IELTS Reading: Tác động của mạng xã hội đến hoạt động chính trị – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Trong kỷ nguyên số hóa, tác động của mạng xã hội đến hoạt động chính trị (Impact Of Social Media On Political Activism) đã trở thành một chủ đề quan trọng trong các đề thi IELTS Reading. Chủ đề này xuất hiện thường xuyên với tần suất khoảng 15-20% trong các bài thi thực tế, đặc biệt là trong phần Passage 2 và Passage 3 với độ khó từ trung bình đến cao.

Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, bao gồm: đề thi đầy đủ với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard; 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật 100%; đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và phương pháp paraphrase; từ vựng quan trọng được phân tích kỹ lưỡng; và các kỹ thuật làm bài thực chiến được chia sẻ từ kinh nghiệm giảng dạy 20 năm.

Đề thi này phù hợp với học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách hiệu quả.

1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài trong 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Đây là bài thi đòi hỏi khả năng quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và kỹ năng đọc lướt, đọc quét hiệu quả.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Dành cho bài đọc có độ khó thấp với từ vựng và cấu trúc câu đơn giản
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Bài đọc có độ phức tạp trung bình, yêu cầu kỹ năng paraphrase tốt
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Bài đọc học thuật với từ vựng chuyên ngành và cấu trúc câu phức tạp

Lưu ý: Dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet, đảm bảo viết đúng chính tả và format.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 8 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (Passages 1, 3)
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập (Passage 1)
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả (Passage 2)
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn (Passage 2)
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu (Passage 1)
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt (Passage 2)
7. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm (Passage 3)
8. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn (Passage 3)

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Digital Activism

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The emergence of social media platforms has fundamentally transformed how individuals engage with political movements and express their civic participation. Over the past two decades, platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become powerful tools for grassroots organizing, enabling activists to reach millions of people instantly without the need for traditional media channels or expensive advertising campaigns.

In the early 2000s, political activism was primarily conducted through conventional methods such as street protests, petition signing, and attendance at public meetings. These activities required significant time commitment and physical presence, which often limited participation to those with flexible schedules and sufficient resources. However, the introduction of social networking sites in 2004 marked a turning point in how campaigns were organized and how information was disseminated to the public.

One of the most significant advantages of social media activism is its ability to create immediate awareness about social and political issues. When a video, image, or story goes viral, it can attract global attention within hours. For instance, the use of hashtags has become a standard practice for coordinating campaigns and tracking conversations about specific topics. These digital markers allow users to find related content easily and contribute to ongoing discussions, creating a sense of collective action even among people who have never met in person.

Youth engagement in political processes has particularly benefited from social media platforms. Young people, who have grown up as digital natives, find these platforms more accessible and relevant than traditional forms of political participation. They can share information, express opinions, and organize events through familiar interfaces that integrate seamlessly with their daily lives. Research conducted by the Pew Research Center indicates that over 60% of young adults aged 18-29 have engaged in some form of online political activity, compared to just 35% who attended a physical political event in the same year.

However, the relationship between social media and political activism is not without its challenges and controversies. Critics argue that much of what appears to be activism online is actually “slacktivism” or “clicktivism” – superficial engagement that requires minimal effort and produces little real-world impact. Liking a post, sharing a petition, or changing a profile picture in support of a cause may create the illusion of participation without demanding the sustained commitment necessary for meaningful social change.

Despite these concerns, there are numerous examples of social media campaigns that have led to tangible outcomes. The fundraising capabilities of these platforms have proven particularly effective, with campaigns regularly raising thousands or even millions of dollars for various causes. Additionally, social media has given voice to marginalized communities who previously struggled to access mainstream media channels. Indigenous groups, environmental activists, and human rights organizations in remote areas can now document issues and share their stories directly with global audiences.

The democratizing effect of social media on information distribution cannot be overstated. Before these platforms existed, controlling the narrative around political events required access to television stations, newspapers, or radio broadcasts – resources typically available only to governments, corporations, or wealthy individuals. Today, anyone with a smartphone can record events, share analysis, and contribute to public discourse. This shift has forced traditional media organizations to adapt their practices and has increased accountability for public figures and institutions.

Network effects play a crucial role in the success of online activism. As more people join a platform and engage with content, the potential reach of any single message expands exponentially. This amplification effect means that even individuals without significant followings can sometimes spark widespread movements if their content resonates with audiences and gets shared repeatedly. The speed at which information spreads online also means that organizing rapid response actions to breaking news or emergencies has become much more feasible.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, social media platforms have changed political activism by
   A. making it more expensive
   B. requiring more physical presence
   C. eliminating the need for traditional media
   D. reducing the number of participants

2. What does the passage say about political activism in the early 2000s?
   A. It was mainly conducted online
   B. It required considerable time and physical attendance
   C. It was more effective than current methods
   D. It attracted primarily young people

3. The term “digital natives” refers to
   A. people who create social media platforms
   B. young people who grew up with technology
   C. professional activists
   D. traditional media workers

4. According to the Pew Research Center data mentioned, what percentage of young adults engaged in online political activity?
   A. 35%
   B. 50%
   C. 60%
   D. 75%

5. Critics of social media activism use the term “slacktivism” to describe
   A. effective online campaigns
   B. physical protests
   C. superficial online engagement
   D. fundraising activities

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, or NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

6. Social media platforms were first introduced in 2004.
7. Hashtags help users coordinate campaigns and track conversations about topics.
8. Young people prefer social media activism because it is less effective than traditional methods.
9. Social media campaigns have successfully raised millions of dollars for various causes.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Before social media, controlling the narrative around political events required access to traditional __ channels.
11. The __ of social media on information distribution has been substantial.
12. Network effects mean that the potential __ of any message increases as more people join a platform.
13. Social media has given voice to __ who previously had difficulty accessing mainstream media.

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PASSAGE 2 – Social Media’s Double-Edged Impact on Democratic Participation

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A The intersection of social media and political activism represents one of the most profound transformations in contemporary democratic societies. While these digital platforms have undeniably expanded opportunities for civic engagement, their impact on the quality and effectiveness of political participation remains hotly debated among scholars, policymakers, and activists themselves. Understanding this complex relationship requires examining both the empowering potential and the inherent limitations of social media as a tool for political change.

B One of the most compelling arguments in favor of social media activism is its capacity to circumvent traditional gatekeepers of information. Historically, mainstream media outlets held monopolistic control over which stories received public attention and how they were framed. This centralized model of information distribution often marginalized perspectives from underrepresented groups and limited the diversity of viewpoints in public discourse. Social media platforms have disrupted this paradigm by enabling direct communication between activists and audiences, allowing grassroots movements to gain momentum without requiring validation or coverage from established media institutions.

C The organizational efficiency facilitated by social media platforms has revolutionized how collective action is coordinated. Traditional activism required extensive logistical planning, including booking venues, printing materials, and establishing communication networks – processes that demanded considerable resources and time. Contemporary activists can now organize demonstrations, coordinate volunteer efforts, and disseminate information through simple posts or messages. This reduced barrier to entry has enabled more spontaneous mobilization and allowed movements to respond rapidly to developing situations. The Arab Spring uprisings of 2010-2011 exemplified this phenomenon, with protesters using social media to organize demonstrations and share information despite government attempts at censorship.

D However, the ease of online engagement has also given rise to concerns about the depth and durability of social media-based activism. Sociological research suggests that meaningful social change requires not just widespread awareness but sustained commitment and strategic action. The low-threshold participation enabled by social media may create inflated perceptions of movement strength while failing to generate the dedicated core of activists necessary for long-term campaigns. When supporting a cause requires nothing more than clicking a button, the psychological investment remains minimal, potentially leading to superficial solidarity that dissipates when confronted with real challenges or opposition.

E The algorithmic architecture of social media platforms introduces another layer of complexity to political activism. These algorithms are designed to maximize user engagement by prioritizing content that generates strong emotional reactions – often content that is polarizing or sensational. This structural bias can amplify extreme voices while drowning out nuanced discussions, leading to increased political polarization and the formation of echo chambers where users are primarily exposed to views that reinforce their existing beliefs. Such fragmentation of public discourse undermines the deliberative processes essential to healthy democratic systems.

F Furthermore, the global reach of social media has created unprecedented opportunities for cross-border activism and international solidarity. Environmental movements, human rights campaigns, and pro-democracy initiatives can now forge transnational networks that were previously difficult to establish and maintain. Activists in authoritarian regimes can document abuses and appeal directly to international audiences, potentially generating diplomatic pressure for change. However, this internationalization of activism also raises questions about cultural sensitivity, local autonomy, and the potential for external interference in domestic political processes.

G The commercialization of social media platforms presents additional ethical dilemmas for activists. These platforms are primarily profit-driven enterprises that generate revenue through targeted advertising based on user data. By organizing campaigns on corporate-owned platforms, activists inadvertently support business models that may conflict with their values regarding privacy, data protection, and corporate power. Moreover, these platforms can unilaterally modify policies, suspend accounts, or alter algorithms in ways that disrupt activist communications, raising concerns about dependency on infrastructure controlled by private companies with accountability primarily to shareholders rather than users.

H Despite these challenges, social media continues to evolve as a space for political experimentation and innovation. New platforms and features emerge regularly, offering different affordances for collective organizing. Encrypted messaging applications provide secure communication channels for activists in repressive environments, while livestreaming capabilities enable real-time documentation of protests and events. The ongoing technological evolution suggests that the relationship between social media and political activism will continue to adapt and transform in ways that are difficult to predict but impossible to ignore.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Social media has completely replaced traditional media in political activism.
15. The Arab Spring uprisings demonstrated how social media could be used to organize protests despite censorship.
16. Low-threshold participation on social media always leads to effective long-term political change.
17. Social media algorithms are designed primarily to maximize user engagement.
18. All activists agree that social media is beneficial for political movements.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs C-G from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The problem of commercial interests in activism
ii. International connections and concerns
iii. Enhanced coordination through technology
iv. Concerns about superficial engagement
v. The future of social media activism
vi. Breaking through information monopolies
vii. How algorithms affect political discourse
viii. Government regulation of social media

19. Paragraph C
20. Paragraph D
21. Paragraph E
22. Paragraph F
23. Paragraph G

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Social media platforms have transformed political activism by allowing movements to avoid traditional 24. __ of information. However, concerns exist about whether online engagement creates genuine 25. __ or just superficial solidarity. Additionally, the 26. __ of social media platforms can amplify extreme voices and create echo chambers.

Minh họa tác động của mạng xã hội đến hoạt động chính trị và sự tham gia công dân

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PASSAGE 3 – The Theoretical Frameworks of Digital Political Mobilization

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The burgeoning field of digital political studies has produced a wealth of theoretical frameworks attempting to explain and predict the impact of social media on political activism. These scholarly paradigms range from techno-optimistic perspectives that celebrate the democratizing potential of digital technologies to critical approaches that emphasize the ways in which these platforms may reinforce existing power structures or create new forms of social control. Understanding these theoretical debates is essential for developing nuanced assessments of social media’s role in contemporary political landscapes.

The resource mobilization theory, initially developed to explain traditional social movements, has been adapted by scholars to account for digital activism. This framework posits that successful movements depend on the effective accumulation and deployment of various resources, including financial capital, human labor, and communication infrastructure. In the digital context, social media dramatically reduces the transaction costs associated with movement building. The infrastructural affordances of these platforms – such as the ability to create groups, share content, and coordinate events – provide activists with ready-made organizational tools that would have required substantial investment in pre-digital eras. However, critics of this application argue that the theory overemphasizes instrumental rationality and underestimates the role of emotional resonance, identity formation, and cultural meaning-making in sustaining political movements.

Connective action theory, proposed by communications scholars Lance Bennett and Alexandra Segerberg, offers an alternative framework specifically designed for the digital age. This theory distinguishes between traditional “collective action,” which requires strong organizational coordination and collective identity, and contemporary “connective action,” characterized by personalized content sharing and flexible engagement. According to this perspective, social media enables self-organizing networks where individuals can participate without necessarily adopting a unified ideological stance or submitting to hierarchical leadership structures. The strength of these networks lies in their adaptability and their capacity to incorporate diverse participants with varying levels of commitment. However, this same flexibility may prove to be a weakness when movements face sustained opposition or require strategic coherence to achieve specific policy objectives.

The concept of “networked publics,” developed by danah boyd and other digital media theorists, provides insight into how social media platforms reconfigure the nature of public discourse and political deliberation. Networked publics are characterized by four key properties: persistence (content remains accessible over time), replicability (content can be easily duplicated), scalability (content can reach vast audiences), and searchability (content can be found through various means). These properties fundamentally alter the dynamics of political communication, enabling retrospective accountability (as past statements remain accessible), rapid dissemination of information, and the potential for marginalized voices to reach mainstream audiences. Nevertheless, these same characteristics also facilitate surveillance, harassment, and the spread of disinformation – phenomena that disproportionately affect activists challenging entrenched interests.

Political economy approaches to digital activism emphasize the material conditions and power relations underlying social media platforms. These critical perspectives highlight how platforms are embedded in capitalist systems that prioritize profit maximization over social welfare. The business models of major social media companies rely on extracting user data for targeted advertising, creating inherent tensions between activists’ goals and corporate interests. Furthermore, the concentration of platform ownership in the hands of a few technology corporations raises concerns about censorship, algorithmic manipulation, and the potential for corporate or state surveillance of activist networks. Some scholars argue that genuine emancipatory politics requires developing alternative platforms based on decentralized architectures and cooperative ownership models, rather than relying on corporate-controlled infrastructure.

The affective dimension of digital political engagement has received increasing scholarly attention in recent years. Affect theory examines how emotions circulate through digital networks and shape political participation. Social media platforms are particularly effective at eliciting and transmitting strong emotional responses – whether outrage, solidarity, hope, or fear. These affective intensities can serve as powerful motivators for political action, creating emotional communities that transcend geographical boundaries. However, the emotional volatility of social media discourse may also contribute to activist burnout, internal movement conflicts, and reactive rather than strategic political engagement. The attention economy of social media, which rewards sensational content over substantive analysis, may privilege affective appeals at the expense of the rational deliberation traditionally considered essential to democratic decision-making.

Intersectionality theory, originating in critical race studies and feminist scholarship, offers important insights into how social media activism both challenges and reproduces systems of oppression. While digital platforms can amplify marginalized voices, they also reflect and sometimes exacerbate existing inequalities based on race, gender, class, and other identity categories. Online harassment disproportionately targets women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ activists, creating hostile environments that may discourage participation. Furthermore, the digital divide – unequal access to technology and digital literacy – means that the benefits of social media activism are not evenly distributed across populations. An intersectional approach demands attention to these power differentials and calls for strategies that address multiple, overlapping forms of marginalization simultaneously.

Emerging research on algorithmic governance and platform politics is beginning to reveal the extent to which technical design choices shape possibilities for political action. Algorithms determine which content gains visibility, how social networks form, and what kinds of collective behavior are facilitated or constrained. These socio-technical systems are not neutral tools but rather embody particular values and power relations. As social media platforms increasingly employ artificial intelligence and machine learning to moderate content and personalize feeds, questions arise about transparency, accountability, and the potential for discriminatory outcomes. Activists must navigate these complex technical environments while simultaneously advocating for more democratic governance of digital infrastructure itself.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, resource mobilization theory applied to digital activism
    A. perfectly explains all aspects of online movements
    B. focuses on how social media reduces organizational costs
    C. was specifically designed for the digital age
    D. ignores all financial considerations

28. Connective action theory differs from collective action by emphasizing
    A. strong organizational leadership
    B. unified ideological positions
    C. personalized content sharing and flexible engagement
    D. traditional movement structures

29. The concept of “networked publics” includes all of the following properties EXCEPT
    A. persistence of content over time
    B. limited audience reach
    C. replicability of content
    D. searchability of information

30. Political economy approaches to digital activism primarily focus on
    A. psychological aspects of participation
    B. material conditions and power relations of platforms
    C. emotional responses to content
    D. historical development of social movements

31. According to affect theory, social media platforms are effective at
    A. eliminating all emotions from political discourse
    B. preventing activist burnout
    C. eliciting and transmitting strong emotional responses
    D. promoting only rational deliberation

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each theoretical framework (32-36) with its corresponding characteristic (A-H).

Theoretical Frameworks:
32. Resource mobilization theory
33. Connective action theory
34. Networked publics concept
35. Intersectionality theory
36. Algorithmic governance research

Characteristics:
A. Examines how technical design choices shape political possibilities
B. Distinguishes between collective and connective action
C. Focuses on how multiple forms of marginalization overlap
D. Emphasizes transaction costs and organizational tools
E. Studies emotional circulation through digital networks
F. Analyzes properties like persistence and scalability
G. Focuses exclusively on economic benefits
H. Ignores all issues of inequality

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of activists does online harassment disproportionately target according to the passage?
38. What term describes unequal access to technology and digital literacy?
39. What do algorithms determine in terms of content on social media platforms?
40. What are activists advocating for regarding digital infrastructure?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. NOT GIVEN
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. media/mainstream media
11. democratizing effect
12. reach
13. marginalized communities

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. NO
17. YES
18. NOT GIVEN
19. iii
20. iv
21. vii
22. ii
23. i
24. gatekeepers
25. sustained commitment
26. algorithmic architecture

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. D
33. B
34. F
35. C
36. A
37. women/people of color/LGBTQ+ activists (any one acceptable)
38. digital divide
39. visibility
40. democratic governance

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: social media platforms, changed, political activism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn đầu tiên nói rõ “enabling activists to reach millions of people instantly without the need for traditional media channels” – cho phép các nhà hoạt động tiếp cận hàng triệu người ngay lập tức mà không cần các kênh truyền thông truyền thống. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án C “eliminating the need for traditional media”.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: early 2000s, political activism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 mô tả “These activities required significant time commitment and physical presence” – các hoạt động này yêu cầu cam kết thời gian đáng kể và sự hiện diện thực tế, tương ứng với đáp án B.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: hashtags, coordinate campaigns, track conversations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Câu “These digital markers allow users to find related content easily and contribute to ongoing discussions” xác nhận rõ ràng hashtags giúp phối hợp chiến dịch và theo dõi cuộc trò chuyện.

Hình ảnh đề thi IELTS Reading về tác động mạng xã hội với các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng

Câu 10: media/mainstream media

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: before social media, controlling narrative, access to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Câu gốc “controlling the narrative around political events required access to television stations, newspapers, or radio broadcasts” nói về việc truy cập các kênh truyền thông (media channels). Đáp án chấp nhận cả “media” hoặc “mainstream media”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Arab Spring, social media, organize protests, censorship
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Đoạn C nói rõ “The Arab Spring uprisings of 2010-2011 exemplified this phenomenon, with protesters using social media to organize demonstrations and share information despite government attempts at censorship.” Đây là quan điểm tích cực của tác giả về vai trò của mạng xã hội.

Câu 16: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: low-threshold participation, always leads, effective long-term
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, toàn bộ
• Giải thích: Đoạn D thể hiện quan điểm phản bác: “The low-threshold participation enabled by social media may create inflated perceptions of movement strength while failing to generate the dedicated core of activists necessary for long-term campaigns.” Tác giả cho rằng sự tham gia ngưỡng thấp có thể KHÔNG dẫn đến thay đổi lâu dài hiệu quả.

Câu 19: iii (Enhanced coordination through technology)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Từ khóa paragraph C: organizational efficiency, collective action, coordinated
• Giải thích: Đoạn C tập trung vào “organizational efficiency facilitated by social media platforms” và cách các nền tảng này “revolutionized how collective action is coordinated” – nội dung chính là về việc tăng cường phối hợp thông qua công nghệ.

Câu 24: gatekeepers

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: avoid traditional, information
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn B mở đầu với “circumvent traditional gatekeepers of information” – tránh những người kiểm soát thông tin truyền thống. Đây là từ khóa chính được paraphrase trong câu hỏi.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: resource mobilization theory, digital activism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 giải thích “In the digital context, social media dramatically reduces the transaction costs associated with movement building.” Lý thuyết này tập trung vào cách mạng xã hội giảm chi phí tổ chức – đáp án B chính xác nhất.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: connective action theory, differs
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn phân biệt rõ: connective action được đặc trưng bởi “personalized content sharing and flexible engagement” – chia sẻ nội dung cá nhân hóa và sự tham gia linh hoạt.

Câu 32: D (Resource mobilization theory – Emphasizes transaction costs and organizational tools)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Resource mobilization theory trong ngữ cảnh số nhấn mạnh “dramatically reduces the transaction costs” và “infrastructural affordances” như organizational tools.

Câu 37: women/people of color/LGBTQ+ activists

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
• Từ khóa: online harassment, disproportionately targets
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Câu gốc “Online harassment disproportionately targets women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ activists” – bất kỳ nhóm nào trong số này đều được chấp nhận làm đáp án.

Câu 40: democratic governance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: activists, advocating for, digital infrastructure
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Câu kết “advocating for more democratic governance of digital infrastructure itself” chỉ rõ các nhà hoạt động đang vận động cho “democratic governance” – quản trị dân chủ.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
grassroots organizing	n	/ˈɡrɑːsruːts ˈɔːɡənaɪzɪŋ/	tổ chức cơ sở	enabling activists to reach millions through grassroots organizing	grassroots movement/campaign
civic participation	n	/ˈsɪvɪk pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/	sự tham gia công dân	express their civic participation	enhance civic participation
turning point	n	/ˈtɜːnɪŋ pɔɪnt/	bước ngoặt	marked a turning point in campaigns	reach a turning point
go viral	v	/ɡəʊ ˈvaɪrəl/	lan truyền nhanh	when a video goes viral	video went viral
digital natives	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈneɪtɪvz/	thế hệ bản địa số	grown up as digital natives	digital natives vs immigrants
slacktivism	n	/ˈslæktɪvɪzəm/	hành động ảo	what appears to be slacktivism	avoid slacktivism
tangible outcomes	n	/ˈtændʒəbl ˈaʊtkʌmz/	kết quả hữu hình	campaigns that led to tangible outcomes	produce tangible outcomes
marginalized communities	n	/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd kəˈmjuːnətiz/	cộng đồng bị thiệt thòi	given voice to marginalized communities	support marginalized communities
democratizing effect	n	/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪzɪŋ ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng dân chủ hóa	the democratizing effect of social media	have a democratizing effect
network effects	n	/ˈnetwɜːk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng mạng lưới	network effects play a crucial role	leverage network effects
amplification effect	n	/ˌæmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng khuếch đại	this amplification effect means	create amplification effect
rapid response	n	/ˈræpɪd rɪˈspɒns/	phản ứng nhanh	organizing rapid response actions	mount a rapid response

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
profound transformation	n	/prəˈfaʊnd ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/	sự chuyển đổi sâu sắc	represents one of the most profound transformations	undergo profound transformation
circumvent	v	/ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/	vượt qua, tránh né	capacity to circumvent traditional gatekeepers	circumvent regulations/restrictions
monopolistic control	n	/məˌnɒpəˈlɪstɪk kənˈtrəʊl/	sự kiểm soát độc quyền	held monopolistic control over stories	exercise monopolistic control
disrupt paradigm	v	/dɪsˈrʌpt ˈpærədaɪm/	phá vỡ mô hình	have disrupted this paradigm	disrupt existing paradigm
collective action	n	/kəˈlektɪv ˈækʃn/	hành động tập thể	how collective action is coordinated	organize collective action
logistical planning	n	/ləˈdʒɪstɪkl ˈplænɪŋ/	hoạch định hậu cần	required extensive logistical planning	involve logistical planning
spontaneous mobilization	n	/spɒnˈteɪniəs ˌməʊbɪlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự huy động tự phát	enabled more spontaneous mobilization	allow spontaneous mobilization
sustained commitment	n	/səˈsteɪnd kəˈmɪtmənt/	cam kết bền vững	requires sustained commitment	demonstrate sustained commitment
algorithmic architecture	n	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˈɑːkɪtektʃə/	kiến trúc thuật toán	the algorithmic architecture of platforms	design algorithmic architecture
echo chambers	n	/ˈekəʊ ˈtʃeɪmbəz/	buồng vang (thông tin)	formation of echo chambers	trapped in echo chambers
political polarization	n	/pəˈlɪtɪkl ˌpəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự phân cực chính trị	leading to increased political polarization	reduce political polarization
transnational networks	n	/trænzˈnæʃnəl ˈnetwɜːks/	mạng lưới xuyên quốc gia	forge transnational networks	establish transnational networks
targeted advertising	n	/ˈtɑːɡɪtɪd ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ/	quảng cáo nhắm mục tiêu	revenue through targeted advertising	use targeted advertising
real-time documentation	n	/ˌrɪəl taɪm ˌdɒkjumenˈteɪʃn/	ghi chép thời gian thực	enable real-time documentation	provide real-time documentation
technological evolution	n	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/	sự tiến hóa công nghệ	the ongoing technological evolution	drive technological evolution

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
burgeoning field	n	/ˈbɜːdʒənɪŋ fiːld/	lĩnh vực đang phát triển	the burgeoning field of digital studies	burgeoning field of research
theoretical frameworks	n	/ˌθɪəˈretɪkl ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung lý thuyết	produced theoretical frameworks	develop theoretical frameworks
techno-optimistic	adj	/ˈteknəʊ ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/	lạc quan về công nghệ	techno-optimistic perspectives	techno-optimistic view
reinforce power structures	v	/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs ˈpaʊə ˈstrʌktʃəz/	củng cố cấu trúc quyền lực	may reinforce existing power structures	reinforce traditional structures
nuanced assessments	n	/ˈnjuːɑːnst əˈsesmənt/	đánh giá tinh tế	developing nuanced assessments	provide nuanced assessment
transaction costs	n	/trænˈzækʃn kɒsts/	chi phí giao dịch	reduces the transaction costs	minimize transaction costs
infrastructural affordances	n	/ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃərəl əˈfɔːdnsɪz/	khả năng hạ tầng	the infrastructural affordances of platforms	leverage infrastructural affordances
instrumental rationality	n	/ˌɪnstrəˈmentl ˌræʃəˈnæləti/	tính hợp lý công cụ	overemphasizes instrumental rationality	based on instrumental rationality
emotional resonance	n	/ɪˈməʊʃənl ˈrezənəns/	sự cộng hưởng cảm xúc	the role of emotional resonance	create emotional resonance
self-organizing networks	n	/self ˈɔːɡənaɪzɪŋ ˈnetwɜːks/	mạng tự tổ chức	enables self-organizing networks	form self-organizing networks
hierarchical leadership	n	/ˌhaɪəˈrɑːkɪkl ˈliːdəʃɪp/	lãnh đạo theo cấp bậc	submitting to hierarchical leadership	traditional hierarchical leadership
strategic coherence	n	/strəˈtiːdʒɪk kəʊˈhɪərəns/	tính mạch lạc chiến lược	require strategic coherence	maintain strategic coherence
retrospective accountability	n	/ˌretrəˈspektɪv əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/	trách nhiệm hồi cố	enabling retrospective accountability	ensure retrospective accountability
entrenched interests	n	/ɪnˈtrentʃt ˈɪntrəsts/	lợi ích ăn sâu	challenging entrenched interests	protect entrenched interests
extracting user data	v	/ɪkˈstræktɪŋ ˈjuːzə ˈdeɪtə/	trích xuất dữ liệu người dùng	rely on extracting user data	practice extracting user data
decentralized architectures	n	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈɑːkɪtektʃəz/	kiến trúc phi tập trung	based on decentralized architectures	adopt decentralized architectures
affective intensities	n	/əˈfektɪv ɪnˈtensətiz/	cường độ cảm xúc	these affective intensities	generate affective intensities
attention economy	n	/əˈtenʃn iˈkɒnəmi/	nền kinh tế chú ý	the attention economy of social media	operate in attention economy
intersectionality	n	/ˌɪntəˌsekʃəˈnæləti/	tính giao thoa	intersectionality theory offers insights	apply intersectionality lens
algorithmic governance	n	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị thuật toán	research on algorithmic governance	study algorithmic governance
socio-technical systems	n	/ˌsəʊsiəʊ ˈteknɪkl ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống xã hội-kỹ thuật	these socio-technical systems	design socio-technical systems

Bảng từ vựng quan trọng IELTS Reading về mạng xã hội và hoạt động chính trị

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Kết bài

Chủ đề “Impact of social media on political activism” là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt phù hợp với các passages có độ khó từ trung bình đến cao. Qua đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0).

Ba passages này đã cung cấp cho bạn 40 câu hỏi với 8 dạng khác nhau – bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Sentence Completion, Summary Completion, Matching Features và Short-answer Questions. Tất cả đều được thiết kế theo đúng format Cambridge IELTS và phản ánh chính xác những gì bạn sẽ gặp trong kỳ thi thực tế.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách xác định vị trí thông tin trong bài, nhận biết paraphrase, và áp dụng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Phần từ vựng với hơn 40 từ quan trọng được phân tích kỹ lưỡng sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho việc mở rộng vốn từ học thuật của bạn.

Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần, chú ý đến thời gian làm bài và phân tích kỹ những câu bạn làm sai. Sự kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn sẽ giúp bạn đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong IELTS Reading. Để tìm hiểu thêm về các chủ đề liên quan, bạn có thể tham khảo Cultural influence of social media để hiểu rõ hơn về ảnh hưởng văn hóa của mạng xã hội, hoặc khám phá Social media’s impact on global environmental movements để thấy được vai trò của mạng xã hội trong các phong trào môi trường toàn cầu. Ngoài ra, Impact of digital technology on global communications cũng cung cấp góc nhìn bổ sung về tác động của công nghệ số đến giao tiếp toàn cầu, trong khi The impact of social media on youth development tập trung vào ảnh hưởng của mạng xã hội đến sự phát triển của giới trẻ.

Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!