IELTS Reading: Tác động của mạng xã hội đến phong trào xã hội – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề Impact Of Social Media On Activism (Tác động của mạng xã hội đến phong trào xã hội) đã trở thành một trong những đề tài phổ biến trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading những năm gần đây. Với sự phát triển vũ bão của các nền tảng truyền thông xã hội như Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng xã hội đương đại mà còn thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS chính thức với nhiều góc độ khác nhau.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5), Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Đề thi bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với các dạng bài đa dạng giống thi thật, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích từng câu. Bạn sẽ học được cách nhận diện từ khóa, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng dạng câu hỏi.

Đề thi phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên muốn luyện tập kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật, làm quen với format thi thật và nâng cao vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành về công nghệ và xã hội.

1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng tương ứng với 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án lên Answer Sheet, đảm bảo viết đúng chính tả và format.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Digital Activism

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Social media has fundamentally transformed how people engage in activism and social movements. In the past two decades, platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok have become powerful tools for organizing protests, raising awareness about social issues, and mobilizing communities around causes. This phenomenon, often called “digital activism” or “clicktivism,” has changed the landscape of social change movements worldwide.

One of the most significant advantages of social media activism is its unprecedented reach. A single post can be shared thousands of times within hours, spreading information across geographical boundaries that would have been impossible to cross using traditional methods. When a Twitter user posts about an injustice with a compelling hashtag, it can trend globally within minutes, attracting attention from millions of people, including journalists, politicians, and celebrities who can amplify the message further. This viral nature of social media content means that small, local issues can quickly gain international attention.

Accessibility is another crucial benefit of digital activism. Unlike traditional forms of protest that require physical presence, financial resources, or specialized knowledge, social media allows virtually anyone with an internet connection to participate in activism. People who might face barriers to traditional activism – such as those with physical disabilities, parents with young children, or individuals living in remote areas – can now contribute meaningfully to causes they care about. They can sign online petitions, share educational content, donate through crowdfunding platforms, or simply add their voice to important conversations.

Social media has also democratized the spread of information about social movements. Previously, activists depended heavily on mainstream media to cover their causes, but journalists often had the power to decide which stories deserved attention. Now, activists can bypass traditional gatekeepers and communicate directly with the public through their own channels. They can share real-time updates, unfiltered footage of events, and personal stories that might not fit the narrative preferences of traditional news outlets. This direct communication has proven especially valuable in situations where mainstream media shows bias or simply ignores certain issues.

The speed of information dissemination on social media platforms has revolutionized how quickly movements can organize and respond to events. When an incident occurs, activists can immediately share details, organize responses, and coordinate actions without waiting for traditional organizational structures to respond. During the Arab Spring uprisings that began in 2010, protesters used Facebook and Twitter to organize demonstrations, share strategies, and document government responses in real-time. This rapid coordination was crucial to the movements’ initial successes.

Furthermore, social media creates permanent digital records of events and movements that might otherwise be forgotten or misrepresented in history. Photographs, videos, and written accounts shared on these platforms serve as primary source materials for future researchers and historians. They provide multiple perspectives on events, not just the official narratives. This archival function ensures that grassroots movements and marginalized voices are preserved in the historical record.

However, digital activism also faces legitimate criticism. Some skeptics argue that social media activism often amounts to “performative activism” – people showing support for causes online without taking meaningful action in the real world. Clicking “like” on a post about climate change or changing a profile picture to support a cause might make individuals feel they are contributing, but these actions typically have minimal impact on actual policy changes or material conditions. Critics worry that this “slacktivism” gives people a false sense of accomplishment, potentially reducing their motivation to engage in more demanding forms of activism like attending protests, volunteering, or contacting elected officials.

Despite these concerns, research suggests that online and offline activism often complement each other rather than competing. Many successful recent movements, such as Black Lives Matter and the global climate strikes led by youth activists, have effectively combined social media organizing with traditional protest methods. Digital platforms serve as tools for building awareness and coordinating actions, while physical protests provide the visible demonstration of commitment that often captures media attention and pressures decision-makers.

Sự kết hợp giữa hoạt động mạng xã hội và biểu tình đường phố trong phong trào xã hội hiện đại

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Social media platforms have existed for more than twenty years.
2. A post with an effective hashtag can become globally popular very quickly.
3. Traditional forms of activism always require significant amounts of money.
4. Activists can now share information without relying on traditional news media.
5. The Arab Spring protests were entirely organized through Facebook.
6. Digital records on social media provide only one perspective on historical events.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Social media allows people in __ to participate in activism more easily than before.
8. Activists can now __ traditional gatekeepers when sharing their messages.
9. Critics worry that __ makes people feel they have contributed without taking real action.
10. Recent successful movements have shown that online and offline activism __ each other.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, what is one main advantage of social media activism?

    • A) It is cheaper than traditional activism
    • B) It can reach people across the world quickly
    • C) It requires less time commitment
    • D) It is more effective than street protests

12. The passage suggests that mainstream media in the past:

    • A) always supported activist causes
    • B) provided unbiased coverage of all events
    • C) had control over which stories received attention
    • D) refused to cover social movements

13. What concern do critics have about “performative activism”?

    • A) It takes too much time from users
    • B) It spreads misinformation
    • C) It may reduce motivation for more substantial action
    • D) It only appeals to young people

PASSAGE 2 – The Complex Dynamics of Online Mobilization

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between social media platforms and contemporary activism represents a paradigm shift in how collective action is organized, sustained, and ultimately evaluated for its effectiveness. While early enthusiasm about digital tools suggested they would unequivocally empower grassroots movements, the reality has proven far more nuanced and complex. Scholars studying this phenomenon have identified both transformative opportunities and significant challenges that emerge when activism moves into digital spaces.

One of the most theoretically significant changes involves what sociologist Zeynep Tufekci calls the “organizing without organizations” model. Traditional social movements typically required formal organizational structures – with designated leaders, regular meetings, membership lists, and clear hierarchies. These structures took time and effort to build but provided stability and longevity to movements. In contrast, social media enables rapid mobilization of large numbers of people without requiring these traditional organizational foundations. A viral hashtag can coordinate thousands of protesters to gather at a specific location without any pre-existing organization. However, Tufekci notes that movements organized primarily through social media often struggle with sustainability. Once the initial wave of enthusiasm fades, there may be no organizational structure to maintain momentum, make strategic decisions, or adapt tactics in response to opposition.

The algorithmic architecture of social media platforms also fundamentally shapes how activism unfolds online. These algorithms are designed to maximize user engagement rather than facilitate political organization, which creates both opportunities and obstacles for activists. Content that generates strong emotional reactions – particularly outrage, anger, or fear – tends to be amplified by algorithms, giving it greater visibility. This can help activists draw attention to injustices, but it also means that nuanced, complex messages about policy solutions or long-term strategy often receive less attention than emotionally charged but simplistic content. Additionally, activists must constantly adapt to algorithmic changes that can dramatically affect their ability to reach audiences, creating a situation where platform companies wield considerable indirect power over movement communications.

The phenomenon of “networked solidarity” represents another distinctive feature of social media activism. Digital platforms enable activists from different movements and geographical locations to connect, share strategies, and express mutual support in ways that were previously difficult or impossible. For instance, climate activists in Sweden can learn from and coordinate with environmental groups in Kenya, while pro-democracy movements in different countries can share tactics and boost each other’s messages. This cross-pollination of ideas and methods has created what some researchers call “transnational activist networks” that operate across borders. However, this interconnectedness also raises questions about cultural context and whether tactics that work in one setting can be effectively transferred to another.

Tương tự như the influence of social networks on public opinion, social media’s impact on activism reveals both empowerment and vulnerabilities in digital communication. The surveillance capabilities inherent in digital platforms pose serious risks to activists, particularly in authoritarian regimes. While social media allows activists to organize and communicate, it also creates a digital trail that governments can monitor. Authorities can track who participates in online discussions, identify movement leaders, and even predict when protests are likely to occur based on social media activity. In response, some activist groups have developed sophisticated digital security practices, using encrypted messaging apps, anonymous accounts, and other protective measures. However, these tactics require technical knowledge that not all activists possess, potentially creating disparities in who can safely participate in online activism.

The issue of misinformation and disinformation has become increasingly problematic in the context of social media activism. Activists must contend with deliberate efforts to spread false information about their movements, create confusion about their goals, or discredit them through fabricated evidence. Opposing groups and government entities sometimes create coordinated disinformation campaigns using fake accounts (bots) to make it appear that public opinion opposes a movement. These campaigns can be difficult to detect and counter, and social media platforms’ response to such manipulation has been inconsistent. Furthermore, the speed at which information spreads on social media means that false claims can reach millions of people before accurate corrections are disseminated.

Research on the psychological impacts of social media activism reveals both empowering and potentially harmful effects on participants. On one hand, connecting with like-minded individuals around shared causes can foster a sense of community and efficacy, particularly for people who feel isolated in their offline environments. Activists report that social media provides emotional support and validation for their concerns. On the other hand, constant exposure to injustice and suffering through social media feeds can lead to “activism burnout” or “compassion fatigue.” The perpetual nature of social media – with no natural beginning or end to the information stream – means activists may feel compelled to remain constantly engaged and informed, leading to exhaustion and cynicism that ultimately undermines sustained participation.

The question of measuring impact presents particular challenges for social media activism. Traditional metrics like petition signatures, shares, and follower counts provide quantifiable data, but their relationship to meaningful social change remains unclear. Did a viral campaign actually change anyone’s behavior, or did it simply reach people who already agreed with its message? Have hashtag movements translated into policy reforms, corporate changes, or shifts in public consciousness? These questions are difficult to answer definitively, yet they are crucial for understanding whether digital activism represents merely a new form of expression or a genuinely effective tool for social transformation.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G.

14. A discussion of how platform design affects which activist content becomes popular
15. Information about the risks government surveillance poses to activists
16. An explanation of why movements organized through social media may not last long
17. A description of how constant engagement with social issues can negatively affect activists
18. Questions about whether online activism metrics indicate real-world change

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Zeynep Tufekci describes how social media enables (19) __ without traditional organizational structures. While this allows for quick mobilization, movements may lack (20) __ once initial enthusiasm decreases. Social media algorithms prioritize content that creates (21) __, which can help draw attention to problems but may reduce visibility of more (22) __ messages. Additionally, activists face threats from (23) __ campaigns that use fake accounts to spread false information.

Questions 24-26

Choose THREE letters, A-G.

Which THREE of the following are mentioned as challenges of social media activism?

A) Limited access to internet in rural areas
B) Surveillance by government authorities
C) Difficulty measuring real-world impact
D) High costs of advertising campaigns
E) Spreading of false information
F) Lack of celebrity endorsements
G) Language barriers between countries

PASSAGE 3 – Theoretical Frameworks and Future Trajectories of Digital Activism

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The scholarly discourse surrounding the efficacy and ontological nature of social media activism has evolved considerably since the early, techno-utopian predictions that dominated the first decade of the twenty-first century. Contemporary academic analysis employs increasingly sophisticated theoretical frameworks drawn from sociology, political science, communication studies, and Science and Technology Studies (STS) to understand how digital technologies are reconstituting the fundamental dynamics of collective action. This interdisciplinary examination reveals that the relationship between technological platforms and social movements is characterized by recursive feedback loops, emergent properties, and path-dependent trajectories that resist simplistic characterization as either unambiguously emancipatory or inherently constraining.

Manuel Castells’ concept of “mass self-communication” provides a useful heuristic for understanding the distinctive communicative ecology of networked activism. Castells argues that digital platforms enable a historically novel form of communication that combines the mass reach traditionally associated with broadcast media, the interactive reciprocity characteristic of interpersonal communication, and the self-generated content typical of autonomous expression. This tripartite configuration creates conditions where individuals can simultaneously function as content producers, distributors, and consumers, fundamentally destabilizing the hierarchical information flows that characterized twentieth-century media ecosystems. For activism, this means that movements no longer require access to institutional media channels to achieve broad public visibility, theoretically democratizing the capacity to shape public discourse.

However, critical scholars have challenged the democratization thesis, arguing that it overlooks the structural inequalities that persist and, in some cases, are amplified within digital spaces. Safiya Noble’s research on “algorithmic oppression” demonstrates how search algorithms and content recommendation systems systematically privilege certain perspectives while marginalizing others, often in ways that replicate and reinforce existing patterns of racial, gender, and class bias. Noble’s analysis suggests that the apparent meritocracy of social media platforms – where content supposedly succeeds based on its inherent quality or relevance – is actually a form of “technological redlining” that makes marginalized voices systematically less visible. This critique has profound implications for activism, suggesting that not all movements have equal capacity to leverage digital platforms effectively, and that the structural advantages enjoyed by dominant groups in offline contexts may translate into algorithmic advantages online.

The concept of “connective action,” developed by W. Lance Bennett and Alexandra Segerberg, offers another influential framework for analyzing contemporary digital activism. Bennett and Segerberg distinguish between traditional “collective action” – which requires organizational coordination, shared collective identity, and significant resources for mobilization – and “connective action,” which operates through personalized content sharing across digital networks. In the connective action model, individuals participate in movements by sharing personally customized expressions of political positions, often through digital action frames (like hashtags) that are flexible enough to accommodate diverse motivations while still signaling participation in a common cause. This framework helps explain how movements like Occupy Wall Street or the Arab Spring could mobilize massive participation without traditional organizational structures. However, critics argue that connective action’s emphasis on individualized participation may ultimately undermine the collective solidarity and strategic coordination necessary for achieving substantive political transformation.

Emerging research on “platform capitalism” raises fundamental questions about the political economy of social media activism. Scholars such as Nick Srnicek argue that contemporary digital platforms operate according to a business model that depends on extracting and monetizing user data through surveillance. From this perspective, activist use of platforms like Facebook or Twitter inevitably supports corporate entities whose primary fiduciary obligations are to shareholders rather than social justice. This creates a structural tension: activists depend on platforms to organize and communicate, but their participation generates profit and data for corporations that may have interests antithetical to movement goals. Some scholars advocate for development of alternative platforms based on cooperative ownership models or decentralized protocols, though these alternatives face significant challenges in achieving the network effects and user bases necessary for effective mass mobilization.

When examining social media’s role in corporate social responsibility, we can observe parallel dynamics where digital platforms simultaneously enable accountability and create new forms of corporate power. The intersectionality framework, developed by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, has become increasingly central to understanding digital activism’s potential and limitations. This framework emphasizes that individuals experience overlapping systems of oppression based on their various social identities – race, gender, class, sexuality, disability status, and others. Applied to digital activism, intersectionality highlights how online spaces can either amplify or obscure the voices of those experiencing multiple, compounding forms of marginalization. While hashtag campaigns like #SayHerName have successfully drawn attention to intersectional issues that mainstream discourse often ignores, research also documents how social media activism sometimes replicates exclusionary dynamics, with movements dominated by relatively privileged members of marginalized groups while the concerns of the most vulnerable receive less attention.

Looking toward future trajectories, several technological developments are likely to significantly reshape digital activism. The proliferation of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies presents both opportunities and threats. AI tools could help activists analyze large datasets, identify patterns of oppression, coordinate complex campaigns, and counter disinformation more effectively. However, AI also enhances surveillance capabilities, enables more sophisticated manipulation of online discourse through deepfakes and synthetic media, and may be deployed by authorities to predict and preempt activist organizing. The development of “encryption technologies” and “distributed ledger systems” (blockchain) could provide activists with more secure communication channels and ways to organize that are resistant to centralized control, though these technologies also present accessibility barriers and learning curves that may exacerbate existing inequalities.

The question of whether digital activism represents a fundamental break from historical patterns of social movement organizing, or merely a technological augmentation of perennial dynamics, remains contested among scholars. Some researchers, drawing on longue durée historical analysis, emphasize continuities – noting that contemporary movements still grapple with familiar challenges of building solidarity, maintaining momentum, countering opposition, and translating grievances into tangible political change. Others argue that the sociotechnical assemblages created by digital platforms constitute genuinely novel phenomena that require new theoretical concepts and analytical approaches. This debate is not merely academic; it has practical implications for how activists strategize, how resources are allocated, and how success is measured. As digital technologies continue evolving at an accelerating pace, ongoing rigorous research combining empirical observation with theoretical sophistication will be essential for understanding activism’s digital future.

Phân tích lý thuyết về hành động xã hội số và các mô hình tổ chức phong trào

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to Manuel Castells’ concept, “mass self-communication” differs from traditional media because:

    • A) it reaches fewer people but allows for more interaction
    • B) it combines wide reach with interactive and self-generated content
    • C) it requires less technological infrastructure to operate
    • D) it is controlled by social movement organizations

28. Safiya Noble’s research on “algorithmic oppression” suggests that:

    • A) all users have equal visibility on social media platforms
    • B) algorithms intentionally discriminate against activists
    • C) existing social biases are reproduced in algorithmic systems
    • D) technological solutions can eliminate social inequality

29. The “connective action” model is different from “collective action” in that it:

    • A) requires stronger organizational leadership
    • B) depends on personalized content sharing
    • C) is less effective at mobilizing large numbers
    • D) only works in democratic societies

30. According to the platform capitalism perspective:

    • A) social media companies actively support activist movements
    • B) activists should avoid using digital platforms entirely
    • C) there is tension between activist goals and platform business models
    • D) alternative platforms have successfully replaced corporate ones

31. The passage suggests that artificial intelligence in future activism will:

    • A) definitely benefit activist movements
    • B) only be used by governments to suppress movements
    • C) have both beneficial and harmful potential applications
    • D) make traditional activism completely obsolete

Questions 32-36

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.

32. Castells’ theory of mass self-communication explains how
33. Critical scholars who challenge the democratization thesis argue that
34. The intersectionality framework applied to digital activism reveals how
35. Research on platform capitalism suggests that
36. Studies comparing contemporary and historical movements indicate that

A activists using corporate platforms indirectly support business interests that may oppose their goals.

B digital technologies have completely transformed how all activism operates.

C individuals can now function as content creators, distributors, and audiences simultaneously.

D online spaces can either amplify or obscure voices of multiply marginalized people.

E artificial intelligence will eliminate the need for human activists.

F traditional challenges of building solidarity and achieving change persist despite new technologies.

G structural inequalities continue to exist within digital platforms.

H social media guarantees success for all grassroots movements.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Digital platforms have completely eliminated the advantages that dominant groups held in offline activism.
38. The development of encryption technologies could provide activists with more secure ways to communicate.
39. Most scholars agree that digital activism represents a complete break from historical activism patterns.
40. Understanding the future of digital activism requires combining empirical research with theoretical analysis.

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. NOT GIVEN
2. TRUE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. remote areas
8. bypass
9. slacktivism / performative activism
10. complement
11. B
12. C
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. E
16. A
17. F
18. G
19. organizing / organisations
20. sustainability / momentum
21. emotional reactions / engagement
22. nuanced / complex
23. disinformation / coordinated disinformation
    24-26. B, C, E (in any order)

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. C
32. C
33. G
34. D
35. A
36. F
37. NO
38. YES
39. NO
40. YES

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: social media platforms, existed, more than twenty years
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập “In the past two decades” (trong hai thập kỷ qua), tức khoảng 20 năm, không nói rõ “more than” (hơn) 20 năm. Thông tin không đủ để xác định chính xác.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: post, effective hashtag, globally popular, quickly
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Câu văn “When a Twitter user posts about an injustice with a compelling hashtag, it can trend globally within minutes” khớp hoàn toàn với statement. “Compelling” được paraphrase thành “effective”, “trend globally within minutes” nghĩa là “become globally popular very quickly”.

Câu 3: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: traditional forms of activism, always require, significant amounts of money
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập traditional protest “require physical presence, financial resources, or specialized knowledge” nhưng không nói “always” (luôn luôn) và “significant amounts” (số lượng lớn). Từ “always” làm cho statement này quá tuyệt đối.

Câu 4: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: activists, share information, without relying, traditional news media
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Activists can bypass traditional gatekeepers and communicate directly with the public” có nghĩa là không cần phụ thuộc vào truyền thông truyền thống. “Traditional gatekeepers” và “mainstream media” là cùng ý nghĩa.

Câu 5: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Arab Spring protests, entirely organized, Facebook
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết “protesters used Facebook and Twitter to organize demonstrations” – có cả Twitter, không chỉ Facebook. Từ “entirely” (hoàn toàn) làm cho statement này sai.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: digital records, social media, only one perspective
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết rõ ràng “They provide multiple perspectives on events, not just the official narratives” – nhiều góc nhìn, không phải chỉ một. Statement mâu thuẫn trực tiếp.

Câu 7: remote areas

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: participate in activism, more easily than before
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “Individuals living in remote areas – can now contribute meaningfully to causes they care about” – đây chính xác là đáp án cần điền.

Câu 8: bypass

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: activists, traditional gatekeepers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 3
• Giải thích: Động từ “bypass” xuất hiện nguyên văn trong câu “activists can bypass traditional gatekeepers”.

Câu 9: slacktivism / performative activism

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: critics worry, makes people feel, contributed without real action
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “Critics worry that this ‘slacktivism’ gives people a false sense of accomplishment” – cả hai thuật ngữ đều được nhắc đến và đều chấp nhận.

Câu 10: complement

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: online and offline activism, each other
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Online and offline activism often complement each other rather than competing” – động từ “complement” là đáp án chính xác.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào “unprecedented reach” và khả năng “spread information across geographical boundaries” – đây là lợi thế chính được nhấn mạnh nhất. A không được đề cập là “main advantage”, C không chính xác, D không được so sánh trực tiếp.

Câu 12: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Giải thích: Đoạn D nói rõ “journalists often had the power to decide which stories deserved attention” – điều này khớp với option C về việc kiểm soát câu chuyện nào được chú ý. A, B, D không có thông tin hỗ trợ.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Giải thích: Đoạn G cuối cùng đề cập “slacktivism gives people a false sense of accomplishment, potentially reducing their motivation to engage in more demanding forms of activism” – khớp với option C. Các options khác không được đề cập.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B (Paragraph B)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information to Paragraphs
• Từ khóa: platform design, affects, activist content, popular
• Giải thích: Đoạn B thảo luận về “algorithmic architecture” và cách “algorithms are designed to maximize user engagement”, giải thích cách thiết kế nền tảng ảnh hưởng đến nội dung nào được khuếch đại.

Câu 15: E (Paragraph E)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information to Paragraphs
• Từ khóa: government surveillance, risks, activists
• Giải thích: Đoạn E tập trung vào “surveillance capabilities” và cách “governments can monitor” và “track who participates”, nêu rõ các rủi ro giám sát.

Câu 16: A (Paragraph A)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information to Paragraphs
• Từ khóa: movements organized through social media, may not last long
• Giải thích: Đoạn A thảo luận về “organizing without organizations” và lưu ý rằng các phong trào này “struggle with sustainability” khi “initial enthusiasm fades”.

Câu 17: F (Paragraph F)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information to Paragraphs
• Từ khóa: constant engagement, social issues, negatively affect activists
• Giải thích: Đoạn F mô tả “activism burnout”, “compassion fatigue” và cách “constant exposure” dẫn đến “exhaustion and cynicism”.

Câu 18: G (Paragraph G)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information to Paragraphs
• Từ khóa: online activism metrics, indicate real-world change
• Giải thích: Đoạn G đặt câu hỏi về “measuring impact” và liệu các số liệu như “shares” và “follower counts” có thực sự phản ánh “meaningful social change”.

Câu 19: organizing / organisations

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn A
• Giải thích: Cụm từ “organizing without organizations” là khái niệm chính được Tufekci đề cập.

Câu 20: sustainability / momentum

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn A, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Once the initial wave of enthusiasm fades, there may be no organizational structure to maintain momentum” – cả hai từ đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 21: emotional reactions / engagement

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “Content that generates strong emotional reactions… tends to be amplified by algorithms” hoặc “algorithms are designed to maximize user engagement”.

Câu 22: nuanced / complex

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “Nuanced, complex messages about policy solutions… often receive less attention” – cả hai tính từ đều xuất hiện cùng nhau.

Câu 23: disinformation / coordinated disinformation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: “Coordinated disinformation campaigns using fake accounts” – cụm từ này mô tả chính xác mối đe dọa.

Câu 24-26: B, C, E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (chọn 3)
• Giải thích:
  • B (Surveillance): Đoạn E thảo luận chi tiết về giám sát của chính phủ
  • C (Measuring impact): Đoạn G đặt câu hỏi về việc đo lường tác động thực tế
  • E (False information): Đoạn E thảo luận về misinformation và disinformation
  • Các options khác không được đề cập như những thách thức chính

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Castells mô tả “mass self-communication” kết hợp “mass reach”, “interactive reciprocity”, và “self-generated content” – đúng với option B. Các options khác không phản ánh đầy đủ ba yếu tố này.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Noble’s research cho thấy algorithms “systematically privilege certain perspectives while marginalizing others” và “replicate and reinforce existing patterns of racial, gender, and class bias” – khớp với option C về việc tái tạo thiên kiến xã hội.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: “Connective action” hoạt động thông qua “personalized content sharing across digital networks” – đây là điểm khác biệt chính với “collective action”. Option B chính xác.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn mô tả “structural tension” giữa việc activists phụ thuộc vào platforms nhưng participation của họ tạo profit cho corporations có “interests antithetical to movement goals” – đúng với option C.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu AI “presents both opportunities and threats” – có thể giúp activists nhưng cũng “enhances surveillance capabilities” và enables “manipulation”. Option C phản ánh đúng cả hai mặt.

Câu 32: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Giải thích: Castells’ theory giải thích cách “individuals can simultaneously function as content producers, distributors, and consumers” – khớp với ending C.

Câu 33: G

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Giải thích: Critical scholars argue rằng democratization thesis “overlooks the structural inequalities that persist” – ending G chính xác.

Câu 34: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Giải thích: Intersectionality framework “highlights how online spaces can either amplify or obscure the voices of those experiencing multiple, compounding forms of marginalization” – ending D.

Câu 35: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Giải thích: Platform capitalism research chỉ ra “activists depend on platforms to organize… but their participation generates profit and data for corporations” – ending A về việc hỗ trợ business interests đối lập.

Câu 36: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Giải thích: Studies so sánh lịch sử nhấn mạnh “continuities” và “movements still grapple with familiar challenges” – ending F về việc thách thức truyền thống vẫn tồn tại.

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Bài viết rõ ràng nói rằng “structural advantages enjoyed by dominant groups in offline contexts may translate into algorithmic advantages online” – tức là ưu thế vẫn tồn tại, không bị loại bỏ hoàn toàn. Statement mâu thuẫn với claims của writer.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: Writer nói “encryption technologies… could provide activists with more secure communication channels” – khớp hoàn toàn với statement.

Câu 39: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn H
• Giải thích: Writer nói “whether digital activism represents a fundamental break… remains contested among scholars” – tức là không có sự đồng thuận, không phải “most scholars agree”. Statement không đúng với claims.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn H, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Writer kết luận “ongoing rigorous research combining empirical observation with theoretical sophistication will be essential” – hoàn toàn đồng ý với statement.

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented reach	unprecedented scale/level/opportunity
compelling	adj	/kəmˈpelɪŋ/	hấp dẫn, thuyết phục	compelling hashtag	compelling evidence/argument/reason
viral	adj	/ˈvaɪrəl/	lan truyền nhanh	viral nature	go viral, viral content/video
democratized	v	/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪzd/	dân chủ hóa	democratized the spread	democratize access/information
bypass	v	/ˈbaɪpɑːs/	vượt qua, bỏ qua	bypass traditional gatekeepers	bypass security/restrictions
unfiltered	adj	/ʌnˈfɪltəd/	không qua chỉnh sửa	unfiltered footage	unfiltered opinions/information
bias	n	/ˈbaɪəs/	thiên kiến	shows bias	media bias, political bias
dissemination	n	/dɪˌsemɪˈneɪʃn/	sự phổ biến	information dissemination	dissemination of knowledge/ideas
coordination	n	/kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/	sự phối hợp	rapid coordination	effective coordination, coordination skills
performative	adj	/pəˈfɔːmətɪv/	mang tính biểu diễn	performative activism	performative action/behavior
minimal	adj	/ˈmɪnɪməl/	tối thiểu	minimal impact	minimal effect/damage/risk
complement	v	/ˈkɒmplɪment/	bổ sung	complement each other	complement perfectly, complementary skills

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigm shift	n	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình	represents a paradigm shift	paradigm shift in thinking/science
unequivocally	adv	/ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkəli/	rõ ràng, không mơ hồ	unequivocally empower	unequivocally support/condemn
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, phức tạp	nuanced, complex messages	nuanced understanding/approach
sustainability	n	/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/	sự bền vững	struggle with sustainability	environmental sustainability, long-term sustainability
amplified	v	/ˈæmplɪfaɪd/	khuếch đại	amplified by algorithms	amplify sound/message/effect
algorithmic	adj	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk/	thuộc về thuật toán	algorithmic architecture	algorithmic trading/decision
cross-pollination	n	/krɒs ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃn/	sự trao đổi chéo	cross-pollination of ideas	cross-pollination of cultures/concepts
surveillance	n	/sɜːˈveɪləns/	sự giám sát	surveillance capabilities	under surveillance, surveillance system
authoritarian	adj	/ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən/	độc quyền, chuyên quyền	authoritarian regimes	authoritarian government/rule
encrypted	adj	/ɪnˈkrɪptɪd/	được mã hóa	encrypted messaging apps	encrypted data/communication
disinformation	n	/ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/	thông tin sai lệch	disinformation campaigns	spread disinformation
fabricated	adj	/ˈfæbrɪkeɪtɪd/	bịa đặt	fabricated evidence	fabricated story/document
discredit	v	/dɪsˈkredɪt/	làm mất uy tín	discredit them	discredit a theory/witness
efficacy	n	/ˈefɪkəsi/	hiệu quả	sense of efficacy	efficacy of treatment/policy
compassion fatigue	n	/kəmˈpæʃn fəˈtiːɡ/	mệt mỏi vì quá đồng cảm	compassion fatigue	suffer from compassion fatigue

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
efficacy	n	/ˈefɪkəsi/	hiệu lực	efficacy of activism	efficacy of treatment/intervention
ontological	adj	/ˌɒntəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	bản thể luận	ontological nature	ontological question/status
techno-utopian	adj	/ˌteknəʊ juːˈtəʊpiən/	không tưởng về công nghệ	techno-utopian predictions	techno-utopian vision/dream
reconstituting	v	/ˌriːˈkɒnstɪtjuːtɪŋ/	tái cấu trúc	reconstituting the dynamics	reconstitute a committee/organization
recursive	adj	/rɪˈkɜːsɪv/	đệ quy	recursive feedback loops	recursive process/function
emergent	adj	/ɪˈmɜːdʒənt/	mới nổi lên	emergent properties	emergent technologies/trends
heuristic	n	/hjʊəˈrɪstɪk/	phương pháp khám phá	useful heuristic	heuristic approach/method
tripartite	adj	/traɪˈpɑːtaɪt/	ba bên	tripartite configuration	tripartite agreement/division
destabilizing	v	/diːˈsteɪbəlaɪzɪŋ/	gây mất ổn định	destabilizing information flows	destabilize the economy/region
amplified	v	/ˈæmplɪfaɪd/	được khuếch đại	amplified within digital spaces	amplify concerns/differences
replicate	v	/ˈreplɪkeɪt/	nhân bản, tái tạo	replicate and reinforce	replicate results/success
meritocracy	n	/ˌmerɪˈtɒkrəsi/	chế độ nhân tài	apparent meritocracy	meritocracy system/principle
redlining	n	/ˈredlaɪnɪŋ/	phân biệt đối xử	technological redlining	digital redlining, redlining practices
connective action	n	/kəˈnektɪv ˈækʃn/	hành động kết nối	model of connective action	connective action framework
fiduciary	adj	/fɪˈdjuːʃəri/	tín thác	fiduciary obligations	fiduciary duty/responsibility
antithetical	adj	/ˌæntɪˈθetɪkl/	đối lập	interests antithetical	antithetical to values/principles
intersectionality	n	/ˌɪntəsekʃəˈnæləti/	giao thoa	intersectionality framework	intersectionality theory/lens
compounding	adj	/kəmˈpaʊndɪŋ/	kép, chồng chất	compounding forms of marginalization	compounding problems/effects
sociotechnical	adj	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˈteknɪkl/	xã hội-kỹ thuật	sociotechnical assemblages	sociotechnical systems/approach
longue durée	n	/lɒŋ djʊˈreɪ/	thời gian dài (lịch sử)	longue durée historical analysis	longue durée perspective

Kết bài

Chủ đề Impact of social media on activism không chỉ là một đề tài thời sự mà còn phản ánh sâu sắc những biến đổi căn bản trong cách con người tổ chức và thực hiện các phong trào xã hội. Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm ba cấp độ khó tăng dần, từ việc hiểu các khái niệm cơ bản về digital activism (Passage 1), phân tích các động lực phức tạp của mobilization trực tuyến (Passage 2), đến khám phá các theoretical frameworks học thuật về tương lai của activism số (Passage 3).

Ba passages đã cung cấp cho bạn 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với đầy đủ các dạng bài phổ biến trong IELTS Reading thực tế: True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Headings, Sentence Completion, Summary Completion, và Matching Features. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích không chỉ giúp bạn tự đánh giá chính xác mà còn hiểu rõ logic của từng câu hỏi, cách nhận diện paraphrase, và vị trí thông tin trong bài.

Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ học thuật về công nghệ, xã hội và các vấn đề đương đại – những chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS. Hãy thực hành đều đặn với các kỹ thuật làm bài đã học, đặc biệt là kỹ năng skimming, scanning, và quản lý thời gian. Việc làm quen với các chủ đề phức tạp như tương tự cultural impacts of digital communication on traditional practices sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi đối mặt với bất kỳ đề tài nào trong kỳ thi thực tế.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!