Mở bài
Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và ảnh hưởng của nó đến chính sách năng lượng quốc gia là một trong những đề tài xuất hiện thường xuyên trong bài thi IELTS Reading hiện nay. Với xu hướng toàn cầu hóa và vấn đề môi trường ngày càng trở nên cấp thiết, Cambridge IELTS và các tổ chức thi uy tín như British Council, IDP thường xuyên đưa những bài đọc về năng lượng sạch, chính sách môi trường và phát triển bền vững vào đề thi thật.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng format thi thật, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng từ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Đặc biệt, mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có mục tiêu từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó tăng dần và rèn luyện khả năng quản lý thời gian trong phòng thi thực tế.
1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm khi trả lời sai. Độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3, yêu cầu thí sinh phải phân bổ thời gian hợp lý.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút
Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet một cách cẩn thận.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả đồng ý, không đồng ý hay không đề cập
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với từng đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống để hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Renewable Energy in Developing Nations
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Over the past two decades, renewable energy has emerged as a transformative force in developing countries, fundamentally reshaping national energy policies and economic development strategies. While industrialized nations have long dominated the renewable energy sector, developing countries are now at the forefront of this green revolution, driven by a combination of economic necessity, environmental concerns, and technological advancement.
The shift toward renewable energy in developing nations began in earnest during the early 2000s when the cost of solar panels and wind turbines started to decline significantly. Countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America recognized that traditional fossil fuel infrastructure required massive capital investment and long construction periods. In contrast, renewable energy systems could be deployed more quickly and at a smaller scale, making them ideal for regions with limited financial resources and urgent electrification needs.
India provides a compelling example of this transformation. In 2014, the Indian government launched the National Solar Mission with an ambitious target of installing 100 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2022. This policy initiative was driven by multiple factors: the country’s heavy dependence on imported coal and oil, severe air pollution in major cities, and the need to provide electricity to approximately 300 million people living without grid access. By implementing feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and streamlined approval processes, India successfully attracted both domestic and international investment in renewable energy projects.
Similarly, Morocco has emerged as a regional leader in renewable energy development. The North African nation inaugurated the Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex in 2016, one of the world’s largest concentrated solar power plants. This massive infrastructure project demonstrates how developing countries can leverage their natural resources – in Morocco’s case, abundant sunshine – to reduce energy imports and create new employment opportunities. The Moroccan government’s commitment to generating 52% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 has required comprehensive policy reforms, including the creation of a dedicated renewable energy agency and the establishment of public-private partnerships.
The impact of renewable energy on national energy policies extends beyond electricity generation. In Bangladesh, the rural electrification program has installed over 6 million solar home systems, providing clean lighting and power to remote villages previously dependent on expensive and polluting kerosene lamps. This decentralized approach to energy access demonstrates how renewable technologies can address social equity issues while simultaneously advancing environmental goals. The Bangladesh model has been replicated in other countries, showing that off-grid renewable solutions can be more cost-effective than extending traditional electricity networks to sparsely populated areas.
However, the transition to renewable energy in developing countries faces several challenges. Intermittency – the fact that solar and wind power are not available continuously – requires investment in energy storage systems or backup generation capacity. Many developing nations lack the technical expertise and institutional capacity to effectively plan and manage complex renewable energy systems. Additionally, existing subsidies for fossil fuels create market distortions that make renewable energy less competitive, despite its declining costs.
Despite these obstacles, international support mechanisms have played a crucial role in accelerating renewable energy adoption. The Green Climate Fund and other international financing institutions provide concessional loans and grants to help developing countries invest in clean energy infrastructure. Technology transfer agreements enable local companies to manufacture solar panels and wind turbines domestically, reducing costs and creating local jobs. Furthermore, South-South cooperation – partnerships between developing countries – has facilitated knowledge sharing and technical assistance.
The environmental benefits of renewable energy adoption in developing countries are substantial. By avoiding the construction of new coal-fired power plants, these nations are preventing billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions. This contribution to global climate change mitigation is particularly significant given that developing countries are projected to account for the majority of energy demand growth in coming decades. The transition to renewable energy also reduces local air pollution, yielding immediate health benefits for urban populations.
Economic considerations increasingly favor renewable energy in developing countries. The levelized cost of electricity from solar and wind has fallen below that of fossil fuels in many markets, making renewables the most economical choice for new power generation capacity. Moreover, renewable energy projects create more jobs per dollar invested compared to fossil fuel projects, supporting economic diversification in countries historically dependent on resource extraction. The development of domestic renewable energy industries also reduces vulnerability to international energy price fluctuations and supply disruptions.
Looking ahead, the role of renewable energy in shaping national policies of developing countries will likely intensify. Advances in battery storage technology, smart grid systems, and artificial intelligence for energy management are making it easier to integrate high percentages of renewable energy into national electricity systems. As these technologies become more affordable and accessible, developing countries have an unprecedented opportunity to leapfrog the fossil fuel era and build sustainable, modern energy systems from the ground up.
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, what was a key advantage of renewable energy for developing countries in the early 2000s?
A. It was completely free to install
B. It required less time and money to set up than traditional infrastructure
C. It was already widely used in developed countries
D. It eliminated the need for any government investment
2. The National Solar Mission in India was primarily motivated by:
A. pressure from international organizations
B. competition with China’s solar industry
C. the need to reduce imports and provide electricity to all citizens
D. a desire to become the world’s leading solar manufacturer
3. The Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex in Morocco is significant because:
A. it shows how developing countries can use natural resources for energy independence
B. it is the only solar plant in Africa
C. it was built entirely without foreign assistance
D. it generates all of Morocco’s electricity needs
4. What does the passage say about intermittency in renewable energy?
A. It has been completely solved by new technology
B. It requires investment in storage or backup systems
C. It only affects wind power, not solar power
D. It is not a concern in developing countries
5. According to the passage, renewable energy projects create:
A. fewer jobs than fossil fuel projects
B. only temporary employment
C. more jobs per dollar invested than fossil fuel projects
D. jobs only for highly educated workers
Questions 6-10: True/False/Not Given
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, or NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.
6. Developing countries now lead the world in renewable energy development.
7. India successfully met its target of 100 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2022.
8. Bangladesh’s solar home systems are cheaper than extending traditional power grids to rural areas.
9. All developing countries have eliminated subsidies for fossil fuels.
10. The Green Climate Fund only provides loans, not grants, to developing countries.
Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11. Before solar home systems, rural villages in Bangladesh relied on expensive and polluting __ for lighting.
12. Partnerships between developing countries, known as __, help share knowledge and provide technical support.
13. Developing countries can __ the fossil fuel era by building modern sustainable energy systems directly.
PASSAGE 2 – Policy Mechanisms Driving Renewable Energy Transformation
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The global transition toward renewable energy represents one of the most significant policy-driven transformations in modern economic history. Unlike previous energy transitions that occurred organically through market forces, the current shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources is being actively shaped by deliberate government interventions, regulatory frameworks, and international agreements. Understanding the specific policy mechanisms that have proven most effective in accelerating renewable energy adoption provides crucial insights into how nations are fundamentally restructuring their energy sectors.
Feed-in tariffs (FITs) emerged as one of the earliest and most successful policy instruments for promoting renewable energy deployment. First implemented comprehensively in Germany through the Renewable Energy Sources Act of 2000, FITs guarantee renewable energy producers a fixed payment for the electricity they generate, typically over a period of 15-20 years. This mechanism provides investment certainty that enables project developers to secure financing and ensures that renewable energy projects remain economically viable during their operational lifetime. The German model proved so effective that by 2010, over 50 countries had adopted similar schemes, leading to exponential growth in solar and wind installations.
However, the FIT approach has faced criticism for potentially overcompensating producers when technology costs decline rapidly, leading to windfall profits and increased costs for electricity consumers. In response, many jurisdictions have transitioned toward more sophisticated mechanisms such as competitive auctions or reverse auctions. Under this model, governments specify the amount of renewable capacity they wish to procure, and developers submit sealed bids indicating the minimum price at which they would be willing to build projects. The winning bids receive power purchase agreements guaranteeing that price for a specified duration. This competitive process has driven remarkable cost reductions; in countries like India and Brazil, solar auction prices have fallen below the cost of electricity from new fossil fuel plants.
Renewable portfolio standards (RPS), also known as renewable energy targets or quotas, represent another widely adopted policy mechanism. These regulations require electricity suppliers to source a specified percentage of their power from renewable sources by a particular date. California’s RPS mandates that 60% of retail electricity sales come from renewables by 2030, while the European Union has set a binding target of 32% renewable energy in its overall energy mix by 2030. The advantage of RPS policies is that they create guaranteed demand for renewable energy, stimulating private sector investment without requiring direct government expenditure. However, implementation challenges arise when grid infrastructure proves inadequate to accommodate increased renewable capacity or when the intermittent nature of wind and solar resources creates grid stability concerns.
The integration of carbon pricing mechanisms – whether through carbon taxes or emissions trading systems (cap-and-trade) – has fundamentally altered the economic competitiveness of different energy sources. By imposing a financial cost on greenhouse gas emissions, these policies internalize the environmental externalities of fossil fuel combustion, thereby improving the relative attractiveness of zero-emission renewable energy. The European Union’s Emissions Trading System, covering more than 11,000 power plants and industrial facilities, has been operational since 2005 and has contributed to a significant reduction in the carbon intensity of electricity generation. Similarly, British Columbia’s carbon tax, introduced in 2008, has been credited with reducing provincial emissions while maintaining economic growth, challenging the notion that climate policy necessarily impedes economic development.
However, carbon pricing remains politically contentious in many jurisdictions. The distributional impacts – specifically, the potential for carbon prices to disproportionately burden low-income households through higher energy costs – have generated substantial opposition. Additionally, concerns about carbon leakage, wherein industries relocate to jurisdictions without carbon pricing to avoid compliance costs, have complicated efforts to implement robust carbon pricing schemes. These challenges underscore that policy design must address not only economic efficiency but also political feasibility and social equity considerations.
Beyond financial incentives and pricing mechanisms, regulatory reforms have proven essential for enabling renewable energy growth. Streamlined permitting processes reduce the time and cost required to develop renewable energy projects, while grid connection standards ensure that renewable generators can effectively deliver their power to consumers. Many countries have reformed their electricity market structures to accommodate the unique characteristics of renewable energy, including near-zero marginal costs and variable output. For instance, some jurisdictions have implemented priority dispatch rules that require grid operators to accept renewable electricity before fossil fuel generation, ensuring that clean energy is utilized whenever available.
The evolution of net metering and distributed generation policies exemplifies how regulatory frameworks must adapt to technological change. Net metering allows owners of rooftop solar systems to receive credit for excess electricity they export to the grid, effectively using the grid as a storage mechanism. This policy has been instrumental in driving residential and commercial solar adoption in countries like the United States and Australia. However, as distributed solar penetration increases, utilities and regulators face challenges related to grid management, cost allocation, and revenue sufficiency. Some jurisdictions have responded by transitioning from net metering to more complex net billing or time-of-use pricing structures that better reflect the varying value of electricity at different times.
International policy coordination has increasingly shaped national renewable energy strategies. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, established a framework wherein each country submits Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their climate action commitments. While not legally binding, this mechanism creates peer pressure and reputational incentives for ambitious climate policies, including renewable energy deployment targets. Regional agreements such as the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive create harmonized standards and facilitate cross-border electricity trade, enabling countries to collectively achieve renewable energy targets more efficiently than they could individually.
The role of public investment in renewable energy research, development, and deployment cannot be overstated. Government funding for basic research in materials science, energy storage, and grid technologies has generated breakthroughs that private sector actors, focused on near-term returns, would be unlikely to pursue independently. Development banks and green investment banks specifically established to finance renewable energy and climate-related projects have mobilized capital at scales necessary to drive systemic transformation. China’s massive public investment in manufacturing capacity for solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries has not only transformed its domestic energy sector but has also reduced global technology costs, accelerating renewable adoption worldwide.
Looking forward, policy innovation will be crucial for addressing remaining barriers to renewable energy deployment. Flexibility mechanisms such as demand response programs, grid-scale battery storage, and power-to-X technologies (converting excess renewable electricity into hydrogen or other fuels) will require new regulatory frameworks. Policies must also address the socioeconomic transitions affecting communities dependent on fossil fuel industries, ensuring that the shift to renewable energy is both environmentally sustainable and socially just. The complexity of these challenges suggests that effective renewable energy policy will require adaptive governance capable of responding to technological change, economic developments, and evolving social priorities.
Biểu đồ chính sách năng lượng tái tạo các quốc gia trên thế giới
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer, NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer, or NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
14. Feed-in tariffs are superior to all other renewable energy policy mechanisms.
15. Competitive auctions have been more effective than feed-in tariffs in reducing renewable energy costs.
16. Carbon pricing has proven politically easy to implement in most countries.
17. International agreements like the Paris Agreement have influenced national renewable energy policies.
18. Private sector research alone would be sufficient to drive renewable energy innovation.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The challenges of implementing carbon pricing globally
ii. How competitive bidding reduces renewable energy costs
iii. The role of international cooperation in energy policy
iv. Financial guarantees that launched the renewable revolution
v. Mandatory renewable energy requirements for utilities
vi. The future of renewable energy technology
vii. Problems with early renewable energy incentive programs
viii. Grid infrastructure modifications for renewable integration
19. Paragraph B (begins with “Feed-in tariffs emerged…”)
20. Paragraph C (begins with “However, the FIT approach…”)
21. Paragraph D (begins with “Renewable portfolio standards…”)
22. Paragraph E (begins with “The integration of carbon pricing…”)
23. Paragraph F (begins with “However, carbon pricing remains…”)
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Net metering policies allow solar panel owners to receive credit when they send extra electricity back to the grid. This has encouraged the installation of 24 __ in homes and businesses. However, as more people adopt solar power, there are growing concerns about 25 __, how costs are shared, and whether utilities earn sufficient revenue. Some areas have replaced net metering with more complex systems like 26 __ that reflect electricity’s changing value throughout the day.
PASSAGE 3 – Geopolitical Ramifications and Systemic Challenges of Renewable Energy Transition
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The accelerating global transition toward renewable energy systems fundamentally reconfigures not merely technical and economic dimensions of energy provision, but precipitates profound geopolitical realignments, challenges deeply entrenched institutional structures, and necessitates reconceptualization of energy security paradigms that have defined international relations for over a century. As nations progressively decarbonize their energy sectors, the intricate interdependencies that characterized the fossil fuel era – encompassing strategic resource control, maritime chokepoints, and petrodollar recycling mechanisms – are being supplanted by novel configurations of power, vulnerability, and strategic advantage that remain incompletely understood and inadequately addressed by existing analytical frameworks and policy architectures.
The resource geography of renewable energy differs categorically from that of hydrocarbons, engendering distinctive geopolitical dynamics. Whereas fossil fuels are geologically concentrated in specific regions, creating structural dependencies between energy-importing and energy-exporting nations, renewable energy resources – solar radiation, wind patterns, and geothermal gradients – are distributed far more ubiquitously across the globe. This geographic dispersion theoretically enables greater energy sovereignty and reduced vulnerability to supply disruptions or price manipulation by resource-rich states. However, this sanguine assessment requires substantial qualification. While renewable energy flows are indeed widely distributed, the critical minerals essential for renewable technologies – including lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, and high-grade copper – exhibit pronounced geographic concentration. The Democratic Republic of Congo controls approximately 70% of global cobalt production, China dominates rare earth processing with over 85% market share, and the lithium triangle of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile contains over half of the world’s identified lithium reserves. This concentration of material inputs creates new strategic dependencies that may prove as consequential as historical reliance on Middle Eastern petroleum.
Moreover, China’s strategic positioning across renewable energy supply chains extends well beyond raw material extraction to encompass manufacturing dominance across solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and electric vehicles. Chinese enterprises account for over 70% of global photovoltaic manufacturing capacity and nearly 60% of wind turbine production. This dominance reflects decades of sustained industrial policy, including substantial subsidies, preferential credit allocation, and coordinated efforts to capture technological learning curves and achieve economies of scale. For Western nations historically accustomed to energy security through diversified import sources and strategic petroleum reserves, the prospect of dependence on Chinese renewable technology imports raises uncomfortable questions about technological sovereignty and the potential for economic coercion through supply chain manipulation. The United States’ Inflation Reduction Act and the European Union’s Net-Zero Industry Act represent explicit attempts to develop domestic renewable manufacturing capacity, yet replicating decades of Chinese investment and integrated supply chains presents formidable challenges.
The transformation of energy systems from centralized, dispatchable fossil fuel generation to distributed, variable renewable sources necessitates fundamental reconceptualization of grid architecture and electricity market design. Traditional vertically integrated utility models, predicated on predictable, controllable generation meeting passively accepted demand, prove increasingly inadequate for managing systems characterized by distributed energy resources, bidirectional power flows, and stochastic generation patterns. This technical challenge intersects with profound institutional and regulatory complexities. Electricity markets designed decades ago around marginal cost pricing and cost-of-service regulation struggle to accommodate renewable generators with near-zero marginal costs but substantial upfront capital requirements. The resulting missing money problem – wherein market prices fail to provide adequate revenue for necessary infrastructure investment – has prompted extensive regulatory experimentation with capacity markets, ancillary service mechanisms, and resource adequacy constructs, yet no consensus has emerged regarding optimal market design for high-renewable penetration scenarios.
Furthermore, the temporal and spatial misalignment between renewable generation and electricity demand creates unprecedented requirements for grid flexibility. Wind generation typically peaks during nighttime hours and seasonal patterns when electricity demand may be relatively low, while solar generation obviously corresponds to daytime hours but cannot address evening demand peaks. Addressing these temporal disparities requires combinations of energy storage, demand-side management, grid interconnection to balance supply and demand across wide geographic areas, and sector coupling strategies that utilize surplus renewable electricity for transportation electrification or industrial heat applications. Each of these solutions presents distinct technical, economic, and institutional challenges. Lithium-ion battery storage costs have declined dramatically, yet remain uneconomic for seasonal storage requirements. Demand response participation requires overcoming consumer behavioral inertia and addressing data privacy concerns associated with smart metering infrastructure. Expanding high-voltage transmission networks confronts political opposition from affected communities and regulatory fragmentation across multiple jurisdictions. These multilayered challenges underscore that technological solutions alone prove insufficient; rather, successful renewable energy integration demands coordinated evolution of technical systems, market structures, regulatory frameworks, and social institutions.
The implications for traditional petrostates – nations whose economies, political systems, and geopolitical influence derive substantially from hydrocarbon rents – constitute perhaps the most acute geopolitical dimension of renewable energy transition. States such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, Venezuela, and Nigeria face potentially existential challenges as global oil demand plateaus and subsequently declines. The rentier state model, wherein governments maintain political stability through redistribution of resource revenues rather than broad-based taxation, becomes untenable without sustained hydrocarbon income. The International Renewable Energy Agency projects that oil-exporting nations could collectively lose $13 trillion in revenues by 2040 under accelerated energy transition scenarios. The domestic political and social disruptions accompanying such dramatic fiscal contraction – potentially including state failure, mass migration, and regional conflict – carry implications extending far beyond energy markets. Some petrostates, particularly those in the Persian Gulf with substantial financial reserves and low population densities, are pursuing strategies to leverage their abundant solar resources and potentially produce green hydrogen for export. However, the revenue potential of renewable energy exports, with their fundamentally different economics and lower barriers to entry, remains uncertain and is unlikely to replicate the extraordinary economic rents historically associated with conventional oil.
Simultaneously, the renewable energy transition creates opportunities for strategic repositioning among nations possessing relevant technological capabilities, manufacturing capacity, or critical material resources. Nations controlling battery manufacturing expertise, grid management technologies, or reserves of essential minerals may accrue strategic advantages in the emerging energy order. The competition for technological leadership in next-generation renewable technologies – including perovskite solar cells, solid-state batteries, green hydrogen electrolyzers, and advanced geothermal systems – increasingly assumes strategic dimensions comparable to historical competitions over nuclear technology or semiconductor capabilities. Countries investing substantially in renewable energy research and development, cultivating specialized human capital, and creating regulatory environments conducive to technological innovation position themselves advantageously in what some analysts term the “rechargeable energy race.”
The multilateral governance architecture for energy and climate has struggled to keep pace with the velocity of technological change and the magnitude of required systemic transformation. Existing institutions – including the International Energy Agency, traditionally focused on fossil fuel security for industrialized nations, and the International Renewable Energy Agency, possessing limited resources and enforcement capacity – lack the authority and mechanisms to effectively coordinate global renewable energy deployment or address emerging challenges such as supply chain vulnerabilities, technology transfer disputes, or critical mineral governance. The fragmented nature of climate finance institutions, the absence of binding mechanisms to ensure just transition principles are honored, and the inadequacy of existing international law frameworks to address extraterritorial impacts of national energy policies collectively suggest that institutional innovation must accompany technological transformation.
The social and distributional dimensions of renewable energy transition, while receiving increasing recognition, remain inadequately addressed in most national policy frameworks. Energy transitions historically impose substantial adjustment costs on specific communities, industries, and demographic groups while distributing benefits broadly across society. Coal-mining regions from Appalachia to Silesia face economic dislocation and community disruption as thermal power plants close and mining employment disappears. Even as renewable energy creates new employment in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance, these labor market transitions exhibit pronounced geographic, temporal, and skill mismatches with displaced workers. Moreover, the upfront capital intensity of renewable technologies may exacerbate energy poverty if policy designs fail to ensure affordability and access for marginalized populations. Achieving socially sustainable energy transitions requires explicit policy attention to distributive justice, procedural fairness in decision-making, and recognition of diverse community values and priorities – dimensions frequently subordinated to technical and economic considerations in energy planning processes.
Looking forward, the successful navigation of renewable energy transition’s multidimensional challenges demands unprecedented levels of policy coherence, institutional adaptation, and international cooperation. National energy policies must be understood not as isolated technical exercises but as embedded within broader contexts encompassing industrial strategy, foreign policy, social welfare systems, and environmental governance. The tendency toward policy fragmentation – wherein energy, climate, industrial, and social policies are formulated in relative isolation – produces suboptimal outcomes and unintended consequences. Similarly, the increasingly transnational character of energy systems, supply chains, and environmental impacts necessitates governance mechanisms that transcend traditional state-centric models while respecting national sovereignty and policy autonomy. Whether existing international relations paradigms prove adequate for managing these complex interdependencies, or whether the renewable energy transition catalyzes emergence of novel forms of global governance, remains an open and consequential question shaping the trajectory of twenty-first century international order.
Bản đồ địa chính trị chuyển đổi năng lượng tái tạo toàn cầu
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, how does the geography of renewable energy resources differ from fossil fuels?
A. Renewable resources are entirely absent from most countries
B. Renewable energy flows are more widely distributed, but critical materials are concentrated
C. Renewable resources are more concentrated than fossil fuels
D. There is no significant geographic difference between the two
28. China’s dominance in renewable energy manufacturing is attributed to:
A. exclusive access to rare earth materials
B. decades of industrial policy and strategic investment
C. superior technological innovation
D. lower labor costs alone
29. What is the “missing money problem” mentioned in the passage?
A. Insufficient consumer funds to pay electricity bills
B. Market prices failing to provide adequate revenue for infrastructure investment
C. Governments refusing to subsidize renewable energy
D. The high cost of renewable energy technology
30. According to the passage, petrostates face challenges because:
A. they lack technological expertise
B. their economies depend heavily on hydrocarbon revenues that will decline
C. they have no renewable energy resources
D. their populations oppose renewable energy
31. The passage suggests that existing international energy institutions:
A. are perfectly suited to manage the renewable energy transition
B. have too much authority over national policies
C. lack the capacity to effectively coordinate global renewable deployment
D. focus exclusively on renewable energy
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each challenge (Questions 32-36) with the correct aspect of renewable energy transition (A-H).
Challenges:
32. The concentration of lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements in specific countries
33. Wind and solar generation not matching electricity demand patterns
34. Electricity markets designed for fossil fuel systems not working well with renewables
35. Coal-mining communities losing jobs as power plants close
36. Policy decisions made separately for energy, climate, and social issues
Aspects:
A. Temporal and spatial misalignment
B. Geographic resource concentration
C. Labor market transitions
D. Institutional fragmentation
E. Market design inadequacy
F. Technology transfer
G. Policy fragmentation
H. Grid infrastructure
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of electricity generation pattern is characteristic of traditional fossil fuel power plants?
38. What percentage of global photovoltaic manufacturing capacity does China control?
39. What alternative energy product might Persian Gulf states export in the future instead of oil?
40. According to some analysts, what term describes the competition for technological leadership in renewable energy?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- A
- B
- C
- NOT GIVEN
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- FALSE
- FALSE
- kerosene lamps
- South-South cooperation
- leapfrog
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- NO
- YES
- NO
- iv
- ii
- v
- (Paragraph E – không có trong danh sách câu hỏi, đây là phần về carbon pricing mechanism)
- i
- rooftop solar systems
- grid management
- time-of-use pricing
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- B
- B
- C
- B
- A
- E
- C
- G
- dispatchable
- over 70% / 70%
- green hydrogen
- rechargeable energy race
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: key advantage, renewable energy, developing countries, early 2000s
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “renewable energy systems could be deployed more quickly and at a smaller scale, making them ideal for regions with limited financial resources”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B “required less time and money to set up”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai với thông tin trong bài.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: National Solar Mission, India, motivated
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ ra ba yếu tố chính: “heavy dependence on imported coal and oil” và “the need to provide electricity to approximately 300 million people living without grid access”. Đây chính xác là đáp án C – giảm nhập khẩu và cung cấp điện cho tất cả công dân.
Câu 3: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex, Morocco, significant
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nhấn mạnh “demonstrates how developing countries can leverage their natural resources… to reduce energy imports and create new employment opportunities”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án A về việc sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên để độc lập năng lượng.
Câu 4: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: intermittency, renewable energy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Câu văn “requires investment in energy storage systems or backup generation capacity” chính xác là đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai sự thật.
Câu 5: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: renewable energy projects, jobs
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “renewable energy projects create more jobs per dollar invested compared to fossil fuel projects”, đây chính xác là đáp án C.
Câu 6: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: developing countries, lead the world, renewable energy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói developing countries “are now at the forefront of this green revolution” nhưng không so sánh trực tiếp với các nước phát triển hay khẳng định họ dẫn đầu thế giới.
Câu 7: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: India, 100 gigawatts, 2022, target
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập đến mục tiêu “installing 100 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2022” nhưng không nói liệu họ có đạt được hay không.
Câu 8: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Bangladesh, solar home systems, cheaper, traditional power grids
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “off-grid renewable solutions can be more cost-effective than extending traditional electricity networks to sparsely populated areas”, khẳng định câu TRUE.
Câu 9: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all developing countries, eliminated subsidies, fossil fuels
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “existing subsidies for fossil fuels create market distortions”, cho thấy các khoản trợ cấp vẫn còn tồn tại, chứ không phải tất cả đều đã loại bỏ.
Câu 10: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Green Climate Fund, loans, grants
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “provide concessional loans and grants”, cho thấy có cả grants (tài trợ), không chỉ loans.
Câu 11: kerosene lamps
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Bangladesh, rural villages, before solar home systems, lighting
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Previously dependent on expensive and polluting kerosene lamps” chính là đáp án cần tìm.
Câu 12: South-South cooperation
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: partnerships, developing countries, knowledge sharing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa rõ “South-South cooperation – partnerships between developing countries”.
Câu 13: leapfrog
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: developing countries, fossil fuel era, modern sustainable energy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Opportunity to leapfrog the fossil fuel era and build sustainable, modern energy systems” chính là cụm từ cần điền.
Sơ đồ kỹ thuật làm bài IELTS Reading hiệu quả cho học viên
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: feed-in tariffs, superior, all other policy mechanisms
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, C
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói FITs “emerged as one of the earliest and most successful” nhưng không khẳng định nó superior (vượt trội) hơn tất cả các cơ chế khác. Bài còn chỉ ra cả ưu và nhược điểm của FITs.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: competitive auctions, more effective, reducing costs
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: Tác giả viết “This competitive process has driven remarkable cost reductions; in countries like India and Brazil, solar auction prices have fallen below the cost of electricity from new fossil fuel plants”, thể hiện quan điểm YES.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: carbon pricing, politically easy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Carbon pricing remains politically contentious in many jurisdictions” – tác giả rõ ràng cho rằng nó khó về mặt chính trị, mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi, nên đáp án là NO.
Câu 17: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: international agreements, Paris Agreement, influenced national policies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn I, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “International policy coordination has increasingly shaped national renewable energy strategies” và nói về Paris Agreement tạo ra “peer pressure and reputational incentives”, thể hiện ảnh hưởng đến chính sách quốc gia.
Câu 18: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: private sector research, sufficient, renewable energy innovation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói government funding “has generated breakthroughs that private sector actors… would be unlikely to pursue independently”, cho thấy quan điểm private sector alone không đủ.
Câu 19: iv (Financial guarantees that launched the renewable revolution)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về feed-in tariffs “guarantee renewable energy producers a fixed payment” và “provides investment certainty” – đây là các đảm bảo tài chính khởi động cuộc cách mạng năng lượng tái tạo.
Câu 20: ii (How competitive bidding reduces renewable energy costs)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “competitive auctions” và “This competitive process has driven remarkable cost reductions” – đúng với heading về đấu thầu cạnh tranh giảm chi phí.
Câu 21: v (Mandatory renewable energy requirements for utilities)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn D
- Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về “Renewable portfolio standards” (RPS) – “regulations require electricity suppliers to source a specified percentage of their power from renewable sources” – đây chính là yêu cầu bắt buộc cho các công ty điện.
Câu 23: i (The challenges of implementing carbon pricing globally)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn F
- Giải thích: Đoạn này bắt đầu với “However, carbon pricing remains politically contentious” và liệt kê nhiều thách thức: distributional impacts, carbon leakage, political feasibility – đúng với heading về thách thức thực hiện carbon pricing.
Câu 24: rooftop solar systems
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: net metering, solar panel owners, installed
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Net metering allows owners of rooftop solar systems to receive credit” và “This policy has been instrumental in driving residential and commercial solar adoption”.
Câu 25: grid management
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: concerns, solar adoption increases
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Utilities and regulators face challenges related to grid management, cost allocation, and revenue sufficiency”.
Câu 26: time-of-use pricing
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: replaced net metering, reflect electricity’s changing value
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: “Some jurisdictions have responded by transitioning from net metering to more complex net billing or time-of-use pricing structures that better reflect the varying value of electricity at different times”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: geography, renewable energy resources, differ, fossil fuels
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-8
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói renewable resources “are distributed far more ubiquitously” nhưng “the critical minerals essential for renewable technologies… exhibit pronounced geographic concentration”. Đây chính xác là đáp án B.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: China’s dominance, renewable manufacturing, attributed to
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: “This dominance reflects decades of sustained industrial policy, including substantial subsidies, preferential credit allocation, and coordinated efforts” – rõ ràng là đáp án B về chính sách công nghiệp và đầu tư chiến lược.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: missing money problem
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-9
- Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa: “The resulting missing money problem – wherein market prices fail to provide adequate revenue for necessary infrastructure investment” – đây chính là đáp án B.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: petrostates, challenges
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-6
- Giải thích: “Nations whose economies, political systems, and geopolitical influence derive substantially from hydrocarbon rents” và “lose $13 trillion in revenues by 2040” – đáp án B về sự phụ thuộc vào doanh thu hydrocarbon sẽ giảm.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: existing international energy institutions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói các tổ chức này “lack the authority and mechanisms to effectively coordinate global renewable energy deployment” – đây là đáp án C.
Câu 32: B (Geographic resource concentration)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, specific countries
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-11
- Giải thích: Thông tin về “critical minerals… exhibit pronounced geographic concentration” khớp với aspect B.
Câu 33: A (Temporal and spatial misalignment)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: wind and solar, not matching, electricity demand patterns
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-5
- Giải thích: “The temporal and spatial misalignment between renewable generation and electricity demand” – trực tiếp là aspect A.
Câu 34: E (Market design inadequacy)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: electricity markets, designed for fossil fuel, not working well
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-9
- Giải thích: “Electricity markets designed decades ago… struggle to accommodate renewable generators” – đây là sự bất cập trong thiết kế thị trường (aspect E).
Câu 35: C (Labor market transitions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: coal-mining communities, losing jobs
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: “Coal-mining regions… face economic dislocation and community disruption” và “these labor market transitions” – khớp với aspect C.
Câu 36: G (Policy fragmentation)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: policy decisions, separately, energy, climate, social issues
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “The tendency toward policy fragmentation – wherein energy, climate, industrial, and social policies are formulated in relative isolation” – đây chính xác là aspect G.
Câu 37: dispatchable
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: electricity generation pattern, traditional fossil fuel power plants
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Centralized, dispatchable fossil fuel generation” – dispatchable là đặc điểm của các nhà máy nhiên liệu hóa thạch truyền thống.
Câu 38: over 70% / 70%
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: China, photovoltaic manufacturing capacity
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Chinese enterprises account for over 70% of global photovoltaic manufacturing capacity”.
Câu 39: green hydrogen
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: Persian Gulf states, export, future, instead of oil
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: “Potentially produce green hydrogen for export” – đây là sản phẩm năng lượng thay thế trong tương lai.
Câu 40: rechargeable energy race
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: analysts, competition, technological leadership, renewable energy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “What some analysts term the ‘rechargeable energy race'” – đây là thuật ngữ mô tả cuộc cạnh tranh lãnh đạo công nghệ.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| renewable energy | n | /rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi/ | năng lượng tái tạo | Renewable energy has emerged as a transformative force | renewable energy sources, renewable energy sector |
| reshape | v | /riːˈʃeɪp/ | định hình lại, thay đổi căn bản | fundamentally reshaping national energy policies | reshape the landscape, reshape policies |
| green revolution | n | /ɡriːn ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ | cuộc cách mạng xanh | at the forefront of this green revolution | lead the green revolution |
| fossil fuel | n | /ˈfɒsl fjuːəl/ | nhiên liệu hóa thạch | traditional fossil fuel infrastructure | fossil fuel dependence, fossil fuel industry |
| grid access | n | /ɡrɪd ˈækses/ | khả năng tiếp cận lưới điện | people living without grid access | provide grid access, expand grid access |
| feed-in tariff | n | /fiːd ɪn ˈtærɪf/ | thuế ưu đãi điện tái tạo | implementing feed-in tariffs | introduce feed-in tariffs |
| concentrated solar power | n | /ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd ˈsəʊlə ˈpaʊə/ | năng lượng mặt trời tập trung | one of the world’s largest concentrated solar power plants | concentrated solar power technology |
| energy imports | n | /ˈenədʒi ˈɪmpɔːts/ | nhập khẩu năng lượng | reduce energy imports | reduce/cut energy imports |
| decentralized approach | n | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd əˈprəʊtʃ/ | cách tiếp cận phi tập trung | This decentralized approach to energy access | adopt a decentralized approach |
| intermittency | n | /ˌɪntəˈmɪtənsi/ | tính gián đoạn | Intermittency – the fact that solar and wind power are not available continuously | address intermittency issues |
| energy storage | n | /ˈenədʒi ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ | lưu trữ năng lượng | requires investment in energy storage systems | battery energy storage, energy storage capacity |
| carbon dioxide emissions | n | /ˈkɑːbən daɪˈɒksaɪd ɪˈmɪʃnz/ | khí thải carbon dioxide | preventing billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions | reduce carbon dioxide emissions |
| leapfrog | v | /ˈliːpfrɒɡ/ | bỏ qua, nhảy vượt | opportunity to leapfrog the fossil fuel era | leapfrog technology, leapfrog development stages |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| policy-driven transformation | n | /ˈpɒləsi ˈdrɪvn ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ | chuyển đổi theo chính sách | one of the most significant policy-driven transformations | drive policy transformation |
| regulatory framework | n | /ˈreɡjələtri ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ | khung pháp lý | regulatory frameworks and international agreements | establish regulatory frameworks |
| feed-in tariff | n | /fiːd ɪn ˈtærɪf/ | thuế ưu đãi điện tái tạo | Feed-in tariffs emerged as one of the earliest policy instruments | implement feed-in tariffs |
| investment certainty | n | /ɪnˈvestmənt ˈsɜːtnti/ | sự chắc chắn đầu tư | provides investment certainty | ensure investment certainty |
| competitive auction | n | /kəmˈpetətɪv ˈɔːkʃn/ | đấu thầu cạnh tranh | transitioned toward competitive auctions | conduct competitive auctions |
| power purchase agreement | n | /ˈpaʊə ˈpɜːtʃəs əˈɡriːmənt/ | hợp đồng mua điện | winning bids receive power purchase agreements | sign power purchase agreements |
| renewable portfolio standard | n | /rɪˈnjuːəbl pɔːtˈfəʊliəʊ ˈstændəd/ | tiêu chuẩn danh mục năng lượng tái tạo | Renewable portfolio standards represent another widely adopted policy | meet renewable portfolio standards |
| carbon pricing | n | /ˈkɑːbən ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | định giá carbon | integration of carbon pricing mechanisms | implement carbon pricing |
| emissions trading system | n | /ɪˈmɪʃnz ˈtreɪdɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống giao dịch khí thải | whether through carbon taxes or emissions trading systems | establish emissions trading systems |
| environmental externality | n | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˌekstɜːˈnæləti/ | tác động ngoại vi môi trường | imposing a financial cost on environmental externalities | internalize environmental externalities |
| distributional impact | n | /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈɪmpækt/ | tác động phân phối | The distributional impacts – the potential for carbon prices to burden low-income households | assess distributional impacts |
| carbon leakage | n | /ˈkɑːbən ˈliːkɪdʒ/ | rò rỉ carbon | concerns about carbon leakage | prevent carbon leakage |
| net metering | n | /net ˈmiːtərɪŋ/ | đo điện ròng | The evolution of net metering policies | adopt net metering policies |
| distributed generation | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ | phát điện phân tán | distributed generation policies | promote distributed generation |
| time-of-use pricing | n | /taɪm əv juːs ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | định giá theo thời gian sử dụng | transitioning to time-of-use pricing structures | implement time-of-use pricing |
Bảng từ vựng IELTS Reading chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và chính sách
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| geopolitical realignment | n | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl ˌriːəˈlaɪnmənt/ | sắp xếp lại địa chính trị | precipitates profound geopolitical realignments | trigger geopolitical realignments |
| institutional structure | n | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ˈstrʌktʃə/ | cấu trúc thể chế | challenges deeply entrenched institutional structures | reform institutional structures |
| energy security paradigm | n | /ˈenədʒi sɪˈkjʊərəti ˈpærədaɪm/ | mô hình an ninh năng lượng | necessitates reconceptualization of energy security paradigms | shift energy security paradigms |
| strategic resource control | n | /strəˈtiːdʒɪk ˈriːsɔːs kənˈtrəʊl/ | kiểm soát tài nguyên chiến lược | encompassing strategic resource control | exercise strategic resource control |
| petrodollar recycling | n | /ˈpetrəʊˌdɒlə ˌriːˈsaɪklɪŋ/ | tái chế đô la dầu mỏ | petrodollar recycling mechanisms | petrodollar recycling system |
| analytical framework | n | /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ | khung phân tích | inadequately addressed by existing analytical frameworks | develop analytical frameworks |
| resource geography | n | /rɪˈsɔːs dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/ | địa lý tài nguyên | The resource geography of renewable energy differs | understand resource geography |
| energy sovereignty | n | /ˈenədʒi ˈsɒvrənti/ | chủ quyền năng lượng | theoretically enables greater energy sovereignty | achieve energy sovereignty |
| critical mineral | n | /ˈkrɪtɪkl ˈmɪnərəl/ | khoáng sản quan trọng | the critical minerals essential for renewable technologies | secure critical minerals |
| rare earth element | n | /reər ɜːθ ˈelɪmənt/ | nguyên tố đất hiếm | including lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements | extract rare earth elements |
| supply chain | n | /səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/ | chuỗi cung ứng | China’s strategic positioning across renewable energy supply chains | dominate supply chains |
| photovoltaic manufacturing | n | /ˌfəʊtəʊvɒlˈteɪɪk ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/ | sản xuất quang điện | over 70% of global photovoltaic manufacturing capacity | expand photovoltaic manufacturing |
| industrial policy | n | /ɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈpɒləsi/ | chính sách công nghiệp | decades of sustained industrial policy | implement industrial policy |
| technological sovereignty | n | /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈsɒvrənti/ | chủ quyền công nghệ | raises questions about technological sovereignty | maintain technological sovereignty |
| economic coercion | n | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk kəʊˈɜːʃn/ | cưỡng ép kinh tế | the potential for economic coercion | resist economic coercion |
| dispatchable generation | n | /dɪˈspætʃəbl ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ | phát điện có thể điều độ | centralized, dispatchable fossil fuel generation | provide dispatchable generation |
| variable renewable source | n | /ˈveəriəbl rɪˈnjuːəbl sɔːs/ | nguồn tái tạo biến đổi | distributed, variable renewable sources | integrate variable renewable sources |
| vertically integrated utility | n | /ˈvɜːtɪkli ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd juːˈtɪləti/ | công ty điện tích hợp dọc | Traditional vertically integrated utility models | regulate vertically integrated utilities |
| marginal cost pricing | n | /ˈmɑːdʒɪnl kɒst ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | định giá chi phí biên | Electricity markets designed around marginal cost pricing | apply marginal cost pricing |
| missing money problem | n | /ˈmɪsɪŋ ˈmʌni ˈprɒbləm/ | vấn đề thiếu tiền | The resulting missing money problem | address the missing money problem |
| capacity market | n | /kəˈpæsəti ˈmɑːkɪt/ | thị trường công suất | regulatory experimentation with capacity markets | establish capacity markets |
| temporal misalignment | n | /ˈtempərəl ˌmɪsəˈlaɪnmənt/ | sự không đồng bộ về thời gian | temporal and spatial misalignment | address temporal misalignment |
| grid flexibility | n | /ɡrɪd ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ | tính linh hoạt lưới điện | unprecedented requirements for grid flexibility | enhance grid flexibility |
| demand-side management | n | /dɪˈmɑːnd saɪd ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ | quản lý phía nhu cầu | combinations of energy storage, demand-side management | implement demand-side management |
| sector coupling | n | /ˈsektə ˈkʌplɪŋ/ | liên kết ngành | sector coupling strategies | promote sector coupling |
| lithium-ion battery | n | /ˈlɪθiəm ˈaɪən ˈbætəri/ | pin lithium-ion | Lithium-ion battery storage costs have declined | develop lithium-ion batteries |
| petrostates | n | /ˈpetrəʊˌsteɪts/ | các nước dầu mỏ | The implications for traditional petrostates | support petrostates transition |
| hydrocarbon rent | n | /ˌhaɪdrəʊˈkɑːbən rent/ | doanh thu từ hydrocarbon | whose economies derive from hydrocarbon rents | depend on hydrocarbon rents |
| rentier state | n | /ˈrentieɪ steɪt/ | nhà nước cho thuê tài nguyên | The rentier state model | reform the rentier state model |
| fiscal contraction | n | /ˈfɪskl kənˈtrækʃn/ | thắt chặt tài khóa | such dramatic fiscal contraction | manage fiscal contraction |
| green hydrogen | n | /ɡriːn ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ | hydro xanh | potentially produce green hydrogen for export | produce green hydrogen |
| economic rent | n | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk rent/ | lợi nhuận kinh tế | the extraordinary economic rents | capture economic rents |
| next-generation renewable technology | n | /nekst ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn rɪˈnjuːəbl tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | công nghệ tái tạo thế hệ mới | competition for technological leadership in next-generation renewable technologies | develop next-generation renewable technologies |
| rechargeable energy race | n | /ˌriːˈtʃɑːdʒəbl ˈenədʒi reɪs/ | cuộc đua năng lượng tái sạc | what some analysts term the “rechargeable energy race” | lead the rechargeable energy race |
| multilateral governance | n | /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl ˈɡʌvənəns/ | quản trị đa phương | The multilateral governance architecture | strengthen multilateral governance |
| just transition | n | /dʒʌst trænˈzɪʃn/ | chuyển đổi công bằng | the absence of binding mechanisms to ensure just transition | ensure just transition principles |
| adjustment cost | n | /əˈdʒʌstmənt kɒst/ | chi phí điều chỉnh | Energy transitions historically impose substantial adjustment costs | minimize adjustment costs |
| economic dislocation | n | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌdɪsləʊˈkeɪʃn/ | sự gián đoạn kinh tế | Coal-mining regions face economic dislocation | prevent economic dislocation |
| labor market transition | n | /ˈleɪbə ˈmɑːkɪt trænˈzɪʃn/ | chuyển đổi thị trường lao động | these labor market transitions | manage labor market transitions |
| distributive justice | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjətɪv ˈdʒʌstɪs/ | công bằng phân phối | explicit policy attention to distributive justice | achieve distributive justice |
| policy coherence | n | /ˈpɒləsi kəʊˈhɪərəns/ | sự mạch lạc chính sách | demands unprecedented levels of policy coherence | ensure policy coherence |
| policy fragmentation | n | /ˈpɒləsi ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/ | sự phân mảnh chính sách | The tendency toward policy fragmentation | avoid policy fragmentation |
| transnational character | n | /trænzˈnæʃənl ˈkærəktə/ | tính chất xuyên quốc gia | the increasingly transnational character of energy systems | recognize transnational character |
Kết bài
Chủ đề tác động của năng lượng tái tạo đến chính sách năng lượng quốc gia không chỉ là một đề tài thời sự quan trọng mà còn là nội dung xuất hiện thường xuyên trong bài thi IELTS Reading. Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) qua Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0), phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc và yêu cầu của bài thi IELTS thực tế.
Các câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion, Matching Features và Short-answer Questions giúp bạn làm quen với mọi dạng bài có thể xuất hiện trong kỳ thi. Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và kỹ thuật xác định đáp án, giúp bạn hiểu sâu về phương pháp làm bài hiệu quả.
Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng phong phú được tổng hợp theo từng passage kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocations sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ mở rộng vốn từ mà còn hiểu cách sử dụng từ vựng trong ngữ cảnh học thuật. Đây là nền tảng quan trọng để đạt band điểm cao trong cả bài thi Reading lẫn các phần thi khác.
Tương tự như what are the effects of renewable energy on global power dynamics, chủ đề về năng lượng tái tạo mở ra nhiều khía cạnh quan trọng cần khám phá. Để hiểu rõ hơn về mối liên hệ giữa năng lượng và an ninh quốc gia, bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về how is renewable energy influencing national security strategies, một góc nhìn chiến lược về tác động của năng lượng xanh đến chính sách quốc phòng và an ninh toàn cầu.
Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ các lỗi sai và áp dụng những kỹ thuật đã học vào các đề thi khác. Việc quản lý thời gian cũng quan trọng không kém – hãy thực hành với đồng hồ bấm giờ để làm quen với áp lực thời gian như trong phòng thi thật. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
