IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Năng Lượng Tái Tạo Lên Hoạch Định Chính Sách – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Giới thiệu

Chủ đề “Impact Of Renewable Energy On Policy-making” (Tác động của năng lượng tái tạo lên hoạch định chính sách) đang ngày càng xuất hiện phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Đây là một chủ đề quan trọng phản ánh xu hướng chuyển đổi năng lượng toàn cầu và vai trò của các chính phủ trong việc thúc đẩy phát triển bền vững.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Đề thi bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với nhiều dạng câu hỏi khác nhau như True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác – giống y hệt như trong kỳ thi thật. Sau mỗi passage, bạn sẽ tìm thấy đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về cách xác định đáp án đúng, vị trí thông tin trong bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase.

Đặc biệt, bài viết còn cung cấp bảng từ vựng quan trọng theo từng passage, giúp bạn không chỉ luyện tập kỹ năng đọc hiểu mà còn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và xây dựng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng tương ứng với 1 điểm, và band score của bạn sẽ được quy đổi dựa trên số câu đúng.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Các dạng câu hỏi IELTS Reading về năng lượng tái tạo và chính sách

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Solar Energy in Residential Areas

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Over the past two decades, solar energy has transformed from an expensive luxury into an increasingly accessible option for homeowners worldwide. This dramatic shift has been driven by technological advances, falling costs, and growing awareness of environmental issues. In many countries, governments have recognized the potential of solar power and introduced policies to encourage its adoption in residential areas.

The basic principle of residential solar panels is straightforward. Photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. These cells are typically made from silicon, a material that can generate an electrical current when exposed to light. When multiple cells are connected together, they form a solar panel, and several panels can be combined to create a solar array capable of powering an entire home.

The cost of installing solar panels has decreased dramatically since the early 2000s. According to industry data, the price of solar panels has fallen by more than 80% over the past fifteen years. This remarkable reduction has been achieved through improved manufacturing processes, economies of scale, and increased competition in the market. As a result, the payback period – the time it takes for the energy savings to equal the initial investment – has shortened considerably, making solar power an attractive financial proposition for many households.

Government policies have played a crucial role in promoting solar energy adoption. Many countries have introduced feed-in tariffs, which guarantee that homeowners will receive payment for any excess electricity they generate and supply back to the grid. Some governments offer tax incentives or rebates to reduce the upfront cost of installation. In Australia, for example, the government provides financial support through various state and federal programs, making solar panels more affordable for average families.

The environmental benefits of solar energy are substantial. Unlike fossil fuels, solar power generates electricity without producing greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution. A typical residential solar system can offset several tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year – equivalent to planting hundreds of trees or taking a car off the road. This clean energy source helps combat climate change while reducing dependence on non-renewable resources.

However, solar energy adoption faces several challenges. The initial installation cost, despite significant reductions, remains a barrier for many households, particularly those with limited financial resources. Additionally, solar panels require adequate sunlight to function efficiently, which means their effectiveness varies depending on geographical location and weather conditions. Homes in regions with frequent cloud cover or shorter daylight hours may not benefit as much from solar installation.

Another consideration is the intermittent nature of solar power. Solar panels only generate electricity during daylight hours, and their output fluctuates based on the intensity of sunlight. This means that homes with solar panels typically remain connected to the traditional electricity grid to ensure a continuous power supply. However, the development of battery storage technology is gradually addressing this limitation, allowing households to store excess solar energy for use during nighttime or cloudy days.

Despite these challenges, the future of residential solar energy appears promising. Technological innovations continue to improve panel efficiency, with newer models capable of converting a higher percentage of sunlight into electricity. Some manufacturers are developing building-integrated photovoltaics – solar cells that can be incorporated into roof tiles, windows, or building facades, making them less visible and more aesthetically pleasing. These advances, combined with ongoing policy support, suggest that solar energy will play an increasingly important role in residential power generation in the coming decades.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what has made solar energy more accessible to homeowners?
   A) Government regulations
   B) Technological improvements and lower prices
   C) Environmental campaigns
   D) International agreements

2. What material are solar cells typically made from?
   A) Copper
   B) Aluminum
   C) Silicon
   D) Carbon

3. By how much have solar panel prices fallen since the early 2000s?
   A) More than 50%
   B) Exactly 70%
   C) Around 75%
   D) Over 80%

4. What does “payback period” refer to in the context of solar panels?
   A) The lifespan of the solar panels
   B) The time required to recover the installation cost through savings
   C) The warranty period offered by manufacturers
   D) The government subsidy duration

5. What is a feed-in tariff?
   A) A tax on solar panel installation
   B) Payment for excess electricity returned to the grid
   C) A reduction in electricity bills
   D) A government loan for solar panels

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage? Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Solar panels can only generate electricity in direct sunlight.
7. Australia provides financial assistance for solar panel installation.
8. Solar energy produces more greenhouse gases than coal power.
9. Most homeowners prefer solar panels made in Europe.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through devices called __.
11. A typical residential solar system can offset emissions equivalent to __ a car from the road.
12. The effectiveness of solar panels depends on factors such as geographical location and __.
13. New developments in __ allow households to save excess solar energy for later use.

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PASSAGE 2 – Policy Frameworks for Renewable Energy Transition

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable energy sources represents one of the most significant policy challenges of the twenty-first century. Governments worldwide are grappling with the complex task of designing and implementing regulatory frameworks that can accelerate this transition while maintaining energy security, economic stability, and social equity. Understanding the multifaceted relationship between renewable energy development and policy-making is essential for anyone interested in contemporary environmental and economic issues.

Policy instruments for promoting renewable energy can be broadly categorized into three main types: regulatory policies, economic incentives, and information-based approaches. Regulatory policies include renewable portfolio standards (RPS), which mandate that a certain percentage of electricity must come from renewable sources by a specified date. These standards create guaranteed demand for renewable energy, providing market certainty that encourages investment in new projects. The European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive, which sets binding targets for member states, exemplifies this approach. By 2030, the EU aims to generate at least 32% of its total energy from renewable sources, with individual countries required to develop national action plans to meet their respective targets.

Economic incentives, particularly subsidies and tax credits, have proven highly effective in stimulating renewable energy development. These financial mechanisms reduce the cost differential between renewable and conventional energy sources, making clean energy projects more commercially viable. However, the design of such incentives requires careful consideration. Production-based incentives, which reward actual energy generation, are generally more efficient than capacity-based subsidies, which pay for installed equipment regardless of performance. Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) policy demonstrates both the potential and pitfalls of economic incentives. While generous feed-in tariffs successfully expanded renewable capacity, they also led to higher electricity prices for consumers and raised questions about long-term fiscal sustainability.

The concept of a “just transition” has gained prominence in recent policy discussions. This framework recognizes that the shift to renewable energy will inevitably disrupt traditional energy industries and affect workers and communities dependent on fossil fuel sectors. Progressive policies must therefore include measures to support workforce retraining, economic diversification in affected regions, and social protection for displaced workers. Scotland’s renewable energy strategy incorporates just transition principles, with dedicated programs to help workers in the North Sea oil industry transition to offshore wind sector employment.

Grid infrastructure presents another critical policy consideration. Renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, are often located far from urban consumption centers and produce electricity intermittently. This necessitates substantial investment in transmission networks and energy storage systems. Policy-makers must decide whether to fund this infrastructure through public investment, regulated utility spending, or private sector participation. China’s massive investment in ultra-high-voltage transmission lines illustrates a state-led approach, enabling the country to transport solar and wind power from remote western regions to populous eastern cities.

The international dimension of renewable energy policy adds further complexity. Cross-border electricity trade can enhance energy security and optimize the use of renewable resources, but it requires harmonized regulations and interconnected infrastructure. The European electricity market has made significant progress in this direction, although challenges remain regarding market design and cost allocation. Similarly, the global supply chains for renewable energy technologies raise important policy questions. While many countries aim to develop domestic manufacturing capacity for solar panels and wind turbines, the economic logic of comparative advantage often favors international specialization and trade.

Behavioral economics insights are increasingly informing renewable energy policy. Research shows that default options, social norms, and framing effects significantly influence individual and organizational energy choices. For instance, automatically enrolling consumers in green energy programs (while allowing them to opt out) typically results in much higher participation rates than voluntary opt-in schemes. Providing households with information about their neighbors’ energy consumption can motivate conservation efforts through social comparison. These findings suggest that “nudge” policies – which guide behavior through choice architecture rather than mandates or incentives – can complement traditional regulatory approaches.

Critics argue that current policy frameworks often prioritize short-term political considerations over long-term environmental objectives. Policy uncertainty – frequent changes in support mechanisms or targets – can deter investment and slow renewable energy deployment. The boom-and-bust cycle of wind energy development in the United States, driven by the periodic expiration and renewal of production tax credits, illustrates this problem. Establishing stable, predictable policy environments requires political consensus and often necessitates institutional reforms that insulate energy policy from electoral cycles.

Looking ahead, adaptive governance approaches may offer solutions to the inherent uncertainties of renewable energy transition. Rather than attempting to design perfect policies upfront, adaptive frameworks incorporate monitoring mechanisms, evaluation procedures, and adjustment protocols that allow policies to evolve based on empirical evidence and changing circumstances. This iterative approach acknowledges the experimental nature of large-scale energy transitions and builds learning into the policy process itself. As renewable energy technologies continue to advance and costs decline, policy-makers must remain flexible, innovative, and committed to the overarching goal of sustainable energy systems that benefit both current and future generations.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Regulatory frameworks for renewable energy must balance multiple competing priorities.
15. Production-based incentives are less effective than capacity-based subsidies.
16. Germany’s feed-in tariff policy was entirely successful without any drawbacks.
17. The just transition framework is unnecessary in developed countries.
18. Behavioral economics can provide useful insights for energy policy design.

Questions 19-22: Matching Headings

The passage has nine paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B, D, F, and H from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The role of international cooperation in energy markets
ii. Types of policy tools for renewable energy promotion
iii. Addressing social impacts of energy transition
iv. The challenge of renewable energy storage
v. Using psychological insights in policy design
vi. Problems caused by unstable policy environments
vii. Financial mechanisms and their effectiveness
viii. Geographic constraints of renewable energy

19. Paragraph B (starting with “Policy instruments…”)
20. Paragraph D (starting with “The concept of…”)
21. Paragraph F (starting with “The international dimension…”)
22. Paragraph H (starting with “Critics argue…”)

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Renewable energy policy faces numerous challenges. One major issue is the need for improved 23) __ to connect renewable energy sources with cities where electricity is consumed. China has addressed this through building 24) __, which transport power across long distances. Another challenge is 25) __, where frequent changes in government support discourage investment. To address these complex issues, some experts recommend 26) __ approaches that allow policies to be modified based on evidence and changing conditions.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Political Economy of Renewable Energy Transformation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The global imperative to transition toward renewable energy systems is fundamentally reshaping the political economy of energy governance. This transformation extends far beyond mere technological substitution; it entails a profound reconfiguration of power relations, economic structures, and institutional arrangements that have characterized the fossil fuel era. Understanding the intricate interplay between renewable energy development and policy-making requires examining not only the technical and economic dimensions but also the sociopolitical forces that both facilitate and impede this transition. Contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes that energy transitions are inherently political processes, shaped by competing interests, ideological frameworks, and path-dependent trajectories that resist simple linear progression.

The concept of “energy democracy” has emerged as a critical analytical lens through which to examine renewable energy policy-making. Proponents argue that renewable energy technologies, particularly decentralized systems such as rooftop solar and community wind projects, possess an inherent democratizing potential that contrasts sharply with the centralized, oligopolistic structure of conventional energy systems. This perspective emphasizes how renewable energy can redistribute both economic benefits and decision-making authority from large corporations and central governments to local communities and individual citizens. However, critical scholars caution against technological determinism, noting that renewable energy systems can also be deployed in highly centralized, corporate-dominated configurations that perpetuate existing power asymmetries. The ultimate political implications of renewable energy depend significantly on the governance frameworks and ownership models established through policy choices.

Institutional theory provides valuable insights into the persistence of fossil fuel dependence despite mounting environmental imperatives and improving renewable energy economics. The concept of “carbon lock-in” describes how interconnected technological systems, organizational routines, cognitive frameworks, and vested interests create powerful inertial forces that perpetuate carbon-intensive pathways. Incumbent energy industries leverage their substantial political influence, derived from economic resources, regulatory capture, and ideological hegemony, to slow or shape energy transitions in ways that protect their interests. This manifests through various mechanisms: lobbying to weaken renewable energy policies, strategic litigation challenging regulations, disinformation campaigns sowing doubt about climate science, and political contributions to sympathetic candidates. The “revolving door” between regulatory agencies and the industries they oversee further entrenches these dynamics, creating conflicts of interest that bias policy-making toward incumbent interests.

The distributional consequences of renewable energy policies constitute another crucial political dimension. While renewable energy offers significant aggregate benefits – reduced emissions, improved air quality, enhanced energy independence – these benefits are neither automatically realized nor equitably distributed. The costs and benefits of energy transition accrue differently across social classes, geographic regions, and demographic groups, generating political cleavages that shape policy debates. Regressive impacts can occur when policies raise electricity costs for low-income households already spending a disproportionate share of their income on energy, a phenomenon termed “energy poverty”. Conversely, affluent households may capture disproportionate benefits from subsidies for rooftop solar or electric vehicles. Geographic disparities emerge between regions endowed with renewable resources and those dependent on fossil fuel extraction, and between urban areas where renewable infrastructure is prioritized and rural communities potentially left behind. Effective policy design must explicitly address these distributional issues through targeted support mechanisms, cross-subsidization schemes, and inclusive participatory processes that give voice to marginalized communities.

Multi-level governance challenges complicate renewable energy policy-making in federal and decentralized systems. Energy policy authority is typically distributed across national, subnational, and local levels, each with distinct jurisdictional powers, political dynamics, and policy priorities. This fragmentation can produce either synergistic benefits or problematic incoherence, depending on coordination effectiveness. In the United States, federal-state tensions have been particularly evident, with some states pursuing ambitious renewable energy agendas despite limited federal support or even active opposition. This polycentric governance structure demonstrates both resilience – allowing policy innovation to proceed at subnational levels when national action stalls – and inefficiency, as inconsistent standards and regulations increase costs and complexity. The vertical and horizontal coordination required for effective renewable energy transition poses substantial institutional challenges, particularly in contexts characterized by political polarization and intergovernmental conflict.

The international political economy of renewable energy introduces additional complexity through transnational supply chains, technology transfer dynamics, and geopolitical implications. China’s dominance in manufacturing solar panels and batteries, controlling over 70% of global production capacity, raises concerns about supply chain vulnerability and strategic dependencies reminiscent of petroleum geopolitics. This has prompted various countries to pursue industrial policy interventions aimed at developing domestic manufacturing capacity, justified through national security and economic competitiveness rationales. However, such approaches risk protectionism that undermines the cost reductions achieved through global specialization and economies of scale. The tension between free trade principles and strategic autonomy objectives creates difficult policy trade-offs with significant implications for the pace and cost of renewable energy deployment.

Financial sector dynamics exert profound influence on renewable energy policy-making, yet remain insufficiently examined in many policy discussions. The transition to renewable energy requires redirecting trillions of dollars in investment from fossil fuel infrastructure to clean energy systems – a capital reallocation of unprecedented scale. Institutional investors, including pension funds, insurance companies, and sovereign wealth funds, increasingly recognize climate-related financial risks and demand greater regulatory clarity regarding carbon asset exposure and transition pathways. This evolving investor sentiment creates both opportunities and pressures for policy-makers, as capital markets can potentially accelerate or constrain energy transition depending on regulatory frameworks and risk perceptions. The emerging sustainable finance architecture – including green bonds, ESG investment criteria, and climate risk disclosure requirements – represents an important but underdeveloped policy lever for renewable energy transition.

The phenomenon of “policy diffusion” illuminates how renewable energy policies spread across jurisdictions through processes of learning, competition, and emulation. Transnational networks of policy-makers, epistemic communities of technical experts, and international organizations facilitate the transfer of policy ideas and best practices across borders. Germany’s feed-in tariff model has been particularly influential, adopted with modifications by dozens of countries worldwide. However, policy diffusion is not a straightforward technical transfer process; imported policies must be adapted to local political, economic, and institutional contexts, and their effectiveness depends on implementation capacity and political support. The selective adoption of policy elements, potentially divorcing specific mechanisms from their original systemic context, can produce disappointing results that undermine confidence in renewable energy strategies.

Looking forward, the trajectory of renewable energy transition will be determined not solely by technological capabilities or economic costs but fundamentally by political choices embedded in policy-making processes. The growing urgency of climate action, driven by increasingly severe climate impacts and narrowing carbon budgets, creates imperative for accelerated renewable energy deployment. Yet this urgency collides with political realities of short-term electoral cycles, entrenched interests, and public skepticism in some quarters. Transformative change of the scale required demands not merely technical policy adjustments but deeper reimagining of energy systems’ role in society, economy, and democracy. Achieving this transformation requires innovative governance mechanisms that balance technocratic expertise with democratic legitimacy, navigate multi-scalar coordination challenges, address distributional justice concerns, and maintain adaptive capacity amidst ongoing technological, economic, and political change. The renewable energy transition ultimately represents not just an infrastructural transformation but a political project whose outcomes will be determined by the quality, inclusiveness, and effectiveness of policy-making processes established today.

Chính sách năng lượng tái tạo và tác động kinh tế chính trị toàn cầu

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the concept of “energy democracy” suggests that renewable energy can:
    A) Automatically create democratic governance
    B) Potentially redistribute power to communities
    C) Only work in democratic political systems
    D) Replace existing political structures entirely

28. What does “carbon lock-in” refer to?
    A) Policies that prevent carbon emissions
    B) Technologies that capture carbon dioxide
    C) Interconnected systems that maintain fossil fuel dependence
    D) Legal restrictions on carbon-intensive industries

29. The passage suggests that distributional consequences of renewable energy policies:
    A) Are easily resolved through market mechanisms
    B) Only affect low-income households negatively
    C) Create political divisions that influence policy debates
    D) Have been completely addressed by current policies

30. According to the passage, China’s dominance in solar panel manufacturing:
    A) Has eliminated all concerns about energy security
    B) Creates supply chain vulnerabilities similar to oil dependence
    C) Proves that free trade always benefits renewable energy
    D) Has no geopolitical implications for other countries

31. The passage indicates that policy diffusion:
    A) Guarantees successful outcomes in all contexts
    B) Involves straightforward technical transfer between countries
    C) Requires adaptation to local political and institutional contexts
    D) Is the most important factor in renewable energy success

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H) from the passage.

Concepts:
32. Energy poverty
33. Carbon asset exposure
34. Epistemic communities
35. Revolving door
36. Path-dependent trajectories

Descriptions:
A) Movement of personnel between regulatory agencies and industries
B) Networks of technical experts sharing policy knowledge
C) Historical patterns that constrain future development options
D) Low-income households spending excessive income on energy
E) International agreements on climate action
F) Financial risks related to fossil fuel investments
G) Technologies for storing renewable energy
H) Competition between energy companies

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of energy systems are mentioned as examples of decentralized renewable energy?
38. What percentage of global solar panel and battery production capacity does China control?
39. What type of investment criteria is mentioned as part of sustainable finance architecture?
40. According to the passage, what must policy-making processes balance with democratic legitimacy?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. NOT GIVEN
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. photovoltaic cells / solar cells
11. taking
12. weather conditions
13. battery storage technology / battery storage

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. NO
17. NOT GIVEN
18. YES
19. ii
20. iii
21. i
22. vi
23. grid infrastructure / transmission networks
24. ultra-high-voltage transmission lines / transmission lines
25. policy uncertainty
26. adaptive governance

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. D
33. F
34. B
35. A
36. C
37. rooftop solar / community wind projects
38. over 70% / 70%
39. ESG investment criteria / ESG criteria
40. technocratic expertise

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: solar energy, accessible, homeowners
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “This dramatic shift has been driven by technological advances, falling costs, and growing awareness of environmental issues” – chuyển đổi được thúc đẩy bởi tiến bộ công nghệ và giảm chi phí, khớp với đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập là nguyên nhân chính.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: solar cells, material, made from
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Câu “These cells are typically made from silicon” trả lời trực tiếp câu hỏi.

Câu 3: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: solar panel prices, fallen, early 2000s
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the price of solar panels has fallen by more than 80%” – khớp với đáp án D “over 80%”.

Câu 4: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: payback period
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 4
• Giải thích: “The payback period – the time it takes for the energy savings to equal the initial investment” giải thích rõ payback period là thời gian thu hồi vốn đầu tư thông qua tiết kiệm năng lượng.

Câu 5: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: feed-in tariff
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “Many countries have introduced feed-in tariffs, which guarantee that homeowners will receive payment for any excess electricity they generate and supply back to the grid” – khớp với đáp án B.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Australia, financial assistance, solar panel installation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “In Australia, for example, the government provides financial support through various state and federal programs” xác nhận Australia cung cấp hỗ trợ tài chính.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: solar energy, greenhouse gases, coal power
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Unlike fossil fuels, solar power generates electricity without producing greenhouse gas emissions” – năng lượng mặt trời KHÔNG tạo khí nhà kính, trái ngược với phát biểu.

Câu 10: photovoltaic cells / solar cells

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: convert sunlight, electricity, devices
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “Photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity” – trả lời trực tiếp câu hỏi.

Câu 13: battery storage technology / battery storage

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: save excess solar energy, later use
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “However, the development of battery storage technology is gradually addressing this limitation, allowing households to store excess solar energy” – paraphrase “save” thành “store”.

Kỹ thuật làm bài IELTS Reading về năng lượng mặt trời và chính sách

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: regulatory frameworks, renewable energy, balance, competing priorities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “Governments worldwide are grappling with the complex task of designing and implementing regulatory frameworks that can accelerate this transition while maintaining energy security, economic stability, and social equity” – tác giả cho rằng các khung quy định phải cân bằng nhiều ưu tiên cạnh tranh.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: production-based incentives, less effective, capacity-based subsidies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 4
• Giải thích: “Production-based incentives, which reward actual energy generation, are generally more efficient than capacity-based subsidies” – trái ngược hoàn toàn với phát biểu.

Câu 16: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Germany’s feed-in tariff, entirely successful, no drawbacks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “While generous feed-in tariffs successfully expanded renewable capacity, they also led to higher electricity prices for consumers and raised questions about long-term fiscal sustainability” – có cả thành công và nhược điểm, không phải “entirely successful without any drawbacks”.

Câu 18: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: behavioral economics, useful insights, energy policy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “Behavioral economics insights are increasingly informing renewable energy policy” – tác giả đồng ý behavioral economics cung cấp insights hữu ích.

Câu 19: ii (Types of policy tools for renewable energy promotion)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B (Paragraph 2)
• Giải thích: Đoạn này bắt đầu “Policy instruments for promoting renewable energy can be broadly categorized into three main types” và tiếp tục mô tả các loại công cụ chính sách.

Câu 20: iii (Addressing social impacts of energy transition)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D (Paragraph 4)
• Giải thích: Đoạn này thảo luận về “just transition” và cách chính sách phải hỗ trợ công nhân và cộng đồng bị ảnh hưởng bởi chuyển đổi năng lượng.

Câu 23: grid infrastructure / transmission networks

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: connect renewable energy sources, cities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: “This necessitates substantial investment in transmission networks and energy storage systems” – paraphrase thành “improved grid infrastructure”.

Câu 25: policy uncertainty

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: frequent changes, government support, discourage investment
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “Policy uncertainty – frequent changes in support mechanisms or targets – can deter investment” – khớp hoàn toàn với mô tả trong summary.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: energy democracy, renewable energy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 2-3
• Giải thích: “renewable energy technologies… possess an inherent democratizing potential” và “emphasizes how renewable energy can redistribute both economic benefits and decision-making authority… to local communities and individual citizens” – khớp với đáp án B về khả năng phân phối lại quyền lực.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: carbon lock-in
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “The concept of ‘carbon lock-in’ describes how interconnected technological systems, organizational routines, cognitive frameworks, and vested interests create powerful inertial forces that perpetuate carbon-intensive pathways” – đáp án C mô tả chính xác.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: distributional consequences, renewable energy policies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: “The costs and benefits of energy transition accrue differently across social classes, geographic regions, and demographic groups, generating political cleavages that shape policy debates” – khớp với đáp án C.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: China’s dominance, solar panel manufacturing
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “China’s dominance… raises concerns about supply chain vulnerability and strategic dependencies reminiscent of petroleum geopolitics” – so sánh với sự phụ thuộc dầu mỏ, khớp đáp án B.

Câu 32: D (Energy poverty)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: “Regressive impacts can occur when policies raise electricity costs for low-income households already spending a disproportionate share of their income on energy, a phenomenon termed ‘energy poverty'” – khớp với mô tả D.

Câu 35: A (Revolving door)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “The ‘revolving door’ between regulatory agencies and the industries they oversee” – mô tả chính xác sự di chuyển nhân sự giữa cơ quan quản lý và ngành công nghiệp.

Câu 38: over 70% / 70%

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: China, global solar panel and battery production
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “China’s dominance in manufacturing solar panels and batteries, controlling over 70% of global production capacity” – trả lời trực tiếp.

Câu 40: technocratic expertise

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: policy-making processes, balance, democratic legitimacy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu thứ 5
• Giải thích: “innovative governance mechanisms that balance technocratic expertise with democratic legitimacy” – paraphrase câu hỏi “balance with” trong bài viết.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
accessible	adj	/əkˈsesəbl/	có thể tiếp cận, dễ dàng sử dụng	solar energy has transformed into an accessible option	accessible option, readily accessible
photovoltaic	adj	/ˌfəʊtəʊvɒlˈteɪɪk/	quang điện, liên quan đến việc chuyển đổi ánh sáng thành điện	Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity	photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic system
remarkable	adj	/rɪˈmɑːkəbl/	đáng chú ý, xuất sắc	This remarkable reduction has been achieved	remarkable reduction, remarkable achievement
payback period	noun phrase	/ˈpeɪbæk ˈpɪəriəd/	thời gian hoàn vốn	the payback period has shortened considerably	short payback period, extend payback period
feed-in tariff	noun phrase	/fiːd ɪn ˈtærɪf/	chính sách mua lại điện, giá bán điện lên lưới	Many countries have introduced feed-in tariffs	introduce feed-in tariff, generous feed-in tariff
offset	verb	/ˈɒfset/	bù đắp, bù trừ	A typical residential solar system can offset several tons	offset emissions, offset costs
intermittent	adj	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/	gián đoạn, không liên tục	the intermittent nature of solar power	intermittent supply, intermittent energy source
barrier	noun	/ˈbæriə(r)/	rào cản, trở ngại	remains a barrier for many households	cost barrier, overcome barriers
grid	noun	/ɡrɪd/	lưới điện	homes remain connected to the electricity grid	electricity grid, power grid, grid connection
aesthetically	adv	/iːsˈθetɪkli/	về mặt thẩm mỹ	making them more aesthetically pleasing	aesthetically pleasing, aesthetically appealing
fossil fuels	noun phrase	/ˈfɒsl fjuːəlz/	nhiên liệu hóa thạch	Unlike fossil fuels, solar power generates electricity	burn fossil fuels, fossil fuel dependence
building-integrated	adj	/ˈbɪldɪŋ ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd/	được tích hợp vào tòa nhà	building-integrated photovoltaics	building-integrated system, building-integrated design

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
regulatory framework	noun phrase	/ˈreɡjələtəri ˈfreɪmwɜːk/	khung pháp lý, khung quy định	designing and implementing regulatory frameworks	establish regulatory framework, comprehensive regulatory framework
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều mặt, đa chiều	Understanding the multifaceted relationship	multifaceted approach, multifaceted problem
mandate	verb	/mænˈdeɪt/	bắt buộc, quy định	which mandate that a certain percentage	mandate requirements, government-mandated
commercially viable	adj phrase	/kəˈmɜːʃəli ˈvaɪəbl/	khả thi về mặt thương mại	making clean energy projects more commercially viable	commercially viable option, commercially viable solution
fiscal sustainability	noun phrase	/ˈfɪskl səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/	tính bền vững về tài chính	raised questions about long-term fiscal sustainability	ensure fiscal sustainability, fiscal sustainability concerns
workforce retraining	noun phrase	/ˈwɜːkfɔːs riːˈtreɪnɪŋ/	đào tạo lại lực lượng lao động	include measures to support workforce retraining	workforce retraining programs, invest in workforce retraining
intermittently	adv	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtəntli/	một cách gián đoạn	produce electricity intermittently	operate intermittently, function intermittently
transmission network	noun phrase	/trænzˈmɪʃn ˈnetwɜːk/	mạng lưới truyền tải	substantial investment in transmission networks	upgrade transmission network, expand transmission network
harmonized regulations	noun phrase	/ˈhɑːmənaɪzd ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃnz/	các quy định được hài hòa hóa	requires harmonized regulations	adopt harmonized regulations, lack of harmonized regulations
comparative advantage	noun phrase	/kəmˈpærətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/	lợi thế so sánh	the economic logic of comparative advantage	exploit comparative advantage, based on comparative advantage
default option	noun phrase	/dɪˈfɔːlt ˈɒpʃn/	lựa chọn mặc định	Research shows that default options significantly influence	set as default option, change default option
nudge policy	noun phrase	/nʌdʒ ˈpɒləsi/	chính sách tạo động lực nhẹ nhàng	These findings suggest that nudge policies can complement	implement nudge policies, effective nudge policy
policy uncertainty	noun phrase	/ˈpɒləsi ʌnˈsɜːtnti/	sự bất định về chính sách	Policy uncertainty can deter investment	reduce policy uncertainty, policy uncertainty risks
adaptive governance	noun phrase	/əˈdæptɪv ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị thích ứng	adaptive governance approaches may offer solutions	adopt adaptive governance, adaptive governance framework
empirical evidence	noun phrase	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl ˈevɪdəns/	bằng chứng thực nghiệm	allow policies to evolve based on empirical evidence	based on empirical evidence, gather empirical evidence

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
political economy	noun phrase	/pəˌlɪtɪkl iˈkɒnəmi/	kinh tế chính trị	The political economy of energy governance	study political economy, political economy perspective
intricate interplay	noun phrase	/ˈɪntrɪkət ˈɪntəpleɪ/	sự tương tác phức tạp	the intricate interplay between renewable energy development	intricate interplay between factors, intricate interplay of forces
path-dependent	adj	/pɑːθ dɪˈpendənt/	phụ thuộc vào quỹ đạo phát triển	path-dependent trajectories that resist	path-dependent process, path-dependent development
analytical lens	noun phrase	/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl lenz/	góc nhìn phân tích	as a critical analytical lens	through analytical lens, provide analytical lens
decentralized system	noun phrase	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống phi tập trung	renewable energy technologies, particularly decentralized systems	adopt decentralized system, decentralized system approach
technological determinism	noun phrase	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl dɪˈtɜːmɪnɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa quyết định công nghệ	critical scholars caution against technological determinism	avoid technological determinism, challenge technological determinism
carbon lock-in	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən lɒk ɪn/	bị khóa chặt vào carbon	The concept of carbon lock-in describes	overcome carbon lock-in, carbon lock-in effects
vested interests	noun phrase	/ˈvestɪd ˈɪntrəsts/	lợi ích đã được thiết lập	vested interests create powerful inertial forces	protect vested interests, challenge vested interests
regulatory capture	noun phrase	/ˈreɡjələtəri ˈkæptʃə(r)/	sự chiếm đoạt quy định	derived from regulatory capture	prevent regulatory capture, regulatory capture phenomenon
revolving door	noun phrase	/rɪˈvɒlvɪŋ dɔː(r)/	cửa quay vòng (chỉ sự thay đổi vai trò)	The revolving door between regulatory agencies	revolving door practice, revolving door problem
distributional consequences	noun phrase	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/	hậu quả phân phối	The distributional consequences of renewable energy policies	address distributional consequences, distributional consequences analysis
regressive impact	noun phrase	/rɪˈɡresɪv ˈɪmpækt/	tác động lũy thoái	Regressive impacts can occur when policies	avoid regressive impact, regressive impact on poor
energy poverty	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi ˈpɒvəti/	nghèo năng lượng	a phenomenon termed energy poverty	combat energy poverty, energy poverty concerns
multi-level governance	noun phrase	/ˈmʌlti ˈlevl ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị đa cấp	Multi-level governance challenges complicate	multi-level governance system, multi-level governance approach
polycentric governance	noun phrase	/ˌpɒliˈsentrɪk ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị đa trung tâm	This polycentric governance structure demonstrates	polycentric governance model, adopt polycentric governance
geopolitical implications	noun phrase	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃnz/	ý nghĩa địa chính trị	technology transfer dynamics, and geopolitical implications	consider geopolitical implications, geopolitical implications analysis
strategic autonomy	noun phrase	/strəˈtiːdʒɪk ɔːˈtɒnəmi/	quyền tự chủ chiến lược	the tension between free trade principles and strategic autonomy objectives	maintain strategic autonomy, strategic autonomy goals
capital reallocation	noun phrase	/ˈkæpɪtl ˌriːæləˈkeɪʃn/	tái phân bổ vốn	requires redirecting trillions of dollars – a capital reallocation	massive capital reallocation, capital reallocation process
epistemic communities	noun phrase	/ˌepɪˈstiːmɪk kəˈmjuːnətiz/	cộng đồng tri thức	epistemic communities of technical experts	role of epistemic communities, epistemic communities influence
policy diffusion	noun phrase	/ˈpɒləsi dɪˈfjuːʒn/	sự lan tỏa chính sách	The phenomenon of policy diffusion illuminates	study policy diffusion, policy diffusion process

Từ vựng IELTS Reading về năng lượng tái tạo và chính sách môi trường

Kết bài

Chủ đề “Impact of renewable energy on policy-making” không chỉ phổ biến trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một trong những vấn đề quan trọng nhất của thời đại chúng ta. Thông qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy (Passage 1 về năng lượng mặt trời dân dụng) đến Medium (Passage 2 về khung chính sách năng lượng tái tạo) và Hard (Passage 3 về kinh tế chính trị của chuyển đổi năng lượng).

Bộ đề này cung cấp cho bạn 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau – đầy đủ các dạng bài thường gặp trong kỳ thi thật như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion, Matching Features và Short-answer Questions. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách xác định đáp án đúng sẽ giúp bạn tự đánh giá năng lực và hiểu rõ những điểm cần cải thiện.

Đặc biệt, các bảng từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage không chỉ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật mà còn cung cấp collocations thực tế, giúp bạn sử dụng từ vựng một cách tự nhiên và chính xác hơn. Những từ vựng này không chỉ hữu ích cho phần Reading mà còn có thể áp dụng cho phần Writing Task 2 khi viết về các chủ đề liên quan đến môi trường, năng lượng và chính sách.

Hãy nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading không chỉ đến từ việc làm nhiều bài tập mà còn từ việc phân tích kỹ lưỡng cách thức paraphrase, hiểu rõ cấu trúc câu hỏi và xây dựng chiến lược làm bài phù hợp. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Để tìm hiểu thêm về what are the implications of climate change on water management, một chủ đề liên quan chặt chẽ đến năng lượng tái tạo và chính sách môi trường, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm tài liệu trên website. Ngoài ra, việc nắm vững kiến thức về AI in monitoring and predicting climate changes cũng sẽ giúp bạn hiểu sâu hơn về các công nghệ hỗ trợ chuyển đổi năng lượng và phát triển bền vững.