IELTS Reading: Tầm Quan Trọng Của Việc Bảo Tồn Di Sản Kiến Trúc – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Di sản kiến trúc không chỉ là những công trình vật lý mà còn là biểu tượng văn hóa, lịch sử và bản sắc của các dân tộc. Chủ đề “Importance Of Preserving Architectural Heritage” thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading với nhiều góc độ khác nhau: từ giá trị lịch sử, thách thức bảo tồn, đến vai trò trong phát triển du lịch và giáo dục cộng đồng.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên. Đề thi bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích rõ ràng từng câu. Bạn cũng sẽ học được hàng chục từ vựng quan trọng và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả để chinh phục phần thi Reading.

Hãy chuẩn bị đồng hồ và làm bài trong điều kiện giống thi thật để đánh giá chính xác trình độ của mình!

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng điểm sẽ được chuyển đổi thành band score từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, nên làm nhanh để dành thời gian cho các passages khó hơn)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần đọc kỹ hơn)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, yêu cầu phân tích sâu)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài đọc
5. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho các đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào bản tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn dựa trên thông tin trong bài

Bài thi IELTS Reading về bảo tồn di sản kiến trúc với ba passages và 40 câu hỏi

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Value of Historic Buildings in Modern Cities

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Historic buildings are an integral part of our urban landscape, providing a tangible link to the past and enriching the character of modern cities. As urban areas continue to expand and modernize, the question of whether to preserve or demolish old structures has become increasingly contentious. However, there are compelling reasons why maintaining architectural heritage should be a priority for city planners and residents alike.

First and foremost, historic buildings serve as physical reminders of a community’s history and cultural identity. These structures tell stories about the people who built them, the architectural styles of their era, and the social conditions that existed at the time. For instance, Victorian-era townhouses in London reflect the prosperity of the British Empire during the 19th century, while Art Deco buildings in Miami showcase the optimism and glamour of the 1920s and 1930s. When these buildings are preserved, future generations can gain insights into how their ancestors lived, worked, and expressed themselves through architecture.

Beyond their historical significance, old buildings often possess superior craftsmanship and materials that are rarely replicated in contemporary construction. Many historic structures were built using time-tested techniques and high-quality materials such as solid hardwood, hand-carved stone, and intricate metalwork. The attention to detail found in these buildings—from ornate facades to decorative moldings—represents a level of artisanship that has largely disappeared in today’s mass-production building industry. This quality not only makes historic buildings more durable but also more aesthetically pleasing than many modern constructions.

Economic benefits also support the case for preservation. Studies have shown that historic districts often attract tourists, which generates revenue for local businesses and creates employment opportunities. In cities like Prague, Rome, and Kyoto, architectural heritage is a major drawcard for millions of visitors annually. Additionally, the restoration and maintenance of old buildings creates jobs for specialized craftspeople, including stonemasons, carpenters, and restoration architects. The adaptive reuse of historic structures—converting old factories into apartment buildings or transforming warehouses into offices—has proven to be both economically viable and environmentally sustainable.

Environmental considerations further strengthen the argument for preservation. Demolishing a building and constructing a new one requires significant energy and resources, contributing to carbon emissions and waste. In contrast, retrofitting and reusing existing structures is often more energy-efficient and produces less environmental impact. The embodied energy—the total energy consumed in producing building materials and construction—already invested in historic buildings represents a valuable resource that should not be wasted. By maintaining these structures, cities can reduce their carbon footprint while still meeting the needs of growing populations.

However, preservation is not without challenges. Old buildings may not meet current safety standards or accessibility requirements, necessitating costly upgrades and modifications. Some structures may be in such poor condition that restoration is prohibitively expensive. Additionally, there can be conflicts between preservation goals and the need for new development, particularly in rapidly growing cities where land is scarce and valuable. Striking a balance between honoring the past and accommodating the future requires careful planning and community engagement.

Despite these challenges, many cities have successfully integrated historic preservation into their urban development strategies. Organizations like UNESCO designate World Heritage Sites to protect buildings and areas of outstanding universal value. Local governments often provide tax incentives and grants to property owners who maintain historic buildings according to approved standards. Community groups and preservation societies play a vital role in raising awareness about threatened structures and advocating for their protection.

Education is another crucial component of successful preservation efforts. When people understand the historical, cultural, and economic value of architectural heritage, they are more likely to support conservation initiatives. Schools, museums, and heritage organizations can all contribute to building public appreciation for historic buildings through educational programs, guided tours, and public exhibitions.

In conclusion, while the preservation of architectural heritage presents certain challenges, the benefits—cultural, economic, and environmental—make it a worthwhile endeavor. Historic buildings are irreplaceable resources that connect us to our past, demonstrate exceptional craftsmanship, support local economies, and promote environmental sustainability. As cities continue to evolve, finding ways to honor and maintain these structures will ensure that future generations can experience and learn from the architectural achievements of the past.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, Victorian townhouses in London primarily represent:
   A. Modern architectural innovations
   B. The wealth of 19th-century Britain
   C. Environmental sustainability
   D. Contemporary living standards

2. What does the passage suggest about craftsmanship in historic buildings?
   A. It is easily replicated in modern construction
   B. It is less durable than modern techniques
   C. It shows a level of skill rare in today’s buildings
   D. It is not economically viable to maintain

3. The economic benefits of preservation include:
   A. Reduced construction costs only
   B. Tourism revenue and specialized employment
   C. Lower property taxes for all residents
   D. Decreased business competition

4. According to the passage, adaptive reuse refers to:
   A. Demolishing old buildings completely
   B. Building exact replicas of historic structures
   C. Converting historic buildings for new purposes
   D. Painting old buildings in modern colors

5. The main environmental advantage of preservation is:
   A. It creates more green spaces
   B. It reduces energy consumption and waste
   C. It improves air quality in cities
   D. It increases water conservation

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Art Deco buildings in Miami were constructed during the 1920s and 1930s.
7. All historic buildings are in good enough condition to be easily restored.
8. UNESCO designates World Heritage Sites to protect architecturally significant areas.
9. Private companies are required by law to fund historic preservation projects.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Historic buildings provide a __ to the past that enriches modern cities.
11. The __ already invested in old buildings represents valuable resources that should be preserved.
12. Local governments often provide __ to encourage property owners to maintain historic structures.
13. __ can help build public appreciation for architectural heritage through tours and exhibitions.

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PASSAGE 2 – Challenges in Urban Heritage Conservation

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The preservation of architectural heritage in urban environments presents a complex interplay of technical, economic, and social challenges that require multifaceted solutions. While the theoretical benefits of conservation are widely acknowledged, the practical implementation of preservation strategies often encounters significant obstacles that test the resolve of governments, communities, and individual stakeholders. Understanding these challenges is essential for developing effective approaches to safeguarding our built heritage in an era of rapid urbanization and climate change.

A One of the primary technical challenges in heritage conservation is ensuring structural integrity while maintaining historical authenticity. Many historic buildings were constructed using materials and techniques that are susceptible to degradation over time. Timber structures may suffer from rot and insect infestation, while stone buildings can experience weathering and erosion. The introduction of modern materials for repairs and reinforcement must be carefully considered, as inappropriate interventions can actually accelerate deterioration or fundamentally alter the building’s character. Conservation professionals must balance the need to stabilize structures with the imperative to preserve original materials and construction methods wherever possible. This often requires specialized knowledge that is increasingly rare, as traditional building trades decline in many parts of the world.

B The financial burden of heritage conservation represents another significant challenge, particularly in developing countries where resources are limited. Restoration work is typically more expensive than new construction due to the need for skilled craftspeople, specialized materials, and labor-intensive techniques. Property owners may view historic buildings as economic liabilities rather than assets, especially when faced with stringent preservation regulations that limit modifications and increase maintenance costs. The opportunity cost of preservation—the potential profit from redevelopment—can be substantial in areas with high land values. Without adequate financial incentives such as tax credits, grants, or low-interest loans, many owners may choose to neglect historic properties or even advocate for their demolition.

C Reconciling preservation with contemporary needs and expectations poses yet another challenge. Modern building codes and accessibility standards, while essential for public safety and social inclusion, can be difficult to implement in historic structures without compromising their architectural integrity. Installing elevators, fire suppression systems, and climate control equipment in buildings designed centuries ago requires creative solutions that are both effective and sympathetic to the original design. Furthermore, contemporary lifestyles and business practices often demand spatial configurations and technological infrastructure that are incompatible with historic floor plans and building systems. Finding ways to accommodate modern functions within old shells while respecting their heritage value requires innovative thinking and sometimes difficult compromises.

D Climate change adds a new dimension of urgency to heritage conservation challenges. Rising sea levels threaten coastal historic districts, while increased frequency of extreme weather events—hurricanes, floods, heatwaves—place additional stress on vulnerable structures. Traditional buildings were designed for the climate conditions of their time, which may no longer reflect current or future environmental realities. Adaptation strategies such as improved drainage systems, flood barriers, and enhanced ventilation must be implemented without destroying the distinctive features that give these buildings their heritage value. The irony is that while historic buildings can contribute to climate change mitigation through their embodied carbon, they are simultaneously at risk from climate change impacts.

E Social and political challenges also complicate preservation efforts. Heritage conservation decisions can become contentious when different groups have competing visions for a building or neighborhood’s future. Gentrification concerns may arise when preservation efforts lead to increased property values that displace long-term residents. Some communities may question whether resources should be devoted to maintaining old buildings when pressing needs for affordable housing, schools, or healthcare facilities remain unmet. Additionally, determining what constitutes “heritage” worthy of protection can be subjective and culturally specific, leading to debates about which buildings should be preserved and whose history is being privileged.

F The challenge of maintaining traditional skills and knowledge transmission is often overlooked but critically important. As older generations of craftspeople retire, there is a risk that specialized techniques for working with historic materials will be lost. Training programs for traditional building trades have declined in many countries as construction industries have become increasingly mechanized and standardized. Without a pipeline of skilled professionals who understand traditional materials and methods, the quality of conservation work may suffer, potentially causing irreversible damage to important heritage assets.

G Regulatory frameworks present their own set of challenges. Overly restrictive preservation regulations can stifle innovation and make it economically unfeasible to maintain historic buildings, while lax regulations may fail to provide adequate protection. Finding the appropriate regulatory balance requires ongoing dialogue between preservation professionals, property owners, developers, and community members. International standardization of conservation principles through charters and guidelines has helped, but local adaptation of these principles to specific cultural and economic contexts remains challenging.

Despite these formidable challenges, successful heritage conservation is achievable through integrated approaches that combine technical expertise, financial support, community engagement, and adaptive policy frameworks. Cities like Barcelona, Singapore, and Montreal have demonstrated that it is possible to maintain vital historic districts while accommodating growth and modernization. The key lies in recognizing that heritage conservation is not about freezing cities in time but rather about thoughtfully managing change to preserve what is valuable while allowing communities to evolve and thrive.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Matching Headings

The passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x.

List of Headings:
i. Financial obstacles to preservation
ii. The impact of technological advances
iii. Skills shortage in traditional trades
iv. Structural and material deterioration issues
v. The role of international tourism
vi. Conflicting social interests in conservation
vii. Environmental threats to historic buildings
viii. Balancing old and new requirements
ix. Problems with preservation laws
x. Educational programs for the public

14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E

Questions 19-22: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19. Using modern materials in restoration work always damages historic buildings.
20. Preservation regulations can make historic buildings seem financially unattractive to owners.
21. All historic buildings were originally designed to withstand current climate conditions.
22. Barcelona has successfully maintained historic areas while allowing urban development.

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Heritage conservation faces numerous challenges that require complex solutions. Technical issues include maintaining 23. __ while preserving authenticity, which demands specialized knowledge that is becoming scarce. Financial challenges arise because restoration requires 24. __ and expensive materials, making it costlier than new construction. Modern 25. __ can be difficult to implement in historic structures without compromising their character. Additionally, climate change creates 26. __ for vulnerable old buildings, requiring adaptation strategies that don’t destroy their heritage value.

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PASSAGE 3 – Philosophical Perspectives on Architectural Heritage and Cultural Identity

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The discourse surrounding architectural heritage preservation extends far beyond pragmatic considerations of structural maintenance and economic viability, penetrating into fundamental questions about cultural identity, collective memory, and the relationship between past and present. Contemporary debates among preservation theorists, urban planners, and cultural philosophers reveal divergent perspectives on what architectural heritage represents, whose narratives it embodies, and how societies should engage with the built legacy of previous generations. This intellectual terrain is characterized by tensions between competing values—authenticity versus innovation, continuity versus change, and universal standards versus contextual specificity—that resist simple resolution.

The concept of architectural heritage itself is a relatively modern construct, emerging from 19th-century European Romanticism and nationalist movements that sought to establish distinctive cultural identities through connections to the past. Prior to this period, attitudes toward old buildings were largely utilitarian; structures were modified, repurposed, or demolished according to contemporary needs with little sentimentality about their historical significance. The crystallization of heritage as a category worthy of special protection reflects particular cultural assumptions about the value of history and the immutability of certain artifacts. Critics such as postcolonial theorists have argued that Western-dominated heritage discourse imposes Eurocentric concepts of authenticity and preservation on non-Western cultures, where relationships with built environments may be fundamentally different. For instance, the Japanese tradition of periodic reconstruction of sacred buildings like the Ise Grand Shrine—completely rebuilt every 20 years—challenges Western notions that authenticity resides in original materials rather than in continuous practice and spiritual significance.

The relationship between architectural heritage and collective memory presents another philosophically complex dimension. Buildings serve as mnemonic devices, anchoring communities’ sense of continuity and shared identity. However, whose memories and which histories are memorialized in preserved structures is often contested terrain. Heritage can become a site of ideological struggle, where different groups compete to have their narratives recognized and legitimized through architectural preservation. The renovation of Berlin following German reunification exemplifies these tensions, as decisions about which buildings to preserve or demolish became proxy debates about how to remember East German history—whether to obliterate symbols of repressive regimes or to maintain them as reminders of historical complexity. Similarly, controversies surrounding Confederate monuments in the United States illustrate how architectural heritage can simultaneously represent historical significance for some and perpetuation of injustice for others.

The notion of authenticity, central to most conservation charters and guidelines, has been subjected to sustained philosophical critique. The emphasis on preserving “original” materials and forms assumes a static conception of authenticity that may not align with how buildings actually exist in time. All structures undergo continuous transformation through weathering, use, and periodic maintenance—they are processes rather than fixed objects. Moreover, the concept of an authentic “original” state is often ambiguous for buildings that have undergone multiple historical phases of construction and modification. Restoration to which period should be privileged? The selective nature of such decisions reveals that authenticity is partly a social construction rather than an objective state. Some theorists advocate for embracing temporal layering—the accumulation of modifications over time—as itself constituting heritage value, rather than pursuing an idealized original condition that may never have existed.

The tension between preservation and urban vitality reflects deeper questions about whether cities should function as living laboratories of change or as museums of past achievements. Architectural conservationists traditionally emphasize continuity and protection, while many urbanists and architects argue that cities must constantly reinvent themselves to remain vibrant and relevant. The architect Rem Koolhaas has provocatively questioned whether “preservation” has become so pervasive that it stifles innovation and turns entire cities into static tableaux. This critique suggests that excessive reverence for the past may actually harm urban culture by preventing the kind of creative destruction that has historically driven architectural evolution. However, proponents of preservation counter that heritage provides essential anchors of meaning and beauty in rapidly changing urban environments, and that the question is not whether to preserve but how to do so thoughtfully while accommodating necessary change.

Environmental considerations add ethical dimensions to these philosophical debates. The embodied energy in existing buildings represents substantial resource investments that are lost when structures are demolished. From a sustainability perspective, adaptive reuse of heritage buildings aligns with principles of resource conservation and circular economy. Yet this environmental rationale can conflict with other sustainability goals; old buildings may be energy-inefficient by contemporary standards, and retrofitting them to improve performance can compromise heritage values. The philosopher Dale Jamieson has argued that obligations to future generations require balancing multiple values, including both environmental sustainability and cultural inheritance. This suggests that preservation decisions should involve holistic assessments that weigh environmental, cultural, and social factors rather than privileging any single consideration.

The democratization of heritage discourse represents another significant theoretical development. Traditionally, heritage designation was the domain of expert architects, historians, and government officials who determined what qualified as worthy of protection based on aesthetic merit, historical importance, or architectural innovation. However, recent decades have seen growing recognition that heritage is not only about monumental structures but also about “vernacular” buildings and landscapes that hold meaning for local communities even if they lack conventional architectural distinction. This shift acknowledges that heritage value is socially constructed and that communities should have voice in determining what aspects of their built environment deserve preservation. Concepts like “intangible heritage” and “living heritage” reflect understanding that cultural significance extends beyond physical artifacts to include practices, knowledge, and relationships with place.

Looking forward, digital technologies present both opportunities and challenges for heritage philosophy. Three-dimensional scanning and virtual reality enable unprecedented documentation and public access to heritage sites, potentially democratizing experiences that were previously limited to those who could physically visit locations. However, this raises questions about whether digital replicas can substitute for authentic experiences of historic buildings. If a destroyed structure can be perfectly recreated virtually or even physically using original techniques, does this constitute genuine preservation or merely nostalgic simulation? Such questions force reconsideration of what exactly we value in architectural heritage—the physical substrate, the aesthetic experience, the connection to past human creativity, or something else entirely.

Ultimately, the philosophical complexity of architectural heritage preservation reflects its connection to fundamental human concerns about identity, memory, and our relationship with time. There are no universal formulas for resolving tensions between preservation and change, between expert knowledge and community values, or between cultural significance and economic pressures. What emerges from these debates, however, is recognition that heritage is not simply a passive inheritance from the past but an active process through which societies negotiate their values and define their futures. The buildings we choose to preserve, how we preserve them, and what narratives we attach to them are all acts of cultural self-definition that reveal as much about contemporary priorities as they do about historical realities.

Quan điểm triết học về bảo tồn di sản kiến trúc và bản sắc văn hóa trong đô thị hiện đại

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the concept of architectural heritage:
    A. Has existed since ancient civilizations
    B. Emerged during the 19th-century Romantic period
    C. Was invented by postcolonial theorists
    D. Originated in Japanese culture

28. The Japanese tradition of rebuilding the Ise Grand Shrine demonstrates that:
    A. Japanese buildings are not durable
    B. Authenticity can reside in practice rather than materials
    C. Western preservation methods are superior
    D. Religious buildings should not be preserved

29. The example of Berlin’s renovation after reunification shows that:
    A. All East German buildings should be demolished
    B. Heritage preservation is always politically neutral
    C. Preservation decisions can reflect debates about historical memory
    D. Only buildings from democratic periods deserve protection

30. Rem Koolhaas’s critique suggests that excessive preservation might:
    A. Improve urban innovation
    B. Make cities more affordable
    C. Prevent architectural evolution
    D. Increase tourism revenue

31. According to the passage, “intangible heritage” refers to:
    A. Buildings that are invisible
    B. Monuments with no architectural merit
    C. Cultural practices and knowledge beyond physical structures
    D. Digitally created architectural designs

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Write the correct letter, A-H.

32. Temporal layering
33. Embodied energy
34. Vernacular buildings
35. Creative destruction
36. Living heritage

Descriptions:
A. The process of continuous urban change that drives innovation
B. Resource investment represented in existing structures
C. Buildings significant to local communities but lacking architectural fame
D. The accumulation of historical modifications over time
E. Ancient monuments with religious significance
F. Digital replicas of destroyed buildings
G. Cultural practices and relationships with place that continue to evolve
H. Government regulations protecting historic sites

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of theorists have criticized Western heritage concepts as culturally biased?
38. What technology enables unprecedented documentation of heritage sites?
39. According to the passage, what are heritage preservation decisions fundamentally acts of?
40. What philosophical concept does Dale Jamieson argue should guide obligations to future generations?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. tangible link
11. embodied energy
12. tax incentives
13. Heritage organizations / Museums

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. iv
15. i
16. viii
17. vii
18. vi
19. NO
20. YES
21. NO
22. YES
23. structural integrity
24. skilled craftspeople
25. building codes
26. additional stress

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. C
32. D
33. B
34. C
35. A
36. G
37. Postcolonial theorists
38. Three-dimensional scanning / Virtual reality
39. cultural self-definition
40. multiple values

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Victorian townhouses, London, represent
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Victorian-era townhouses in London reflect the prosperity of the British Empire during the 19th century” (Các ngôi nhà Victorian ở London phản ánh sự thịnh vượng của Đế quốc Anh trong thế kỷ 19). Từ “prosperity” được paraphrase thành “wealth” trong đáp án B.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: craftsmanship, historic buildings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “The attention to detail found in these buildings… represents a level of artisanship that has largely disappeared in today’s mass-production building industry” (Sự chú ý đến chi tiết… thể hiện trình độ nghề thủ công đã phần lớn biến mất trong ngành xây dựng sản xuất hàng loạt ngày nay). Điều này được paraphrase trong đáp án C.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Art Deco buildings, Miami, 1920s and 1930s
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Thông tin trong câu hỏi khớp hoàn toàn với bài đọc: “Art Deco buildings in Miami showcase the optimism and glamour of the 1920s and 1930s”.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all historic buildings, good condition, easily restored
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Some structures may be in such poor condition that restoration is prohibitively expensive” (Một số công trình ở trong tình trạng quá tồi tệ đến mức việc phục hồi đắt đỏ không khả thi), điều này mâu thuẫn với ý “tất cả đều dễ dàng được phục hồi”.

Câu 10: tangible link

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: provide, past, enriches modern cities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên của passage nói “providing a tangible link to the past and enriching the character of modern cities”.

Câu 12: tax incentives

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Local governments, provide, encourage property owners
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập “Local governments often provide tax incentives and grants to property owners who maintain historic buildings”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: iv (Paragraph A)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn A tập trung vào các vấn đề kỹ thuật liên quan đến việc đảm bảo tính toàn vẹn cấu trúc, sự xuống cấp của vật liệu như gỗ bị mục nát và đá bị phong hóa. Heading iv “Structural and material deterioration issues” khớp chính xác.

Câu 15: i (Paragraph B)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Toàn bộ đoạn B bàn về “financial burden”, chi phí cao hơn xây dựng mới, và các rào cản kinh tế. Heading i “Financial obstacles to preservation” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 16: viii (Paragraph C)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn C thảo luận về việc cân bằng giữa các yêu cầu hiện đại (modern building codes, accessibility standards) với tính toàn vẹn kiến trúc lịch sử. Heading viii “Balancing old and new requirements” phản ánh chính xác nội dung này.

Câu 19: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói rằng “inappropriate interventions can actually accelerate deterioration” nhưng không nói rằng “always damages”. Từ “always” trong câu hỏi làm cho câu này mâu thuẫn với quan điểm của tác giả.

Câu 20: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “Property owners may view historic buildings as economic liabilities rather than assets, especially when faced with stringent preservation regulations”, điều này đồng tình với câu hỏi.

Câu 23: structural integrity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói về “ensuring structural integrity while maintaining historical authenticity”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: concept of architectural heritage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “The concept of architectural heritage itself is a relatively modern construct, emerging from 19th-century European Romanticism and nationalist movements”.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Japanese tradition, Ise Grand Shrine
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 8-11
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích rằng truyền thống Nhật Bản “challenges Western notions that authenticity resides in original materials rather than in continuous practice and spiritual significance” – tức tính nguyên bản nằm ở thực hành liên tục chứ không phải vật liệu gốc.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Berlin, reunification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: Ví dụ về Berlin cho thấy “decisions about which buildings to preserve or demolish became proxy debates about how to remember East German history”, tức các quyết định bảo tồn phản ánh các cuộc tranh luận về ký ức lịch sử.

Câu 32: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Giải thích: “Temporal layering” được định nghĩa trong đoạn 4 là “the accumulation of modifications over time”.

Câu 37: Postcolonial theorists

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Critics such as postcolonial theorists have argued that Western-dominated heritage discourse imposes Eurocentric concepts”.

Câu 39: cultural self-definition

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Passage kết luận rằng “The buildings we choose to preserve… are all acts of cultural self-definition”.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
integral	adj	/ˈɪntɪɡrəl/	Không thể thiếu, quan trọng	“integral part of our urban landscape”	integral part/component
tangible	adj	/ˈtændʒəbl/	Hữu hình, có thể sờ được	“tangible link to the past”	tangible evidence/benefits
contentious	adj	/kənˈtenʃəs/	Gây tranh cãi	“increasingly contentious”	contentious issue/debate
compelling	adj	/kəmˈpelɪŋ/	Thuyết phục, hấp dẫn	“compelling reasons”	compelling evidence/argument
craftsmanship	n	/ˈkrɑːftsmənʃɪp/	Tay nghề thủ công	“superior craftsmanship”	fine/excellent craftsmanship
ornate	adj	/ɔːrˈneɪt/	Trang trí công phu	“ornate facades”	ornate decoration/design
adaptive reuse	n phrase	/əˈdæptɪv riːˈjuːs/	Tái sử dụng thích ứng	“adaptive reuse of historic structures”	adaptive reuse project
embodied energy	n phrase	/ɪmˈbɒdid ˈenədʒi/	Năng lượng tiềm tàng	“embodied energy already invested”	embodied energy/carbon
retrofitting	n	/ˈretrəʊfɪtɪŋ/	Cải tạo, nâng cấp	“retrofitting and reusing existing structures”	building retrofitting
carbon footprint	n phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/	Lượng khí thải carbon	“reduce their carbon footprint”	reduce/minimize carbon footprint
prohibitively	adv	/prəˈhɪbɪtɪvli/	Đến mức cấm đoán	“prohibitively expensive”	prohibitively expensive/costly
advocating	v	/ˈædvəkeɪtɪŋ/	Ủng hộ, biện hộ	“advocating for their protection”	advocate for/against

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	Đa diện, nhiều khía cạnh	“multifaceted solutions”	multifaceted approach/problem
structural integrity	n phrase	/ˈstrʌktʃərəl ɪnˈteɡrəti/	Tính toàn vẹn cấu trúc	“ensuring structural integrity”	maintain/preserve structural integrity
susceptible	adj	/səˈseptəbl/	Dễ bị tổn thương	“susceptible to degradation”	susceptible to damage/disease
deterioration	n	/dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃn/	Sự xuống cấp, hư hỏng	“accelerate deterioration”	prevent/slow deterioration
stringent	adj	/ˈstrɪndʒənt/	Nghiêm ngặt	“stringent preservation regulations”	stringent regulations/standards
opportunity cost	n phrase	/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti kɒst/	Chi phí cơ hội	“opportunity cost of preservation”	calculate opportunity cost
sympathetic	adj	/ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/	Cảm thông, tương thích	“sympathetic to the original design”	sympathetic restoration/renovation
incompatible	adj	/ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl/	Không tương thích	“incompatible with historic floor plans”	incompatible with/to
gentrification	n	/ˌdʒentrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	Sự quý tộc hóa khu vực	“gentrification concerns”	urban gentrification
subjective	adj	/səbˈdʒektɪv/	Chủ quan	“can be subjective”	highly subjective
irreversible	adj	/ˌɪrɪˈvɜːsəbl/	Không thể đảo ngược	“irreversible damage”	irreversible damage/change
integrated approaches	n phrase	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd əˈprəʊtʃɪz/	Cách tiếp cận tích hợp	“integrated approaches that combine”	integrated approach/strategy
formidable	adj	/ˈfɔːmɪdəbl/	Ghê gớm, khó khăn	“formidable challenges”	formidable challenge/opponent
overly restrictive	adj phrase	/ˈəʊvəli rɪˈstrɪktɪv/	Quá hạn chế	“overly restrictive preservation regulations”	overly restrictive rules
unfeasible	adj	/ʌnˈfiːzəbl/	Không khả thi	“economically unfeasible”	financially/economically unfeasible

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
divergent	adj	/daɪˈvɜːdʒənt/	Phân kỳ, khác nhau	“divergent perspectives”	divergent views/opinions
contextual specificity	n phrase	/kənˈtekstʃuəl ˌspesɪˈfɪsəti/	Tính đặc thù theo ngữ cảnh	“contextual specificity”	cultural/contextual specificity
crystallization	n	/ˌkrɪstəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	Sự kết tinh	“crystallization of heritage”	crystallization of ideas/concepts
immutability	n	/ˌɪmjuːtəˈbɪləti/	Tính bất biến	“immutability of certain artifacts”	sense of immutability
Eurocentric	adj	/ˌjʊərəʊˈsentrɪk/	Lấy châu Âu làm trung tâm	“Eurocentric concepts”	Eurocentric worldview/perspective
mnemonic devices	n phrase	/nɪˈmɒnɪk dɪˈvaɪsɪz/	Công cụ ghi nhớ	“buildings serve as mnemonic devices”	mnemonic technique/strategy
memorialized	v	/məˈmɔːriəlaɪzd/	Được tưởng niệm	“whose memories are memorialized”	memorialized in/through
proxy debates	n phrase	/ˈprɒksi dɪˈbeɪts/	Cuộc tranh luận thay thế	“proxy debates about history”	proxy debate/war
obliterate	v	/əˈblɪtəreɪt/	Xóa bỏ hoàn toàn	“obliterate symbols”	obliterate evidence/memory
sustained critique	n phrase	/səˈsteɪnd krɪˈtiːk/	Phê bình liên tục	“sustained philosophical critique”	sustained criticism/attack
temporal layering	n phrase	/ˈtempərəl ˈleɪərɪŋ/	Sự phân lớp theo thời gian	“embracing temporal layering”	temporal layers/dimension
static tableaux	n phrase	/ˈstætɪk ˈtæbləʊz/	Tranh tĩnh	“static tableaux”	static display/scene
creative destruction	n phrase	/kriˈeɪtɪv dɪˈstrʌkʃn/	Phá hủy sáng tạo	“creative destruction that drives evolution”	creative destruction process
holistic assessments	n phrase	/həʊˈlɪstɪk əˈsesmənt/	Đánh giá toàn diện	“holistic assessments that weigh”	holistic approach/view
vernacular buildings	n phrase	/vəˈnækjələ ˈbɪldɪŋz/	Công trình bản địa	“vernacular buildings and landscapes”	vernacular architecture/style
intangible heritage	n phrase	/ɪnˈtændʒəbl ˈherɪtɪdʒ/	Di sản phi vật thể	“intangible heritage”	cultural/intangible heritage
democratizing	v	/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪzɪŋ/	Dân chủ hóa	“democratizing experiences”	democratize access/knowledge
nostalgic simulation	n phrase	/nɒˈstældʒɪk ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/	Mô phỏng hoài cổ	“nostalgic simulation”	nostalgic feeling/memory

Từ vựng IELTS Reading chủ đề di sản kiến trúc với phiên âm và ví dụ

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Importance of preserving architectural heritage” không chỉ là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề thực tế mà nhiều quốc gia đang đối mặt. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading đầy đủ từ các câu hỏi cơ bản đến những câu hỏi yêu cầu phân tích sâu và hiểu biết triết học về di sản văn hóa.

Đề thi này đã cung cấp cho bạn 40 câu hỏi thuộc 7 dạng khác nhau, giúp bạn làm quen với đa dạng format mà kỳ thi thực tế có thể đưa ra. Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cho bạn biết câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vì sao đó là đáp án chính xác, vị trí thông tin trong bài và cách paraphrase được sử dụng giữa câu hỏi và passage.

Hơn 40 từ vựng học thuật trong các bảng từ vựng sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ và cải thiện khả năng đọc hiểu các bài văn phức tạp. Đừng quên ôn tập những từ này thường xuyên và áp dụng chúng trong writing và speaking để nâng cao band điểm tổng thể. Tương tự như The role of cultural heritage in modern societies, việc hiểu sâu về di sản kiến trúc sẽ giúp bạn có nền tảng vững chắc cho nhiều chủ đề văn hóa – xã hội khác trong IELTS.

Hãy tiếp tục luyện tập đều đặn với các đề thi mẫu khác nhau và phân tích kỹ lưỡng những lỗi sai của mình. Chỉ thông qua việc thực hành liên tục và học từ sai lầm, bạn mới có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong phần Reading. Chúc bạn thành công trên hành trình chinh phục IELTS!