
Câu 17: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: technological innovation, reduce costs, adaptation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu đầu
- Giải thích: Tác giả viết “Technological innovation offers some hope for reducing adaptation costs”, thể hiện quan điểm ủng hộ vai trò của công nghệ.
Câu 19: iii (Africa’s disproportionate climate burden)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn tập trung vào Sub-Saharan Africa và gánh nặng không công bằng (“inequitable burden”) mà khu vực này phải chịu, mặc dù chỉ đóng góp dưới 4% lượng phát thải carbon toàn cầu.
Câu 20: vi (Island nations facing total economic collapse)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn mô tả “existential threat” và “complete economic catastrophe” mà các quốc đảo nhỏ đang đối mặt, phù hợp với heading về sự sụp đổ kinh tế toàn diện.
Câu 24: adaptation finance
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: gap, developing countries, funding
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu đầu
- Giải thích: Cụm từ “adaptation finance gap” xuất hiện trực tiếp trong bài, mô tả khoảng cách về nguồn tài chính thích ứng.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: central banks, climate change
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ central banks “are being forced to confront climate change as a first-order macroeconomic variable”, khớp chính xác với đáp án B.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Financial Stability Board, fossil fuel assets
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Passage chỉ ra “The Financial Stability Board has warned that up to $2.5 trillion in fossil fuel assets could become stranded”, trùng khớp với đáp án B.
Câu 32: B (Physical risks – Direct damage from extreme weather)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa physical risks là “the direct damage from extreme weather events and long-term climate shifts”.
Câu 33: F (Transition risks – Economic disruptions from shifting away from fossil fuels)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Transition risks được mô tả là “the economic disruptions arising from the shift away from fossil fuels toward a low-carbon economy”.
Câu 37: over 100
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: Network for Greening the Financial System, central banks
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “Network for Greening the Financial System – a coalition of over 100 central banks”.
Câu 39: enforcement mechanisms
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: critics, net-zero commitments, lack
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Passage chỉ ra “critics argue that many of these commitments lack enforcement mechanisms”.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pressing challenges | noun phrase | /ˈpresɪŋ ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/ | thách thức cấp bách | Climate change has become one of the most pressing challenges | face pressing challenges |
| unpredictable | adj | /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/ | không thể dự đoán | weather patterns become more unpredictable | increasingly unpredictable |
| vulnerable | adj | /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ | dễ bị tổn thương | particularly vulnerable to changing rainfall patterns | highly vulnerable, vulnerable to |
| infrastructure | noun | /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/ | cơ sở hạ tầng | Infrastructure damage represents another significant burden | critical infrastructure, transport infrastructure |
| storm surges | noun phrase | /stɔːm ˈsɜːdʒɪz/ | triều cường do bão | face particularly high risks from storm surges | devastating storm surges |
| fossil fuel | noun phrase | /ˈfɒsl ˈfjuːəl/ | nhiên liệu hóa thạch | Traditional fossil fuel industries face mounting pressure | burn fossil fuels, fossil fuel consumption |
| renewable energy | noun phrase | /rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi/ | năng lượng tái tạo | investing heavily in renewable energy sources | renewable energy sector, generate renewable energy |
| stranded assets | noun phrase | /ˈstrændɪd ˈæsets/ | tài sản bị mắc kẹt | fossil fuel reserves that may become stranded assets | risk of stranded assets |
| labor productivity | noun phrase | /ˈleɪbə ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ | năng suất lao động | Labor productivity decreases when workers are exposed | improve labor productivity, boost productivity |
| competitive advantages | noun phrase | /kəmˈpetətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒɪz/ | lợi thế cạnh tranh | may gain competitive advantages in the marketplace | sustainable competitive advantages |
| economic uncertainty | noun phrase | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ʌnˈsɜːtnti/ | sự bất ổn kinh tế | creating additional economic uncertainty | increasing economic uncertainty |
| intertwined | adj | /ˌɪntəˈtwaɪnd/ | đan xen, gắn bó | increasingly intertwined | closely intertwined, inextricably intertwined |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uneven distribution | noun phrase | /ʌnˈiːvn ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | sự phân bổ không đồng đều | The uneven distribution of climate impacts | uneven distribution of resources/wealth |
| paradoxical situation | noun phrase | /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/ | tình huống nghịch lý | creating a paradoxical situation | face a paradoxical situation |
| inequitable burden | noun phrase | /ɪnˈekwɪtəbl ˈbɜːdn/ | gánh nặng bất công | Sub-Saharan Africa exemplifies this inequitable burden | bear an inequitable burden |
| exacerbate | verb | /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ | làm trầm trọng thêm | would exacerbate existing poverty | exacerbate the problem/situation |
| existential threat | noun phrase | /ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/ | mối đe dọa hiện sinh | face an existential threat | pose an existential threat |
| permafrost degradation | noun phrase | /ˈpɜːməfrɒst ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/ | sự suy thoái lớp băng vĩnh cửu | causing permafrost degradation | accelerating permafrost degradation |
| geopolitical tensions | noun phrase | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl ˈtenʃnz/ | căng thẳng địa chính trị | sparked geopolitical tensions | escalate geopolitical tensions |
| differentiated strategies | noun phrase | /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪtɪd ˈstrætədʒiz/ | chiến lược khác biệt hóa | developing differentiated adaptation strategies | implement differentiated strategies |
| climate-resilient | adj | /ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliənt/ | có khả năng chống chịu khí hậu | investing in climate-resilient infrastructure | build climate-resilient systems |
| catastrophe bonds | noun phrase | /kəˈtæstrəfi bɒndz/ | trái phiếu thảm họa | Catastrophe bonds allow risk transfer | issue catastrophe bonds |
| cascading effects | noun phrase | /kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng dây chuyền | can have cascading effects | trigger cascading effects |
| systemic risks | noun phrase | /sɪˈstemɪk rɪsks/ | rủi ro hệ thống | creates systemic economic risks | manage systemic risks |
| drought-resistant | adj | /draʊt rɪˈzɪstənt/ | chống chịu hạn hán | drought-resistant crop varieties | develop drought-resistant crops |
| upfront investment | noun phrase | /ˌʌpˈfrʌnt ɪnˈvestmənt/ | đầu tư ban đầu | requires substantial upfront investment | make upfront investment |
| proactive risk management | noun phrase | /prəʊˈæktɪv rɪsk ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ | quản lý rủi ro chủ động | evolution to proactive risk management | adopt proactive risk management |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| macroeconomic ramifications | noun phrase | /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/ | hậu quả kinh tế vĩ mô | macroeconomic ramifications extend far beyond | have significant ramifications |
| foundational structures | noun phrase | /faʊnˈdeɪʃənl ˈstrʌktʃəz/ | cấu trúc nền tảng | penetrating the foundational structures | establish foundational structures |
| economic orthodoxy | noun phrase | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈɔːθədɒksi/ | chính thống kinh tế | fundamental threat to economic orthodoxy | challenge economic orthodoxy |
| monetary authorities | noun phrase | /ˈmʌnɪtri ɔːˈθɒrətiz/ | cơ quan tiền tệ | Central banks and monetary authorities | actions by monetary authorities |
| first-order variable | noun phrase | /fɜːst ˈɔːdə ˈveəriəbl/ | biến số bậc nhất | climate change as a first-order macroeconomic variable | treat as first-order variable |
| stagflation | noun | /stæɡˈfleɪʃn/ | lạm phát đình trệ | creating a form of stagflation | period of stagflation |
| disorderly transition | noun phrase | /dɪsˈɔːdəli trænˈzɪʃn/ | chuyển đổi hỗn loạn | A disorderly transition could precipitate a crisis | risk of disorderly transition |
| creditworthiness | noun | /ˈkredɪtwɜːðinəs/ | khả năng tín dụng | see their creditworthiness deteriorate | assess creditworthiness |
| debt distress | noun phrase | /det dɪˈstres/ | khó khăn nợ nần | already face debt distress | experiencing debt distress |
| contagion effects | noun phrase | /kənˈteɪdʒən ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng lây lan | could have contagion effects | prevent contagion effects |
| capital reallocation | noun phrase | /ˈkæpɪtl ˌriːæləˈkeɪʃn/ | tái phân bổ vốn | Capital reallocation on a massive scale | facilitate capital reallocation |
| greenwashing | noun | /ˈɡriːnwɒʃɪŋ/ | tẩy xanh (giả vờ thân thiện môi trường) | potentially representing mere greenwashing | accused of greenwashing |
| regressive impacts | noun phrase | /rɪˈɡresɪv ˈɪmpækts/ | tác động lũy thoái | concerns about regressive impacts | have regressive impacts |
| intergenerational equity | noun phrase | /ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl ˈekwəti/ | công bằng liên thế hệ | Intergenerational equity considerations | ensure intergenerational equity |
| discount rates | noun phrase | /ˈdɪskaʊnt reɪts/ | tỷ lệ chiết khấu | employ discount rates to value future costs | apply discount rates |
| planetary boundaries | noun phrase | /ˈplænətri ˈbaʊndəriz/ | ranh giới hành tinh | compatible with planetary boundaries | respect planetary boundaries |
| compound crises | noun phrase | /ˈkɒmpaʊnd ˈkraɪsiːz/ | khủng hoảng kép | potential for compound crises | face compound crises |
| authoritarian overreach | noun phrase | /ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən ˈəʊvəriːtʃ/ | vượt quyền độc đoán | risk authoritarian overreach | concerns about authoritarian overreach |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on global economic stability” không chỉ là một trong những đề tài nóng hổi nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà thế giới đang đối mặt. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng, bao quát đầy đủ các dạng bài thường gặp.
Passage 1 giới thiệu những tác động cơ bản của biến đổi khí hậu lên nền kinh tế toàn cầu, phù hợp với học viên band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đi sâu vào phân tích các chiến lược thích ứng khác nhau của từng khu vực, yêu cầu khả năng hiểu và phân tích ở mức band 6.0-7.5. Passage 3 đòi hỏi tư duy phản biện cao về các hệ quả kinh tế vĩ mô và hệ thống tài chính toàn cầu, thử thách những học viên hướng tới band 7.0-9.0.
Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp key answers mà còn giải thích rõ ràng về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase, và lý do tại sao đáp án đúng. Các bảng từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ học thuật một cách bài bản và có hệ thống, đặc biệt quan trọng khi đối mặt với các chủ đề phức tạp như What are the challenges of managing climate change-related risks?.
Để nâng cao hiệu quả luyện tập, bạn nên làm bài trong điều kiện giống thi thật: giới hạn thời gian 60 phút, không tra từ điển, và tự chấm điểm một cách trung thực. Sau đó, dành thời gian phân tích kỹ những câu sai để hiểu rõ lý do và cải thiện kỹ năng. Hãy nhớ rằng, việc hiểu sâu về một chủ đề cũng quan trọng không kém kỹ năng làm bài, đặc biệt khi bạn cần nắm vững các khái niệm như How does climate change impact water scarcity in developing countries?.
Chúc bạn luyện tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
