Cách Sử Dụng Linking Words For Example và For Instance Trong IELTS – Bí Quyết Đạt Band 8.0

Giới Thiệu

Linking words “for example” và “for instance” là những cụm từ nối quan trọng và xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong kỳ thi IELTS. Hai cụm từ này có chức năng cung cấp ví dụ minh họa để làm rõ ý tưởng, hỗ trợ lập luận và tăng tính thuyết phục cho bài nói và bài viết của bạn. Đặc biệt, chúng cực kỳ hữu ích trong IELTS Speaking Part 2, Part 3 và Writing Task 2 khi bạn cần minh họa quan điểm hoặc giải thích ý kiến của mình một cách cụ thể.

Theo thống kê từ các đề thi IELTS thực tế, “for example” và “for instance” xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong:

• Speaking: Part 2 (miêu tả chi tiết) và Part 3 (đưa ra ví dụ cho lập luận)
• Writing Task 2: Đoạn thân bài khi phát triển ý chính
• Reading: Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các bài đọc học thuật

Ví dụ vận dụng trong IELTS:

Speaking Part 2 (Describe a city you would like to visit):
“There are several reasons why I want to visit Tokyo. For example, the city is famous for its unique blend of traditional and modern culture.”
→ Phân tích: Dùng “for example” để đưa ra lý do cụ thể minh họa cho ý kiến chung.

Writing Task 2 (Opinion essay about technology):
“Technology has transformed various aspects of our daily lives. For instance, smartphones have revolutionized the way we communicate with others.”
→ Phân tích: Sử dụng “for instance” để cung cấp ví dụ cụ thể cho một tuyên bố tổng quát.

Speaking Part 3 (Discussing environmental problems):
“Many developing countries face serious pollution issues. Vietnam, for example, has struggled with air quality in major cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.”
→ Phân tích: “For example” được đặt giữa câu để đưa ra trường hợp cụ thể minh họa.

Writing Task 2 (Discussion essay about education):
“Students can benefit from extracurricular activities in numerous ways. For instance, participating in sports clubs helps them develop teamwork skills and maintain physical health.”
→ Phân tích: “For instance” mở đầu câu ví dụ, tạo sự mạch lạc cho đoạn văn.

Speaking Part 1 (Talking about hobbies):
“I enjoy several types of music. For example, I often listen to classical music when I need to concentrate on my studies.”
→ Phân tích: Linking word giúp làm rõ ý kiến chung bằng một trường hợp cụ thể.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ học:

✅ Định nghĩa và ý nghĩa của “for example” và “for instance”
✅ Cấu trúc và vị trí sử dụng trong câu
✅ Cách vận dụng vào 4 kỹ năng IELTS
✅ 25+ câu ví dụ Band 7-9 từ đề thi thực tế
✅ Các biến thể nâng cao cho Band 8+
✅ Lỗi thường gặp và cách tránh
✅ Bài tập thực hành có đáp án chi tiết

For Example và For Instance Là Gì?

Định Nghĩa

For example và for instance là các cụm linking words (từ nối) được sử dụng để đưa ra ví dụ minh họa cho một tuyên bố, ý kiến hoặc lập luận đã nêu trước đó. Cả hai cụm từ này đều có nghĩa là “ví dụ như” hoặc “chẳng hạn như” trong tiếng Việt và có thể thay thế cho nhau trong hầu hết các trường hợp.

Chức năng chính:

• Cung cấp bằng chứng cụ thể để hỗ trợ một quan điểm tổng quát
• Làm rõ ý tưởng trừu tượng bằng trường hợp thực tế
• Tăng tính thuyết phục và độ tin cậy cho lập luận
• Giúp người đọc hoặc người nghe hiểu rõ hơn ý kiến của bạn
• Thể hiện khả năng tư duy logic và khả năng phát triển ý tưởng

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Speaking: Khi examiner yêu cầu bạn giải thích hoặc mở rộng câu trả lời, đặc biệt trong Part 2 khi miêu tả và Part 3 khi thảo luận
• Writing: Trong đoạn thân bài Task 2 để minh họa cho topic sentence, hoặc Task 1 khi cần đưa ra số liệu cụ thể
• Academic contexts: Khi cần chứng minh một luận điểm bằng các trường hợp thực tế hoặc số liệu

Tần Suất Xuất Hiện Trong IELTS

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19:

Speaking:

• Part 1: Tần suất vừa phải – thường xuất hiện trong các câu hỏi về sở thích, thói quen (“What kinds of books do you like?”, “What do you usually do in your free time?”)
• Part 2: Tần suất cao – cần thiết khi mô tả chi tiết về người, địa điểm, sự kiện hoặc vật dụng
• Part 3: Tần suất rất cao – quan trọng khi đưa ra lập luận và cần minh họa bằng ví dụ cụ thể trong các câu hỏi về xã hội, giáo dục, công nghệ

Writing:

• Task 1: Tần suất trung bình – sử dụng khi cần nêu ví dụ về xu hướng hoặc điểm dữ liệu đặc biệt
• Task 2: Tần suất rất cao – xuất hiện trong hầu hết các dạng bài (Opinion, Discussion, Advantage/Disadvantage, Problem/Solution) để phát triển main ideas

Listening/Reading:

• Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các bài đọc học thuật và bài nghe để giới thiệu ví dụ minh họa
• Cần nhận diện để hiểu mối quan hệ giữa ý chính và ví dụ, giúp trả lời các câu hỏi matching và classification

Band Score Impact:

• Band 6: Có thể sử dụng “for example” cơ bản nhưng thường lặp lại nhiều lần, thiếu variety
• Band 7: Sử dụng cả “for example” và “for instance” một cách chính xác, biết đặt ở các vị trí khác nhau trong câu
• Band 8-9: Sử dụng linh hoạt nhiều cách diễn đạt tương tự (such as, like, including, particularly, to illustrate), kết hợp tự nhiên với các cấu trúc phức

Ví dụ minh họa cách sử dụng linking words for example và for instance trong bài thi IELTS Speaking và Writing

Công Thức và Cấu Trúc

Công Thức Cơ Bản

📌 CÔNG THỨC 1 – Đầu câu:

General statement. For example/For instance, specific example.

Ví dụ: “Many people enjoy outdoor activities. For example, hiking and camping are becoming increasingly popular.”

📌 CÔNG THỨC 2 – Giữa câu (với dấu phẩy):

Noun + , for example/for instance, + specific example + verb...

Ví dụ: “Some countries, for instance Japan and South Korea, have excellent public transportation systems.”

📌 CÔNG THỨC 3 – Cuối vế câu:

General statement + specific example, for example/for instance.

Ví dụ: “Technology has improved many aspects of education, online learning platforms for instance.”

Thành phần câu:

• General statement (Câu tổng quát): Một tuyên bố hoặc ý kiến chung cần được minh họa
• For example/For instance: Linking words giới thiệu ví dụ
• Specific example (Ví dụ cụ thể): Một hoặc nhiều trường hợp, sự vật, hiện tượng cụ thể làm rõ câu tổng quát
• Punctuation (Dấu câu): Chú ý sử dụng dấu chấm, dấu phẩy phù hợp với vị trí

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:

Câu: “Environmental pollution affects various aspects of human health. For example, air pollution can cause respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems.”

Phân tích:

• General statement: “Environmental pollution affects various aspects of human health” – tuyên bố chung về ảnh hưởng của ô nhiễm
• Linking phrase: “For example” – đứng đầu câu thứ hai, sau dấu chấm
• Specific example: “air pollution can cause respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems” – ví dụ cụ thể về một loại ô nhiễm và tác hại của nó
• Function: Làm rõ “various aspects” bằng trường hợp cụ thể, tăng tính thuyết phục

Các Biến Thể Vị Trí

Vị trí 1: Đầu câu mới (sau dấu chấm)

Cấu trúc:

General statement. For example/For instance, specific example.

Ví dụ:
“Social media has changed how we communicate. For instance, platforms like Facebook and Instagram allow us to stay connected with friends across the globe.”

Đặc điểm:

• Tạo câu mới độc lập
• Dùng dấu chấm trước “for example/for instance”
• Dấu phẩy sau linking words
• Phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Writing

Vị trí 2: Giữa câu (với hai dấu phẩy bao quanh)

Cấu trúc:

Subject + , for example/for instance, + noun phrase + verb...

Ví dụ:
“Some Asian countries, for example Singapore and Japan, have achieved remarkable economic growth over the past few decades.”

Đặc điểm:

• Tạo sự liền mạch trong câu
• Phải có dấu phẩy cả trước và sau linking phrase
• Thường đi kèm danh từ cụ thể ngay sau
• Thích hợp cho Speaking để tránh câu quá ngắn

Vị trí 3: Cuối vế câu (trước dấu chấm hoặc dấu phẩy)

Cấu trúc:

General statement + specific example, for example/for instance.

Ví dụ:
“Technology companies invest heavily in research and development, Apple and Google for instance.”

Đặc điểm:

• Ít phổ biến hơn hai vị trí trên
• Tạo nhấn mạnh cho ví dụ
• Thường dùng trong văn nói tự nhiên
• Band 8+ thường sử dụng để tạo variety

Vị trí 4: Sau động từ giới thiệu

Cấu trúc:

Subject + verb (such as, including, like) + for example/for instance + specific examples.

Ví dụ:
“Many factors contribute to climate change, including, for example, deforestation and industrial emissions.”

Đặc điểm:

• Kết hợp với các từ khác
• Tạo độ phức tạp cao hơn
• Ít dùng cho người mới học

Dấu Câu Quan Trọng

Quy tắc 1: Sau dấu chấm

Statement 1. For example, statement 2.
✅ "Many cities face traffic problems. For example, Bangkok experiences severe congestion daily."
❌ "Many cities face traffic problems for example Bangkok experiences severe congestion daily."

Quy tắc 2: Với hai dấu phẩy

Subject, for example, noun phrase + verb.
✅ "Some vegetables, for instance carrots and broccoli, are rich in vitamins."
❌ "Some vegetables for instance carrots and broccoli are rich in vitamins."

Quy tắc 3: Dấu chấm phẩy (ít dùng)

Statement 1; for example, statement 2.
✅ "Exercise provides numerous benefits; for example, it reduces stress and improves cardiovascular health."

Lưu ý đặc biệt cho người Việt Nam:
Học viên Việt Nam thường quên dấu phẩy sau “for example/for instance” khi nó đứng đầu câu. Đây là lỗi phổ biến làm mất điểm Grammar trong Writing.

Sự Khác Biệt Giữa For Example và For Instance

Về Ý Nghĩa

Về cơ bản, for example và for instance hoàn toàn đồng nghĩa và có thể thay thế cho nhau trong mọi ngữ cảnh IELTS. Cả hai đều có nghĩa là “ví dụ như” hoặc “chẳng hạn như”.

Ví dụ có thể thay thế:

• “Many people enjoy water sports. For example, swimming and surfing are very popular.”
• “Many people enjoy water sports. For instance, swimming and surfing are very popular.”
  → Cả hai câu đều chính xác và tự nhiên 100%

Về Mức Độ Formal

For example:

• Phổ biến hơn trong cả văn nói và văn viết
• Tự nhiên trong mọi ngữ cảnh
• Được ưa chuộng hơn trong IELTS Speaking vì ngắn gọn hơn

For instance:

• Formal hơn một chút so với “for example”
• Thường xuất hiện nhiều hơn trong văn viết học thuật
• Tạo ấn tượng về vốn từ vựng phong phú hơn trong Writing Task 2

Khuyến nghị cho IELTS:

• Speaking: Ưu tiên “for example” vì tự nhiên và dễ phát âm hơn
• Writing: Xen kẽ cả hai để thể hiện variety (tính đa dạng từ vựng)
• Không nên dùng chỉ một cụm từ suốt bài

Tần Suất Sử Dụng

Theo Cambridge Corpus:

• “For example” xuất hiện gấp 2-3 lần “for instance” trong tiếng Anh
• Cả hai đều được chấp nhận hoàn toàn trong IELTS

Phân bố trong IELTS Writing Task 2 (bài 250 từ):

• Band 6-7: Có thể dùng “for example” 3-4 lần
• Band 8-9: Nên dùng “for example” 1-2 lần + “for instance” 1 lần + các cụm khác như “such as”, “to illustrate”, “particularly”

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Speaking

Speaking Part 1 – Introduction and Interview

Đặc điểm Part 1:

• Câu hỏi về bản thân, sở thích, thói quen hàng ngày
• Câu trả lời ngắn gọn (2-3 câu)
• Sử dụng “for example” để làm cụ thể câu trả lời

Topic: Hobbies and Free Time

Q: “What do you like to do in your free time?”

A (Band 6): “I like doing many things. For example, I like reading books and watching movies.”
→ Phân tích: Đơn giản, đúng ngữ pháp nhưng thiếu chi tiết

A (Band 7+): “I enjoy a variety of leisure activities to help me unwind after a busy day. For example, I often read novels, particularly science fiction, or I might watch documentaries about history and nature.”
→ Phân tích: Chi tiết hơn, có “particularly” để specific hơn, từ vựng đa dạng (unwind, leisure activities)

Topic: Food

Q: “What kinds of food are popular in your country?”

A: “Vietnamese cuisine is incredibly diverse and varies by region. For instance, in the North, people prefer lighter flavors and often eat pho for breakfast, while Southern cuisine tends to be sweeter and includes dishes like hu tieu.”
→ Phân tích: Sử dụng “for instance” để đưa ra ví dụ so sánh giữa các vùng miền, thể hiện khả năng phát triển ý

Topic: Technology

Q: “How often do you use the internet?”

A: “I use the internet daily for various purposes. For example, I check my emails and social media in the morning, attend online meetings for work, and watch educational videos in the evening.”
→ Phân tích: Liệt kê nhiều hoạt động cụ thể theo thứ tự thời gian, câu trả lời có cấu trúc

Speaking Part 2 – Long Turn

Cue Card Example:

Describe a place you have visited that you particularly enjoyed.
You should say:

• Where this place is
• When you went there
• What you did there
• And explain why you enjoyed it

Sample Answer (Band 8):

“I’d like to talk about Hoi An, a historic town in central Vietnam that I visited last summer. This place left a lasting impression on me for several reasons.

Hoi An is located in Quang Nam Province, about 30 kilometers from Da Nang City. I went there with my family during our summer vacation in July 2023. The town is famous for its well-preserved ancient architecture. For example, there are hundreds of old houses with yellow walls and wooden structures that date back to the 15th century. These buildings reflect a unique blend of Vietnamese, Chinese, and Japanese influences.

During my stay, I engaged in various activities. For instance, I took a cooking class where I learned to make traditional Vietnamese dishes like cao lau and white rose dumplings. I also rented a bicycle and cycled around the countryside, visiting local villages and rice fields. In the evening, for example, I released colorful lanterns on the Thu Bon River, which is a traditional custom in Hoi An.

What I enjoyed most was the peaceful atmosphere and the sense of stepping back in time. Unlike busy cities, for instance Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City, Hoi An has a slower pace of life that allows you to relax and appreciate the beauty around you. The local people were incredibly friendly and welcoming, which made the experience even more memorable. Additionally, the food was exceptional, particularly the local specialties that you can’t find anywhere else in Vietnam.”

Phân tích chi tiết:

1. “For example, there are hundreds of old houses…” – Đưa ra ví dụ cụ thể về kiến trúc
2. “For instance, I took a cooking class…” – Minh họa hoạt động cụ thể trong chuyến đi
3. “In the evening, for example, I released…” – Variant với vị trí khác của “for example”
4. “Unlike busy cities, for instance Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City…” – Sử dụng “for instance” ở giữa câu để so sánh

Điểm mạnh Band 8:

• Sử dụng cả “for example” và “for instance”
• Đặt linking words ở các vị trí khác nhau
• Ví dụ cụ thể, sinh động
• Kết hợp với các cấu trúc phức (relative clauses, participle phrases)

Cấu trúc câu trả lời IELTS Speaking Part 2 sử dụng for example và for instance với ví dụ minh họa chi tiết

Speaking Part 3 – Discussion

Đặc điểm Part 3:

• Câu hỏi trừu tượng, yêu cầu phân tích, so sánh, dự đoán
• Cần đưa ra lập luận và bằng chứng
• “For example/for instance” cực kỳ quan trọng để support ideas

Topic: Tourism and Culture

Q: “How has tourism affected traditional cultures?”

A (Band 7-8): “Tourism has had both positive and negative impacts on traditional cultures. On the positive side, for instance, it has helped preserve certain customs and crafts that might otherwise have disappeared. When tourists show interest in traditional arts like weaving or pottery, local communities have an economic incentive to maintain these practices. For example, in many Vietnamese villages, traditional silk weaving has experienced a revival because tourists are willing to pay for handmade products.

However, there are also negative effects. Some cultural practices, for instance religious ceremonies or festivals, have become commercialized and lost their original meaning. They’re sometimes performed just for tourists rather than for genuine cultural or spiritual reasons. Tourism can also lead to the erosion of traditional values. For example, young people in tourist areas may adopt more Westernized lifestyles and lose interest in their own cultural heritage.“

Phân tích:

• Cấu trúc rõ ràng: positive + negative
• Mỗi point đều có ví dụ cụ thể
• Sử dụng cả “for example” và “for instance” để vary
• Ví dụ liên quan đến thực tế (Vietnamese villages, religious ceremonies)

Topic: Technology and Education

Q: “Do you think online learning will replace traditional classroom education?”

A (Band 8-9): “I don’t believe online learning will completely replace traditional education, although it will certainly play an increasingly important role. There are several reasons for this.

Firstly, face-to-face interaction is crucial for developing social skills, which online platforms cannot fully replicate. For example, young children learn empathy, cooperation, and conflict resolution through direct interaction with peers and teachers. These soft skills are difficult to develop in a virtual environment.

Secondly, some subjects require hands-on practice that is impossible to conduct online. For instance, science experiments, art classes, and physical education all need physical presence and equipment. Medical students, for example, cannot learn surgery skills purely through online videos.

However, I do think online learning will become a valuable complement to traditional education. It offers flexibility and access to resources that weren’t previously available. For instance, students in remote areas can now access lectures from world-class universities, and working professionals can pursue further education without leaving their jobs.“

Phân tích Band 8-9 features:

• Câu trả lời balanced với clear position
• Multiple examples cho mỗi main point
• Variety: “for example” (2 lần) + “for instance” (2 lần)
• Examples cụ thể và relevant (children’s social skills, science experiments, remote areas)
• Kết hợp với các structures khác (relative clauses, cannot…purely)

Các câu hỏi Part 3 khác thường dùng “for example/for instance”:

Q: “What are the benefits of learning a foreign language?”
Sample beginning: “There are numerous advantages to learning another language. For instance, it enhances cognitive abilities and improves memory…”

Q: “How can governments encourage people to use public transportation?”
Sample: “Governments could implement various measures. For example, they might reduce fares or improve service quality…”

Q: “What qualities make a good leader?”
Sample: “Effective leaders possess several key characteristics. For instance, they need excellent communication skills to inspire their team members…”

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Writing

Writing Task 1 – Describing Data

Khi nào dùng trong Task 1:

“For example” và “for instance” ít phổ biến hơn trong Task 1 vì dạng bài này tập trung vào mô tả số liệu khách quan. Tuy nhiên, chúng vẫn có thể được sử dụng để:

• Nêu ví dụ về các category có xu hướng tương tự
• Highlight các điểm dữ liệu đặc biệt
• So sánh các nhóm dữ liệu

Line Graph Example:

Topic: The graph shows the percentage of people using smartphones in four countries from 2010 to 2020.

Sample sentence:
“Several countries experienced rapid growth in smartphone adoption during this period. For example, Vietnam saw a dramatic increase from 15% in 2010 to 72% in 2020, representing nearly a fivefold rise.”
→ Phân tích: Sử dụng “for example” để đưa ra một quốc gia cụ thể minh họa cho trend “rapid growth”

Bar Chart Example:

Topic: The chart compares the amount of money spent on different categories by households in two cities.

Sample sentence:
“Household expenditure patterns varied significantly between the two cities. For instance, residents in City A spent considerably more on housing (35% of total expenses) compared to those in City B (22%).”
→ Phân tích: “For instance” giới thiệu trường hợp cụ thể về sự khác biệt giữa hai thành phố

Pie Chart Example:

Sample sentence:
“The pie charts reveal that entertainment accounted for different proportions of spending across age groups. Young adults, for example, allocated 25% of their budget to entertainment, while elderly people spent only 8% on this category.”
→ Phân tích: “For example” ở giữa câu, được bao quanh bởi dấu phẩy

Lưu ý cho Task 1:

• Không nên lạm dụng “for example/for instance” – chỉ 1-2 lần trong cả bài
• Ưu tiên các cụm như “particularly”, “specifically”, “notably” vì chúng academic hơn cho Task 1
• Chỉ dùng khi thực sự cần đưa ra ví dụ cụ thể, không phải mô tả tất cả dữ liệu

Writing Task 2 – Essay Writing

Writing Task 2 là nơi “for example” và “for instance” phát huy tác dụng mạnh nhất. Chúng xuất hiện chủ yếu trong body paragraphs để support main ideas.

Cấu trúc đoạn thân bài chuẩn với examples:

Topic Sentence (Main idea)
Explanation (Giải thích main idea)
Example (For example/For instance + specific case)
Further explanation/Result (Phân tích thêm về ví dụ)

Opinion Essay Example:

Topic: Some people think that the government should invest more money in teaching science than other subjects for a country’s development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Body Paragraph 1 (Band 8):

“[Topic Sentence] Investing in science education is undoubtedly crucial for national development, as scientific knowledge drives innovation and economic growth. [Explanation] Countries that prioritize science education often become leaders in technology and industry, creating high-paying jobs and attracting foreign investment. [Example] For instance, South Korea and Taiwan invested heavily in science and technology education in the 1980s and 1990s, which led to the emergence of globally competitive companies like Samsung and TSMC. [Further explanation] These companies not only generate enormous revenue but also position their countries as innovation hubs. [Additional example] Similarly, Finland’s emphasis on science education has contributed to its high standard of living and technological advancement.”

Phân tích:

• “For instance” giới thiệu ví dụ cụ thể về các quốc gia thành công
• Ví dụ specific (tên quốc gia, công ty, thời gian)
• Có thêm “Similarly” để nối thêm ví dụ khác
• Example được phân tích thêm (not only…but also)

Discussion Essay Example:

Topic: Some people believe that children should spend all their free time with their families. Others believe that this is unnecessary or even negative. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Body Paragraph (View 1 – Band 7-8):

“[Topic Sentence] Proponents of family time argue that it strengthens bonds and provides emotional support crucial for children’s development. [Explanation] Regular family interactions help children develop a sense of belonging and security, which forms the foundation for healthy psychological development. [Example] For example, families that eat dinner together regularly tend to have better communication, and children in these families often demonstrate higher self-esteem and perform better academically. [Further development] Research from Harvard University supports this view, showing that children who spend quality time with parents are less likely to engage in risky behaviors during adolescence. [Another example] Family activities, for instance weekend trips or game nights, also create lasting memories and traditions that children value throughout their lives.“

Phân tích:

• Hai ví dụ trong một đoạn: “for example” (research finding) và “for instance” (specific activities)
• Kết hợp evidence-based example với practical example
• “For instance” ở vị trí giữa câu để vary

Advantage/Disadvantage Essay Example:

Topic: In many countries, people are now living longer than ever before. What problems does this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.

Problem Paragraph (Band 8-9):

“[Topic Sentence] One significant challenge posed by ageing populations is the increased burden on healthcare systems. [Explanation] As people live longer, they typically require more medical attention for age-related conditions such as chronic diseases, which demand substantial financial resources and medical personnel. [Example] For example, Japan, which has one of the oldest populations globally, spends over 11% of its GDP on healthcare, and this figure continues to rise annually. [Further explanation] The shortage of healthcare workers is particularly acute, with many hospitals struggling to provide adequate care for elderly patients. [Additional specific example] Certain medical specialties, for instance geriatrics and long-term care nursing, face severe staffing shortages, leading to longer waiting times and reduced quality of care.“

Phân tích:

• “For example” cho country-specific data (Japan)
• “For instance” cho specific medical specialties
• Ví dụ có số liệu cụ thể (11% GDP) tăng tính thuyết phục
• Cả hai examples đều được elaborate thêm

Problem/Solution Essay:

Topic: Many people today find it difficult to balance work and their personal life. What are the causes of this? What can be done to improve the situation?

Cause Paragraph:

“[Topic Sentence] One primary reason for poor work-life balance is the advancement of technology that blurs the boundaries between professional and personal time. [Explanation] Modern communication tools enable employers to contact employees outside traditional working hours, creating an expectation of constant availability. [Example] For instance, many professionals receive work emails on their smartphones late in the evening or during weekends, and feel pressured to respond immediately to demonstrate commitment. [Further explanation] This phenomenon, often called “always-on culture,” leads to chronic stress and reduces time available for family, hobbies, and rest. [Additional example] Some industries, for example finance and consulting, have particularly demanding cultures where working 60-70 hours per week is normalized, leaving employees with minimal personal time.“

Cấu trúc đoạn văn IELTS Writing Task 2 với for example và for instance được đánh dấu rõ ràng

Sample Full Body Paragraphs Band 7-9

Band 7 Sample – Opinion Essay:

Topic: Some people think that universities should provide graduates with knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Body Paragraph:

“Those who support practical education believe that universities should equip students with job-ready skills to improve employability. In today’s competitive job market, employers increasingly seek candidates who can contribute immediately without extensive training. For example, many technology companies prefer graduates who have hands-on experience with current programming languages and software development tools rather than purely theoretical knowledge. This trend has prompted numerous universities to incorporate internships, industry projects, and vocational training into their curricula. Students who graduate with practical experience, for instance those who have completed industry placements, often secure employment more quickly and command higher starting salaries than their peers with only academic credentials. Therefore, aligning university education with workplace requirements appears to benefit both students and the economy.”

Đánh giá Band 7:

• Clear topic sentence
• Two examples with “for example” and “for instance”
• Examples relevant and specific
• Good cohesion and coherence
• However: Could vary example phrases more (cần thêm “such as”, “particularly”)

Band 8-9 Sample – Discussion Essay:

Topic: Some people say that economic growth is the only way to end world poverty and hunger. Others say that economic growth is causing damage to the environment and should be stopped. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Body Paragraph:

“The environmental argument against unlimited economic growth has substantial merit, particularly given the mounting evidence of ecological damage worldwide. Industrial expansion and consumption-driven economies have led to severe environmental degradation, threatening the planet’s capacity to support life. For instance, rapid industrialization in countries such as China and India has resulted in dangerous levels of air pollution, with cities like Delhi and Beijing frequently recording air quality indices that far exceed safe limits. The health consequences are devastating, with millions of premature deaths attributed to pollution-related illnesses annually. Moreover, economic growth has accelerated climate change. Deforestation to clear land for agriculture and industry, for example in the Amazon rainforest, has eliminated vast carbon sinks while simultaneously releasing stored carbon dioxide. The resulting global temperature rise threatens food security, water supplies, and coastal populations through extreme weather events and rising sea levels. Such environmental costs, particularly the potential for irreversible ecological collapse, suggest that unchecked economic growth is ultimately unsustainable and self-defeating.“

Đánh giá Band 8-9:

• Sophisticated topic sentence with academic vocabulary
• Two detailed examples với specific locations và data
• “For instance” và “for example” ở vị trí khác nhau
• Complex sentence structures
• Examples fully developed với consequences
• Strong coherence với “Moreover”, “Such…suggest that”
• Academic phrases: “substantial merit”, “mounting evidence”, “simultaneously”

Key differences Band 7 vs Band 8-9:

Tiêu chí	Band 7	Band 8-9
Độ cụ thể của ví dụ	Cụ thể nhưng chung chung	Rất cụ thể với địa danh, số liệu
Phát triển ví dụ	Giải thích cơ bản	Phân tích sâu hậu quả, ý nghĩa
Từ vựng	Chính xác, phù hợp	Academic, sophisticated collocations
Variety	Chỉ “for example/instance”	Kết hợp nhiều cách diễn đạt
Sentence complexity	Câu phức cơ bản	Câu phức nhiều layers, varied structures

Các Cách Diễn Đạt Tương Tự – Nâng Cao Band 8+

Để đạt Band 8-9, bạn không thể chỉ dùng “for example” và “for instance” suốt bài. Examiner muốn thấy variety trong cách bạn giới thiệu ví dụ.

Such as

Cấu trúc:

Noun + such as + specific examples

Đặc điểm:

• Không dùng dấu phẩy trước “such as” (khác với for example)
• Theo sau là danh từ hoặc noun phrases
• Không thể đứng đầu câu mới
• Formal, phù hợp cho Writing

Ví dụ:

“Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power are becoming increasingly affordable.”
→ Không dùng dấu phẩy trước “such as”

“Major technology companies such as Google, Apple, and Microsoft invest billions in artificial intelligence research.”
→ List nhiều examples sau “such as”

“Environmental problems such as air pollution and deforestation require urgent government action.”
→ Kết nối trực tiếp với noun phrase

So sánh với “for example”:

❌ “Environmental problems for example air pollution and deforestation require action.”
✅ “Environmental problems such as air pollution and deforestation require action.”
✅ “Environmental problems require action. For example, air pollution affects millions of people.”

Speaking example:
“I enjoy various outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and kayaking. These activities, for example hiking in national parks, help me stay fit and reduce stress.”
→ Combine “such as” (list) với “for example” (elaborate on one item)

To illustrate / To give an example

Cấu trúc:

General statement. To illustrate, specific example.
To give an example, specific case.

Đặc điểm:

• Rất formal, academic
• Thích hợp cho Writing Task 2
• Thường dùng khi ví dụ dài và chi tiết
• Tạo ấn tượng sophisticated

Ví dụ:

“Government investment in infrastructure can stimulate economic growth. To illustrate, the construction of China’s high-speed rail network not only created millions of jobs during the building phase but also improved connectivity between regions, facilitating trade and tourism in the long term.”
→ Ví dụ dài, detailed, phân tích đầy đủ

“Cultural differences can significantly impact international business negotiations. To give an example, while Western businesspeople typically value directness and efficiency, their counterparts in many Asian countries may prioritize relationship-building and indirect communication, which can lead to misunderstandings if not properly managed.”
→ Example với contrast, complex sentence

Khi nào dùng:

• Body paragraph quan trọng nhất trong Writing Task 2
• Khi bạn muốn elaborate một ví dụ dài
• Thay thế “for example” lần thứ 2 hoặc thứ 3 trong bài để variety

Including / Particularly / Especially

Including:

Cấu trúc:

General category, including specific examples, verb...

Ví dụ:
“Many European countries, including Germany, France, and the Netherlands, have implemented successful recycling programs.”
→ Emphasize rằng có nhiều countries, list một số ví dụ

“Various factors, including economic conditions and social pressure, influence people’s career choices.”
→ Suggest có nhiều factors, nêu một vài cái

Particularly:

Cấu trúc:

General statement, particularly specific example.

Ví dụ:
“Air pollution poses serious health risks, particularly for children and elderly people.”
→ Highlight specific groups most affected

“Technology has transformed entertainment, particularly through streaming services like Netflix and Spotify.”
→ Emphasize một khía cạnh cụ thể

Especially:

Tương tự “particularly” nhưng less formal một chút:

“Living costs have increased dramatically in major cities, especially in terms of housing and transportation.“

“Climate change affects developing countries more severely, especially those in low-lying coastal areas.“

Namely / Specifically

Namely:

Cấu trúc:

General term, namely specific complete list.

Đặc điểm:

• Formal, academic
• Dùng khi muốn list COMPLETE examples
• Thường có nghĩa “đó là” hoặc “cụ thể là”

Ví dụ:

“Three countries have dominated smartphone manufacturing, namely China, South Korea, and the United States.”
→ Imply rằng đây là 3 countries chính, không còn nữa

“Two main factors contributed to the economic crisis, namely excessive government spending and poor financial regulation.”
→ List đầy đủ 2 factors

Specifically:

Cấu trúc:

General statement. Specifically, detailed example.

Ví dụ:

“The government should invest in public transportation infrastructure. Specifically, building more subway lines and improving bus services would reduce traffic congestion and air pollution.”
→ More formal than “for example”, direct và focused

Bảng so sánh các cách diễn đạt:

Cụm từ	Formal Level	Vị trí	Dấu câu	Khi nào dùng
For example	Neutral	Đầu câu/giữa/cuối	Dấu chấm trước, dấu phẩy sau	Universal – mọi context
For instance	Slightly formal	Đầu câu/giữa/cuối	Dấu chấm trước, dấu phẩy sau	Writing để vary với “for example”
Such as	Formal	Sau noun	Không dấu phẩy trước	List multiple examples ngắn
To illustrate	Very formal	Đầu câu	Dấu chấm trước, dấu phẩy sau	Extended, detailed example
Including	Neutral-formal	Giữa câu	Dấu phẩy trước và sau	Partial list, có nhiều items hơn
Particularly	Formal	Giữa câu/cuối vế	Dấu phẩy trước	Highlight một example đặc biệt
Namely	Very formal	Giữa câu	Dấu phẩy trước và sau	Complete, definitive list
Specifically	Formal	Đầu câu	Dấu chấm trước, dấu phẩy sau	Precise, focused example

Sample paragraph sử dụng variety (Band 9):

“Environmental degradation has accelerated dramatically over recent decades due to various human activities. Industrial emissions, for example, contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change, with power plants and factories releasing millions of tons of carbon dioxide annually. Deforestation represents another critical concern, particularly in tropical regions such as the Amazon and Southeast Asia, where vast areas of rainforest are cleared for agriculture and logging. To illustrate the scale of this problem, Brazil alone lost approximately 10,000 square kilometers of Amazon rainforest in 2021, an area roughly equivalent to the size of Lebanon. Marine ecosystems face similar threats, including overfishing, plastic pollution, and ocean acidification. Coral reefs, specifically those in the Great Barrier Reef and Caribbean Sea, have suffered severe bleaching events that threaten their survival. Multiple factors have contributed to these environmental crises, namely unsustainable consumption patterns, population growth, and insufficient environmental regulations.“

Phân tích:

• “For example” – general example với data
• “Particularly…such as” – combination để specify regions
• “To illustrate” – extended detailed example
• “Including” – list multiple threats
• “Specifically” – focus on particular cases
• “Namely” – definitive list of factors

Biến thể nâng cao của linking words minh họa ví dụ cho IELTS Band 8-9 với bảng so sánh chi tiết

Lỗi Thường Gặp và Cách Sửa

Lỗi 1: Thiếu Dấu Phẩy Sau “For Example/For Instance”

❌ SAI:
“Many cities face environmental problems. For example air pollution in Hanoi has become increasingly severe.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Many cities face environmental problems. For example, air pollution in Hanoi has become increasingly severe.”

Giải thích:
Đây là lỗi phổ biến nhất của học viên Việt Nam. Khi “for example” hoặc “for instance” đứng đầu câu (sau dấu chấm), BẮT BUỘC phải có dấu phẩy ngay sau nó. Không có ngoại lệ.

Lưu ý:

• Trong Speaking: Lỗi này không nghiêm trọng vì không có “punctuation” trong văn nói
• Trong Writing: Lỗi này trực tiếp ảnh hưởng đến Grammatical Range and Accuracy, có thể kéo điểm xuống

Thêm ví dụ:

❌ “Young people enjoy various social media platforms. For instance Facebook and Instagram are extremely popular.”
✅ “Young people enjoy various social media platforms. For instance, Facebook and Instagram are extremely popular.”

Lỗi 2: Dùng Dấu Phẩy Trước “Such As”

❌ SAI:
“Renewable energy sources, such as, solar and wind power are becoming more affordable.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power are becoming more affordable.”

Giải thích:
“Such as” khác với “for example/for instance” ở cách dùng dấu câu. “Such as” là một prepositional phrase nối trực tiếp với noun, không cần dấu phẩy phía trước. Chỉ có dấu phẩy sau nếu list dài và có thêm information.

So sánh:

• “For example” = introductory phrase → cần dấu phẩy
• “Such as” = preposition → không cần dấu phẩy trước

Các trường hợp đúng với “such as”:

✅ “Activities such as swimming and cycling improve health.” (không dấu phẩy)
✅ “Major cities, such as Tokyo, London, and New York, face similar challenges.” (có dấu phẩy bao quanh khi thêm information)
❌ “Major cities, such as Tokyo face challenges.”

Lỗi 3: Sử Dụng “For Example” Như Một Liên Từ Nối Hai Mệnh Đề

❌ SAI:
“Technology has improved education for example students can access online courses from anywhere.”

✅ ĐÚNG (Cách 1 – Hai câu riêng):
“Technology has improved education. For example, students can access online courses from anywhere.”

✅ ĐÚNG (Cách 2 – Dấu chấm phẩy):
“Technology has improved education; for example, students can access online courses from anywhere.”

✅ ĐÚNG (Cách 3 – Đặt giữa câu):
“Technology has improved education. Students, for example, can access online courses from anywhere.”

Giải thích:
“For example” KHÔNG PHẢI là conjunction (liên từ) như “and”, “but”, “so”. Nó không thể nối hai independent clauses trong một câu. Đây là lỗi run-on sentence rất nghiêm trọng trong Writing.

Nhiều học viên Việt Nam mắc lỗi này vì:

• Nghĩ “for example” giống như “because”, “so”, “and”
• Muốn viết câu dài nhưng không biết cách nối đúng
• Ảnh hưởng từ tiếng Việt (“công nghệ cải thiện giáo dục, ví dụ học sinh có thể…”)

Thêm ví dụ lỗi phổ biến:

❌ “Many people work from home for example they can save commuting time.”
✅ “Many people work from home. For example, they can save commuting time.”

❌ “Governments should invest in infrastructure for example building more roads and bridges.”
✅ “Governments should invest in infrastructure. For example, building more roads and bridges would improve transportation.”
✅ “Governments should invest in infrastructure such as roads and bridges.” (dùng “such as” thay thế)

Lỗi 4: Đặt Sai Vị Trí “For Example/For Instance” Trong Câu

❌ SAI:
“Students for example can benefit from online learning platforms.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Students, for example, can benefit from online learning platforms.”

Giải thích:
Khi đặt “for example/for instance” ở giữa câu (sau subject, trước verb), BẮT BUỘC phải có dấu phẩy CẢ TRƯỚC VÀ SAU. Hai dấu phẩy này cho thấy đây là một parenthetical element (thành phần chèn).

Rule:

Subject + , for example/for instance, + verb...

Thêm ví dụ:

❌ “Some countries for instance Japan have excellent public transportation.”
✅ “Some countries, for instance Japan, have excellent public transportation.”
✅ “Some countries, for instance, have excellent public transportation.” (không nêu cụ thể Japan)

❌ “This problem for example affects millions of people worldwide.”
✅ “This problem, for example, affects millions of people worldwide.”

Lưu ý:
Nếu không tự tin với punctuation ở giữa câu, hãy đặt “for example/for instance” ở đầu câu mới – đây là cách an toàn nhất:
“This problem is serious. For example, it affects millions of people worldwide.”

Lỗi 5: Không Đưa Ra Ví Dụ Cụ Thể Sau “For Example”

❌ SAI (thiếu cụ thể):
“Technology has many benefits. For example, it helps people in various ways and makes life more convenient.”

✅ ĐÚNG (cụ thể):
“Technology has many benefits. For example, smartphones allow people to communicate instantly with others across the globe, access information within seconds, and complete banking transactions without visiting a physical branch.”

Giải thích:
Nhiều học viên viết “for example” nhưng sau đó vẫn nói chung chung, không đưa ra case cụ thể. Đây không phải lỗi ngữ pháp nhưng làm mất điểm Task Response/Coherence and Cohesion vì ví dụ không fulfill function của nó.

Nguyên tắc ví dụ tốt:

• Phải cụ thể hơn câu tổng quát trước đó
• Có tên riêng, số liệu, location, hoặc specific details
• Rõ ràng minh họa cho point đã nêu

So sánh Band 6 vs Band 8:

Band 6 (vague example):
“Social media affects relationships. For example, people use it a lot and this changes how they interact.”
→ Vẫn chung chung, không specific

Band 8 (specific example):
“Social media affects relationships. For example, studies show that couples who spend more than three hours daily on platforms like Facebook and Instagram report lower relationship satisfaction due to reduced face-to-face communication and increased jealousy.”
→ Có research reference, specific platforms, exact time, clear consequences

Thêm ví dụ:

❌ Vague: “Exercise has health benefits. For example, it makes people healthier and stronger.”
✅ Specific: “Exercise has health benefits. For example, jogging for 30 minutes five times per week can reduce the risk of heart disease by up to 45% according to research from Harvard Medical School.”

❌ Vague: “Many students study abroad. For example, they go to different countries to learn.”
✅ Specific: “Many Vietnamese students study abroad. For example, over 130,000 Vietnamese students enrolled in universities in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom in 2022, making Vietnam one of the top source countries for international students.”

Lỗi 6: Lạm Dụng “For Example/For Instance”

❌ SAI (quá nhiều):
“Cities face many problems. For example, traffic congestion is serious. For example, in Bangkok, people spend hours in traffic. For instance, air pollution is also a concern. For example, many cities have poor air quality.”

✅ ĐÚNG (varied expressions):
“Cities face multiple problems. For example, traffic congestion in Bangkok is so severe that commuters often spend over two hours traveling to work during peak hours. Air pollution represents another serious concern, particularly in cities such as Delhi and Beijing where air quality indices frequently exceed safe levels. Additionally, inadequate waste management leads to environmental degradation; many developing cities, for instance, lack proper recycling facilities and landfills.”

Giải thích:
Sử dụng “for example/for instance” quá 3 lần trong một bài Writing Task 2 (250 words) sẽ tạo cảm giác repetitive và thiếu vocabulary range. Examiner muốn thấy variety.

Khuyến nghị tần suất trong Writing Task 2:

• “For example”: 1-2 lần
• “For instance”: 1 lần
• “Such as”: 1-2 lần
• “To illustrate/Particularly/Including”: 1-2 lần
• Total: Không quá 5-6 ví dụ trong toàn bài

Trong Speaking:
Ít nghiêm trọng hơn vì đây là văn nói tự nhiên, nhưng vẫn nên vary với “like”, “such as”

Lỗi 7: Nhầm Lẫn Giữa “Example” và “Experience”

❌ SAI:
“For experience, when I was young, I liked playing football.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“For example, when I was young, I liked playing football.”
HOẶC
“From my own experience, I found that playing football in childhood helped develop teamwork skills.”

Giải thích:
Học viên Việt Nam thường nhầm “example” (ví dụ) với “experience” (trải nghiệm/kinh nghiệm). Không có cụm “for experience” trong tiếng Anh.

Cách dùng đúng với “experience”:

• “From my experience, …”
• “In my experience, …”
• “Based on my experience, …”
• “From personal experience, …”

So sánh:

“For example” = introducing a case to illustrate a point
“From my experience” = sharing what you learned from personal situations

✅ “Many students find IELTS Speaking challenging. For example, Part 3 questions require complex answers that many test-takers struggle with.”
✅ “From my experience, the best way to improve IELTS Speaking is through regular practice with native speakers.”

Bài Tập Thực Hành

Bài Tập 1: Điền Từ Phù Hợp

Hoàn thành câu với “for example”, “for instance”, “such as”, hoặc “particularly”:

1. Many Asian countries __ Japan, South Korea, and Singapore have excellent education systems.

2. Technology has revolutionized communication. __, smartphones now allow video calls with people on the other side of the world.

3. Environmental problems affect everyone, __ children and elderly people who are more vulnerable to pollution.

4. Cities face numerous challenges. __, traffic congestion in major metropolitan areas like Bangkok and Jakarta costs billions in lost productivity annually.

5. Students can benefit from extracurricular activities __ sports, music, and volunteer work.

6. Climate change causes various problems. __, rising sea levels threaten coastal communities around the world.

7. Some professions __ doctors and teachers require extensive training and dedication.

8. The government should invest in renewable energy sources. __, building more solar farms and wind turbines would reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

9. Social media platforms, __ Facebook and Instagram, have changed how people interact.

10. Learning a foreign language provides many advantages, __ better career opportunities and enhanced cognitive abilities.

Bài Tập 2: Sửa Lỗi Dấu Câu

Tìm và sửa lỗi về dấu câu trong các câu sau:

1. Many people enjoy outdoor activities for example hiking swimming and cycling.

2. Renewable energy sources, such as, solar and wind power are becoming more affordable.

3. Technology has improved education. For instance students can now access online courses from anywhere.

4. Some countries for instance Norway and Sweden have high standards of living.

5. Air pollution causes serious health problems for example respiratory diseases and heart conditions.

6. Students can learn in various ways. For example they might prefer visual auditory or kinesthetic learning styles.

7. Major cities such as Tokyo, London, and New York face similar challenges.

8. The internet provides many benefits, for example easy access to information and global communication.

9. Some animals, such as, polar bears and penguins are threatened by climate change.

10. Working from home has advantages. For instance, employees save commuting time and have more flexible schedules.

Bài Tập 3: Viết Lại Câu Với Variety

Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng các cách diễn đạt khác nhau (không dùng lại cụm từ đã cho):

1. Many sports are popular in Vietnam. For example, football attracts millions of fans.
   → Viết lại với “such as”: __

2. Technology companies invest heavily in research. Google and Apple, for instance, spend billions annually.
   → Viết lại với “particularly”: __

3. Cities should improve public transportation. For example, building more subway lines would reduce traffic.
   → Viết lại với “To illustrate”: __

4. Fast food consumption causes health problems such as obesity and diabetes.
   → Viết lại với “for instance”: __

5. Many factors affect student performance, including family background and teaching quality.
   → Viết lại với “for example”: __

Bài Tập 4: Hoàn Thành Đoạn Văn

Điền linking words phù hợp vào chỗ trống trong đoạn văn sau (mỗi từ chỉ dùng một lần):

for example | such as | particularly | for instance | including

“Environmental problems have become increasingly severe in recent decades. Air pollution, (1)__, affects millions of people in major cities worldwide. Various factors contribute to this issue, (2)__ vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and the burning of fossil fuels. The health impacts are significant, (3)__ for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. (4)__, studies show that long-term exposure to polluted air increases the risk of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. Countries (5)__ China and India face especially serious challenges due to rapid industrialization and population growth.”

Bài Tập 5: Viết Câu Hoàn Chỉnh

Sử dụng “for example” hoặc “for instance” để viết câu hoàn chỉnh từ các gợi ý sau:

1. (technology / change / education)
   Câu của bạn: __

2. (many people / prefer / live / big cities / because / job opportunities)
   Câu của bạn: __

3. (learning foreign language / have / many benefits)
   Câu của bạn: __

4. (social media / affect / mental health)
   Câu của bạn: __

5. (government / should invest / public services)
   Câu của bạn: __

Bài Tập 6: IELTS Speaking Practice

Trả lời các câu hỏi sau, sử dụng ít nhất 2 ví dụ cụ thể với “for example/for instance”:

Part 1:

1. What kinds of music do you like?
2. How do you usually spend your weekends?

Part 2:
Describe a useful skill you learned. You should say:

• What the skill is
• How you learned it
• Why it is useful
  (Viết outline hoặc ghi âm câu trả lời 2 phút)

Part 3:

1. How has technology changed the way people work?
2. What are the benefits of learning a foreign language?

Bài Tập 7: IELTS Writing Task 2 Practice

Viết một đoạn thân bài (body paragraph) cho đề bài sau, sử dụng ít nhất 2 ví dụ với variety của expressions:

Topic: Some people believe that children should spend all their free time with their families. Others believe that this is unnecessary or even negative. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Yêu cầu:

• Viết một đoạn 120-150 từ
• Sử dụng “for example” một lần
• Sử dụng một cụm khác (“for instance”, “such as”, “particularly”, v.v.) ít nhất một lần
• Đảm bảo ví dụ cụ thể và relevant

---

Đáp Án Bài Tập

Đáp Án Bài Tập 1:

1. such as – Dùng để list nhiều examples sau noun “countries”
2. For example, – Đầu câu mới, cần dấu phẩy sau
3. particularly – Emphasize specific vulnerable groups
4. For instance, – Introduce extended example với data
5. such as – List activities, không dấu phẩy trước
6. For example, – Đầu câu mới sau dấu chấm
7. such as – List professions after “some professions”
8. For instance, – Đầu câu, giới thiệu specific suggestion
9. for instance – Giữa câu với hai dấu phẩy (có thể dùng “for example” nhưng “for instance” tạo variety)
10. particularly – Emphasize specific advantages

Giải thích:

• “Such as” dùng khi list ngắn gọn sau noun
• “For example/For instance” dùng khi cần câu hoàn chỉnh để elaborate
• “Particularly” dùng khi muốn emphasize specific case

Đáp Án Bài Tập 2:

1. ❌ → ✅ “Many people enjoy outdoor activities. For example, hiking, swimming and cycling are increasingly popular.”
   Lỗi: Thiếu dấu chấm trước “for example” và dấu phẩy sau. Không thể nối hai clauses bằng “for example”

2. ❌ → ✅ “Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power are becoming more affordable.”
   Lỗi: Không dùng dấu phẩy trước “such as” và không cần dấu phẩy sau

3. ✅ Câu này đúng. “For instance” đứng đầu câu mới có dấu chấm phía trước và dấu phẩy phía sau.

4. ❌ → ✅ “Some countries, for instance Norway and Sweden, have high standards of living.”
   Lỗi: Thiếu dấu phẩy cả trước và sau “for instance” khi đặt giữa câu

5. ❌ → ✅ “Air pollution causes serious health problems. For example, it leads to respiratory diseases and heart conditions.”
   Lỗi: Giống câu 1, cần tách thành hai câu hoặc dùng semicolon

6. ❌ → ✅ “Students can learn in various ways. For example, they might prefer visual, auditory or kinesthetic learning styles.”
   Lỗi: Thiếu dấu phẩy sau “For example”

7. ✅ Câu này đúng. “Such as” với list có dấu phẩy giữa các items

8. ❌ → ✅ “The internet provides many benefits. For example, it offers easy access to information and enables global communication.”
   Lỗi: Thiếu dấu chấm trước “for example” (hoặc có thể dùng: “The internet provides many benefits, for example easy access to information…” nhưng cách này kém tự nhiên)

9. ❌ → ✅ “Some animals such as polar bears and penguins are threatened by climate change.”
   Lỗi: Không dùng dấu phẩy với “such as”

10. ✅ Câu này đúng nếu viết: “Working from home has advantages. For instance, employees save commuting time and have more flexible schedules.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 3:

1. → “Many sports such as football are popular in Vietnam.”
   HOẶC “Many sports are popular in Vietnam, particularly football, which attracts millions of fans.”

2. → “Technology companies, particularly Google and Apple, invest heavily in research, spending billions annually.”
   HOẶC “Technology companies invest heavily in research. Google and Apple, to give specific examples, spend billions annually.”

3. → “Cities should improve public transportation. To illustrate, constructing additional subway lines would significantly reduce traffic congestion and commute times.”
   HOẶC “Cities should improve public transportation, specifically by building more subway lines to reduce traffic.”

4. → “Fast food consumption causes health problems. For instance, regular consumption of burgers and fried chicken increases the risk of obesity and diabetes.”
   HOẶC “Fast food consumption causes various health problems, particularly obesity and diabetes.”

5. → “Many factors affect student performance. For example, students from supportive family backgrounds with access to quality teaching typically achieve better academic results.”
   HOẶC “Many factors such as family background and teaching quality affect student performance.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 4:

“Environmental problems have become increasingly severe in recent decades. Air pollution, (1) for instance, affects millions of people in major cities worldwide. Various factors contribute to this issue, (2) including vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and the burning of fossil fuels. The health impacts are significant, (3) particularly for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. (4) For example, studies show that long-term exposure to polluted air increases the risk of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. Countries (5) such as China and India face especially serious challenges due to rapid industrialization and population growth.”

Giải thích:

1. “For instance” – đầu clause, giới thiệu specific problem
2. “Including” – list các factors (partial list)
3. “Particularly” – emphasize vulnerable groups
4. “For example” – giới thiệu research evidence
5. “Such as” – list specific countries

Đáp Án Bài Tập 5 (Sample Answers):

1. Technology has transformed education in numerous ways. For example, students can now attend lectures from world-renowned universities through online platforms like Coursera and edX, making quality education accessible to people in remote areas.

2. Many people prefer living in big cities because of better job opportunities. For instance, major urban centers like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City offer diverse employment options in fields such as technology, finance, and international business, which are rarely available in smaller towns.

3. Learning a foreign language provides numerous benefits. For example, bilingual individuals often have access to better career prospects, particularly in multinational companies that value employees who can communicate with international clients.

4. Social media can negatively affect mental health in various ways. For instance, studies indicate that teenagers who spend more than three hours daily on Instagram or Facebook are more likely to experience anxiety and depression due to constant social comparison.

5. Governments should invest more in public services to improve citizens’ quality of life. For example, allocating funds to build public libraries and community centers would provide accessible educational resources and foster social cohesion, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Đáp Án Bài Tập 6 (Sample Answers):

Part 1 Question 1: What kinds of music do you like?

“I enjoy various genres of music depending on my mood and activities. For example, when I’m studying or working, I usually listen to classical music or instrumental pieces because they help me concentrate without being distracting. However, for instance, when I’m exercising or commuting, I prefer more energetic music like pop or electronic dance music to keep me motivated. I also appreciate traditional Vietnamese music, particularly during cultural festivals when it creates a wonderful atmosphere.”

Part 1 Question 2: How do you usually spend your weekends?

“My weekend activities vary quite a bit. For example, I often spend Saturday mornings catching up on sleep and then meeting friends for lunch at local cafes or restaurants. For instance, last weekend we tried a new Japanese restaurant in the city center. On Sundays, I typically dedicate time to personal hobbies. For example, I might read books, watch movies, or practice photography in scenic areas around the city.”

Part 2: Describe a useful skill (Sample Outline):

Skill: Public speaking and presentation skills

Introduction:

• Learned during university as member of English club
• Initially very nervous, improved through practice

How learned:

• For example, attended weekly workshops on body language, voice control
• Practice sessions every Friday with feedback from peers
• Watched TED talks, for instance speeches by Simon Sinek and Brené Brown

Why useful:

• Essential for career – frequently present to clients
• For example, recently delivered presentation to 50 people about project proposal
• Builds confidence in various situations, for instance job interviews, social events

Part 3 Question 1: How has technology changed the way people work?

“Technology has fundamentally transformed work practices in multiple ways. For example, remote work has become mainstream, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Many companies now allow employees to work from home using video conferencing tools like Zoom and Microsoft Teams, which was uncommon just a decade ago.

Furthermore, automation has changed job requirements significantly. For instance, many repetitive tasks that previously required human workers, such as data entry or basic customer service, are now handled by software and artificial intelligence. This shift means workers need to focus more on creative and analytical skills rather than routine tasks.

Communication has also evolved dramatically. For example, colleagues can now collaborate on documents in real-time using cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace, regardless of their physical location. This level of connectivity, for instance through instant messaging apps like Slack, has increased efficiency but also created expectations of constant availability.”

Part 3 Question 2: What are the benefits of learning a foreign language?

“Learning a foreign language offers numerous advantages both professionally and personally. For example, in terms of career opportunities, bilingual or multilingual individuals have access to international job markets and positions in multinational corporations that monolingual speakers simply cannot access. For instance, many companies in Vietnam specifically seek employees who speak English, Japanese, or Korean to work with foreign clients and partners.

Additionally, language learning enhances cognitive abilities. For example, research shows that bilingual people often demonstrate better problem-solving skills, improved memory, and greater mental flexibility compared to those who speak only one language. This cognitive benefit, for instance, can even delay the onset of dementia in elderly people.

From a cultural perspective, knowing another language allows deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures. For example, when traveling, being able to communicate in the local language creates more authentic experiences and meaningful connections with local people, rather than just surface-level tourist interactions.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 7 (Sample Body Paragraph):

Topic: Some people believe that children should spend all their free time with their families. Others believe that this is unnecessary or even negative. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Sample Paragraph (Supporting the view that it’s unnecessary/negative):

“While family time is undoubtedly important, requiring children to spend all their leisure time with family members can actually hinder their social and emotional development. Children need opportunities to build independence and social skills through interactions with peers outside the family unit. For example, participating in team sports, clubs, or social activities with friends teaches children crucial life skills such as cooperation, conflict resolution, and leadership that cannot be fully developed within the family environment alone. Furthermore, spending time with friends allows children to explore different perspectives and develop their own identities separate from their family roles. Adolescents, particularly those aged 13-17, need this autonomy to mature emotionally and establish self-confidence. Excessive family time can create overdependence and limit exposure to diverse social situations. For instance, children who rarely interact with peers outside school often struggle with social anxiety and have difficulty adapting to new environments, such as university or workplace settings, later in life. Therefore, while regular family interaction remains valuable, balance is essential, and children should have freedom to cultivate relationships and experiences beyond their immediate family circle.”

Phân tích paragraph:

• Topic sentence rõ ràng với position
• “For example” giới thiệu benefits của peer interaction
• “Particularly” để specify age group
• “For instance” cho example về hậu quả tiêu cực
• Ví dụ cụ thể: team sports, age 13-17, university/workplace
• Coherence tốt với linking words: “While”, “Furthermore”, “Therefore”
• Word count: ~180 words (phù hợp cho body paragraph)

Đáp án chi tiết bài tập thực hành linking words for example và for instance với giải thích từng câu

Chiến Lược Sử Dụng Hiệu Quả Trong IELTS

Cho Speaking

Chiến lược 1: Prepare Personal Examples

Trước khi thi, chuẩn bị 5-10 ví dụ cá nhân linh hoạt có thể adapt cho nhiều topics:

• Một trải nghiệm học tập
• Một người bạn hoặc thành viên gia đình
• Một địa điểm quen thuộc
• Một thói quen hàng ngày
• Một thay đổi trong cuộc sống

Ví dụ: Ví dụ về bạn học coding có thể dùng cho topics: technology, education, skills, free time, career

Chiến lược 2: STAR Method cho Part 2

Structure ví dụ theo format:

• Situation: Set the context
• Task: What needed to be done
• Action: What you did (For example/For instance)
• Result: Outcome

Chiến lược 3: Signal Examples Early

Trong Part 3, signal rằng bạn sắp đưa ra ví dụ:

• “Let me give you an example…”
• “For instance, if we look at…”
• “To illustrate this point…”

Điều này cho bạn thêm vài giây để think.

Chiến lược 4: Balance General and Specific

General statement → For example → Specific case → Elaborate

“Technology affects education. For example, online platforms like Khan Academy provide free lessons to millions of students worldwide, particularly benefiting those in remote areas who lack access to quality teachers.”

Cho Writing Task 2

Chiến lược 1: One Example Per Main Idea

Mỗi main idea trong topic sentence cần ít nhất một ví dụ cụ thể:

Topic Sentence (Main Idea)
    ↓
Explanation (Explain why/how)
    ↓
Example (For example/For instance)
    ↓
Further Development (Analysis/Result)

Chiến lược 2: Vary Placement

Trong 4 đoạn thân bài (2 body paragraphs × 2 ideas each):

• Paragraph 1, Idea 1: “For example,” at start of sentence
• Paragraph 1, Idea 2: Use “such as” within sentence
• Paragraph 2, Idea 1: “For instance,” at start
• Paragraph 2, Idea 2: Use “particularly” or “to illustrate”

Chiến lược 3: Specific Details Matter

Weak example (Band 6):
“For example, many people use smartphones.”

Strong example (Band 8):
“For example, a 2022 survey by Pew Research found that 85% of adults in developed countries own smartphones, and the average user checks their device over 100 times daily.”

Thêm:

• Numbers/statistics
• Names (people, places, organizations)
• Dates/time periods
• Specific products/brands (when appropriate)

Chiến lược 4: Real vs Hypothetical Examples

Real examples: More convincing
“For example, Singapore’s strict anti-littering laws, including fines up to $1,000, have resulted in one of the cleanest urban environments in the world.”

Hypothetical examples: Useful when you lack real knowledge
“For instance, if governments invested more in public transportation, reducing fares by 50% and doubling service frequency, commuters might choose buses and trains over private cars.”

Use hypothetical với: “if”, “suppose”, “imagine”, “could”

Chiến lược 5: Topic-Specific Example Bank

Chuẩn bị ví dụ cho các chủ đề IELTS phổ biến:

Education:

• Finland’s education system
• Online learning platforms (Coursera, Khan Academy)
• Gap year trends

Environment:

• Amazon deforestation statistics
• Electric vehicles adoption
• Plastic pollution in oceans

Technology:

• Social media impacts (Facebook, Instagram)
• AI in workplace
• Cybersecurity concerns

Health:

• Obesity rates
• Mental health issues
• Healthcare systems (NHS, etc.)

Cho Reading và Listening

Strategy: Recognize Signal Patterns

Trong Reading và Listening, “for example/for instance” signals rằng information sau đó là:

• Chi tiết supporting main idea (không phải main idea)
• Potential answer cho detail questions
• Not the answer cho main idea/heading questions

Pattern nhận biết:

Main idea statement → For example/For instance → Supporting detail

Example from IELTS Reading:

“Marine ecosystems face multiple threats. For instance, coral reefs are damaged by rising ocean temperatures, overfishing depletes fish stocks, and plastic pollution harms marine life.”

Question type: What is the main problem discussed?
Correct answer: Multiple threats to marine ecosystems (main idea)
Incorrect answer: Coral reef damage (just one example)

Kết Luận

Việc sử dụng thành thạo “for example” và “for instance” cùng các biến thể của chúng là một kỹ năng quan trọng giúp bạn đạt điểm cao trong IELTS. Những linking words này không chỉ giúp bạn minh họa ý kiến một cách rõ ràng mà còn thể hiện khả năng phát triển lập luận logic và sử dụng ngôn ngữ đa dạng – hai yếu tố mà examiner đánh giá cao.

Những điểm quan trọng cần nhớ:

1. “For example” và “for instance” hoàn toàn đồng nghĩa và có thể thay thế cho nhau, nhưng nên xen kẽ để tạo variety
2. Dấu câu rất quan trọng: Dấu chấm trước + dấu phẩy sau khi đứng đầu câu; hai dấu phẩy bao quanh khi đặt giữa câu
3. Ví dụ phải cụ thể: Tránh ví dụ chung chung, hãy đưa ra tên riêng, số liệu, địa điểm cụ thể
4. Variety là chìa khóa Band 8+: Sử dụng thêm “such as”, “particularly”, “to illustrate”, “including”
5. Đừng lạm dụng: Không quá 3-4 lần trong Writing Task 2 (250 words)

Lộ trình luyện tập:

Tuần 1-2: Master the basics

• Học thuộc các quy tắc punctuation
• Làm bài tập điền từ và sửa lỗi
• Practice với các câu đơn giản

Tuần 3-4: Develop examples

• Tạo example bank cho các topics phổ biến
• Practice viết đoạn văn với examples cụ thể
• Record Speaking answers với examples

Tuần 5-6: Variety and sophistication

• Học các cách diễn đạt thay thế
• Practice xen kẽ nhiều expressions
• Phân tích sample answers Band 8-9

Tuần 7-8: Integration

• Làm full Writing Task 2 essays
• Full Speaking tests với timing
• Review và refine based on feedback

Hãy nhớ rằng việc sử dụng hiệu quả các linking words này đòi hỏi practice thường xuyên. Đừng chỉ học lý thuyết mà hãy áp dụng ngay vào Speaking và Writing hàng ngày. Với sự kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể master được kỹ năng này và tự tin đạt Band 7-9 trong kỳ thi IELTS.

Đề Luyện Tập Tổng Hợp

IELTS Speaking Topics:

1. Describe a technological device you find useful (Part 2)

   • Yêu cầu: Sử dụng “for example” ít nhất 2 lần để minh họa các chức năng cụ thể

2. How has social media changed the way people communicate? (Part 3)

   • Yêu cầu: Đưa ra ít nhất 3 ví dụ cụ thể với variety của expressions

3. What are the benefits and drawbacks of living in a large city? (Part 3)

   • Yêu cầu: Một ví dụ cho benefits, một cho drawbacks, sử dụng từ khác nhau

IELTS Writing Task 2 Topics:

1. In many countries, the proportion of older people is increasing. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?

   • Yêu cầu: Mỗi body paragraph phải có ít nhất 1 ví dụ cụ thể với data/specific countries

2. Some people think that schools should teach children how to be good parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

   • Yêu cầu: Sử dụng cả “for example”, “for instance”, và “such as” trong bài (mỗi từ một lần)

3. Environmental problems should be solved by international cooperation rather than by individual countries. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

   • Yêu cầu: Mỗi view cần có 2 ví dụ supporting, sử dụng variety of expressions

4. The increase in food production owes much to fertilizers and better machinery, but some people think that it has a negative impact on human health and community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

   • Yêu cầu: Đưa ra specific examples về cả positive impacts và negative impacts

Practice Guidelines:

• Sau mỗi bài Speaking/Writing, self-check:

  • Có đủ ví dụ cụ thể không?
  • Punctuation có đúng không?
  • Có variety trong cách diễn đạt không?
  • Ví dụ có relevant và support main idea không?

• Record Speaking answers và transcribe để check dấu câu tương đương

• Exchange Writing với study partners để nhận feedback

• Compare với sample answers Band 7-9

Chúc bạn học tốt và thành công với IELTS!