IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến Sự Lây Lan Dịch Bệnh – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Giới Thiệu

Biến đổi khí hậu không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến môi trường mà còn tác động sâu rộng đến sức khỏe cộng đồng toàn cầu, đặc biệt là sự lây lan của các bệnh truyền nhiễm. Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On The Spread Of Diseases” thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading với tần suất cao, đặc biệt trong các đề thi gần đây từ Cambridge IELTS 15 trở về sau.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được xây dựng theo chuẩn thi thật, bao gồm:

• Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần: Từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
• 40 câu hỏi đa dạng: Bao gồm tất cả các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích: Phân tích cụ thể vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và lý do đáp án đúng/sai
• Từ vựng chuyên ngành: Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa và cách sử dụng thực tế
• Chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả: Phân bổ thời gian hợp lý và kỹ thuật scan/skim thông tin

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề sức khỏe – môi trường và rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không trừ điểm cho câu sai. Điểm thô (raw score) sau đó được quy đổi thành band score từ 0-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi)
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi)
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet cẩn thận.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp:

1. Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
5. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
6. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The relationship between climate change and the spread of infectious diseases has become one of the most pressing concerns for public health officials worldwide. As global temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable, scientists are observing significant changes in how diseases are transmitted across different regions. Among the most affected are mosquito-borne diseases, which are showing alarming patterns of expansion into previously unaffected areas.

Mosquitoes are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly temperature and humidity. These insects thrive in warm, moist environments where they can complete their life cycle rapidly. When temperatures rise, mosquitoes can reproduce more quickly and bite more frequently. Additionally, warmer conditions allow them to survive in regions that were once too cold for their survival. Research indicates that a temperature increase of just 2-3 degrees Celsius can dramatically expand the geographical range of disease-carrying mosquito species.

Malaria, one of the world’s most devastating diseases, provides a clear example of climate change’s impact on disease spread. Traditionally confined to tropical and subtropical regions, malaria-carrying mosquitoes are now being found at higher altitudes and latitudes. In East Africa, mosquitoes that transmit malaria have been discovered in highland areas that were previously malaria-free. These highland regions, home to millions of people with no natural immunity to the disease, are now at risk. Scientists attribute this shift to rising temperatures that have made these cooler areas suitable for mosquito breeding.

Another significant concern is dengue fever, a viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The World Health Organization reports that dengue cases have increased dramatically over the past fifty years, with the disease now endemic in more than 100 countries. Climate change has played a crucial role in this expansion. Warmer temperatures have extended the mosquito breeding season in many regions, while increased rainfall and flooding create more standing water where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. Cities in southern Europe, which rarely experienced dengue before 2010, have now reported local transmission cases, indicating that the disease is establishing itself in new territories.

The impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases extends beyond just temperature effects. Extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change, also contribute to disease spread. Hurricanes and floods can destroy existing water management systems, creating numerous small pools of stagnant water – ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, health authorities in the United States observed a significant increase in mosquito populations and concerns about disease outbreaks. Similarly, prolonged droughts can paradoxically increase disease risk by forcing people to store water in containers, which can become mosquito breeding sites if not properly covered.

Urban areas are particularly vulnerable to climate-driven disease spread. Cities create urban heat islands – areas significantly warmer than surrounding rural regions due to heat-absorbing surfaces like concrete and asphalt. These higher temperatures can accelerate mosquito development and increase their biting rates. Moreover, rapid urbanization in developing countries often occurs without adequate water and sanitation infrastructure, creating conditions conducive to mosquito breeding. Climate change compounds these existing challenges by intensifying heat and rainfall extremes.

Public health systems worldwide are working to adapt to these changes. Surveillance programs have been strengthened to detect diseases in new areas quickly. Some countries are implementing mosquito control programs that include removing breeding sites, using insecticides, and introducing biological control methods. Education campaigns aim to teach communities how to protect themselves from mosquito bites and eliminate breeding sites around their homes. However, experts emphasize that while these adaptation measures are necessary, they are not sufficient. Addressing the root cause – climate change itself – through greenhouse gas emission reductions remains essential for long-term disease control.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, mosquitoes thrive in environments that are:
   A. Cold and dry
   B. Warm and humid
   C. Cool and wet
   D. Hot and arid

2. What temperature increase can significantly expand mosquito geographical range?
   A. 1 degree Celsius
   B. 2-3 degrees Celsius
   C. 4-5 degrees Celsius
   D. 6-7 degrees Celsius

3. Why are highland regions in East Africa now at risk of malaria?
   A. People have moved there from lowland areas
   B. Mosquitoes have evolved to survive cold temperatures
   C. Rising temperatures have made these areas suitable for mosquitoes
   D. Medical facilities have been reduced

4. Dengue fever is now endemic in how many countries?
   A. 50 countries
   B. 75 countries
   C. More than 100 countries
   D. 150 countries

5. What happened after Hurricane Katrina regarding mosquito populations?
   A. They decreased significantly
   B. They remained stable
   C. They increased significantly
   D. They disappeared temporarily

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Warmer temperatures cause mosquitoes to bite less frequently.

7. People in highland regions of East Africa have no natural immunity to malaria.

8. Dengue fever cases have decreased over the past fifty years.

9. All cities in Europe have reported dengue transmission cases since 2010.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

10. Extreme weather events can destroy __ systems, creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

11. Cities contain __ that absorb heat and create warmer temperatures than rural areas.

12. Rapid urbanization without adequate __ infrastructure creates conditions for mosquito breeding.

13. Experts believe that reducing __ emissions is essential for long-term disease control.

Biểu đồ tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến sự lây lan bệnh sốt rét và sốt xuất huyết qua các vùng địa lý

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PASSAGE 2 – The Complex Relationship Between Climate and Waterborne Diseases

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

While much attention has been focused on vector-borne diseases, climate change’s impact on waterborne illnesses presents an equally formidable challenge to global health security. The intricate relationship between climatic variables and waterborne pathogens involves multiple environmental pathways and epidemiological mechanisms that are only beginning to be fully understood by the scientific community. As precipitation patterns shift and extreme weather events intensify, the dynamics of water quality and disease transmission are undergoing profound transformations with significant ramifications for vulnerable populations worldwide.

Waterborne diseases, caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted through contaminated water, account for approximately 1.7 million deaths annually, predominantly in developing nations with inadequate water treatment infrastructure. The etiology of these diseases includes bacterial infections such as cholera and typhoid fever, viral infections like hepatitis A, and parasitic diseases including cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. Climate change affects the prevalence and distribution of these diseases through several interconnected mechanisms, making the epidemiological landscape increasingly complex and challenging to predict.

Temperature elevation directly influences the proliferation and survival of waterborne pathogens in aquatic environments. Many bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), exhibit enhanced growth rates at higher temperatures. Studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between sea surface temperature and cholera outbreaks in coastal regions, particularly in South Asia. When ocean temperatures rise above certain threshold values, phytoplankton blooms occur, providing an ideal substrate for Vibrio bacteria to multiply rapidly. This temperature-dependent relationship explains why cholera epidemics often follow seasonal patterns and why climate change may be contributing to more frequent and severe outbreaks.

Precipitation extremes – both excessive rainfall and prolonged droughts – create distinct pathways for waterborne disease transmission. Heavy rainfall and flooding can overwhelm sewage treatment facilities and cause surface runoff that contaminates drinking water supplies with fecal matter and other pollutants. Following major flood events, health authorities consistently observe spikes in diarrheal diseases and other waterborne illnesses. The 2010 floods in Pakistan, which affected 20 million people, resulted in widespread outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A. Conversely, drought conditions can concentrate pathogens in reduced water volumes, making contamination more likely. Water scarcity also forces communities to use unsafe water sources and reduces hygiene practices due to limited water availability.

The impact of climate change on waterborne diseases is not geographically uniform; certain regions and populations face disproportionate risks. Small island developing states and coastal communities are particularly vulnerable due to their dependence on limited freshwater resources and exposure to sea-level rise. As seawater intrudes into coastal aquifers, it not only reduces freshwater availability but can also introduce marine pathogens into drinking water sources. Additionally, indigenous communities in Arctic regions face unique challenges as permafrost thaw releases ancient pathogens and contaminants that have been frozen for millennia, potentially exposing populations with no immunological memory to these agents.

Socioeconomic factors compound the health impacts of climate-driven waterborne disease spread. Communities with limited access to healthcare infrastructure, poor nutrition, and inadequate housing are less resilient to disease outbreaks. Climate change exacerbates existing health inequities, as marginalized populations often inhabit areas most susceptible to flooding or water scarcity and have fewer resources to implement protective measures. The synergistic effect of poverty and environmental degradation creates a vicious cycle where disease outbreaks further impoverish communities, reducing their capacity to adapt to future climate-related health threats.

Surveillance and early warning systems represent critical components of the public health response to climate-sensitive waterborne diseases. Advanced epidemiological modeling now incorporates climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather forecasts to predict disease outbreak risks. Satellite imagery and remote sensing technology enable monitoring of environmental conditions conducive to pathogen proliferation, including water temperature, phytoplankton blooms, and flood extent. These technological innovations allow health authorities to implement preventive interventions before outbreaks occur, including water quality testing, distribution of water purification materials, and targeted vaccination campaigns in high-risk areas.

Infrastructure resilience and sustainable water management strategies are essential for long-term adaptation. Investments in climate-resilient water treatment facilities, improved sanitation systems, and decentralized water supplies can reduce vulnerability to climate impacts. Nature-based solutions, such as protecting watersheds and restoring wetlands, provide natural water filtration while simultaneously offering carbon sequestration benefits. However, implementing these solutions requires substantial financial resources and institutional capacity, which remain limited in many countries bearing the greatest disease burden. International cooperation and technology transfer are therefore crucial to ensure equitable access to adaptive capacity across different economic contexts.

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Waterborne diseases cause more deaths than vector-borne diseases globally.

15. Vibrio cholerae bacteria grow faster when water temperatures increase.

16. The 2010 Pakistan floods resulted in exactly 5,000 deaths from waterborne diseases.

17. Indigenous Arctic communities have no immunity to pathogens released from melting permafrost.

18. All countries have equal capacity to implement climate-resilient water infrastructure.

Questions 19-23: Matching Information

Match the following statements with the correct paragraph (A-H). You may use any letter more than once.

A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4
E. Paragraph 5
F. Paragraph 6
G. Paragraph 7
H. Paragraph 8

19. A description of how poverty and environmental problems create a repeating cycle

20. Information about technology used to predict disease outbreaks

21. An explanation of how sea temperature affects cholera bacteria

22. Details about the annual death toll from waterborne diseases

23. A discussion of natural methods for water purification

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Word Box:
treatment, drought, flooding, pathogens, temperature, surveillance, outbreaks, infrastructure, rainfall, contamination

Climate change affects waterborne diseases through multiple pathways. Heavy 24. __ can overwhelm sewage systems and cause water 25. __, while 26. __ conditions concentrate disease-causing organisms in reduced water volumes. Both extremes create increased risks for disease transmission in vulnerable communities.

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PASSAGE 3 – Ecosystem Disruption and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The anthropogenic perturbation of Earth’s climate system has catalyzed a complex cascade of ecological transformations with profound implications for zoonotic disease emergence and transmission dynamics. While the relationship between climate variables and established vector-borne and waterborne pathogens has been extensively documented, an increasingly salient concern among epidemiologists and conservation biologists is the potential for climate-induced ecosystem disruption to facilitate novel pathogen spillover events from wildlife reservoirs to human populations. This phenomenon operates through intricate mechanisms involving habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, species range shifts, and altered host-pathogen-vector interactions, presenting unprecedented challenges for disease surveillance and pandemic preparedness frameworks.

Zoonotic diseases – infections naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans – account for approximately 60% of known infectious agents and 75% of emerging infectious diseases documented over recent decades. Notable examples include HIV/AIDS (originating from non-human primates), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola virus disease, and most recently, COVID-19, all of which have their etiological origins in animal populations. The frequency of zoonotic spillover events appears to be accelerating, a trend that many researchers attribute to the convergence of climate change, deforestation, agricultural intensification, and increased human encroachment into previously undisturbed wilderness areas. These anthropogenic pressures fundamentally alter the ecological equilibrium that historically maintained pathogens within wildlife populations, creating conditions conducive to cross-species transmission.

Climate change influences zoonotic disease dynamics through multifaceted ecological pathways that operate across various spatial and temporal scales. Temperature and precipitation changes directly affect the geographical distribution and population density of wildlife species that serve as pathogen reservoirs. As species shift their ranges poleward and to higher elevations in response to warming temperatures, they may encounter immunologically naïve human communities or come into novel contact with other species, creating new opportunities for pathogen exchange. For instance, warming Arctic temperatures have enabled certain bat species to expand their ranges northward, potentially bringing rabies and other bat-borne viruses into contact with previously unexposed populations. Similarly, changes in precipitation patterns affect the abundance and behavior of rodent populations, which serve as reservoirs for numerous zoonotic agents including hantaviruses and Lyme disease.

The dilution effect hypothesis provides a theoretical framework for understanding how biodiversity loss, often exacerbated by climate change, influences disease risk. This ecological principle posits that high biodiversity can reduce disease transmission by including species that are poor pathogen hosts, thereby “diluting” the concentration of competent reservoir hosts within an ecosystem. Conversely, biodiversity erosion – frequently resulting from climate-induced habitat degradation – tends to favor generalist species that are often effective pathogen carriers. These disturbance-tolerant species, such as certain rodent and bat populations, thrive in degraded habitats and maintain close proximity to human settlements. Research examining Lyme disease in North America has demonstrated that forest fragmentation and biodiversity decline correlate with increased prevalence of the disease, as the white-footed mouse – a highly competent reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi – becomes more abundant relative to less competent hosts.

Phenological shifts – changes in the timing of seasonal biological events – represent another mechanism through which climate change modulates zoonotic disease risk. Many infectious disease systems depend on precise temporal synchronization between hosts, vectors, and pathogens for successful transmission. Climate warming can desynchronize these relationships, sometimes reducing transmission efficiency but potentially creating new temporal windows for pathogen spillover. For example, earlier spring temperatures may cause birds to migrate northward before vector populations have peaked, or conversely, may extend the period during which migratory species overlap with vector activity, thereby amplifying disease amplification potential. Such phenological mismatches introduce substantial uncertainty into disease forecasting models and complicate public health preparedness efforts.

The intersection of climate change with agricultural systems presents particularly acute zoonotic disease risks. Intensive livestock production, often located in climatically marginal areas increasingly stressed by warming and altered precipitation, creates conditions for pathogen evolution and interspecies transmission. Climate variability can stress both wildlife and domestic animal populations, potentially increasing pathogen shedding and susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, climate-driven agricultural failures may force communities to hunt wildlife for subsistence, increasing human contact with potential reservoir species. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia has been linked to climate-related drought that drove fruit bats to seek food in commercial orchards near pig farms, facilitating virus transmission from bats to pigs to humans – a tragic illustration of climate change’s role in creating novel pathogen pathways.

Predictive modeling of climate-sensitive zoonotic diseases faces substantial epistemological and methodological challenges. Unlike established diseases with well-characterized transmission parameters, emerging zoonoses involve inherent uncertainty regarding reservoir hosts, environmental requirements, and transmission routes. Machine learning approaches and ensemble forecasting methods that integrate climate projections with ecological models show promise but require extensive validation. The One Health paradigm – recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health – has gained traction as a framework for addressing these complex challenges. This transdisciplinary approach emphasizes collaborative surveillance across human and veterinary medicine, wildlife biology, and environmental science to detect emerging threats before they escalate into large-scale outbreaks.

Mitigation and adaptation strategies must operate at multiple scales, from global climate policy to local ecosystem management. Greenhouse gas emission reduction remains the fundamental imperative for limiting long-term disease risks associated with climate change. Simultaneously, protecting and restoring natural ecosystems – particularly those serving as buffer zones between wildlife habitats and human settlements – can reduce spillover opportunities. Landscape connectivity conservation allows species to shift ranges in response to climate change without being funneled into human-dominated environments. Enhanced surveillance systems incorporating genomic sequencing and environmental DNA sampling enable early detection of pathogens in wildlife populations before human transmission occurs. However, implementing these strategies requires unprecedented levels of international cooperation, sustained funding, and integration across traditionally siloed disciplines and sectors – a governance challenge that rivals the technical and scientific complexities of the disease threats themselves.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, what percentage of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic?
    A. 50%
    B. 60%
    C. 75%
    D. 90%

28. The dilution effect hypothesis suggests that:
    A. High biodiversity increases disease transmission
    B. High biodiversity can reduce disease transmission
    C. Biodiversity has no effect on disease transmission
    D. Only low biodiversity affects disease transmission

29. Which species becomes more abundant in fragmented forests and increases Lyme disease risk?
    A. Deer
    B. Birds
    C. White-footed mouse
    D. Bats

30. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia was linked to:
    A. Deforestation only
    B. Agricultural expansion only
    C. Climate-related drought driving bats to orchards near pig farms
    D. Direct transmission from humans to pigs

31. The One Health paradigm emphasizes:
    A. Human health exclusively
    B. Animal health exclusively
    C. Environmental health exclusively
    D. The interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match the following concepts (32-36) with the correct descriptions (A-H).

Concepts:
32. Anthropogenic perturbation
33. Zoonotic spillover
34. Phenological shifts
35. Dilution effect
36. One Health paradigm

Descriptions:
A. Changes in the timing of seasonal biological events
B. Human-caused disruption of natural systems
C. A framework recognizing interconnected health systems
D. Transmission of pathogens from animals to humans
E. Migration patterns of birds
F. High biodiversity reducing disease transmission
G. Temperature increases in polar regions
H. Agricultural production methods

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.

37. What type of ecosystems can serve as barriers between wildlife and human areas?

38. What percentage of known infectious agents are zoonotic diseases?

39. What technology enables early detection of pathogens in wildlife through DNA analysis?

40. What fundamental action is essential for limiting long-term climate-related disease risks?

Sơ đồ minh họa sự gián đoạn hệ sinh thái và sự xuất hiện bệnh truyền nhiễm từ động vật sang người do biến đổi khí hậu

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. water management
11. heat-absorbing surfaces (hoặc urban heat islands)
12. sanitation
13. greenhouse gas

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NOT GIVEN
15. YES
16. NOT GIVEN
17. YES
18. NO
19. F
20. G
21. C
22. B
23. H
24. rainfall
25. contamination
26. drought

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. D
32. B
33. D
34. A
35. F
36. C
37. buffer zones
38. 60% (hoặc approximately 60%)
39. environmental DNA (hoặc genomic sequencing)
40. emission reduction (hoặc greenhouse gas reduction)

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B (Warm and humid)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: mosquitoes thrive, environments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Mosquitoes are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly temperature and humidity. These insects thrive in warm, moist environments.” Từ “moist” được paraphrase thành “humid” trong đáp án.

Câu 2: B (2-3 degrees Celsius)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: temperature increase, expand mosquito range
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Thông tin được nêu trực tiếp: “a temperature increase of just 2-3 degrees Celsius can dramatically expand the geographical range of disease-carrying mosquito species.”

Câu 3: C (Rising temperatures have made these areas suitable for mosquitoes)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: highland regions, East Africa, at risk
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “Scientists attribute this shift to rising temperatures that have made these cooler areas suitable for mosquito breeding.”

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: warmer temperatures, mosquitoes bite, less frequently
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “When temperatures rise, mosquitoes can reproduce more quickly and bite more frequently” – trái ngược với “bite less frequently” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: highland regions, East Africa, no natural immunity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Thông tin khớp chính xác: “home to millions of people with no natural immunity to the disease.”

Câu 10: water management

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: extreme weather events, destroy, systems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Hurricanes and floods can destroy existing water management systems” – cần điền “water management” (2 từ).

Câu 13: greenhouse gas

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: reducing, emissions, long-term disease control
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Câu cuối đoạn 7 nhấn mạnh “greenhouse gas emission reductions remains essential for long-term disease control.”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: waterborne diseases, more deaths, vector-borne diseases
• Giải thích: Passage không so sánh trực tiếp số ca tử vong giữa waterborne và vector-borne diseases. Chỉ đưa ra con số 1.7 triệu tử vong hàng năm do waterborne diseases nhưng không có thông tin về vector-borne để so sánh.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Vibrio cholerae, grow faster, water temperatures increase
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Many bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae…exhibit enhanced growth rates at higher temperatures” – rõ ràng xác nhận câu phát biểu.

Câu 18: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all countries, equal capacity, climate-resilient infrastructure
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “substantial financial resources and institutional capacity…remain limited in many countries” và nhấn mạnh sự bất bình đẳng trong năng lực thích ứng, do đó mệnh đề “all countries have equal capacity” là SAI.

Câu 19: F (Paragraph 6)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: poverty, environmental problems, repeating cycle
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 mô tả “synergistic effect of poverty and environmental degradation creates a vicious cycle” – chu kỳ lặp lại được đề cập rõ ràng.

Câu 21: C (Paragraph 3)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: sea temperature, cholera bacteria
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 giải thích chi tiết mối liên hệ giữa nhiệt độ bề mặt biển và sự phát triển của vi khuẩn Vibrio cholerae gây bệnh tả.

Câu 24-26: rainfall, contamination, drought

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nêu rõ cả hai cực đoan: “Heavy rainfall and flooding can overwhelm sewage treatment facilities and cause…contamination” và “drought conditions can concentrate pathogens in reduced water volumes.”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C (75%)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: percentage, emerging infectious diseases, zoonotic
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “75% of emerging infectious diseases documented over recent decades” – số liệu được nêu rõ ràng.

Câu 28: B (High biodiversity can reduce disease transmission)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: dilution effect hypothesis
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “This ecological principle posits that high biodiversity can reduce disease transmission by including species that are poor pathogen hosts” – giải thích chính xác về giả thuyết này.

Câu 29: C (White-footed mouse)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: fragmented forests, Lyme disease risk
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “the white-footed mouse – a highly competent reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi – becomes more abundant” trong rừng bị phân mảnh.

Câu 30: C (Climate-related drought driving bats to orchards near pig farms)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Nipah virus, Malaysia
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “climate-related drought that drove fruit bats to seek food in commercial orchards near pig farms, facilitating virus transmission” – mô tả đầy đủ chuỗi sự kiện.

Câu 32-36: Matching Features

• Câu 32: B – Anthropogenic perturbation = human-caused disruption (đoạn 1)
• Câu 33: D – Zoonotic spillover = transmission from animals to humans (đoạn 2)
• Câu 34: A – Phenological shifts = changes in timing of seasonal events (đoạn 5)
• Câu 35: F – Dilution effect = high biodiversity reducing transmission (đoạn 4)
• Câu 36: C – One Health = interconnected health systems (đoạn 7)

Câu 37: buffer zones

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: ecosystems, barriers, wildlife, human areas
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “protecting and restoring natural ecosystems – particularly those serving as buffer zones between wildlife habitats and human settlements.”

Câu 40: emission reduction (hoặc greenhouse gas reduction)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: fundamental action, limiting long-term risks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Greenhouse gas emission reduction remains the fundamental imperative for limiting long-term disease risks.”

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
infectious diseases	n	/ɪnˈfekʃəs dɪˈziːzɪz/	bệnh truyền nhiễm	climate change and the spread of infectious diseases	spread of infectious diseases
unpredictable	adj	/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/	không thể dự đoán	weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable	increasingly unpredictable
life cycle	n	/laɪf ˈsaɪkl/	vòng đời, chu kỳ sống	complete their life cycle rapidly	complete a life cycle
geographical range	n	/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkl reɪndʒ/	phạm vi địa lý	expand the geographical range	expand/extend geographical range
devastating	adj	/ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/	tàn phá, hủy hoại	one of the world’s most devastating diseases	devastating impact/effect
natural immunity	n	/ˈnætʃrəl ɪˈmjuːnəti/	miễn dịch tự nhiên	people with no natural immunity	have/lack natural immunity
breeding	n	/ˈbriːdɪŋ/	sinh sản, nhân giống	suitable for mosquito breeding	breeding ground/site/season
endemic	adj	/enˈdemɪk/	đặc hữu, lưu hành	disease now endemic in more than 100 countries	become endemic
crucial role	n	/ˈkruːʃl rəʊl/	vai trò quan trọng	played a crucial role in this expansion	play a crucial role
vector-borne diseases	n	/ˈvektə bɔːn dɪˈziːzɪz/	bệnh lây truyền qua vật trung gian	impact on vector-borne diseases	control vector-borne diseases
stagnant water	n	/ˈstæɡnənt ˈwɔːtə/	nước đọng	pools of stagnant water	pools of stagnant water
vulnerable	adj	/ˈvʌlnərəbl/	dễ bị tổn thương	particularly vulnerable to disease spread	highly/particularly vulnerable

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
climatic variables	n	/klaɪˈmætɪk ˈveəriəblz/	biến số khí hậu	relationship between climatic variables	analyze climatic variables
pathogens	n	/ˈpæθədʒənz/	mầm bệnh	waterborne pathogens	harmful/disease-causing pathogens
epidemiological mechanisms	n	/ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈmekənɪzəmz/	cơ chế dịch tễ học	epidemiological mechanisms	study epidemiological mechanisms
ramifications	n	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/	hệ quả, tác động	significant ramifications for populations	serious/far-reaching ramifications
etiology	n	/ˌiːtiˈɒlədʒi/	nguyên nhân gây bệnh	The etiology of these diseases	study the etiology
prevalence	n	/ˈprevələns/	tỷ lệ lưu hành	affects the prevalence and distribution	high/low prevalence
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/	sự sinh sôi nảy nở	influences the proliferation of pathogens	rapid proliferation
threshold values	n	/ˈθreʃhəʊld ˈvæljuːz/	ngưỡng giá trị	rise above certain threshold values	exceed threshold values
precipitation extremes	n	/prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn ɪkˈstriːmz/	cực đoan về lượng mưa	Precipitation extremes create pathways	experience precipitation extremes
surface runoff	n	/ˈsɜːfɪs ˈrʌnɒf/	dòng chảy bề mặt	cause surface runoff that contaminates	agricultural surface runoff
disproportionate risks	n	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət rɪsks/	rủi ro không cân đối	face disproportionate risks	bear disproportionate risks
aquifers	n	/ˈækwɪfəz/	tầng nước ngầm	seawater intrudes into coastal aquifers	contaminate aquifers
resilient	adj	/rɪˈzɪliənt/	có khả năng phục hồi	less resilient to disease outbreaks	more/less resilient
synergistic effect	n	/ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng hiệp đồng	The synergistic effect of poverty	produce a synergistic effect
remote sensing	n	/rɪˈməʊt ˈsensɪŋ/	viễn thám	remote sensing technology	remote sensing data/imagery

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
anthropogenic perturbation	n	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk ˌpɜːtəˈbeɪʃn/	nhiễu loạn do con người	anthropogenic perturbation of climate system	cause anthropogenic perturbation
zoonotic disease	n	/ˌzuːəˈnɒtɪk dɪˈziːz/	bệnh lây từ động vật	zoonotic disease emergence	emerging zoonotic disease
ecosystem disruption	n	/ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm dɪsˈrʌpʃn/	gián đoạn hệ sinh thái	climate-induced ecosystem disruption	widespread ecosystem disruption
habitat fragmentation	n	/ˈhæbɪtæt ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/	phân mảnh môi trường sống	involving habitat fragmentation	result in habitat fragmentation
spillover events	n	/ˈspɪləʊvə ɪˈvents/	sự kiện lây lan	pathogen spillover events	prevent spillover events
etiological origins	n	/ˌiːtiəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈɒrɪdʒɪnz/	nguồn gốc nguyên nhân	etiological origins in animal populations	trace etiological origins
encroachment	n	/ɪnˈkrəʊtʃmənt/	sự xâm lấn	human encroachment into wilderness	urban encroachment
pathogen reservoirs	n	/ˈpæθədʒən ˈrezəvwɑːz/	kho chứa mầm bệnh	wildlife species that serve as pathogen reservoirs	natural pathogen reservoirs
immunologically naïve	adj	/ˌɪmjʊnəˈlɒdʒɪkli naɪˈiːv/	chưa có miễn dịch	encounter immunologically naïve communities	immunologically naïve populations
dilution effect	n	/daɪˈluːʃn ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng pha loãng	The dilution effect hypothesis	demonstrate dilution effect
biodiversity erosion	n	/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti ɪˈrəʊʒn/	xói mòn đa dạng sinh học	biodiversity erosion results from habitat degradation	prevent biodiversity erosion
phenological shifts	n	/ˌfiːnəˈlɒdʒɪkl ʃɪfts/	dịch chuyển theo thời vụ	Phenological shifts represent a mechanism	observe phenological shifts
desynchronize	v	/diːˈsɪŋkrənaɪz/	làm mất đồng bộ	can desynchronize these relationships	desynchronize biological processes
interspecies transmission	n	/ˌɪntəˈspiːʃiːz trænzˈmɪʃn/	lây truyền giữa các loài	conditions for interspecies transmission	facilitate interspecies transmission
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc về nhận thực luận	substantial epistemological challenges	epistemological questions/issues
ensemble forecasting	n	/ɒnˈsɒmbl ˈfɔːkɑːstɪŋ/	dự báo tổ hợp	ensemble forecasting methods	use ensemble forecasting
transdisciplinary approach	n	/ˌtrænzdɪsəˈplɪnəri əˈprəʊtʃ/	cách tiếp cận xuyên ngành	This transdisciplinary approach emphasizes	adopt a transdisciplinary approach
buffer zones	n	/ˈbʌfə zəʊnz/	vùng đệm	protecting ecosystems serving as buffer zones	establish buffer zones

Sơ đồ chiến lược giảm thiểu rủi ro bệnh tật do biến đổi khí hậu với tiếp cận đa ngành One Health

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on the spread of diseases” không chỉ là một chủ đề học thuật quan trọng mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà nhân loại đang phải đối mặt. Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba góc nhìn khác nhau về vấn đề: từ bệnh lây truyền qua muỗi (Passage 1), bệnh lây qua nước (Passage 2), đến bệnh truyền từ động vật sang người (Passage 3).

Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần đã cung cấp đầy đủ các thử thách bạn sẽ gặp trong kỳ thi thật, từ việc tìm thông tin cụ thể, nhận diện paraphrase, đến phân tích và suy luận thông tin phức tạp. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích giúp bạn không chỉ biết câu trả lời đúng mà còn hiểu rõ phương pháp tiếp cận mỗi dạng câu hỏi.

Từ vựng chuyên ngành về y tế, môi trường và khoa học trong bài sẽ là nền tảng vững chắc giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi đối mặt với các chủ đề tương tự. Hãy nhớ rằng, việc luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng cao như thế này sẽ giúp bạn cải thiện đáng kể band điểm Reading.

Để tiếp tục nâng cao kỹ năng, hãy thực hành với các chủ đề liên quan khác như How is climate change influencing global public health? hoặc Impact of urban development on public health để mở rộng vốn từ vựng và làm quen với nhiều góc độ khác nhau về sức khỏe cộng đồng. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn!