IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến Du Lịch Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang là một trong những thách thức lớn nhất của thế kỷ 21, tác động sâu rộng đến mọi khía cạnh của cuộc sống, trong đó có ngành du lịch toàn cầu. Chủ đề về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến du lịch xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các đề thi từ năm 2018 đến nay, phản ánh mối quan tâm ngày càng tăng của cộng đồng quốc tế về vấn đề môi trường.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thực tế. Bạn sẽ được thực hành với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng thuộc nhiều dạng bài khác nhau như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion. Đặc biệt, phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng loại câu hỏi, nắm vững kỹ thuật paraphrase và xác định thông tin chính xác trong đoạn văn.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật và chuẩn bị tốt nhất cho kỳ thi IELTS thực tế.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành thang band điểm từ 0-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian hiệu quả và ghi đáp án ngay trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho đoạn văn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Coastal Tourism Destinations

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The world’s coastal regions have long been among the most popular tourist destinations, attracting millions of visitors each year who seek sun, sand, and sea. However, climate change is increasingly threatening these valuable tourism assets through multiple environmental impacts. Rising sea levels, intensified storm events, and changing weather patterns are fundamentally altering the landscape of coastal tourism, forcing both destinations and the tourism industry to adapt rapidly to new realities.

Sea level rise represents one of the most visible and concerning impacts of climate change on coastal tourism. Scientists predict that global sea levels could rise by up to one metre by the end of this century, though some projections suggest even higher increases. This rise threatens to inundate low-lying coastal areas, erode beaches, and damage coastal infrastructure including hotels, restaurants, and recreational facilities. Famous beach destinations such as the Maldives, with an average elevation of just 1.5 metres above sea level, face an existential threat. The country has already begun investing heavily in coastal protection measures and is even considering the construction of artificial islands to preserve its tourism industry.

Beach erosion, exacerbated by rising seas and more powerful storms, poses another significant challenge. Beaches are the primary attraction for coastal tourism, and their loss directly impacts visitor numbers and revenue. In the Caribbean, studies indicate that some popular beaches are losing up to two metres of width annually. This erosion not only reduces the appeal of these destinations but also increases the costs of beach nourishment programmes, where sand is artificially added to maintain beach width. Such programmes are expensive and require ongoing maintenance, placing financial pressure on tourism-dependent communities.

The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are also increasing due to climate change, creating new risks for coastal tourism. More powerful hurricanes, cyclones, and storms can cause extensive damage to tourism infrastructure and deter visitors from booking holidays. The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, which included devastating storms like Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria, caused billions of dollars in damage to Caribbean tourism facilities and resulted in prolonged closures of major resorts. Recovery from such events can take years, during which destinations lose vital tourism revenue and employment opportunities.

Water temperature changes and ocean acidification are affecting marine ecosystems that form the basis of many coastal tourism activities. Coral reefs, which attract millions of divers and snorkellers annually and provide natural coastal protection, are experiencing widespread bleaching events due to warming waters. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, a UNESCO World Heritage site and major tourism attraction generating approximately AUD 6 billion annually, has suffered severe bleaching in recent years. The loss of coral reefs not only diminishes the underwater attractions but also reduces the natural barriers that protect coastlines from storm damage and erosion.

Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến các điểm đến du lịch ven biển và san hô

Changes in seasonal weather patterns are also affecting tourist behaviour and destination attractiveness. Traditional peak seasons are becoming less predictable, with unseasonable heat waves, increased rainfall, or unexpected cold snaps disrupting holiday plans. Mediterranean destinations, for instance, are experiencing hotter summers that may become uncomfortable for many tourists, potentially shifting peak season to spring and autumn months. This redistribution of tourist flows requires destinations to adapt their marketing strategies and operational planning.

Despite these challenges, the coastal tourism industry is developing various adaptation strategies. Some destinations are investing in climate-resistant infrastructure, implementing comprehensive coastal zone management plans, and diversifying their tourism offerings to reduce dependence on beach-based activities. The Netherlands, a country with extensive experience in water management, has developed innovative solutions such as floating hotels and amphibious buildings that can rise with flood waters. Other destinations are focusing on sustainable tourism practices that minimise environmental impact and promote conservation efforts.

Education and awareness are also crucial components of adaptation. Many coastal destinations are now informing tourists about environmental challenges and encouraging responsible tourism behaviours. This includes promoting reef-safe sunscreen use, supporting local conservation projects, and choosing environmentally certified accommodation. Some destinations have introduced tourist taxes or environmental fees to fund climate adaptation and conservation initiatives.

The economic implications of climate change for coastal tourism are substantial. The United Nations World Tourism Organization estimates that coastal and maritime tourism accounts for approximately one-third of all international tourism revenue. Climate-related damage to coastal destinations therefore represents not just environmental loss but also significant economic disruption, particularly for small island developing states and coastal communities where tourism may be the primary source of income and employment. Early action to adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions is essential to preserve these valuable tourism assets for future generations.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the predicted sea level rise by the end of this century?
   A. Exactly one metre
   B. Up to one metre or possibly more
   C. Less than half a metre
   D. Two metres

2. The Maldives is mentioned as an example of:
   A. A country with successful coastal protection
   B. A destination that has stopped tourism
   C. A place facing serious threat from sea level rise
   D. An island with high elevation

3. Beach erosion in the Caribbean results in beaches losing:
   A. Up to one metre of width each year
   B. Up to two metres of width annually
   C. Three metres of width per year
   D. Half a metre of width yearly

4. The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season:
   A. Had no impact on tourism
   B. Caused minor damage to hotels
   C. Resulted in billions of dollars in damage
   D. Only affected one Caribbean island

5. What is the annual value generated by the Great Barrier Reef for tourism?
   A. USD 6 billion
   B. GBP 6 billion
   C. EUR 6 billion
   D. AUD 6 billion

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. All beach destinations are losing sand at the same rate.
7. Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria occurred in 2017.
8. Coral bleaching is caused by cooling ocean temperatures.
9. The Netherlands has developed floating hotels as an adaptation strategy.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Beach nourishment programmes require _____ and are costly for tourism communities.
11. Ocean warming and acidification are damaging _____ which are important for coastal tourism activities.
12. Mediterranean destinations may need to shift their peak season to _____ months.
13. Coastal and maritime tourism accounts for approximately _____ of all international tourism revenue.

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PASSAGE 2 – Winter Sports Tourism in a Warming World

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The winter sports tourism industry, a multibillion-dollar sector that supports countless mountain communities worldwide, is confronting one of its most significant challenges in history: the inexorable march of climate change. Ski resorts and winter tourism destinations across the globe are experiencing unprecedented alterations in snowfall patterns, temperature regimes, and season lengths, compelling the industry to fundamentally reassess its operational models and long-term viability. This transformation is not merely an environmental concern but represents a profound economic and social shift that will reshape mountain tourism in the decades to come.

A. The Changing Snow Landscape

Scientific evidence overwhelmingly indicates that winter temperatures are rising faster than summer temperatures in many mountain regions, a phenomenon known as elevation-dependent warming. This disproportionate warming at higher altitudes has severe implications for natural snowfall and snow retention. Research conducted across the European Alps demonstrates that the average snow season has shortened by approximately 38 days over the past century, with projections suggesting further reductions of 50-80 days by 2100 under current emission scenarios. Lower-altitude ski resorts, particularly those below 1,500 metres elevation, are experiencing the most dramatic impacts, with some facing the prospect of becoming economically unviable within the next two to three decades.

The variability and unpredictability of snowfall patterns have increased significantly, making it difficult for resort operators to plan seasons and for tourists to book holidays with confidence. Traditional winter sports destinations that once guaranteed reliable snow cover are now experiencing erratic patterns, with late-season snowfall, mid-winter thaws, and rain-on-snow events becoming more common. This unreliability affects not just skiing and snowboarding but the entire winter tourism ecosystem, including accommodation providers, restaurants, equipment rental shops, and associated services that depend on consistent visitor flows.

B. Artificial Snow: A Double-Edged Solution

In response to declining natural snowfall, the ski industry has invested heavily in snowmaking technology, with artificial snow production now standard at most major resorts. Modern snow cannons can cover vast areas of ski terrain, allowing resorts to open earlier and close later than natural conditions would permit. However, this technological solution comes with substantial environmental and economic costs. Snowmaking requires enormous quantities of water and energy; a single ski resort can consume as much water in a season as a town of 10,000 people and electricity equivalent to a small city.

The financial investment required for comprehensive snowmaking infrastructure is also considerable. Installing snow cannons, water reservoirs, and pumping systems across a ski area can cost tens of millions of dollars, with ongoing operational expenses adding significantly to resort running costs. These costs must ultimately be passed on to consumers through higher lift ticket prices, potentially pricing out middle-income families and reducing the accessibility of winter sports. Furthermore, artificial snow production becomes less effective as temperatures rise; most systems require temperatures below minus two degrees Celsius to operate efficiently, a threshold that is increasingly elusive at lower elevations.

C. Diversification and Year-Round Tourism

Forward-thinking mountain destinations are pursuing diversification strategies to reduce their dependence on winter sports tourism. Many resorts are developing year-round attractions including mountain biking trails, hiking routes, zip-lines, via ferratas, and adventure parks. The shoulder seasons – spring and autumn – are being actively marketed for activities such as trail running, paragliding, and nature-based tourism. Some destinations have invested in conference facilities and wellness centres to attract business and leisure visitors during non-winter months.

The transition to year-round tourism requires substantial capital investment and a fundamental reimagining of mountain tourism’s identity. Resorts must develop new infrastructure, train staff in different skills, and build entirely new marketing narratives. However, this diversification can increase resilience and create more stable employment for mountain communities. Zermatt in Switzerland exemplifies this approach, having successfully positioned itself as a four-season destination where winter sports represent just one component of a broader tourism offering that includes alpine culture, gastronomy, and mountaineering heritage.

D. Geographic Shifts and Winners and Losers

Climate change is creating geographic winners and losers within the winter sports tourism sector. Higher-altitude resorts and those in more northern latitudes are likely to maintain snow-reliable conditions for longer, potentially benefiting from the redistribution of tourist flows away from lower, warmer destinations. Scandinavian resorts, high-altitude Alpine destinations, and Rocky Mountain ski areas may see increased visitor numbers as traditional mid-altitude resorts become less viable.

This shift raises important questions about equity and regional development. Many lower-altitude ski areas are located in economically fragile rural regions where winter tourism represents the primary economic engine. The decline of these resorts could trigger outmigration, loss of services, and economic hardship for mountain communities with few alternative employment opportunities. Some analysts predict a consolidation of the industry, with resources and tourists concentrating at a smaller number of large, high-altitude resorts while smaller operations close.

E. Carbon Footprint Considerations

An often-overlooked aspect of winter sports tourism is its own contribution to climate change through the carbon emissions associated with travel, resort operations, and snowmaking. Long-distance air travel to ski destinations represents a significant portion of the sector’s carbon footprint, with a return flight from Europe to a North American ski resort generating more CO2 emissions than many people in developing countries produce in an entire year. Resort operations, including ski lift systems, snowmaking, heating, and lighting, also consume substantial energy, much of which is still derived from fossil fuels.

Some resorts are taking proactive steps to reduce their environmental impact. Initiatives include transitioning to renewable energy for lift operations and snowmaking, improving building energy efficiency, promoting public transport access, and offsetting unavoidable emissions. Aspen Snowmass in Colorado has committed to achieving net-zero emissions and has invested in renewable energy projects that now generate more clean energy than the resort consumes. However, such leadership examples remain the exception rather than the norm, and addressing the sector’s carbon footprint requires industry-wide transformation.

F. Future Outlook and Adaptation Imperatives

The future of winter sports tourism will likely feature fewer but larger resorts concentrated at higher elevations, shorter average seasons, greater reliance on artificial snow, higher costs for consumers, and more diversified mountain tourism offerings. Successful adaptation will require collaboration between resort operators, local communities, regional governments, and tourism organisations to develop comprehensive strategies that balance economic needs with environmental sustainability.

Investment in climate research and monitoring will be essential to help destinations make informed decisions about infrastructure investments and strategic planning. Some regions may need to accept that traditional winter sports tourism is no longer viable and pursue alternative development pathways. This honest assessment, while difficult, is preferable to maladaptive investments in infrastructure that will have short useful lifespans. The winter sports tourism industry stands at a critical juncture, and the decisions made in the coming decade will largely determine its shape and viability for the remainder of the century.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Matching Headings

The passage has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for sections A-E from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The financial and environmental challenges of making snow artificially
ii. How mountain resorts are creating attractions beyond skiing
iii. Evidence of warming effects on mountain snow conditions
iv. Regional disparities in climate change impacts on ski tourism
v. The environmental impact of ski resort operations and tourist travel
vi. Historical development of mountain tourism
vii. Government policies on winter sports
viii. Training requirements for ski instructors
ix. Consumer preferences in winter holidays

14. Section A
15. Section B
16. Section C
17. Section D
18. Section E

Questions 19-22: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage? Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19. All ski resorts below 1,500 metres will definitely close within 30 years.
20. Artificial snowmaking systems work effectively at any temperature.
21. Diversifying into year-round tourism requires significant investment and planning.
22. Most ski resorts have already achieved carbon neutrality.

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate change is causing significant challenges for winter sports tourism. The snow season in the Alps has become shorter by about 38 days over the last century. Many resorts have responded by investing in (23) , but this requires large amounts of water and energy. To become more sustainable, some mountain destinations are developing (24) to attract visitors throughout the year. This geographical shift is creating (25) within the industry, with high-altitude resorts likely to benefit. Looking ahead, the industry must make (26) between economic requirements and environmental protection.

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PASSAGE 3 – Climate-Induced Migration and the Transformation of Heritage Tourism

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The intricate relationship between climate change and cultural heritage tourism represents one of the most complex and multifaceted challenges confronting the contemporary tourism sector. As anthropogenic climate change accelerates, its impacts reverberate not merely through environmental systems but also through the cultural and social fabric of tourist destinations, precipitating changes in population distribution, cultural practices, and the very authenticity that makes heritage sites compelling to visitors. This confluence of environmental stress, human displacement, and tourism economics demands nuanced analysis that transcends traditional sector-specific approaches and acknowledges the interconnectedness of ecological, cultural, and economic systems.

Cultural heritage sites, many of which represent centuries or millennia of human achievement and collective memory, face unprecedented physical threats from climate change manifestations. Rising sea levels threaten coastal archaeological sites and historic port cities; Venice, with its Byzantine and Renaissance architecture, experiences increasingly frequent acqua alta flooding events that damage building foundations and cultural treasures. The ancient city of Carthage in Tunisia faces erosion from rising Mediterranean waters. Meanwhile, increased precipitation and humidity in tropical regions accelerate the biological degradation of historic structures through mould growth, timber rot, and masonry deterioration. Conversely, in arid regions, intensified desertification and sand movement threaten sites such as the ancient Silk Road cities of Central Asia. The Palmyra ruins in Syria, beyond conflict-related damage, face threats from changing wind patterns that alter sand deposition and erosion dynamics.

Permafrost thaw in Arctic and subarctic regions presents a particularly insidious threat to both natural and cultural heritage. As permanently frozen ground melts, it destabilises archaeological sites that have been preserved in frozen conditions for thousands of years, causing rapid deterioration of organic materials that would normally decompose. Indigenous communities in these regions are experiencing forced relocation as their traditional settlements become uninhabitable due to coastal erosion and ground subsidence, resulting in the loss of intangible cultural heritage including traditional practices, language use in specific contexts, and the spatial relationships that connect cultural narratives to particular landscapes.

The phenomenon of climate-induced migration creates complex implications for heritage tourism that extend far beyond physical site preservation. As populations relocate from environmentally stressed regions – whether due to sea-level rise, desertification, extreme weather events, or resource scarcity – the living cultural contexts that give heritage sites meaning and authenticity can be fundamentally disrupted. Heritage is not merely architectural structures or archaeological remains; it encompasses living traditions, crafts, languages, festivals, and the accumulated knowledge of communities that have inhabited these spaces across generations. When communities disperse, this intangible heritage becomes fragmented and diluted, potentially transforming heritage sites into mere physical relics disconnected from their cultural resonance.

Research in the Pacific Island nations illustrates this challenge acutely. As entire communities face the prospect of climate-induced relocation from low-lying atolls, questions arise about the future of heritage tourism to these destinations. Can cultural heritage be meaningfully experienced by visitors when the originating communities no longer inhabit these spaces? Does tourism to abandoned or partially abandoned climate-affected sites become a form of “last-chance tourism” – a phenomenon where the impending loss of destinations due to environmental change actually increases visitor interest, paradoxically generating tourism revenue even as the destination’s long-term viability collapses? Such dynamics raise profound ethical questions about tourism’s role in climate-affected regions and the responsibilities of the tourism industry toward vulnerable communities.

Di sản văn hóa thế giới đối mặt với các mối đe dọa từ biến đổi khí hậu

The concept of adaptive heritage management has emerged as a framework for addressing these challenges, emphasising flexibility, community participation, and anticipatory planning. This approach recognises that static preservation – maintaining sites exactly as they are – may be neither possible nor desirable under conditions of rapid environmental change. Instead, adaptive management incorporates dynamic conservation strategies that allow for change while preserving essential cultural values and meanings. This might include digital documentation and virtual reality preservation of sites facing inevitable loss, relocation of moveable heritage, or even managed retreat where resources are shifted from physical preservation to supporting community-based cultural practices.

However, adaptive heritage management confronts significant conceptual and practical obstacles. International heritage frameworks, particularly the UNESCO World Heritage system, have traditionally emphasised physical integrity and authenticity, creating institutional barriers to more flexible approaches. The financial architecture of heritage conservation tends to favour capital-intensive physical preservation projects over support for intangible cultural heritage or community-based adaptation. Moreover, the technical expertise required to implement sophisticated adaptive strategies is unevenly distributed globally, with many of the most vulnerable heritage sites located in countries with limited conservation resources and capacity.

The tourism industry’s response to climate threats facing heritage sites reveals considerable heterogeneity and evolving practice. Some tourism operators have embraced sustainable and responsible tourism principles, actively contributing to conservation efforts and supporting affected communities. Tour companies specialising in heritage destinations increasingly incorporate climate change education into their offerings, raising visitor awareness about threats facing sites and encouraging behaviour changes. The development of climate-conscious tourism certification schemes provides frameworks for operators to demonstrate environmental responsibility and communicate this to increasingly environmentally aware consumers.

Conversely, other segments of the industry exhibit maladaptive behaviours that exacerbate pressures on vulnerable heritage sites. Last-chance tourism, while economically beneficial in the short term, can accelerate environmental degradation through increased visitor pressure on already stressed sites. The cruise tourism sector, which brings large numbers of visitors to heritage cities like Venice and Dubrovnik, contributes to overtourism pressures that compound climate-related stresses on historic infrastructure. The carbon emissions from tourism travel, particularly aviation, contribute to the climate change that threatens these destinations, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of environmental harm.

Emerging research suggests that climate change may paradoxically create new heritage tourism opportunities even as it threatens existing ones. Archaeological sites previously buried under glaciers are being revealed as ice retreats, offering new windows into human history but simultaneously exposing these materials to rapid deterioration. Some regions experiencing reduced viability for traditional tourism forms may pivot toward heritage and cultural tourism as an alternative economic strategy. The ethics and sustainability of such developments require careful consideration – whether they represent genuine opportunities for economic diversification or constitute maladaptive responses that perpetuate unsustainable tourism models.

The intersection of climate change, migration, and heritage tourism ultimately demands integrated policy responses that transcend traditional sectoral boundaries. Effective adaptation requires coordination between environmental agencies, heritage conservation bodies, tourism authorities, and community organisations. International climate finance mechanisms should recognise heritage preservation as a legitimate adaptation priority, particularly for sites of outstanding universal value that represent humanity’s collective patrimony. Tourism revenue streams could be strategically directed toward climate adaptation and community resilience through mechanisms such as hypothecated visitor fees or conservation-linked tourism levies.

Looking forward, the relationship between climate change and heritage tourism will likely be characterised by increasing complexity, difficult trade-offs, and the necessity for transformative rather than incremental change. Some heritage sites will be lost despite best efforts at preservation, requiring societies to develop new approaches to memory and cultural continuity when physical sites no longer exist. The tourism industry must evolve from being merely a consumer of heritage resources to becoming an active partner in their preservation and in supporting the communities for whom these sites hold deep cultural significance. Success in this transformation will require not only technological and financial resources but also fundamental shifts in values, recognising that heritage is ultimately inseparable from the living communities and environments that give it meaning. The challenges are formidable, but the imperative to act is clear: failure to address the climate-heritage-tourism nexus will result in irreplaceable losses to humanity’s cultural legacy and to the communities whose identities and livelihoods are inextricably linked to these threatened places.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, cultural heritage sites face threats from climate change that include:
    A. Only rising sea levels
    B. Only increased precipitation
    C. Multiple environmental factors affecting different regions differently
    D. Exclusively human conflict

28. The term “acqua alta” refers to:
    A. A type of architecture in Venice
    B. Flooding events in Venice
    C. Ancient Roman water systems
    D. Mediterranean wind patterns

29. Permafrost thaw is described as “insidious” because:
    A. It happens very slowly over centuries
    B. It only affects modern buildings
    C. It destabilises sites and causes rapid deterioration of preserved materials
    D. It improves archaeological preservation

30. “Last-chance tourism” is characterised by:
    A. Decreased visitor interest in threatened destinations
    B. Increased tourism to sites facing impending environmental loss
    C. Government restrictions on tourism
    D. Lower prices for tourism packages

31. According to the passage, the UNESCO World Heritage system has traditionally emphasised:
    A. Digital preservation only
    B. Community relocation
    C. Physical integrity and authenticity
    D. Virtual reality technology

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Concepts:
32. Adaptive heritage management
33. Static preservation
34. Climate-conscious tourism certification
35. Hypothecated visitor fees
36. Intangible cultural heritage

Descriptions:
A. Maintaining sites exactly as they are without change
B. Traditional practices, languages, and community knowledge
C. Revenue specifically directed toward conservation and adaptation
D. Flexible approaches allowing change while preserving cultural values
E. Government subsidies for tourism operators
F. Framework demonstrating environmental responsibility to consumers
G. International trade agreements affecting tourism
H. Archaeological excavation techniques

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of climate change is mentioned as happening faster in mountain regions?
38. What becomes “mere physical relics” when communities disperse from heritage sites?
39. What kind of policy responses does the passage say are needed to address the climate-heritage-tourism intersection?
40. What does the passage say tourism revenue could be directed toward through conservation-linked tourism levies?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. NOT GIVEN
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. ongoing maintenance
11. marine ecosystems / coral reefs
12. spring and autumn
13. one-third

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. iii
15. i
16. ii
17. iv
18. v
19. NOT GIVEN
20. NO
21. YES
22. NO
23. snowmaking technology / snow cannons
24. year-round attractions
25. winners and losers
26. comprehensive strategies

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. D
33. A
34. F
35. C
36. B
37. elevation-dependent warming
38. heritage sites
39. integrated policy responses
40. climate adaptation / community resilience

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: predicted sea level rise, end of this century
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Scientists predict that global sea levels could rise by up to one metre by the end of this century, though some projections suggest even higher increases.” Từ “up to one metre” và “even higher increases” cho thấy đáp án B là chính xác nhất. Đáp án A sai vì không phải “exactly”, đáp án C và D không được đề cập.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Maldives, example
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Maldives được nói đến với cụm từ “face an existential threat” (đối mặt với mối đe dọa hiện hữu) do độ cao trung bình chỉ 1.5 mét. Đây là ví dụ điển hình cho một nơi bị đe dọa nghiêm trọng bởi nước biển dâng.

Câu 6: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: All beach destinations, losing sand, same rate
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập đến tốc độ xói mòn bãi biển ở Caribbean (up to two metres annually) nhưng không so sánh với các điểm đến khác hay nói rằng tất cả đều bị xói mòn với cùng tốc độ.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Coral bleaching, cooling ocean temperatures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Coral reefs… are experiencing widespread bleaching events due to warming waters” (do nước ấm lên), ngược lại với “cooling” trong câu hỏi, do đó đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 10: ongoing maintenance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Beach nourishment programmes, costly
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài viết: “Such programmes are expensive and require ongoing maintenance.” Đáp án chính xác là “ongoing maintenance”.

Câu 13: one-third

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Coastal and maritime tourism, international tourism revenue
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “coastal and maritime tourism accounts for approximately one-third of all international tourism revenue.”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: iii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Nội dung section A: The Changing Snow Landscape
• Giải thích: Section A tập trung vào bằng chứng khoa học về sự nóng lên của vùng núi (elevation-dependent warming), mùa tuyết ngắn đi 38 ngày, và tác động đến các khu trượt tuyết. Heading iii “Evidence of warming effects on mountain snow conditions” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 15: i

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Nội dung section B: Artificial Snow: A Double-Edged Solution
• Giải thích: Section B thảo luận về công nghệ làm tuyết nhân tạo, chi phí tài chính và môi trường (nước, điện năng), và các hạn chế của giải pháp này. Heading i “The financial and environmental challenges of making snow artificially” khớp hoàn toàn.

Câu 19: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: All ski resorts below 1,500 metres, definitely close, 30 years
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rằng các khu trượt tuyết dưới 1,500m “are experiencing the most dramatic impacts” và “some facing the prospect of becoming economically unviable within the next two to three decades”, nhưng không nói “tất cả sẽ đóng cửa chắc chắn”. Từ “some” và “prospect” cho thấy đây là khả năng, không phải điều chắc chắn.

Câu 20: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Artificial snowmaking systems, work effectively, any temperature
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “most systems require temperatures below minus two degrees Celsius to operate efficiently”, nghĩa là không hoạt động hiệu quả ở mọi nhiệt độ. Đây mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu hỏi.

Câu 23: snowmaking technology / snow cannons

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: resorts responded, investing
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “the ski industry has invested heavily in snowmaking technology” và “Modern snow cannons can cover vast areas”. Cả hai đáp án đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 26: comprehensive strategies

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: balance, economic requirements, environmental protection
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F, đoạn đầu
• Giải thích: “develop comprehensive strategies that balance economic needs with environmental sustainability” – paraphrase của “balance economic requirements and environmental protection”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: cultural heritage sites, threats, climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, toàn bộ
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 liệt kê nhiều mối đe dọa khác nhau: nước biển dâng ở Venice và Carthage, độ ẩm tăng ở vùng nhiệt đới, sa mạc hóa ở vùng khô hạn, thay đổi gió ở Palmyra. Điều này cho thấy các yếu tố môi trường đa dạng ảnh hưởng khác nhau đến các khu vực khác nhau (đáp án C).

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “acqua alta”
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Venice… experiences increasingly frequent acqua alta flooding events” – cụm từ “flooding events” ngay sau “acqua alta” cho biết đây là hiện tượng lũ lụt.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “last-chance tourism”
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa: “last-chance tourism – a phenomenon where the impending loss of destinations due to environmental change actually increases visitor interest” – mất mát sắp xảy ra làm tăng sự quan tâm của du khách (đáp án B).

Câu 32: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: Adaptive heritage management
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “adaptive heritage management… emphasising flexibility, community participation, and anticipatory planning” và “allow for change while preserving essential cultural values” khớp với description D.

Câu 36: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: Intangible cultural heritage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: “intangible heritage… encompasses living traditions, crafts, languages, festivals, and the accumulated knowledge” – đây chính xác là “Traditional practices, languages, and community knowledge” (description B).

Câu 37: elevation-dependent warming

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: climate change, faster, mountain regions
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn đầu của Passage 2
• Giải thích: “winter temperatures are rising faster than summer temperatures in many mountain regions, a phenomenon known as elevation-dependent warming.”

Câu 39: integrated policy responses

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: policy responses, climate-heritage-tourism intersection
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn gần cuối, đoạn bắt đầu “The intersection of climate change”
• Giải thích: “The intersection of climate change, migration, and heritage tourism ultimately demands integrated policy responses…”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
inundate	v	/ˈɪnʌndeɪt/	Ngập lụt, nhận chìm	This rise threatens to inundate low-lying coastal areas	inundate with water, be inundated by
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	Làm trầm trọng thêm	Beach erosion, exacerbated by rising seas	exacerbate the problem, be exacerbated by
nourishment	n	/ˈnʌrɪʃmənt/	Sự bồi đắp (bãi biển)	Costs of beach nourishment programmes	beach nourishment, sand nourishment
prolonged	adj	/prəˈlɒŋd/	Kéo dài, lâu dài	Resulted in prolonged closures of major resorts	prolonged period, prolonged exposure
bleaching	n	/ˈbliːtʃɪŋ/	Sự tẩy trắng (san hô)	Coral reefs are experiencing widespread bleaching events	coral bleaching, bleaching events
unseasonable	adj	/ʌnˈsiːzənəbl/	Không đúng mùa, bất thường	Unseasonable heat waves	unseasonable weather, unseasonable temperatures
redistribution	n	/ˌriːdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/	Sự phân phối lại	This redistribution of tourist flows	redistribution of resources, income redistribution
amphibious	adj	/æmˈfɪbiəs/	Lưỡng cư, có thể nổi	Amphibious buildings that can rise with flood waters	amphibious vehicles, amphibious architecture
resilient	adj	/rɪˈzɪliənt/	Có khả năng phục hồi	Climate-resistant infrastructure	be resilient to, resilient systems
implications	n	/ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃnz/	Hệ quả, tác động	The economic implications of climate change	have implications for, serious implications

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
inexorable	adj	/ɪnˈeksərəbl/	Không thể ngăn cản	The inexorable march of climate change	inexorable decline, inexorable process
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	Chưa từng có	Experiencing unprecedented alterations	unprecedented levels, unprecedented changes
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	Không cân đối, mất cân xứng	This disproportionate warming at higher altitudes	disproportionate impact, disproportionately affected
unviable	adj	/ʌnˈvaɪəbl/	Không khả thi	Becoming economically unviable	economically unviable, commercially unviable
unpredictability	n	/ˌʌnprɪˌdɪktəˈbɪləti/	Tính không thể dự đoán	The variability and unpredictability of snowfall	increase unpredictability, weather unpredictability
elusive	adj	/ɪˈluːsɪv/	Khó nắm bắt, khó đạt được	A threshold that is increasingly elusive	remain elusive, prove elusive
via ferrata	n	/ˌviːə fəˈrɑːtə/	Đường leo núi có dây cáp	Including via ferratas and adventure parks	climb a via ferrata
consolidation	n	/kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃn/	Sự củng cố, hợp nhất	Predict a consolidation of the industry	industry consolidation, market consolidation
carbon footprint	n	/ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/	Dấu chân carbon	The sector’s carbon footprint	reduce carbon footprint, calculate carbon footprint
maladaptive	adj	/ˌmæləˈdæptɪv/	Không thích nghi được	Maladaptive investments in infrastructure	maladaptive behaviour, maladaptive strategies
juncture	n	/ˈdʒʌŋktʃə(r)/	Thời điểm quan trọng	Stands at a critical juncture	at this juncture, critical juncture
diversification	n	/daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	Sự đa dạng hóa	Pursuing diversification strategies	economic diversification, portfolio diversification

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	Phức tạp, rắc rối	The intricate relationship between climate change and heritage	intricate pattern, intricate details
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	Do con người gây ra	Anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impacts
reverberate	v	/rɪˈvɜːbəreɪt/	Lan truyền, gây ảnh hưởng lớn	Its impacts reverberate through environmental systems	reverberate through, reverberate across
precipitate	v	/prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/	Gây ra, thúc đẩy	Precipitating changes in population distribution	precipitate a crisis, precipitate change
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	Sự hợp lưu	This confluence of environmental stress	confluence of factors, at the confluence
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	Tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái	Demands nuanced analysis	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
insidious	adj	/ɪnˈsɪdiəs/	Ngấm ngầm, âm thầm	Presents a particularly insidious threat	insidious effects, insidious nature
intangible	adj	/ɪnˈtændʒəbl/	Vô hình, phi vật chất	Loss of intangible cultural heritage	intangible assets, intangible heritage
acutely	adv	/əˈkjuːtli/	Một cách nghiêm trọng	Illustrates this challenge acutely	acutely aware, acutely sensitive
paradoxically	adv	/ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkli/	Một cách nghịch lý	Paradoxically generating tourism revenue	paradoxically increase, paradoxically reduce
heterogeneity	n	/ˌhetərədʒəˈniːəti/	Tính không đồng nhất	Response reveals considerable heterogeneity	genetic heterogeneity, cultural heterogeneity
maladaptive	adj	/ˌmæləˈdæptɪv/	Không thích nghi	Exhibit maladaptive behaviours	maladaptive responses, maladaptive coping
self-reinforcing	adj	/self rɪɪnˈfɔːsɪŋ/	Tự củng cố	Creating a self-reinforcing cycle	self-reinforcing process, self-reinforcing feedback
hypothecated	adj	/haɪˈpɒθɪkeɪtɪd/	Được phân bổ mục đích riêng	Through hypothecated visitor fees	hypothecated taxes, hypothecated funding
patrimony	n	/ˈpætrɪməni/	Di sản	Humanity’s collective patrimony	cultural patrimony, national patrimony
inextricably	adv	/ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbli/	Một cách không thể tách rời	Are inextricably linked to these places	inextricably linked, inextricably bound
transformative	adj	/trænsˈfɔːmətɪv/	Mang tính chuyển đổi	Transformative rather than incremental change	transformative impact, transformative approach
irreplaceable	adj	/ˌɪrɪˈpleɪsəbl/	Không thể thay thế	Result in irreplaceable losses	irreplaceable loss, irreplaceable value

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Kết bài

Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến du lịch toàn cầu là một chủ đề vô cùng quan trọng và xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều trong các đề thi IELTS Reading. Qua bài thi mẫu này, bạn đã được thực hành với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ việc tìm hiểu về du lịch ven biển, du lịch thể thao mùa đông, đến những vấn đề phức tạp hơn về di cư và di sản văn hóa.

Ba passages trong đề thi đã cung cấp đầy đủ các mức độ từ Easy đến Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thật và rèn luyện khả năng đọc hiểu dần dần. Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và Short-answer Questions, bạn đã có cơ hội thực hành toàn diện các dạng bài phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và đoạn văn, và lý do tại sao đáp án đó là chính xác. Điều này giúp bạn tự đánh giá được điểm mạnh và điểm yếu của mình, từ đó có kế hoạch cải thiện phù hợp.

Bảng từ vựng được phân chia theo từng passage cung cấp cho bạn những từ vựng học thuật quan trọng, kèm theo phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ minh họa và collocations thông dụng. Việc học từ vựng trong ngữ cảnh như vậy sẽ giúp bạn ghi nhớ lâu hơn và sử dụng hiệu quả trong cả phần Reading lẫn Writing.

Những kỹ thuật làm bài được thể hiện qua các câu hỏi và giải thích đáp án sẽ giúp bạn phát triển chiến lược làm bài bài bản: cách xác định từ khóa, cách tìm kiếm thông tin trong đoạn văn, cách phân biệt True/False/Not Given, và cách quản lý thời gian hiệu quả. Hãy áp dụng những kỹ thuật này vào quá trình luyện tập thường xuyên để nâng cao band điểm Reading của bạn.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Hãy nhớ rằng, sự kiên trì luyện tập và việc phân tích kỹ lưỡng các đáp án sẽ là chìa khóa giúp bạn cải thiện kỹ năng đọc hiểu và tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi.