IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến Di Cư Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tạo ra những thay đổi sâu sắc trong các mô hình di cư toàn cầu, buộc hàng triệu người phải rời bỏ quê hương để tìm kiếm nơi ở an toàn hơn. Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On Global Migration Patterns” xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây, phản ánh tầm quan trọng cấp thiết của vấn đề này trên toàn cầu.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages tăng dần về độ khó (Easy → Medium → Hard), bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật 100%. Bạn sẽ được thực hành với các dạng bài phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích rõ ràng về vị trí thông tin và cách paraphrase.

Đề thi này phù hợp với học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề học thuật quan trọng, nâng cao vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường và di cư, đồng thời rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài hiệu quả trong điều kiện giống thi thực tế.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3, yêu cầu thí sinh có khả năng đọc hiểu và phân tích thông tin ở nhiều mức độ khác nhau.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Refugees: The Growing Global Challenge

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The term “climate refugee” has become increasingly common in international discussions about migration, though it lacks a formal legal definition. These are people who are forced to leave their homes due to sudden or gradual changes in their natural environment related to climate change. Unlike traditional refugees who flee persecution or conflict, climate refugees escape environmental conditions that make it impossible to sustain their livelihoods and ensure their families’ safety.

Rising sea levels represent one of the most visible threats driving climate migration. Small island nations such as Tuvalu, Kiribati, and the Maldives face an existential crisis as ocean waters encroach upon their territories. In Tuvalu, high tides regularly flood homes and contaminate freshwater supplies with saltwater intrusion, making agriculture nearly impossible. The government has developed evacuation plans for the entire population of approximately 11,000 people, exploring migration agreements with larger nations like Australia and New Zealand. These Pacific islanders are among the first to become permanent climate refugees, unable to return to their ancestral lands.

Desertification and prolonged drought conditions create another major driver of climate-induced migration, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. The Sahel region, stretching across Africa from Senegal to Sudan, has experienced severe environmental degradation over recent decades. Farmers who once grew millet, sorghum, and other crops now struggle with depleted soil quality and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Many rural families have no choice but to move to urban centers or attempt dangerous journeys to Europe seeking better opportunities. The Lake Chad Basin, which once supported 30 million people, has shrunk by 90% since the 1960s, forcing mass displacement of fishing and farming communities.

Extreme weather events linked to climate change are becoming more frequent and intense, triggering sudden displacement. Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons devastate coastal communities with increasing regularity. After Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008, approximately 800,000 people were displaced, many permanently. Similarly, Hurricane Maria destroyed much of Puerto Rico’s infrastructure in 2017, prompting thousands to relocate to the U.S. mainland. These acute climate events differ from slow-onset changes like rising temperatures, as they create immediate humanitarian crises requiring rapid response.

The socioeconomic impacts of climate migration extend far beyond the individuals directly affected. Receiving regions often struggle to accommodate influxes of climate migrants, leading to competition for jobs, housing, and public services. This can create social tensions between newcomers and established residents. However, migration can also bring positive outcomes. Migrants contribute to local economies through their labor and entrepreneurship, while remittances sent back to their home communities provide crucial financial support. Research suggests that managed migration – when planned and supported by proper policies – can serve as an adaptation strategy to climate change rather than purely a crisis response.

International law currently offers limited protection for climate refugees. The 1951 Refugee Convention defines refugees as people fleeing persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group – categories that do not include environmental factors. Some legal scholars argue for expanding the definition, while others propose creating new legal frameworks specifically for climate-displaced persons. In 2020, the United Nations Human Rights Committee ruled that countries cannot deport individuals facing climate-related threats that violate their right to life, marking a significant step toward recognizing climate refugees’ rights.

Predictive models suggest that climate migration will intensify dramatically in coming decades. The World Bank estimates that by 2050, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America could see more than 140 million people move within their countries’ borders due to climate impacts. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre reports that weather-related disasters already displace approximately 20 million people annually – more than three times the number displaced by conflict. These projections emphasize the urgent need for proactive policies that address root causes while supporting both migrants and host communities.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, climate refugees differ from traditional refugees because they:
   A. flee from political persecution
   B. leave due to environmental changes
   C. have legal protection under international law
   D. always return to their homes eventually

2. What problem does saltwater intrusion cause in Tuvalu?
   A. It destroys fishing industries
   B. It makes farming impossible
   C. It creates new islands
   D. It improves soil quality

3. The Sahel region is mentioned as an example of:
   A. successful climate adaptation
   B. rising sea levels
   C. desertification driving migration
   D. extreme weather events

4. According to the passage, remittances are:
   A. money sent by migrants to their home communities
   B. government payments to refugees
   C. fees charged to migrants
   D. compensation for climate damage

5. The 1951 Refugee Convention does NOT include which factor as grounds for refugee status?
   A. Political opinion
   B. Environmental factors
   C. Religious persecution
   D. Nationality

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Lake Chad has completely disappeared since the 1960s.
7. Cyclone Nargis in 2008 displaced approximately 800,000 people in Myanmar.
8. Climate migrants always have negative impacts on receiving regions.
9. The World Bank predicts that climate migration will decrease by 2050.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Tuvalu’s government has created __ for relocating the entire population.
11. Extreme weather events create __ that require immediate action.
12. Some experts suggest creating __ specifically for people displaced by climate change.
13. The World Bank estimates over 140 million people could move within their countries by __.

Biến đổi khí hậu gây ra di cư hàng loạt ở các vùng ven biển châu Á Thái Bình Dương

PASSAGE 2 – The Complex Nexus Between Environmental Change and Human Mobility

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A. The relationship between climate change and migration patterns represents one of the most intricate challenges facing policymakers and researchers in the 21st century. While earlier analyses often portrayed climate migration as a simple cause-and-effect relationship – environmental degradation directly triggering population movements – contemporary scholarship recognizes a far more nuanced reality. Climate factors rarely act in isolation; instead, they intersect with economic vulnerabilities, political instability, demographic pressures, and social networks to shape migration decisions in complex, often unpredictable ways. Understanding these multi-layered interactions is crucial for developing effective responses to what the United Nations has termed “the defining crisis of our time.”

B. Slow-onset environmental changes present particularly challenging scenarios for migration analysis. Unlike sudden disasters that generate immediate displacement flows, gradual processes such as desertification, salinization, and glacier retreat affect livelihoods incrementally, making it difficult to establish clear causality between environmental stress and migration. Consider the case of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh, where riverbank erosion claims an estimated 10,000 hectares of land annually. Farmers experiencing incremental land loss may initially adopt coping strategies such as switching crops, increasing irrigation, or diversifying income sources. Only when these adaptations prove insufficient do households begin considering migration – and even then, decisions involve complex calculations about destination choices, household labor allocation, and maintenance of connections to origin communities.

C. The concept of “trapped populations” has emerged as a critical counterpoint to dominant narratives about climate-induced mobility. While much attention focuses on those who migrate due to environmental stress, numerous communities face severe climate impacts yet lack the resources and capabilities necessary for relocation. Mobility requires capital – financial resources for transportation, networks in destination areas, information about opportunities, and physical ability to move. The world’s poorest populations often experience the most severe environmental degradation while simultaneously having the least capacity to migrate. This creates a troubling paradox: those most vulnerable to climate change may become immobilized rather than displaced, trapped in increasingly uninhabitable environments. Research from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that limited migration in highly vulnerable regions may indicate adaptive capacity deficits rather than successful adaptation.

D. Urban centers in developing regions increasingly serve as primary destinations for climate migrants, fundamentally reshaping urbanization patterns across the Global South. Cities like Dhaka, Lagos, and Lima have experienced exponential population growth partially driven by climate-stressed rural populations seeking alternative livelihoods. This rapid, often unplanned urbanization creates its own set of challenges. Many climate migrants settle in informal settlements on urban peripheries, living in precarious conditions with inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare. These neighborhoods frequently occupy hazard-prone locations – flood plains, steep hillsides, or coastal zones – making residents doubly vulnerable to climate risks. The 2010 floods in Pakistan and the 2011 floods in Thailand demonstrated how climate migrants concentrated in urban slum areas suffered disproportionately when disasters struck cities.

E. Tương tự như The role of green energy in reducing carbon emissions, việc giảm thiểu tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến di cư đòi hỏi strategic interventions across multiple scales. Regional governance frameworks play increasingly important roles in managing climate mobility. The Pacific Access Category scheme allows citizens of Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Tonga to migrate to New Zealand through annual quotas, providing a model for planned relocation programs. In Africa, the Kampala Convention (2009) became the world’s first regional treaty explicitly addressing internal displacement from natural disasters and climate change. These frameworks recognize that cross-border cooperation is essential, as climate impacts and migration flows rarely respect national boundaries. However, implementation challenges persist, including funding gaps, coordination difficulties, and resistance from potential receiving countries concerned about sovereignty and resource allocation.

F. The gender dimensions of climate migration remain inadequately understood yet critically important. Climate change affects women and men differently due to pre-existing social inequalities, gender roles, and differential access to resources. In many societies, women bear primary responsibility for water and fuel collection – tasks that become increasingly arduous as environmental conditions deteriorate. When men migrate for work, women often stay behind as de facto household heads, managing farms and families with limited resources and decision-making authority. Conversely, women who do migrate may face specific vulnerabilities, including gender-based violence during transit and in destination areas, exploitation in informal labor markets, and restricted mobility due to cultural norms. Some research suggests that female climate migrants experience compounded marginalization, facing discrimination based on both their migrant status and gender.

G. Looking forward, the trajectory of climate-driven migration will largely depend on the world’s success in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and supporting adaptation measures in vulnerable regions. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến What are the effects of climate change on water availability?, việc đầu tư vào climate-resilient infrastructure, sustainable agriculture, and early warning systems could enable many communities to adapt in situ rather than requiring relocation. The Green Climate Fund and similar financing mechanisms aim to channel resources toward these objectives, though current funding levels fall far short of estimated needs. Some scholars advocate for migration with dignity approaches that recognize mobility as a legitimate adaptation strategy and work to facilitate safe, orderly, and regular migration pathways. This perspective shifts the discourse from viewing climate migrants as security threats or humanitarian burdens to recognizing them as adaptive agents making rational decisions in the face of environmental change.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Early research correctly identified climate migration as having simple causes.
15. Gradual environmental changes make it easier to establish links between climate and migration.
16. The poorest populations have the greatest ability to relocate when facing climate threats.
17. Cities in developing countries are experiencing rapid growth partly due to climate migration.
18. Current funding for climate adaptation exceeds what experts estimate is needed.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. Financial mechanisms for climate adaptation
ii. The paradox of immobility in vulnerable regions
iii. Gender-specific impacts of climate migration
iv. Urban destinations and their challenges
v. Gradual environmental degradation and migration timing
vi. International legal frameworks for climate refugees
vii. Regional cooperation models for managing climate mobility
viii. Historical patterns of environmental migration

19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate migrants settling in urban areas often live in (24) __ on the edges of cities, where they have poor access to basic services. These areas are typically located in (25) __ such as flood plains, which makes residents face climate risks twice. The 2010 Pakistan floods showed that migrants in urban (26) __ were particularly badly affected when disasters occurred.

Người dân vùng Sahel châu Phi di cư do khô hạn và sa mạc hóa đất đai

PASSAGE 3 – Conceptualizing Climate Mobility: Beyond Determinism Toward Complex Systems Analysis

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The academic discourse surrounding climate change and human migration has undergone substantial epistemological transformation over the past two decades, evolving from deterministic projections of massive displacement toward more sophisticated analytical frameworks that acknowledge the multifaceted nature of environmental mobility. Early alarmist predictions – exemplified by Norman Myers’ controversial 1995 estimate of 200 million climate refugees by 2050 – relied on linear extrapolations that assumed direct, proportional relationships between environmental degradation and population movement. Such approaches have been roundly criticized for their methodological limitations, including the conflation of correlation with causation, the omission of human agency and adaptive capacity, and the failure to account for mediating factors that shape migration decision-making processes. Contemporary climate mobility scholarship increasingly draws upon complexity theory, recognizing migration as an emergent property of interactions between environmental, social, economic, political, and cultural systems operating across multiple spatial and temporal scales.

The Black-Michaud framework for understanding environmentally-induced migration distinguishes between forced displacement and voluntary migration, though this dichotomy itself has become subject to scholarly critique. Critics argue that the forced-voluntary binary creates a false distinction, as most migration decisions exist along a continuum influenced by varying degrees of compulsion and choice. Hugo’s concept of “environmental migrants” encompasses a broader spectrum, including those who move preemptively in anticipation of environmental change, those displaced during environmental disasters, and those relocating due to cumulative environmental deterioration. More recent conceptualizations, such as the Foresight Migration and Global Environmental Change project, emphasize that environmental factors should be understood as threat multipliers that exacerbate existing vulnerabilities rather than operating as autonomous drivers of migration. This perspective aligns with neo-Malthusian critiques that caution against environmentally deterministic explanations that may obscure the role of structural inequalities, governance failures, and historical marginalization in creating vulnerability to environmental change.

Quantifying the climate migration phenomenon presents formidable methodological challenges that continue to impede consensus among researchers and policymakers. Một ví dụ chi tiết về Impacts of renewable energy on national energy policies cho thấy khó khăn tương tự trong việc attribution – distinguishing climate-related migration from movement driven by economic opportunities, conflict, or other factors – remains inherently problematic. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) tracks disaster-related displacement using an event-based methodology, recording population movements triggered by specific environmental events such as floods, storms, or wildfires. However, this approach systematically underestimates migration linked to slow-onset processes like droughts, desertification, or sea-level rise, where environmental degradation unfolds gradually and migration decisions occur across extended timeframes. Furthermore, most existing statistical frameworks capture only internal displacement within national borders, rendering transboundary climate migration largely invisible in official data. The paucity of reliable data creates a troubling policy vacuum, as effective governance requires robust evidence bases that current methodologies fail to provide.

Theoretical models attempting to explain climate-migration relationships have proliferated, each emphasizing different causal mechanisms and intervening variables. The “Push-Pull” model, derived from classical migration theory, posits that environmental degradation creates “push factors” encouraging outmigration while economic opportunities in destination areas serve as “pull factors.” However, this framework has been critiqued for its oversimplification and failure to explain why, within the same environmentally stressed region, some households migrate while others remain. Stark’s New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) offers greater analytical sophistication by conceptualizing migration as a household strategy for risk diversification and income portfolio optimization. From this perspective, environmental stress may prompt households to send members to distant labor markets, with remittances serving as financial hedges against agricultural failures or livelihood disruptions at origin. The Livelihoods Framework, influenced by sustainable development discourse, emphasizes how environmental change affects access to various forms of capital – natural, physical, financial, human, and social – with migration representing one possible livelihood adaptation strategy when other options prove insufficient.

The geopolitical implications of large-scale climate migration have generated considerable attention, particularly regarding potential security externalities. The “climate migration-conflict nexus” hypothesis suggests that climate-induced migration could trigger or exacerbate violent conflict through several pathways: resource scarcity in destination areas, intergroup tensions between migrants and host populations, or state fragility in regions unable to manage migration flows. The Syrian civil war has been frequently cited as a potential case study, with some analysts arguing that drought-driven rural-urban migration during 2006-2010 contributed to social instability that facilitated conflict outbreak. However, such causal claims remain contested. Systematic research examining the climate-migration-conflict relationship yields ambiguous findings, with many studies finding little evidence that environmental migration directly increases conflict risk. Critics of the securitization of climate migration warn that framing migrants as security threats may legitimate restrictive border policies and xenophobic discourse, ultimately undermining both migrant rights and effective climate adaptation. Alternative frameworks emphasize conflict prevention through anticipatory governance, managed migration pathways, and investments in climate resilience that address root causes rather than merely responding to symptoms.

Normative questions regarding climate justice and differential responsibility permeate debates about appropriate responses to climate-induced migration. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR), enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, acknowledges that while all nations share responsibility for addressing climate change, historical emissions and current adaptive capacities vary substantially. Developed nations, having contributed disproportionately to cumulative greenhouse gas emissions while possessing greater resources for adaptation, arguably bear special obligations toward populations displaced by climate impacts. Some scholars and activists advocate for establishing compensation mechanisms or climate reparations that would support climate-affected communities, including through facilitated migration to countries bearing historical responsibility for emissions. The concept of “migration with dignity” emphasizes that mobility in the context of climate change should be understood not merely as a last resort but as a potentially empowering adaptation strategy when supported by appropriate policies and protections. This framing challenges the predominant disaster-centric narrative and instead positions migrants as adaptive agents exercising rational choice within constrained circumstances.

Looking ahead, effective governance of climate mobility requires multi-scalar coordination spanning local, national, regional, and global levels. The Global Compact on Refugees and Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, both adopted in 2018, represent significant steps toward establishing international cooperation frameworks, though neither specifically addresses climate-induced migration. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến What are the effects of renewable energy on global power dynamics?, việc phát triển regional mobility agreements tailored to specific geographic contexts offers promising governance models. The Nansen Initiative, launched in 2012, has worked to build consensus on protecting people displaced across borders by disasters, culminating in the Protection Agenda adopted by 109 states. However, implementation challenges persist, including inadequate financing, political resistance from potential receiving countries, and capacity constraints in vulnerable regions. Ultimately, addressing climate mobility humanely and effectively requires concurrent action on mitigation to limit future climate change, adaptation to reduce vulnerability in climate-affected regions, and mobility governance that protects rights while facilitating safe migration pathways.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, Norman Myers’ 1995 prediction has been criticized for:
    A. overestimating the impact of migration
    B. using methods that assumed simple direct relationships
    C. focusing too much on human agency
    D. being too complex to verify

28. The Foresight Migration project views environmental factors as:
    A. the primary drivers of all migration
    B. factors that worsen existing vulnerabilities
    C. less important than economic factors
    D. only relevant in disaster situations

29. The IDMC’s methodology systematically underestimates:
    A. displacement caused by sudden disasters
    B. international migration
    C. migration linked to gradual environmental changes
    D. urban to rural movement

30. According to the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM), migration serves as:
    A. a punishment for environmental degradation
    B. a strategy for diversifying household risk
    C. evidence of government failure
    D. a temporary response to disasters

31. Critics of securitizing climate migration argue it could:
    A. increase funding for migration research
    B. improve border security measures
    C. justify restrictive immigration policies
    D. enhance migrant protection systems

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each theory or framework (A-F) with the correct description (32-36).

Theories/Frameworks:
A. Black-Michaud framework
B. Push-Pull model
C. New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM)
D. Livelihoods Framework
E. Climate migration-conflict nexus
F. Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)

32. Suggests environmental degradation and economic opportunities drive migration
33. Proposes that climate migration could increase violent conflict
34. Distinguishes between forced and voluntary migration
35. Emphasizes different types of capital affected by environmental change
36. Acknowledges varying historical emissions and adaptive capacities

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes migration as a result of interactions between multiple systems?
38. What type of migration mostly remains invisible in official statistics?
39. What do remittances serve as against agricultural failures, according to NELM theory?
40. What year were the Global Compacts on refugees and migration adopted?

Hội nghị quốc tế về chính sách di cư khí hậu và hợp tác toàn cầu

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. evacuation plans
11. humanitarian crises
12. legal frameworks / new legal frameworks
13. 2050

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. NO
16. NO
17. YES
18. NO
19. v
20. ii
21. iv
22. vii
23. iii
24. informal settlements
25. hazard-prone locations
26. slum areas

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. E
34. A
35. D
36. F
37. emergent property
38. transboundary climate migration
39. financial hedges
40. 2018

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate refugees, differ, traditional refugees
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “These are people who are forced to leave their homes due to sudden or gradual changes in their natural environment” và “Unlike traditional refugees who flee persecution or conflict, climate refugees escape environmental conditions.” Đây là sự paraphrase của “leave due to environmental changes.”

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: saltwater intrusion, Tuvalu, problem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu 3
• Giải thích: Bài văn đề cập “high tides regularly flood homes and contaminate freshwater supplies with saltwater intrusion, making agriculture nearly impossible” – rõ ràng làm cho nông nghiệp không thể thực hiện được.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Lake Chad, completely disappeared
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói “has shrunk by 90%” chứ không phải “completely disappeared” (biến mất hoàn toàn), vì vậy thông tin này SAI.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate migrants, always, negative impacts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn cho biết “migration can also bring positive outcomes. Migrants contribute to local economies through their labor and entrepreneurship” – điều này mâu thuẫn với việc luôn luôn có tác động tiêu cực.

Câu 10: evacuation plans

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Tuvalu’s government, relocating entire population
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu 4
• Giải thích: “The government has developed evacuation plans for the entire population” – đáp án chính xác là “evacuation plans.”

Câu 13: 2050

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: World Bank, 140 million people, move
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2
• Giải thích: “The World Bank estimates that by 2050, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America could see more than 140 million people move” – năm 2050 là đáp án.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: early research, correctly identified, simple causes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, câu 2
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói “earlier analyses often portrayed climate migration as a simple cause-and-effect relationship” nhưng sau đó chỉ ra “contemporary scholarship recognizes a far more nuanced reality” – nghĩa là nghiên cứu ban đầu KHÔNG đúng.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: gradual environmental changes, easier, establish links
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, câu 2
• Giải thích: “gradual processes…making it difficult to establish clear causality” – rõ ràng là khó hơn chứ không phải dễ hơn.

Câu 16: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: poorest populations, greatest ability, relocate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, câu 3-5
• Giải thích: “The world’s poorest populations…having the least capacity to migrate” – dân nghèo nhất có khả năng di cư ÍT NHẤT chứ không phải NHIỀU NHẤT.

Câu 19: v (Gradual environmental degradation and migration timing)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “slow-onset environmental changes” và cách chúng ảnh hưởng đến quyết định di cư theo thời gian, với ví dụ về Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta.

Câu 20: ii (The paradox of immobility in vulnerable regions)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Đoạn này giới thiệu khái niệm “trapped populations” – những người không thể di cư mặc dù đối mặt với tác động khí hậu nghiêm trọng, tạo nên một nghịch lý.

Câu 24: informal settlements

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, câu 3
• Giải thích: “Many climate migrants settle in informal settlements on urban peripheries” – đáp án chính xác.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Norman Myers, 1995 prediction, criticized
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu 2
• Giải thích: Dự đoán của Myers “relied on linear extrapolations that assumed direct, proportional relationships” – đây chính là phương pháp giả định mối quan hệ trực tiếp đơn giản.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Foresight Migration project, environmental factors
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu 5
• Giải thích: “environmental factors should be understood as threat multipliers that exacerbate existing vulnerabilities” – các yếu tố môi trường làm trầm trọng thêm các điểm yếu hiện có.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: IDMC, methodology, systematically underestimates
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu 3
• Giải thích: “this approach systematically underestimates migration linked to slow-onset processes” – phương pháp này đánh giá thấp di cư liên quan đến các quá trình diễn ra chậm.

Câu 32: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Giải thích: Push-Pull model được mô tả trong đoạn 4: “environmental degradation creates ‘push factors’…economic opportunities in destination areas serve as ‘pull factors.'”

Câu 37: emergent property

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “recognizing migration as an emergent property of interactions between environmental, social, economic, political, and cultural systems”

Câu 40: 2018

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2
• Giải thích: “The Global Compact on Refugees and Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, both adopted in 2018”

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
climate refugee	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/	người tị nạn khí hậu	The term “climate refugee” has become increasingly common	climate-related displacement
livelihood	noun	/ˈlaɪvlihʊd/	kế sinh nhai	make it impossible to sustain their livelihoods	sustainable livelihood, livelihood security
encroach upon	phrasal verb	/ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ əˈpɒn/	xâm lấn, lấn chiếm	ocean waters encroach upon their territories	encroach on land, gradually encroach
saltwater intrusion	noun phrase	/ˈsɔːltwɔːtə ɪnˈtruːʒən/	xâm nhập mặn	contaminate freshwater supplies with saltwater intrusion	prevent saltwater intrusion
desertification	noun	/dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	sa mạc hóa	Desertification and prolonged drought conditions	combat desertification, desertification process
depleted	adjective	/dɪˈpliːtɪd/	cạn kiệt, suy giảm	struggle with depleted soil quality	severely depleted, resource depletion
extreme weather events	noun phrase	/ɪkˈstriːm ˈweðə ɪˈvents/	hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan	Extreme weather events linked to climate change	frequency of extreme weather events
remittances	noun	/rɪˈmɪtənsɪz/	tiền kiều hối	remittances sent back to their home communities	send remittances, remittance flows
adaptation strategy	noun phrase	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən ˈstrætədʒi/	chiến lược thích ứng	migration can serve as an adaptation strategy	develop adaptation strategies
proactive policies	noun phrase	/prəʊˈæktɪv ˈpɒləsiz/	chính sách chủ động	emphasize the urgent need for proactive policies	implement proactive policies

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intricate	adjective	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, rắc rối	one of the most intricate challenges	intricate relationship, intricate system
nuanced	adjective	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái	recognizes a far more nuanced reality	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
intersect with	phrasal verb	/ˌɪntəˈsekt wɪð/	giao thoa với	they intersect with economic vulnerabilities	intersect with issues, intersecting factors
causality	noun	/kɔːˈzæləti/	quan hệ nhân quả	difficult to establish clear causality	causal relationship, establish causality
trapped populations	noun phrase	/træpt ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃənz/	dân số bị mắc kẹt	concept of “trapped populations”	identify trapped populations
adaptive capacity	noun phrase	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực thích ứng	indicate adaptive capacity deficits	build adaptive capacity, enhance adaptive capacity
informal settlements	noun phrase	/ɪnˈfɔːməl ˈsetlmənts/	khu định cư không chính thức	settle in informal settlements	growth of informal settlements
precarious conditions	noun phrase	/prɪˈkeəriəs kənˈdɪʃənz/	điều kiện bấp bênh	living in precarious conditions	face precarious conditions
doubly vulnerable	adjective phrase	/ˈdʌbli ˈvʌlnərəbəl/	dễ bị tổn thương gấp đôi	making residents doubly vulnerable	doubly vulnerable to risks
gender-based violence	noun phrase	/ˈdʒendə beɪst ˈvaɪələns/	bạo lực dựa trên giới	including gender-based violence during transit	prevent gender-based violence
mitigating	verb/adjective	/ˈmɪtɪgeɪtɪŋ/	giảm thiểu	success in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions	mitigating climate change, mitigation measures
climate-resilient infrastructure	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliənt ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng chống chịu khí hậu	investing in climate-resilient infrastructure	build climate-resilient infrastructure

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
epistemological	adjective	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkəl/	nhận thức luận	substantial epistemological transformation	epistemological framework, epistemological approach
deterministic	adjective	/dɪˌtɜːmɪˈnɪstɪk/	mang tính quyết định luận	evolving from deterministic projections	deterministic models, deterministic assumptions
conflation	noun	/kənˈfleɪʃən/	sự gộp chung, nhầm lẫn	including the conflation of correlation with causation	conflation of concepts, avoid conflation
mediating factors	noun phrase	/ˈmiːdieɪtɪŋ ˈfæktəz/	các yếu tố trung gian	failure to account for mediating factors	identify mediating factors
emergent property	noun phrase	/ɪˈmɜːdʒənt ˈprɒpəti/	tính chất nổi lên	migration as an emergent property	emergent properties of systems
threat multipliers	noun phrase	/θret ˈmʌltɪplaɪəz/	yếu tố nhân đôi mối đe dọa	environmental factors as threat multipliers	act as threat multipliers
attribution	noun	/ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃən/	sự quy cho, xác định nguyên nhân	attribution remains inherently problematic	causal attribution, climate attribution
transboundary	adjective	/trænzˈbaʊndəri/	xuyên biên giới	rendering transboundary climate migration invisible	transboundary cooperation, transboundary issues
paucity	noun	/ˈpɔːsəti/	sự thiếu thốn, khan hiếm	The paucity of reliable data	paucity of evidence, paucity of resources
oversimplification	noun	/ˌəʊvəsɪmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	sự đơn giản hóa quá mức	critiqued for its oversimplification	avoid oversimplification
risk diversification	noun phrase	/rɪsk daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	đa dạng hóa rủi ro	household strategy for risk diversification	strategy for risk diversification
securitization	noun	/sɪˌkjʊərɪtaɪˈzeɪʃən/	an ninh hóa	Critics of the securitization of climate migration	securitization of migration, securitization discourse
xenophobic	adjective	/ˌzenəˈfəʊbɪk/	bài ngoại, thù ghét người ngoại quốc	legitimate restrictive border policies and xenophobic discourse	xenophobic attitudes, xenophobic rhetoric
climate reparations	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət ˌrepəˈreɪʃənz/	bồi thường khí hậu	advocate for climate reparations	demand climate reparations
multi-scalar coordination	noun phrase	/ˈmʌlti ˈskeɪlə kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃən/	phối hợp đa cấp độ	requires multi-scalar coordination	multi-scalar approach, multi-scalar governance
implementation challenges	noun phrase	/ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃən ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/	thách thức triển khai	implementation challenges persist	overcome implementation challenges
capacity constraints	noun phrase	/kəˈpæsəti kənˈstreɪnts/	hạn chế năng lực	capacity constraints in vulnerable regions	address capacity constraints

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on global migration patterns” không chỉ là một vấn đề môi trường đơn thuần mà còn phản ánh những thách thức phức tạp về xã hội, kinh tế và chính trị mà nhân loại đang phải đối mặt. Trong kỳ thi IELTS, chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện dưới nhiều góc độ khác nhau, từ các tác động trực tiếp của biến đổi khí hậu đến những giải pháp chính sách toàn cầu.

Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm tất cả 40 câu hỏi với đầy đủ các dạng bài phổ biến trong IELTS Reading thực tế. Passage 1 giới thiệu những khái niệm cơ bản về người tị nạn khí hậu và các nguyên nhân chính gây ra di cư. Passage 2 đi sâu vào phân tích các mối quan hệ phức tạp giữa biến đổi khí hậu, kinh tế và di cư, đồng thời nhấn mạnh vai trò của giới tính và đô thị hóa. Passage 3 mang tính học thuật cao, giới thiệu các lý thuyết và khung phân tích tiên tiến nhất về hiện tượng di cư khí hậu.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án chính xác mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, giúp bạn hiểu được cách tư duy và làm bài theo đúng phương pháp IELTS. Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng để bạn có thể tự đánh giá và cải thiện kỹ năng của mình một cách hiệu quả.

Bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành được tổng hợp từ cả 3 passages sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng về biến đổi khí hậu, di cư và các vấn đề xã hội liên quan – những chủ đề có khả năng cao xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS của bạn. Hãy học thuộc các collocation và cách sử dụng từ vựng trong ngữ cảnh cụ thể để có thể vận dụng linh hoạt không chỉ trong phần Reading mà còn trong Writing và Speaking.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, bạn nên làm bài trong điều kiện như thi thật với giới hạn thời gian 60 phút, sau đó dành thời gian xem lại giải thích chi tiết cho từng câu hỏi. Hãy ghi chú lại những từ vựng mới và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả mà bạn học được. Thực hành đều đặn với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng cao như thế này chính là chìa khóa để bạn tự tin chinh phục IELTS Reading với band điểm mục tiêu.