IELTS Reading: Tác Động Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Lên Đa Dạng Sinh Học Biển – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On Marine Biodiversity” (Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu lên đa dạng sinh học biển) là một trong những đề tài khoa học môi trường xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Với sự gia tăng các vấn đề môi trường toàn cầu, các bài đọc liên quan đến biến đổi khí hậu, đại dương và sinh thái học đã trở thành xu hướng phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS từ năm 2018 đến nay, đặc biệt trong Cambridge IELTS 14-19.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn thi thật. Bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm từ độ khó Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) ở Passage 1, tăng dần lên Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) ở Passage 2, và đạt đỉnh điểm với Hard (Band 7.0-9.0) ở Passage 3. Mỗi passage đi kèm với 13-14 câu hỏi thuộc nhiều dạng khác nhau như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion, giúp bạn làm quen với đầy đủ các dạng bài trong kỳ thi thực tế.

Ngoài đề thi mẫu, bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, phân tích kỹ thuật paraphrase, vị trí thông tin trong bài, và bảng từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage. Tài liệu này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn đang nhắm đến band điểm 6.5-7.5 trong phần Reading.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

Bài thi IELTS Reading bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi, thời gian làm bài là 60 phút. Điều quan trọng là bạn phải tự quản lý thời gian hiệu quả vì không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet như phần Listening.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (bài dễ nhất, cần tận dụng để lấy điểm tối đa)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần thời gian suy luận)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (bài khó nhất, từ vựng chuyên sâu, cần đọc kỹ)

Lưu ý dành khoảng 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra lại đáp án, đặc biệt chú ý chính tả trong các câu hỏi dạng điền từ.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Ocean’s Changing Colors

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The world’s oceans are undergoing dramatic transformations as a result of climate change, and one of the most visible signs of this change is the alteration in ocean color. Scientists have observed that large areas of the ocean are shifting from their traditional blue and green hues to different shades, a phenomenon that reveals much about the health of marine ecosystems.

Ocean color is determined primarily by phytoplankton, microscopic plant-like organisms that float near the surface of the water. These tiny creatures contain chlorophyll, the same green pigment found in land plants, which they use to convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. When phytoplankton populations are abundant, they make the ocean appear greener. In areas where phytoplankton are scarce, the ocean tends to look bluer because we see the water itself rather than the organisms within it.

Recent satellite observations have shown that ocean colors are changing at an unprecedented rate. Between 2000 and 2020, approximately 56% of the world’s oceans experienced significant color changes. The tropical and subtropical regions have been particularly affected, with many areas showing a shift toward greener waters. This might sound positive at first, as green typically indicates the presence of life. However, scientists warn that these changes signal fundamental disruptions to marine food webs and ecosystems.

The primary driver of these color changes is ocean warming. As global temperatures rise, the upper layers of the ocean absorb more heat, creating a stratified structure where warm water sits on top of cooler, deeper water. This thermal stratification acts like a barrier, preventing nutrients from the deep ocean from reaching the surface where phytoplankton live. Different species of phytoplankton thrive under different conditions, and as ocean temperatures and nutrient availability change, so does the composition of phytoplankton communities.

Some regions are experiencing an increase in phytoplankton blooms, while others are becoming marine deserts with very little life. In the Arctic Ocean, for instance, warming temperatures have led to reduced ice cover, allowing more sunlight to penetrate the water. This has resulted in explosive growth of phytoplankton in areas that were previously too cold and dark to support much life. Conversely, many tropical oceans are becoming clearer and bluer, indicating a decline in phytoplankton populations as stratification intensifies and nutrients become increasingly scarce at the surface.

These changes have cascading effects throughout the marine food web. Phytoplankton form the base of the ocean food chain, supporting everything from tiny zooplankton to enormous whales. When phytoplankton communities change, all the animals that depend on them are affected. Fish populations may shift to different areas in search of food, disrupting commercial fisheries and affecting the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on the ocean for protein and income.

Moreover, changes in phytoplankton populations have implications for the global carbon cycle. Phytoplankton absorb approximately 50 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year through photosynthesis, roughly equivalent to the amount absorbed by all land plants combined. When these organisms die, they sink to the ocean floor, effectively sequestering carbon in the deep ocean for centuries. Any significant change in phytoplankton populations could therefore affect the ocean’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide, potentially accelerating climate change.

Scientists are using advanced satellite technology to monitor these changes with unprecedented precision. Ocean color sensors aboard satellites can detect subtle variations in the light reflected from the ocean surface, allowing researchers to track changes in phytoplankton populations and identify shifts in marine ecosystems before they become obvious through other means. This technology has become an essential tool for understanding how climate change is affecting ocean life.

The changing colors of our oceans serve as a visible reminder of the profound ways in which human activities are altering the planet. While the ocean may look beautiful from space, with its swirling patterns of blue and green, these colors tell a story of ecosystems under stress and communities of organisms struggling to adapt to rapidly changing conditions. Understanding these changes is crucial for predicting how marine ecosystems will respond to continued warming and for developing strategies to protect ocean biodiversity in the face of climate change.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Ocean color is mainly determined by the presence of phytoplankton in the water.
2. Green ocean water always indicates a healthy marine ecosystem.
3. More than half of the world’s oceans showed color changes between 2000 and 2020.
4. Ocean warming creates layers of water at different temperatures that prevent nutrient circulation.
5. The Arctic Ocean has experienced a decrease in phytoplankton populations due to ice melting.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. Phytoplankton use __ to produce energy from sunlight.
7. Tropical oceans are becoming clearer as __ makes it difficult for nutrients to reach the surface.
8. Phytoplankton remove about 50 billion tonnes of __ from the atmosphere annually.
9. Scientists use __ mounted on satellites to observe changes in ocean color.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, what happens when phytoplankton populations are low?

    • A) The ocean appears greener
    • B) The ocean looks bluer
    • C) The ocean becomes warmer
    • D) The ocean reflects more sunlight

11. Why are color changes in tropical and subtropical oceans concerning?

    • A) They indicate an increase in dangerous algae
    • B) They signal disruptions to marine food systems
    • C) They show that water temperatures are decreasing
    • D) They prove that fish populations are growing

12. What effect does reduced Arctic ice cover have on phytoplankton?

    • A) It decreases their growth rate
    • B) It has no significant impact
    • C) It allows rapid population growth
    • D) It changes their color permanently

13. How do changes in phytoplankton populations potentially affect climate change?

    • A) They increase ocean temperatures directly
    • B) They reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the ocean
    • C) They may alter the ocean’s capacity to absorb carbon dioxide
    • D) They cause more ice to melt in polar regions

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PASSAGE 2 – Coral Reefs: The Rainforests of the Sea Under Threat

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

Coral reefs, often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea,” represent one of the most biodiverse and economically valuable ecosystems on Earth. Covering less than 0.1% of the ocean floor, these magnificent structures support approximately 25% of all marine species, providing habitat, feeding grounds, and nursery areas for countless organisms. However, these vital ecosystems are facing an existential crisis as climate change creates conditions that threaten their very survival.

A
The foundation of coral reefs lies in a remarkable symbiotic relationship between coral polyps—tiny animals related to jellyfish—and zooxanthellae, microscopic algae that live within the coral’s tissues. This partnership is exquisitely fine-tuned to specific environmental conditions. The zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy and providing up to 90% of the coral’s nutritional needs. In return, the coral provides the algae with a protected environment and access to the nutrients required for photosynthesis. This mutually beneficial arrangement allows corals to thrive in nutrient-poor tropical waters and construct the massive reef structures that support entire marine communities.

B
Climate change disrupts this delicate balance in multiple ways, with ocean warming being the most immediate and visible threat. When water temperatures rise even 1-2°C above normal summer maximums, corals experience thermal stress that triggers a phenomenon known as coral bleaching. Under these conditions, the symbiotic relationship breaks down, and corals expel their zooxanthellae. Without these colorful algae, the coral appears white or “bleached,” revealing the white calcium carbonate skeleton beneath. While bleached corals are not dead, they are severely weakened and can only survive for weeks or months without their algal partners. If stressful conditions persist, mass mortality events occur.

C
The frequency and severity of bleaching events have increased dramatically in recent decades. The Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral reef system stretching over 2,300 kilometers along Australia’s coast, has experienced five mass bleaching events since 1998, with the most severe occurring in 2016, 2017, and 2020. Previously, such events were rare enough that reefs could recover between them, with healthy corals repopulating damaged areas over a period of 10-15 years. However, the shortened interval between bleaching events means that many reefs no longer have sufficient time to recover before being hit again, leading to a downward spiral of degradation.

D
Ocean acidification represents another insidious threat to coral reefs. As the ocean absorbs excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, chemical reactions occur that increase the water’s acidity and reduce the availability of carbonate ions, the building blocks corals need to construct their calcium carbonate skeletons. Studies indicate that ocean acidity has increased by approximately 30% since the Industrial Revolution, and projections suggest it could rise by another 100-150% by 2100 if emissions continue at current rates. Under more acidic conditions, coral growth rates slow significantly, and existing reef structures begin to erode faster than they can be rebuilt, fundamentally altering the physical structure that supports reef ecosystems.

E
Rising sea levels, another consequence of climate change, create additional challenges for shallow-water coral species. Corals have adapted to live at specific depths where light levels are optimal for their zooxanthellae to photosynthesize. As sea levels rise—projected to increase by 0.5 to 1 meter by 2100—some corals may find themselves in deeper, darker waters with insufficient light. While corals can potentially grow upward to maintain their preferred depth, the rapid pace of current sea-level rise may exceed the growth rates of many species, particularly those already weakened by bleaching and acidification.

F
The synergistic effects of these multiple stressors create conditions far more damaging than any single threat alone. Corals weakened by bleaching become more susceptible to diseases, which are themselves becoming more prevalent in warmer waters. Acidification makes it harder for corals to repair damage and compete with algae that can quickly overgrow weakened reefs. Meanwhile, changes in ocean currents and storm patterns associated with climate change can physically damage reef structures and alter the distribution of coral larvae, affecting reefs’ ability to regenerate after disturbances.

G
The decline of coral reefs has far-reaching consequences that extend well beyond marine biodiversity. Approximately 500 million people worldwide depend directly on coral reefs for food, income, and coastal protection. Reefs act as natural barriers that reduce wave energy by up to 97%, protecting coastal communities from storms and erosion. The annual economic value of coral reefs is estimated at $375 billion, derived from fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection services. The loss of these ecosystems would therefore represent not only an ecological catastrophe but also a humanitarian and economic crisis of significant magnitude.

H
Despite this bleak outlook, scientists and conservationists are working on innovative strategies to enhance reef resilience. Some researchers are identifying and cultivating “super corals“—individuals that show greater tolerance to heat stress—with the goal of using them to restore damaged reefs. Others are developing artificial reef structures that provide habitat while scientists work to address the underlying climate issues. Additionally, assisted evolution techniques, including selective breeding and the introduction of more heat-tolerant zooxanthellae strains, show promise in laboratory settings, though their real-world effectiveness and ecological implications remain uncertain.

However, scientists emphasize that these interventions, while valuable, can only buy time. The ultimate solution to the coral reef crisis requires rapid and substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to limit further warming and acidification of the oceans. Without addressing the root causes of climate change, even the most sophisticated conservation efforts may prove insufficient to save these irreplaceable ecosystems for future generations.

Questions 14-20

The passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H.

14. A description of how corals obtain most of their energy
15. Information about the economic value that coral reefs provide to humans
16. An explanation of why consecutive bleaching events are particularly damaging
17. Details about how increased carbon dioxide affects coral skeleton formation
18. A mention of experimental approaches to develop more resilient coral species
19. The percentage of marine species that depend on coral reef habitats
20. How sea level changes affect the amount of light available to corals

Questions 21-24

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Coral bleaching occurs when rising water temperatures cause 21) __ between corals and their algae partners. When stressed, corals expel the algae, exposing their white 22) __. The Great Barrier Reef has suffered five mass bleaching events since 1998, with insufficient 23) __ between them preventing full recovery. Scientists are developing 24) __ that show better heat tolerance as one potential solution.

Questions 25-26

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO of the following statements are true according to the passage?

A) Coral reefs cover approximately 25% of the ocean floor.
B) Ocean acidity has risen by about 30% since the Industrial Revolution.
C) Coral reefs can reduce wave energy by nearly all of it.
D) Sea levels are expected to rise by 5 to 10 meters by 2100.
E) All coral species can grow quickly enough to keep pace with rising sea levels.

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PASSAGE 3 – Cascading Trophic Effects: Climate Change and Marine Food Web Dynamics

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The intricate architecture of marine food webs represents one of nature’s most complex organizational systems, characterized by multifaceted interactions spanning multiple trophic levels from primary producers to apex predators. Climate change is fundamentally restructuring these networks through mechanisms that operate across vastly different spatial and temporal scales, creating perturbations that propagate through entire ecosystems in ways that challenge our capacity to predict and manage their consequences. Understanding these trophic cascades—the sequential effects that changes at one level of the food web have on other levels—has become central to assessing the full impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine biodiversity.

At the foundation of marine food webs, alterations in the phenology and biogeography of phytoplankton communities are creating asynchronies between primary producers and their consumers. Climate-driven changes in ocean temperature, stratification, and nutrient availability are shifting the timing of phytoplankton blooms, traditionally timed to coincide with the reproductive cycles of zooplankton and the ontogenetic development of fish larvae. This temporal mismatch hypothesis, extensively documented in both marine and terrestrial systems, posits that when consumers emerge or reproduce at times when their food resources are unavailable or suboptimal, recruitment success declines precipitously. In the North Atlantic, for instance, the spring phytoplankton bloom now occurs approximately three weeks earlier than it did in the 1950s, but many zooplankton species have not adjusted their life cycles accordingly, resulting in dramatically reduced populations of species such as Calanus finmarchicus, a copepod that serves as a critical food source for commercially important fish species.

The consequences of these basal disruptions propagate upward through the food web in complex, often counterintuitive ways. Classical ecological theory suggests that changes in primary productivity should translate linearly through successive trophic levels, with each level exhibiting approximately 10% of the energy available to the level below—the so-called “trophic efficiency” principle. However, empirical observations reveal far more nuanced dynamics. The concept of “wasp-waist” food webs, where ecosystem structure is controlled by a relatively small number of intermediate-trophic-level species, explains why impacts on these critical species can have disproportionate effects on both lower and higher trophic levels. In the California Current system, climate-induced changes in upwelling patterns affect populations of planktivorous fish such as anchovies and sardines, which in turn influence both phytoplankton abundance through top-down control and seabird populations through bottom-up forcing.

The spatial dimension of these changes adds another layer of complexity. As ocean temperatures rise, species are shifting their distributions poleward at an average rate of approximately 70 kilometers per decade, substantially faster than the terrestrial range shifts observed for land species. However, different species move at different rates depending on their thermal tolerance, dispersal capabilities, and habitat requirements, leading to the formation of “novel ecosystems“—communities of species that have no historical precedent for coexistence. These emergent assemblages often lack the co-evolutionary history that shapes predator-prey relationships, competitive interactions, and mutualistic associations in established communities, making their long-term stability and functioning highly uncertain.

Particularly concerning are the non-linear responses and potential regime shifts that may occur when marine ecosystems are pushed beyond critical thresholds. Ecological resilience theory suggests that ecosystems can absorb considerable stress while maintaining their fundamental structure and function, but beyond certain tipping points, they may transition abruptly to alternative stable states that are difficult or impossible to reverse. The phase shift from coral-dominated reefs to algae-dominated systems following bleaching events exemplifies this phenomenon. Similarly, the collapse of kelp forests and their replacement by “urchin barrens” demonstrates how the removal of key predators—often due to climate-driven range shifts or fishing pressure—can trigger cascading effects that fundamentally alter ecosystem structure.

The interactive effects of climate change with other anthropogenic stressors compound these challenges. Ocean acidification not only directly impairs calcifying organisms but also appears to affect fish behavior, with studies indicating that elevated CO₂ levels can disrupt olfactory cues that fish larvae use to locate suitable habitat and avoid predators. Overfishing selectively removes large predators, fundamentally altering food web structure and potentially making ecosystems more vulnerable to climate impacts by reducing functional redundancy—the presence of multiple species that perform similar ecological roles and can compensate for each other’s decline. Pollution, habitat destruction, and invasive species further degrade ecosystem resilience, creating synergistic effects where the combined impact exceeds the sum of individual stressors.

Advanced modeling approaches are attempting to capture these complexities, moving beyond simple bioclimatic envelope models toward mechanistic frameworks that incorporate physiological constraints, species interactions, and adaptive capacity. End-to-end ecosystem models that link physical oceanography with biogeochemistry and food web dynamics are providing insights into potential future scenarios, though substantial uncertainties remain regarding species’ plasticity, evolutionary adaptation, and the emergence of novel interactions in reconfigured communities. These models increasingly emphasize the importance of functional traits—characteristics such as body size, trophic position, and thermal tolerance—over taxonomic identity in predicting ecosystem responses to environmental change.

From a conservation perspective, these insights highlight the necessity of moving beyond traditional single-species management approaches toward ecosystem-based management that considers the full complexity of species interactions and environmental drivers. Protecting climate refugia—areas where local conditions may buffer against regional climate trends—and maintaining connectivity between habitats to facilitate range shifts are emerging as key strategies. However, the pervasive and accelerating nature of climate change means that even the most comprehensive conservation efforts may prove insufficient without dramatic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The restructuring of marine food webs under climate change thus represents not merely an ecological challenge but an imperative test of humanity’s capacity to reconcile economic development with the preservation of the natural systems upon which we ultimately depend.

The trajectory of marine biodiversity over the coming decades will be determined by decisions made in the immediate future regarding emissions pathways, conservation priorities, and resource management. While the complexity of marine ecosystems makes precise predictions elusive, the fundamental principles of ecology make clear that continued climate change will drive unprecedented transformations in the structure and functioning of marine food webs, with consequences that extend far beyond the ocean itself to affect global biogeochemical cycles, food security, and the livelihoods of billions of people worldwide.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, what is the main reason that climate change effects on marine food webs are difficult to predict?

    • A) Marine ecosystems are too small to study effectively
    • B) Interactions occur across different scales in complex ways
    • C) Scientists lack the necessary technology to observe changes
    • D) Marine species reproduce too slowly for patterns to emerge

28. The temporal mismatch hypothesis suggests that:

    • A) phytoplankton blooms always occur at the wrong time
    • B) zooplankton cannot adapt to any environmental changes
    • C) misalignment between food availability and consumer needs reduces survival
    • D) climate change has no effect on reproduction timing

29. What is meant by “wasp-waist” food webs?

    • A) Food webs that are controlled entirely by apex predators
    • B) Ecosystems where mid-level species have disproportionate influence
    • C) Marine systems that contain only small organisms
    • D) Food webs that are particularly vulnerable to fishing

30. Novel ecosystems are problematic because:

    • A) they contain too many invasive species
    • B) they are always less biodiverse than natural systems
    • C) species lack shared evolutionary history and established relationships
    • D) they cannot support any commercial fishing activities

31. The passage suggests that ocean acidification affects fish primarily by:

    • A) directly harming their physical development
    • B) reducing the amount of food available to them
    • C) interfering with their sensory abilities
    • D) forcing them to migrate to unsuitable areas

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.

Marine species are shifting their ranges poleward at approximately 32) __ per decade. Different species move at different rates, creating communities with no 33) __ for coexistence. Ecosystems can withstand stress while maintaining their structure, but beyond certain 34) __, they may shift to alternative states. The collapse of kelp forests into 35) __ demonstrates this phenomenon. Conservation strategies must focus on protecting climate 36) __ and maintaining habitat connectivity.

A) 70 kilometers
B) 50 kilometers
C) historical precedent
D) scientific evidence
E) tipping points
F) starting points
G) urchin barrens
H) coral reefs
I) refugia
J) barriers
K) diversity
L) productivity

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Changes in primary productivity always have predictable effects on higher trophic levels.
38. Marine species are shifting their geographic ranges faster than terrestrial species.
39. All fish species will eventually adapt successfully to elevated CO₂ levels.
40. Effective conservation of marine biodiversity requires both ecosystem management and emissions reduction.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. chlorophyll
7. stratification
8. carbon dioxide
9. ocean color sensors / color sensors
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. A
15. G
16. C
17. D
18. H
19. (First paragraph – no letter assigned, but information is there)
20. E
21. thermal stress
22. calcium carbonate skeleton / carbonate skeleton
23. time / recovery time
24. super corals
25. B, C (in any order)
26. B, C (in any order)

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. C
32. A
33. C
34. E
35. G
36. I
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: ocean color, determined, phytoplankton
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Ocean color is determined primarily by phytoplankton” – màu sắc đại dương chủ yếu được xác định bởi phytoplankton. Câu hỏi sử dụng “mainly determined” là paraphrase của “determined primarily”, do đó đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: green ocean water, always, healthy marine ecosystem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài đọc có câu “This might sound positive at first, as green typically indicates the presence of life. However, scientists warn that these changes signal fundamental disruptions…” – Từ “However” cho thấy màu xanh lục không phải lúc nào cũng là dấu hiệu tích cực. Câu hỏi dùng “always” (luôn luôn) mà bài bác bỏ điều này, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: more than half, world’s oceans, color changes, 2000-2020
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “approximately 56% of the world’s oceans experienced significant color changes” trong giai đoạn 2000-2020. “More than half” (hơn một nửa) tương đương với 56%, nên đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 4: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: ocean warming, layers, different temperatures, prevent nutrient circulation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: Bài đọc giải thích “creating a stratified structure where warm water sits on top of cooler, deeper water. This thermal stratification acts like a barrier, preventing nutrients from the deep ocean from reaching the surface”. “Layers at different temperatures” = “stratified structure”, “prevent nutrient circulation” = “preventing nutrients… from reaching the surface”. Đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 5: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Arctic Ocean, decrease, phytoplankton populations, ice melting
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “In the Arctic Ocean… warming temperatures have led to reduced ice cover, allowing more sunlight to penetrate the water. This has resulted in explosive growth of phytoplankton”. Đây là sự gia tăng (increase/explosive growth), không phải giảm (decrease), nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 6: chlorophyll

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: phytoplankton, use, produce energy, sunlight
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “These tiny creatures contain chlorophyll… which they use to convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.” Từ cần điền là “chlorophyll”.

Câu 7: stratification

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: tropical oceans, becoming clearer, difficult, nutrients, reach surface
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “Many tropical oceans are becoming clearer and bluer… as stratification intensifies and nutrients become increasingly scarce at the surface.” Từ cần điền là “stratification”.

Câu 8: carbon dioxide

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: phytoplankton, remove, 50 billion tonnes, atmosphere, annually
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Phytoplankton absorb approximately 50 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year”. “Remove” là paraphrase của “absorb”. Đáp án là “carbon dioxide”.

Câu 9: ocean color sensors / color sensors

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: scientists use, satellites, observe changes, ocean color
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Ocean color sensors aboard satellites can detect subtle variations…” Cả “ocean color sensors” hoặc “color sensors” đều được chấp nhận (không quá hai từ).

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: phytoplankton populations low, happens
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “In areas where phytoplankton are scarce, the ocean tends to look bluer”. Đáp án B (The ocean looks bluer) là chính xác.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: color changes, tropical and subtropical oceans, concerning
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “Scientists warn that these changes signal fundamental disruptions to marine food webs and ecosystems.” Đáp án B (They signal disruptions to marine food systems) là chính xác.

Câu 12: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: reduced Arctic ice cover, effect, phytoplankton
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “This has resulted in explosive growth of phytoplankton in areas that were previously too cold and dark.” Đáp án C (It allows rapid population growth) đúng.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: changes phytoplankton populations, affect climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “Any significant change in phytoplankton populations could therefore affect the ocean’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide, potentially accelerating climate change.” Đáp án C là chính xác.

Biểu đồ minh họa tác động của biến đổi khí hậu lên hệ sinh thái biển và chuỗi thức ăn từ phytoplankton đến động vật biển

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: how corals obtain, most energy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “The zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy and providing up to 90% of the coral’s nutritional needs.” Thông tin về nguồn năng lượng chính của san hô nằm ở đoạn A.

Câu 15: G

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: economic value, coral reefs, humans
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “The annual economic value of coral reefs is estimated at $375 billion…” Thông tin về giá trị kinh tế được nêu cụ thể ở đoạn G.

Câu 16: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: consecutive bleaching events, particularly damaging
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “The shortened interval between bleaching events means that many reefs no longer have sufficient time to recover before being hit again, leading to a downward spiral of degradation.” Đoạn C giải thích tại sao các sự kiện tẩy trắng liên tiếp gây hại đặc biệt.

Câu 17: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: carbon dioxide, affects, coral skeleton formation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Chemical reactions occur that increase the water’s acidity and reduce the availability of carbonate ions, the building blocks corals need to construct their calcium carbonate skeletons.” Đoạn D mô tả cách CO₂ ảnh hưởng đến việc hình thành bộ xương san hô.

Câu 18: H

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: experimental approaches, develop, resilient coral species
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: “Some researchers are identifying and cultivating ‘super corals’… Additionally, assisted evolution techniques, including selective breeding…” Đoạn H đề cập đến các phương pháp thử nghiệm để phát triển san hô có khả năng phục hồi tốt hơn.

Câu 19: First paragraph (unmarked)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: percentage, marine species, depend, coral reef habitats
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn đầu, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “These magnificent structures support approximately 25% of all marine species.” Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn giới thiệu đầu tiên.

Câu 20: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: sea level changes, affect, amount of light, corals
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “As sea levels rise… some corals may find themselves in deeper, darker waters with insufficient light.” Đoạn E giải thích mối liên hệ giữa mực nước biển và ánh sáng.

Câu 21: thermal stress

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: cause, between corals and algae partners
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Corals experience thermal stress that triggers a phenomenon known as coral bleaching. Under these conditions, the symbiotic relationship breaks down…” Đáp án là “thermal stress”.

Câu 22: calcium carbonate skeleton / carbonate skeleton

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: expel algae, exposing, white
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Corals expel their zooxanthellae… revealing the white calcium carbonate skeleton beneath.” Cả hai đáp án đều được chấp nhận.

Câu 23: time / recovery time

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: insufficient, between them, preventing full recovery
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Many reefs no longer have sufficient time to recover before being hit again.” Đáp án là “time” hoặc “recovery time”.

Câu 24: super corals

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: developing, show better heat tolerance
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Some researchers are identifying and cultivating ‘super corals’—individuals that show greater tolerance to heat stress.” Đáp án là “super corals”.

Câu 25-26: B, C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (Choose TWO)
• Giải thích:
  • B is TRUE: Đoạn D nói “ocean acidity has increased by approximately 30% since the Industrial Revolution”
  • C is TRUE: Đoạn G nói “Reefs act as natural barriers that reduce wave energy by up to 97%”
  • A is FALSE: Bài nói san hô chỉ chiếm “less than 0.1% of the ocean floor”
  • D is FALSE: Bài nói mực nước biển dự kiến tăng “0.5 to 1 meter by 2100”, không phải 5-10 mét
  • E is FALSE: Bài nói “the rapid pace of current sea-level rise may exceed the growth rates of many species”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main reason, difficult to predict
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Climate change is fundamentally restructuring these networks through mechanisms that operate across vastly different spatial and temporal scales, creating perturbations that propagate through entire ecosystems in ways that challenge our capacity to predict…” Đáp án B (Interactions occur across different scales in complex ways) là chính xác.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: temporal mismatch hypothesis, suggests
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: “This temporal mismatch hypothesis… posits that when consumers emerge or reproduce at times when their food resources are unavailable or suboptimal, recruitment success declines precipitously.” Đáp án C là chính xác.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “wasp-waist” food webs, meant by
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “The concept of ‘wasp-waist’ food webs, where ecosystem structure is controlled by a relatively small number of intermediate-trophic-level species, explains why impacts on these critical species can have disproportionate effects…” Đáp án B là đúng.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: novel ecosystems, problematic because
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “These emergent assemblages often lack the co-evolutionary history that shapes predator-prey relationships, competitive interactions, and mutualistic associations…” Đáp án C là chính xác.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: ocean acidification, affects fish, primarily by
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Ocean acidification not only directly impairs calcifying organisms but also appears to affect fish behavior, with studies indicating that elevated CO₂ levels can disrupt olfactory cues that fish larvae use to locate suitable habitat and avoid predators.” Đáp án C (interfering with their sensory abilities) là đúng.

Câu 32: A (70 kilometers)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Species are shifting their distributions poleward at an average rate of approximately 70 kilometers per decade.”

Câu 33: C (historical precedent)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “Communities of species that have no historical precedent for coexistence.”

Câu 34: E (tipping points)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “But beyond certain tipping points, they may transition abruptly to alternative stable states.”

Câu 35: G (urchin barrens)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6
• Giải thích: “The collapse of kelp forests and their replacement by ‘urchin barrens’ demonstrates…”

Câu 36: I (refugia)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Protecting climate refugia—areas where local conditions may buffer against regional climate trends.”

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: changes primary productivity, always, predictable effects, higher trophic levels
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Classical ecological theory suggests that changes in primary productivity should translate linearly… However, empirical observations reveal far more nuanced dynamics.” Từ “However” cho thấy tác giả phủ nhận quan điểm này. Đáp án là NO.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: marine species, shifting ranges, faster, terrestrial species
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Species are shifting their distributions poleward at an average rate of approximately 70 kilometers per decade, substantially faster than the terrestrial range shifts observed for land species.” Tác giả khẳng định rõ ràng. Đáp án là YES.

Câu 39: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all fish species, eventually adapt, elevated CO₂ levels
• Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập CO₂ ảnh hưởng đến hành vi cá nhưng không nói về khả năng thích nghi của tất cả loài cá. Đáp án là NOT GIVEN.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: effective conservation, requires, ecosystem management, emissions reduction
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “However, the pervasive and accelerating nature of climate change means that even the most comprehensive conservation efforts may prove insufficient without dramatic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.” Tác giả khẳng định cần cả hai. Đáp án là YES.

Hình ảnh so sánh san hô khỏe mạnh và san hô bị tẩy trắng do biến đổi khí hậu trong IELTS Reading

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
dramatic transformations	n phrase	/drəˈmætɪk ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃənz/	sự biến đổi đáng kể	The world’s oceans are undergoing dramatic transformations	undergo transformation
marine ecosystems	n phrase	/məˈriːn ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəmz/	hệ sinh thái biển	reveals much about the health of marine ecosystems	protect/damage ecosystems
phytoplankton	n	/ˌfaɪtoʊˈplæŋktən/	thực vật phù du	Ocean color is determined primarily by phytoplankton	phytoplankton populations
chlorophyll	n	/ˈklɔːrəfɪl/	chất diệp lục	contain chlorophyll, the same green pigment	chlorophyll concentration
unprecedented rate	n phrase	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd reɪt/	tốc độ chưa từng có	changing at an unprecedented rate	at an unprecedented rate
significant color changes	n phrase	/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt ˈkʌlər ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/	thay đổi màu sắc đáng kể	experienced significant color changes	undergo/show changes
fundamental disruptions	n phrase	/ˌfʌndəˈmentl dɪsˈrʌpʃənz/	sự gián đoạn cơ bản	signal fundamental disruptions to marine food webs	cause/create disruptions
stratified structure	n phrase	/ˈstrætɪfaɪd ˈstrʌktʃər/	cấu trúc phân tầng	creating a stratified structure	form/develop a structure
thermal stratification	n phrase	/ˈθɜːrml ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	sự phân tầng nhiệt	This thermal stratification acts like a barrier	thermal stratification occurs
marine deserts	n phrase	/məˈriːn ˈdezərts/	sa mạc biển	becoming marine deserts with very little life	turn into marine deserts
cascading effects	n phrase	/kæˈskeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền	have cascading effects throughout the food web	trigger/produce cascading effects
effectively sequestering	v phrase	/ɪˈfektɪvli sɪˈkwestərɪŋ/	cô lập hiệu quả	effectively sequestering carbon in the deep ocean	sequester carbon/CO₂

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
magnificent structures	n phrase	/mæɡˈnɪfɪsənt ˈstrʌktʃərz/	cấu trúc tráng lệ	these magnificent structures support 25% of marine species	build/create structures
existential crisis	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl ˈkraɪsɪs/	khủng hoảng sự tồn tại	facing an existential crisis	face/confront a crisis
remarkable symbiotic relationship	n phrase	/rɪˈmɑːrkəbl ˌsɪmbaɪˈɒtɪk rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/	mối quan hệ cộng sinh đáng chú ý	lies in a remarkable symbiotic relationship	form/maintain a relationship
zooxanthellae	n	/ˌzoʊəzænˈθeliː/	tảo zooxanthellae	microscopic algae called zooxanthellae	host zooxanthellae
mutually beneficial arrangement	n phrase	/ˈmjuːtʃuəli ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl əˈreɪndʒmənt/	sự sắp xếp cùng có lợi	This mutually beneficial arrangement allows corals to thrive	create/establish arrangement
thermal stress	n phrase	/ˈθɜːrml stres/	căng thẳng nhiệt	corals experience thermal stress	cause/induce thermal stress
coral bleaching	n phrase	/ˈkɔːrəl ˈbliːtʃɪŋ/	hiện tượng tẩy trắng san hô	triggers a phenomenon known as coral bleaching	coral bleaching occurs
mass mortality events	n phrase	/mæs mɔːrˈtæləti ɪˈvents/	sự kiện chết hàng loạt	mass mortality events occur	trigger/cause mortality events
repopulating	v	/ˌriːˈpɒpjuleɪtɪŋ/	tái định cư, cư trú lại	healthy corals repopulating damaged areas	repopulate an area
downward spiral	n phrase	/ˈdaʊnwərd ˈspaɪrəl/	vòng xoáy đi xuống	leading to a downward spiral of degradation	enter/fall into a downward spiral
insidious threat	n phrase	/ɪnˈsɪdiəs θret/	mối đe dọa âm thầm	represents another insidious threat	pose an insidious threat
carbonate ions	n phrase	/ˈkɑːrbəneɪt ˈaɪɒnz/	ion cacbonat	reduce the availability of carbonate ions	carbonate ions concentration
erode faster	v phrase	/ɪˈroʊd ˈfæstər/	xói mòn nhanh hơn	existing reef structures begin to erode faster	erode rapidly/quickly
synergistic effects	n phrase	/ˌsɪnərˈdʒɪstɪk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng cộng hưởng	The synergistic effects of these stressors	produce/create synergistic effects
regenerate	v	/rɪˈdʒenəreɪt/	tái sinh	affecting reefs’ ability to regenerate	regenerate after damage
far-reaching consequences	n phrase	/ˌfɑːr ˈriːtʃɪŋ ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/	hậu quả sâu rộng	has far-reaching consequences	have/produce consequences
innovative strategies	n phrase	/ˈɪnəveɪtɪv ˈstrætədʒiz/	chiến lược đổi mới	working on innovative strategies	develop/implement strategies
super corals	n phrase	/ˈsuːpər ˈkɔːrəlz/	san hô siêu bền	identifying and cultivating super corals	breed/cultivate super corals
assisted evolution	n phrase	/əˈsɪstɪd ˌevəˈluːʃn/	tiến hóa có hỗ trợ	assisted evolution techniques show promise	use/apply assisted evolution
selective breeding	n phrase	/sɪˈlektɪv ˈbriːdɪŋ/	chọn lọc giống	including selective breeding of corals	selective breeding program
sophisticated conservation efforts	n phrase	/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn ˈefərts/	nỗ lực bảo tồn tinh vi	even the most sophisticated conservation efforts	require/demand efforts

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
multifaceted interactions	n phrase	/ˌmʌltɪˈfæsɪtɪd ˌɪntərˈækʃənz/	tương tác đa chiều	characterized by multifaceted interactions	involve multifaceted interactions
perturbations	n	/ˌpɜːrtərˈbeɪʃənz/	sự nhiễu loạn	creating perturbations that propagate	cause/create perturbations
trophic cascades	n phrase	/ˈtrɒfɪk kæˈskeɪdz/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền dinh dưỡng	Understanding these trophic cascades	trigger/initiate trophic cascades
phenology	n	/fɪˈnɒlədʒi/	sinh thái thời vụ	alterations in the phenology of phytoplankton	phenology shifts/changes
biogeography	n	/ˌbaɪoʊdʒiˈɒɡrəfi/	địa lý sinh học	phenology and biogeography of communities	study biogeography
asynchronies	n	/eɪˈsɪŋkrəniːz/	sự không đồng bộ	creating asynchronies between producers and consumers	temporal asynchronies
ontogenetic development	n phrase	/ˌɒntədʒəˈnetɪk dɪˈveləpmənt/	sự phát triển cá thể	the ontogenetic development of fish larvae	ontogenetic development stages
temporal mismatch hypothesis	n phrase	/ˈtempərəl ˈmɪsmætʃ haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/	giả thuyết không khớp thời gian	This temporal mismatch hypothesis posits	test/support the hypothesis
recruitment success	n phrase	/rɪˈkruːtmənt səkˈses/	thành công tuyển dụng (sinh học)	recruitment success declines precipitously	recruitment success rates
dramatically reduced	adj phrase	/drəˈmætɪkli rɪˈduːst/	giảm đáng kể	resulting in dramatically reduced populations	dramatically reduced numbers
basal disruptions	n phrase	/ˈbeɪsl dɪsˈrʌpʃənz/	sự gián đoạn cơ bản	consequences of these basal disruptions	basal disruptions propagate
translate linearly	v phrase	/trænsˈleɪt ˈlɪniərli/	chuyển đổi tuyến tính	should translate linearly through trophic levels	effects translate linearly
trophic efficiency	n phrase	/ˈtrɒfɪk ɪˈfɪʃnsi/	hiệu suất dinh dưỡng	the so-called trophic efficiency principle	trophic efficiency decreases
wasp-waist food webs	n phrase	/wɒsp weɪst fuːd webz/	lưới thức ăn thắt eo ong	The concept of wasp-waist food webs	wasp-waist structure
intermediate-trophic-level species	n phrase	/ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət ˈtrɒfɪk ˈlevl ˈspiːʃiːz/	loài mức dinh dưỡng trung gian	controlled by intermediate-trophic-level species	intermediate-level species
disproportionate effects	n phrase	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃənət ɪˈfekts/	tác động không cân xứng	can have disproportionate effects	produce disproportionate effects
top-down control	n phrase	/tɒp daʊn kənˈtroʊl/	kiểm soát từ trên xuống	through top-down control mechanisms	exert top-down control
bottom-up forcing	n phrase	/ˈbɒtəm ʌp ˈfɔːrsɪŋ/	lực đẩy từ dưới lên	seabird populations through bottom-up forcing	bottom-up forcing effects
thermal tolerance	n phrase	/ˈθɜːrml ˈtɒlərəns/	khả năng chịu nhiệt	depending on their thermal tolerance	thermal tolerance limits
dispersal capabilities	n phrase	/dɪˈspɜːrsl ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz/	khả năng phân tán	dispersal capabilities and habitat requirements	dispersal capabilities vary
novel ecosystems	n phrase	/ˈnɒvl ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəmz/	hệ sinh thái mới	leading to the formation of novel ecosystems	novel ecosystems emerge
coexistence	n	/ˌkoʊɪɡˈzɪstəns/	sự cùng tồn tại	no historical precedent for coexistence	coexistence of species
emergent assemblages	n phrase	/ɪˈmɜːrdʒənt əˈsemblɪdʒɪz/	tổ hợp mới nổi	These emergent assemblages often lack	emergent assemblages form
co-evolutionary history	n phrase	/koʊ ˌevəˈluːʃəneri ˈhɪstəri/	lịch sử đồng tiến hóa	lack the co-evolutionary history	co-evolutionary history shapes
non-linear responses	n phrase	/nɒn ˈlɪniər rɪˈspɒnsɪz/	phản ứng phi tuyến	the non-linear responses and potential regime shifts	non-linear responses occur
regime shifts	n phrase	/reɪˈʒiːm ʃɪfts/	sự chuyển đổi trạng thái	potential regime shifts may occur	regime shifts trigger
ecological resilience theory	n phrase	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl rɪˈzɪliəns ˈθɪəri/	lý thuyết đàn hồi sinh thái	Ecological resilience theory suggests	resilience theory explains
tipping points	n phrase	/ˈtɪpɪŋ pɔɪnts/	điểm chuyển giao	beyond certain tipping points	reach/pass tipping points
transition abruptly	v phrase	/trænˈzɪʃn əˈbrʌptli/	chuyển đổi đột ngột	they may transition abruptly	transition abruptly to
phase shift	n phrase	/feɪz ʃɪft/	sự chuyển pha	The phase shift from coral to algae dominance	phase shift occurs
urchin barrens	n phrase	/ˈɜːrtʃɪn ˈbærənz/	vùng nhím biển (vùng hoang mạc)	replacement by urchin barrens	urchin barrens expand
interactive effects	n phrase	/ˌɪntərˈæktɪv ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng tương tác	The interactive effects of climate change	interactive effects amplify
calcifying organisms	n phrase	/ˈkælsɪfaɪɪŋ ˈɔːrɡənɪzəmz/	sinh vật canxi hóa	directly impairs calcifying organisms	calcifying organisms decline
olfactory cues	n phrase	/ɒlˈfæktəri kjuːz/	tín hiệu khứu giác	can disrupt olfactory cues	detect/respond to olfactory cues
selectively removes	v phrase	/sɪˈlektɪvli rɪˈmuːvz/	loại bỏ có chọn lọc	Overfishing selectively removes large predators	selectively remove species
functional redundancy	n phrase	/ˈfʌŋkʃənl rɪˈdʌndənsi/	sự dư thừa chức năng	reducing functional redundancy	maintain functional redundancy
synergistic effects	n phrase	/ˌsɪnərˈdʒɪstɪk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng hiệp đồng	creating synergistic effects	synergistic effects emerge
mechanistic frameworks	n phrase	/ˌmekəˈnɪstɪk ˈfreɪmwɜːrks/	khung cơ chế	toward mechanistic frameworks	develop mechanistic frameworks
adaptive capacity	n phrase	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	khả năng thích nghi	species’ plasticity and adaptive capacity	adaptive capacity varies
functional traits	n phrase	/ˈfʌŋkʃənl treɪts/	đặc điểm chức năng	importance of functional traits	functional traits determine
taxonomic identity	n phrase	/ˌtæksəˈnɒmɪk aɪˈdentəti/	danh tính phân loại	over taxonomic identity	taxonomic identity matters
ecosystem-based management	n phrase	/ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm beɪst ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý dựa trên hệ sinh thái	toward ecosystem-based management	implement ecosystem-based management
climate refugia	n phrase	/ˈklaɪmət rɪˈfjuːdʒiə/	nơi ẩn náu khí hậu	Protecting climate refugia	identify/protect climate refugia
connectivity	n	/ˌkɒnekˈtɪvəti/	tính kết nối	maintaining connectivity between habitats	enhance/improve connectivity
range shifts	n phrase	/reɪndʒ ʃɪfts/	sự dịch chuyển phạm vi	to facilitate range shifts	range shifts accelerate
pervasive	adj	/pərˈveɪsɪv/	lan tỏa, phổ biến	the pervasive and accelerating nature	pervasive impacts/effects
comprehensive conservation	n phrase	/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	bảo tồn toàn diện	even the most comprehensive conservation efforts	comprehensive conservation strategies
reconcile	v	/ˈrekənsaɪl/	hòa giải, dung hòa	humanity’s capacity to reconcile development	reconcile competing interests
unprecedented transformations	n phrase	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃənz/	sự biến đổi chưa từng có	drive unprecedented transformations	unprecedented transformations occur
global biogeochemical cycles	n phrase	/ˈɡloʊbl ˌbaɪoʊdʒiːoʊˈkemɪkl ˈsaɪklz/	chu trình sinh địa hóa toàn cầu	affect global biogeochemical cycles	biogeochemical cycles disrupted
livelihoods	n	/ˈlaɪvlihʊdz/	sinh kế	the livelihoods of billions of people	threaten/affect livelihoods

Sơ đồ chiến lược bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học biển trước tác động biến đổi khí hậu

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on marine biodiversity” không chỉ là một đề tài quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một trong những thách thức môi trường cấp bách nhất mà nhân loại đang phải đối mặt. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao phủ đầy đủ các khía cạnh từ hiện tượng thay đổi màu sắc đại dương, khủng hoảng tẩy trắng san hô, đến những tác động phức tạp lên chuỗi thức ăn biển.

Cả ba passages đã cung cấp tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi thuộc 7 dạng khác nhau, từ True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, đến Matching Headings và Summary Completion, giúp bạn làm quen toàn diện với format thi thực tế. Đặc biệt, các câu hỏi được thiết kế để phát triển kỹ năng scanning (tìm kiếm thông tin cụ thể), skimming (nắm ý chính), và paraphrasing (nhận diện cách diễn đạt khác) – ba kỹ năng cốt lõi để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase được sử dụng, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không chính xác. Điều này giúp bạn hiểu sâu hơn về cách các examiner thiết kế câu hỏi và phát triển tư duy phản biện khi làm bài. Bảng từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage cung cấp hơn 70 từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocation, tạo thành một nguồn tài liệu học tập giá trị cho cả kỹ năng Reading và Writing.

Khi luyện tập với đề thi này, hãy nhớ tuân thủ nghiêm ngặt thời gian quy định cho từng passage để mô phỏng điều kiện thi thật. Sau khi hoàn thành, hãy dành thời gian xem lại những câu trả lời sai, phân tích lý do sai và học từ vựng mới từ passages. Sự kiên trì luyện tập với các đề thi chất lượng như thế này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading sắp tới. Nếu bạn muốn hiểu sâu hơn về Cultural influences on teaching environmental sustainability, đây cũng là một chủ đề môi trường đáng quan tâm trong bối cảnh giáo dục toàn cầu.

Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công với IELTS!