Cách Sử Dụng Present Perfect Tense Trong IELTS – Công Thức & Ví Dụ Band 8.0

Giới Thiệu Về Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense là một trong những thì ngữ pháp quan trọng nhất và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS. Cấu trúc này được sử dụng để diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng có liên quan đến hiện tại, và đặc biệt hữu ích trong Speaking Part 2, Part 3 cũng như Writing Task 2 khi thí sinh cần mô tả kinh nghiệm cá nhân, sự thay đổi theo thời gian hoặc xu hướng kéo dài đến hiện tại.

Theo thống kê từ các đề thi IELTS thực tế từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19, Present Perfect xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong:

• Speaking: Part 2 và Part 3 (mô tả trải nghiệm cá nhân, thảo luận về sự thay đổi xã hội)
• Writing Task 2: Thảo luận về xu hướng, vấn đề xã hội kéo dài đến hiện tại
• Writing Task 1: Mô tả biểu đồ có thời gian kéo dài đến thời điểm hiện tại

Ví dụ vận dụng trong IELTS:

Speaking Part 2 (Describe a place you have visited):
“I have visited Da Nang three times, and each trip has been memorable for different reasons.”
→ Phân tích: “I” (subject) + “have visited” (present perfect) + “Da Nang” (object) + time expression

Writing Task 2 (Technology essay):
“Over the past two decades, social media has revolutionized the way people communicate and share information.”
→ Phân tích: “social media” (subject) + “has revolutionized” (present perfect) + “the way…” (object clause)

Speaking Part 3 (Discussing environmental issues):
“Environmental problems have become increasingly serious over the past few years, particularly in urban areas.”
→ Phân tích: “Environmental problems” (subject) + “have become” (present perfect) + “increasingly serious” (complement)

Writing Task 1 (Line graph description):
“Since 2010, the number of international students has increased dramatically, reaching a peak of 50,000 in 2024.”
→ Phân tích: “the number” (subject) + “has increased” (present perfect) + adverbial modifier

Speaking Part 1 (Talking about hobbies):
“I have been learning the guitar for about two years now, and I have already played in several small concerts.”
→ Phân tích: Kết hợp Present Perfect Continuous và Present Perfect Simple để thể hiện hành động kéo dài và kết quả cụ thể

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ học:

✅ Định nghĩa và ý nghĩa của Present Perfect Tense
✅ Công thức chi tiết với các thành phần câu
✅ Cách vận dụng vào 4 kỹ năng IELTS
✅ 25+ câu ví dụ Band 7-9 từ đề thi thực tế
✅ Các biến thể nâng cao cho Band 8+
✅ Lỗi thường gặp của học viên Việt Nam và cách tránh
✅ Bài tập thực hành có đáp án chi tiết

Present Perfect Tense Là Gì?

Định Nghĩa

Present Perfect Tense là thì hiện tại hoàn thành, được sử dụng để diễn tả một hành động hoặc sự kiện đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng có liên hệ, ảnh hưởng hoặc kết quả đến thời điểm hiện tại. Thì này không nhấn mạnh thời điểm chính xác hành động xảy ra mà tập trung vào kết quả hoặc kinh nghiệm.

Chức năng chính:

• Diễn tả kinh nghiệm sống: Nói về những việc đã làm hoặc chưa làm trong đời (I have visited 15 countries)
• Hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại: Nhấn mạnh sự liên tục (She has lived in London for five years)
• Hành động vừa mới xảy ra: Có ảnh hưởng rõ ràng đến hiện tại (They have just finished the meeting)
• Thay đổi theo thời gian: Miêu tả sự biến đổi (Technology has transformed education)
• Thành tựu đến thời điểm hiện tại: Nhấn mạnh kết quả đạt được (The company has won three awards)

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Speaking: Kể về kinh nghiệm cá nhân, mô tả thay đổi trong cuộc sống, thảo luận về xu hướng xã hội
• Writing Task 2: Đưa ra bằng chứng về xu hướng kéo dài, miêu tả vấn đề hiện tại có nguồn gốc từ quá khứ
• Writing Task 1: Mô tả biểu đồ với khung thời gian kéo dài đến hiện tại (from 2000 to present)

Tần Suất Xuất Hiện Trong IELTS

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19:

Speaking:

• Part 1: Tần suất cao – Các câu hỏi về sở thích, công việc, học tập (How long have you been studying English? / Have you ever tried cooking?)
• Part 2: Tần suất rất cao – Mô tả người, nơi chốn, sự kiện đã trải qua (Describe a person who has influenced you / Describe a place you have visited)
• Part 3: Tần suất cao – Thảo luận về thay đổi xã hội, so sánh quá khứ và hiện tại (How has technology changed the way people work? / What changes have occurred in your country?)

Writing:

• Task 1: Tần suất trung bình – Cần thiết khi biểu đồ có time frame “from… to present” hoặc “since…” (The graph shows changes since 2000)
• Task 2: Tần suất cao – Hầu hết các dạng đề đều có thể sử dụng để đưa ra context, xu hướng hoặc bằng chứng (In recent years, climate change has become a serious concern)

Listening/Reading:

• Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các đoạn văn mô tả nghiên cứu khoa học, lịch sử phát triển, thành tựu cá nhân
• Cần nhận diện để hiểu đúng mối quan hệ thời gian và ngữ cảnh của thông tin

Band Score Impact:

• Band 6: Có thể sử dụng Present Perfect cơ bản nhưng còn nhầm lẫn với Past Simple, lỗi về form của past participle
• Band 7: Sử dụng chính xác Present Perfect trong nhiều ngữ cảnh khác nhau, kết hợp với time expressions phù hợp
• Band 8-9: Sử dụng linh hoạt cả Simple và Continuous forms, kết hợp tự nhiên với các cấu trúc phức tạp, không mắc lỗi ngữ pháp

Công thức Present Perfect Tense và cách áp dụng để đạt điểm cao trong bài thi IELTS

Công Thức & Cấu Trúc

Công Thức Cơ Bản

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3) + Object │
│                                                     │
│ Ví dụ: She has studied English for 10 years.       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu:

• Subject (Chủ ngữ): Người hoặc vật thực hiện hành động. Xác định việc dùng “have” hay “has”
• Have/Has (Trợ động từ):
  • “Have” với I, You, We, They
  • “Has” với He, She, It và danh từ số ít
• Past Participle (V3): Dạng quá khứ phân từ của động từ (studied, seen, been, gone, etc.)
• Object/Complement: Bổ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ hoàn thiện nghĩa câu

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:

Câu 1: “They have lived in Ho Chi Minh City for five years.”

Phân tích:

• Subject: They (chủ ngữ số nhiều)
• Auxiliary verb: have (trợ động từ)
• Main verb: lived (past participle của “live”)
• Object: in Ho Chi Minh City (địa điểm)
• Time expression: for five years (khoảng thời gian – duration)

Câu 2: “The government has implemented several new policies recently.”

Phân tích:

• Subject: The government (chủ ngữ số ít)
• Auxiliary verb: has (trợ động từ)
• Main verb: implemented (past participle của “implement”)
• Object: several new policies (tân ngữ)
• Time marker: recently (trạng từ thời gian không xác định)

Các Biến Thể

Dạng khẳng định (Affirmative):

Subject + have/has + V3 + (Object)

Ví dụ:

• “I have visited Japan twice.” (Tôi đã đến Nhật Bản hai lần)
• “She has completed her master’s degree.” (Cô ấy đã hoàn thành bằng thạc sĩ)
• “We have seen significant improvements.” (Chúng tôi đã thấy những cải thiện đáng kể)

Dạng phủ định (Negative):

Subject + have/has + not + V3 + (Object)

Rút gọn: haven’t / hasn’t

Ví dụ:

• “I have not finished my homework yet.” (Tôi vẫn chưa hoàn thành bài tập)
• “She hasn’t responded to my email.” (Cô ấy chưa phản hồi email của tôi)
• “They haven’t announced the results.” (Họ chưa công bố kết quả)

Dạng nghi vấn (Interrogative):

Have/Has + Subject + V3 + (Object)?

Ví dụ:

• “Have you ever been to Europe?” (Bạn đã từng đến châu Âu chưa?)
• “Has he finished the report?” (Anh ấy đã hoàn thành báo cáo chưa?)
• “How long have they worked here?” (Họ đã làm việc ở đây bao lâu rồi?)

Dạng nghi vấn phủ định (Negative Interrogative):

Haven't/Hasn't + Subject + V3 + (Object)?

Ví dụ:

• “Haven’t you submitted your application?” (Bạn chưa nộp đơn ạ?)
• “Hasn’t she graduated yet?” (Cô ấy vẫn chưa tốt nghiệp à?)

Dạng nhấn mạnh với WH-questions:

Ví dụ:

• “What have you learned from this experience?” (Bạn đã học được gì từ trải nghiệm này?)
• “Where has she traveled recently?” (Gần đây cô ấy đã đi du lịch đâu?)
• “Why have they changed the policy?” (Tại sao họ đã thay đổi chính sách?)

Time Markers / Signal Words

Các từ/cụm từ thường đi kèm Present Perfect:

Signal Words	Ý nghĩa	Ví dụ
ever	đã từng (trong đời)	Have you ever tried Vietnamese food?
never	chưa từng bao giờ	I have never seen such a beautiful sunset.
just	vừa mới	They have just arrived at the airport.
already	đã… rồi	She has already finished her assignment.
yet	chưa (dùng trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn)	Haven’t you completed the task yet?
recently	gần đây	The company has recently expanded its operations.
lately	dạo gần đây	I haven’t been feeling well lately.
so far	cho đến nay	So far, we have received 100 applications.
up to now	cho đến bây giờ	Up to now, no solution has been found.
for + period	trong khoảng (thời gian)	I have lived here for three years.
since + point	từ (mốc thời gian)	She has worked here since 2020.
in the last/past…	trong… vừa qua	In the past decade, technology has advanced rapidly.
over the…	trong suốt…	Over the years, attitudes have changed.
this week/month/year	tuần/tháng/năm này	This month has been extremely busy.

Lưu ý quan trọng:

• FOR + khoảng thời gian (for 2 years, for a long time, for several months)
• SINCE + mốc thời gian cụ thể (since 2020, since Monday, since I was a child)
• AGO KHÔNG dùng với Present Perfect, chỉ dùng với Past Simple (I went there 3 years ago – NOT “have gone”)

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS

Speaking

Part 1 – Introduction & Interview:

Topic thường gặp: Hobbies, Work, Study, Hometown, Daily routine, Travel

Ví dụ câu hỏi & trả lời:

Q: “How long have you been studying English?”

A: “I have been studying English for about 10 years, since primary school. However, I have only recently started focusing seriously on IELTS preparation. In the past six months, I have improved my speaking skills significantly through regular practice with native speakers.”

→ Phân tích: Sử dụng Present Perfect Continuous (have been studying) để nhấn mạnh hành động kéo dài, Present Perfect Simple (have improved) để nhấn mạnh kết quả. Kết hợp time expressions “for about 10 years” và “in the past six months” tạo mạch văn rõ ràng.

Q: “Have you ever tried any water sports?”

A: “Yes, I have tried several water sports. I have been swimming since I was young, and more recently, I have taken up surfing. Last summer, I went to Da Nang and had my first surfing lesson, and since then, I have been to the beach three more times to practice.”

→ Phân tích: Kết hợp Present Perfect (have tried, have been) cho kinh nghiệm tổng quát và Past Simple (went, had) cho sự kiện cụ thể trong quá khứ. Đây là cách dùng tự nhiên đạt Band 7+.

Part 2 – Long Turn:

Cue card example:

Describe a skill you have learned recently.

Sample answer (Band 8.0):

“I’d like to talk about digital photography, which I have been pursuing for the past two years. Before I started this hobby, I had never used a professional camera and knew very little about composition or lighting.

Since I began learning, I have taken hundreds of photos and have gradually developed my own style. Initially, I attended a six-week course where I learned the basics, and since then, I have been practicing regularly every weekend.

The most rewarding aspect has been seeing my progress. In the beginning, my photos were quite amateur, but over time, they have become much more professional-looking. I have even entered two local photography competitions, and surprisingly, I won second place in one of them last month.

This skill has changed the way I see the world. Now, whenever I travel or even just walk around my neighborhood, I notice details that I have never paid attention to before. Photography has taught me patience and creativity, and it has given me a new way to express myself.”

→ Phân tích Band 8+ features:

• Sử dụng linh hoạt cả Present Perfect và Past Simple đúng ngữ cảnh
• Present Perfect cho hành động kéo dài (have been pursuing, have been practicing)
• Past Simple cho sự kiện cụ thể (attended, learned, won)
• Variety của cấu trúc: simple (have taken), continuous (have been practicing), passive (has been)
• Kết hợp tự nhiên với các thì khác tạo câu chuyện mạch lạc

Part 3 – Discussion:

Typical questions using Present Perfect:

Q: “How has technology changed education in your country?”

A: “Technology has transformed education dramatically over the past decade. Firstly, it has made learning much more accessible. Students have gained access to online courses and educational resources that were previously unavailable.

Moreover, teaching methods have evolved significantly. Traditional lectures have been replaced by interactive digital lessons, and this has improved student engagement considerably. Teachers have started using multimedia presentations and educational apps, which have made classes more dynamic and interesting.

However, this shift has also created some challenges. Not all students have had equal access to technology, which has led to a digital divide. Additionally, excessive screen time has become a concern for parents and educators. Despite these issues, I believe the changes have been largely positive, and education has become more effective and personalized as a result.”

→ Band 8+ features:

• Sử dụng Present Perfect để mô tả thay đổi kéo dài đến hiện tại
• Kết hợp với cấu trúc passive (have been replaced) cho academic tone
• Linking words tự nhiên (Moreover, However, Additionally)
• Vocabulary range cao (transformed, evolved, digital divide)

Ứng dụng Present Perfect Tense trong bài thi IELTS Speaking các Part 1 2 3

Writing Task 1

Khi nào dùng:

• Biểu đồ có khung thời gian kéo dài từ quá khứ đến hiện tại (from 2000 to present, since 1990)
• Mô tả xu hướng tổng quát khi overview đề cập đến “over the period”
• So sánh dữ liệu giữa quá khứ và hiện tại

Ví dụ Task 1 – Line Graph:

Đề bài: The graph shows the number of international students in Australia from 2000 to 2024.

Introduction & Overview (sử dụng Present Perfect):

“The line graph illustrates how the number of international students studying in Australia has changed between 2000 and 2024. Overall, there has been a significant upward trend throughout the period, with the figure having increased from approximately 100,000 to over 500,000.”

Body paragraph:

“Since 2000, the number of overseas students has risen steadily. Between 2000 and 2010, the figure climbed gradually from 100,000 to 250,000. The most dramatic growth has occurred in the last decade, where numbers have more than doubled. Since 2020, despite the pandemic, the upward trend has continued, and by 2024, enrollment has reached a record high of 550,000 students.”

→ Vận dụng:

• Dùng Present Perfect cho xu hướng tổng quát (has changed, has been, has risen)
• Past Simple cho các mốc thời gian cụ thể trong quá khứ (climbed)
• Present Perfect cho các thay đổi kéo dài đến hiện tại (has reached)
• Time markers quan trọng: “since 2000”, “in the last decade”, “by 2024”

Task 1 – Bar Chart comparing past and present:

“The chart compares energy consumption in 1990 and 2024. Over this period, renewable energy has increased substantially while fossil fuel usage has declined. Solar power has seen the most dramatic rise, having grown from just 5% to 30% of total energy production.”

Writing Task 2

Essay types sử dụng Present Perfect:

Opinion Essay:

Topic: Some people believe that technology has made our lives more complicated. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Introduction using Present Perfect:

“In recent decades, technological advancement has revolutionized almost every aspect of modern life. While some argue that these changes have made life more complex, I believe that technology has actually simplified many daily tasks, though it has introduced new challenges that require adaptation.”

Body paragraph 1:

“Technology has undeniably brought numerous benefits that simplify everyday activities. Communication has become instantaneous and effortless through smartphones and social media platforms. Tasks that once took hours, such as banking or shopping, have been streamlined through mobile applications. Furthermore, access to information has been democratized – people can now learn about virtually any topic through online resources that have become available at their fingertips.

In my own experience, technology has saved me countless hours. I have been using various productivity apps for the past three years, and they have helped me organize my schedule, track my expenses, and manage my work more efficiently than traditional methods ever could.”

→ Phân tích:

• Present Perfect tạo context về xu hướng hiện đại (has revolutionized)
• Kết hợp personal experience tự nhiên (have been using, have saved)
• Passive voice với Present Perfect cho academic tone (has been democratized, have been streamlined)

Discussion Essay:

Topic: Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization.

Body paragraph discussing changes:

“Globalization has transformed international trade and cultural exchange over the past few decades. On the positive side, it has created unprecedented economic opportunities. Developing countries have experienced rapid growth, and millions of people have been lifted out of poverty. Cross-cultural understanding has also improved as people have gained exposure to different traditions and perspectives.

However, globalization has not benefited everyone equally. Small local businesses have struggled to compete with multinational corporations, and traditional cultures have faced threats from dominant global influences. Environmental problems have intensified as production has increased worldwide, and income inequality has widened in many societies.”

→ Band 8+ features:

• Balanced discussion với Present Perfect cho cả positive và negative effects
• Variety: active (has transformed) và passive (have been lifted)
• Complex sentences kết hợp Present Perfect với other clauses

Problem/Solution Essay:

Topic: Environmental problems have become more serious. What are the causes and solutions?

Problem paragraph:

“Environmental degradation has reached critical levels in the 21st century. Over the past century, industrialization has led to massive increases in carbon emissions, and global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius. Deforestation has accelerated, with the Amazon rainforest having lost nearly 20% of its area since 1970. Moreover, plastic pollution has contaminated oceans and waterways, and countless marine species have been affected.”

Solution paragraph:

“Some progress has already been made in addressing these issues. Many countries have adopted renewable energy policies, and investment in solar and wind power has increased dramatically. Several nations have implemented strict environmental regulations, and public awareness has grown significantly. However, much more needs to be done, and coordinated international action has become more urgent than ever.”

→ Vận dụng:

• Present Perfect nhấn mạnh tính cấp thiết của vấn đề hiện tại
• Số liệu cụ thể với Present Perfect (have risen by… / having lost… %)
• Showing solutions với Present Perfect (have adopted, have implemented)

Sample Paragraphs Band 7-9

Band 7 Sample – Topic: Changes in education:

“Education has undergone significant changes in recent years. Traditional teaching methods have been replaced by more interactive approaches, and technology has become an integral part of the learning process. Students now have access to a wealth of online resources that were not available to previous generations. Additionally, the emphasis has shifted from memorization to critical thinking and problem-solving skills. These developments have made education more engaging and relevant to modern society. However, some challenges have emerged, such as the digital divide between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.”

Phân tích Band 7:

• Sử dụng Present Perfect chính xác và nhất quán
• Variety: active và passive voice
• Good range of vocabulary (undergone, integral, emerged)
• Clear topic sentences và supporting details
• Minor limitations: Có thể thêm more complex structures

Band 8-9 Sample – Topic: Impact of social media:

“The proliferation of social media has fundamentally altered the landscape of human interaction over the past two decades. What began as simple networking platforms has evolved into sophisticated ecosystems that have permeated nearly every aspect of modern life. These digital spaces have not only transformed how people communicate but have also redefined concepts of privacy, identity, and community.

The impact has been particularly profound among younger generations, who have grown up immersed in this digital culture. Research has shown that teenagers today spend an average of six hours daily on social platforms, and this has had both beneficial and detrimental effects on their psychological development. On one hand, social media has enabled unprecedented connectivity and has provided marginalized groups with platforms to voice their concerns. Young activists have leveraged these tools to organize social movements that have achieved real-world change.

Conversely, numerous studies have documented the correlation between excessive social media use and mental health issues. Rates of anxiety and depression among adolescents have increased significantly since 2010, and many experts believe that constant social comparison has contributed to this trend. Furthermore, the spread of misinformation has become alarmingly easy, and this has had serious consequences for democratic processes and public health initiatives.”

Phân tích Band 8-9:

• Complex usage: Present Perfect kết hợp với not only… but also
• Natural flow: Transitions mượt mà giữa các ideas
• Advanced vocabulary: proliferation, permeated, leveraged, correlation
• Sophisticated structures: relative clauses, passive voice, compound subjects
• Evidence-based: Đưa ra research và statistics
• Cohesion: Clear progression from general to specific
• Error-free: Không có lỗi ngữ pháp hoặc collocation

Mẫu bài Writing Task 2 IELTS sử dụng Present Perfect đạt Band 8.0 với phân tích chi tiết

Nâng Cao – Cách Dùng Để Đạt Band 8+

Kết Hợp Với Các Cấu Trúc Khác

Present Perfect + Relative Clause:

“The research has identified several factors which have contributed to climate change.”
→ Band 8+ features: Kết hợp defining relative clause với Present Perfect tạo câu academic phức tạp

“Students who have participated in exchange programs often develop better cross-cultural communication skills.”
→ Sophistication: Relative clause làm rõ subject, Present Perfect trong clause tạo thông tin bổ sung

“The policies that governments have implemented over the past decade have proven largely ineffective.”
→ Advanced usage: Present Perfect xuất hiện trong cả relative clause và main clause

Present Perfect + Modal Verbs:

“This problem may have been caused by inadequate funding and poor management.”
→ Band 8+ features: Modal + Present Perfect passive thể hiện speculation về nguyên nhân

“The data suggests that technology could have transformed education even more rapidly if investment had been greater.”
→ Sophistication: Kết hợp với conditional để thể hiện unrealized potential

“Experts believe that these measures should have been taken years ago to prevent the current crisis.”
→ Advanced usage: Should have + V3 thể hiện regret hoặc criticism

Present Perfect + Passive Voice:

“Significant progress has been made in renewable energy technology in recent years.”
→ Band 8+ features: Passive tạo objective, formal tone phù hợp academic writing

“Over the past century, countless species have been driven to extinction by human activities.”
→ Sophistication: Passive với causative agent tạo emphasis

“A comprehensive study has been conducted by leading researchers, and the findings have been published in prestigious journals.”
→ Advanced usage: Multiple passive Present Perfect structures trong compound sentence

Present Perfect Continuous + Since/For:

“Scientists have been warning about climate change for decades, yet little action has been taken.”
→ Band 8+: Continuous emphasizes ongoing, repeated action; contrast với present situation

“The government has been investing heavily in infrastructure since 2020, and the results are now becoming visible.”
→ Sophistication: Shows ongoing process with visible current results

Present Perfect + Participle Clause:

“Having studied the data carefully, researchers have concluded that the trend is likely to continue.”
→ Band 9: Perfect participle clause thể hiện sequence of actions elegantly

“The company, having expanded rapidly over the past five years, now faces new challenges.”
→ Advanced: Non-defining participle clause adds sophisticated detail

Cụm Từ Nâng Cao

Academic collocations with Present Perfect:

Collocation	Ví dụ	Band Level
has undergone transformation	Education has undergone significant transformation in the digital age.	7+
has witnessed dramatic changes	The past decade has witnessed dramatic changes in consumer behavior.	7+
have been subject to scrutiny	These practices have been subject to increasing scrutiny from regulators.	8+
has sparked considerable debate	This issue has sparked considerable debate among policymakers.	8+
have emerged as	Renewable energy sources have emerged as viable alternatives to fossil fuels.	7+
has gained momentum	The movement for environmental protection has gained significant momentum.	8+
have come under fire	These policies have come under fire from various stakeholder groups.	8+
has exacerbated the problem	Rapid urbanization has exacerbated the problem of traffic congestion.	8+
have been at the forefront of	Scientists have been at the forefront of developing innovative solutions.	8+
has profound implications	This discovery has profound implications for medical treatment.	9
have been instrumental in	Technology companies have been instrumental in driving economic growth.	8+
has precipitated a crisis	The pandemic has precipitated a global economic crisis.	9

Collocations thể hiện cause-effect:

• “has led to widespread unemployment”
• “has resulted in significant improvements”
• “has contributed to social inequality”
• “has given rise to new opportunities”
• “has brought about fundamental changes”

Collocations thể hiện trend:

• “has shown an upward trend“
• “has experienced steady growth“
• “has demonstrated remarkable resilience“
• “has exhibited concerning patterns“
• “has displayed considerable volatility“

Câu Phức & Ghép

Tích hợp vào câu phức:

“Although technology has brought many benefits, it has also created new challenges that society has struggled to address effectively.”

→ Phân tích Band 8+:

• Concessive clause với Present Perfect (although… has brought)
• Main clause với Present Perfect (has created)
• Relative clause với Present Perfect (has struggled to)
• Showing contrast và complexity of issue

“While some countries have made substantial progress in reducing emissions, others have continued to prioritize economic growth over environmental protection.”

→ Sophistication: Contrast structure với Present Perfect trong cả hai clauses

Câu ghép với conjunctions:

“Air pollution levels have risen dramatically in urban areas, and this has had serious consequences for public health.”

→ Clear cause-effect relationship using compound sentence

“The government has introduced several initiatives to promote renewable energy; however, these measures have not been sufficient to meet international targets.”

→ Advanced: Semicolon + however tạo sophisticated contrast

Complex sentence với multiple clauses:

“What has made this problem particularly challenging is that traditional solutions, which have worked in the past, are no longer effective in addressing the unprecedented scale of current environmental issues.”

→ Band 9 features:

• Noun clause as subject (What has made…)
• Present Perfect trong noun clause
• Relative clause interrupting main clause
• Multiple time references (past vs. current)

Emphasis structures:

“Not only has social media changed how people communicate, but it has also transformed the nature of social relationships.”

→ Band 9: Inversion với not only… but also tạo strong emphasis

“Never before have humans faced such complex global challenges.”

→ Advanced: Negative inversion with Present Perfect for dramatic effect

“It is the younger generation that has been most affected by these technological changes.”

→ Cleft sentence với Present Perfect tạo emphasis

So Sánh Với Cấu Trúc Tương Tự

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Tiêu chí	Present Perfect	Past Simple
Công thức	have/has + V3	V2/V-ed
Ý nghĩa	Hành động trong quá khứ có liên hệ với hiện tại	Hành động hoàn thành trong quá khứ, không liên quan đến hiện tại
Dùng khi	Không nhấn mạnh thời gian cụ thể; kinh nghiệm sống; kết quả hiện tại	Có thời gian cụ thể trong quá khứ; sự kiện lịch sử
Time markers	ever, never, just, already, yet, recently, since, for, so far	yesterday, last week, ago, in 2020, when I was young
Ví dụ IELTS	I have visited Paris three times. (kinh nghiệm, không rõ khi nào)	I visited Paris last summer. (thời gian cụ thể)

Khi nào dùng cấu trúc nào:

Dùng Present Perfect khi:

• Nói về kinh nghiệm không có thời gian cụ thể: “I have tried sushi before.”
• Hành động vừa mới xảy ra: “She has just left the office.”
• Hành động bắt đầu quá khứ, còn tiếp tục hiện tại: “They have lived here for 10 years.” (vẫn đang sống)
• Thay đổi theo thời gian: “Technology has changed education.”

Dùng Past Simple khi:

• Có thời gian cụ thể: “I visited Japan in 2019.”
• Sự kiện đã kết thúc hoàn toàn: “She lived in London for 5 years.” (không sống nữa)
• Câu chuyện/narrative về quá khứ: “Yesterday, I went to the market and bought some fruits.”

So sánh trong IELTS Speaking:

Câu hỏi: “Tell me about your hometown.”

❌ Không tự nhiên: “My hometown has been a small city in the north of Vietnam.” (dùng sai vì đây là fact, không phải change)

✅ Tự nhiên: “My hometown is a small city in the north of Vietnam, but it has changed dramatically over the past 10 years. When I was young, there were only a few buildings, but now it has become much more developed.”

→ Kết hợp: Is (present simple – fact), has changed (present perfect – change), was/were (past simple – specific past time)

Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

Tiêu chí	Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Continuous
Công thức	have/has + V3	have/has + been + V-ing
Ý nghĩa	Nhấn mạnh kết quả, thành tựu, hoàn thành	Nhấn mạnh quá trình, sự liên tục, chưa kết thúc
Dùng khi	Hành động hoàn thành; số lần; thành tích	Hành động vẫn đang tiếp diễn; temporary situation
Ví dụ	I have read three books this month. (completed – kết quả)	I have been reading for two hours. (ongoing – quá trình)

So sánh trong IELTS:

Simple – Nhấn mạnh result:
“I have completed my IELTS preparation course.” (đã hoàn thành)

Continuous – Nhấn mạnh duration/process:
“I have been preparing for IELTS for six months.” (vẫn đang chuẩn bị)

Khi nào dùng cấu trúc nào:

Dùng Simple khi:

• Số lần: “I have visited the museum twice.”
• Hoàn thành: “She has finished her essay.”
• Permanent situations: “They have lived in Hanoi since 2010.” (settled)

Dùng Continuous khi:

• Nhấn mạnh how long: “I have been waiting for an hour!”
• Temporary situations: “We have been staying at a hotel.” (tạm thời)
• Recent activity với visible result: “You look tired. Have you been working all night?”

Trong IELTS Writing Task 2:

Simple – Academic, formal: “Research has shown that regular exercise improves mental health.”

Continuous – Process emphasis: “Scientists have been investigating this phenomenon for decades, yet no definitive answer has been found.”

Bảng so sánh chi tiết Present Perfect và Past Simple trong tiếng Anh

Lỗi Thường Gặp & Cách Sửa

Lỗi 1: Nhầm Lẫn Giữa Present Perfect Và Past Simple

❌ SAI:
“I have visited Japan last year.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“I visited Japan last year.”

Giải thích:
Khi có thời gian cụ thể trong quá khứ (last year, yesterday, in 2020, ago), phải dùng Past Simple, không dùng Present Perfect. Present Perfect chỉ dùng khi không đề cập thời gian cụ thể hoặc với since/for.

Lưu ý:

• “Last year/month/week” = Past Simple
• “This year/month/week” = Present Perfect (vì time period chưa kết thúc)
• “In 2020” = Past Simple
• “Since 2020” = Present Perfect

Ví dụ đúng:

• “I have visited Japan three times.” (không nói khi nào – Present Perfect)
• “I visited Japan in 2019, 2021, and 2023.” (có thời gian cụ thể – Past Simple)

Lỗi 2: Dùng Sai Dạng Past Participle (V3)

❌ SAI:
“She has went to the market.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“She has gone to the market.”

Giải thích:
Nhiều học viên Việt Nam hay nhầm giữa V2 (Past Simple) và V3 (Past Participle). Present Perfect phải dùng V3, không phải V2.

Các lỗi thường gặp:

Sai	Đúng	Giải thích
have wrote	have written	write-wrote-written
has ate	has eaten	eat-ate-eaten
have began	have begun	begin-began-begun
has broke	has broken	break-broke-broken
have chose	have chosen	choose-chose-chosen
has became	has become	become-became-become
have took	have taken	take-took-taken

Lưu ý:
Học thuộc irregular verbs (động từ bất quy tắc) là cần thiết. Không thể áp dụng quy tắc thêm -ed cho tất cả động từ.

Lỗi 3: Nhầm Lẫn “For” Và “Since”

❌ SAI:
“I have lived here since five years.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“I have lived here for five years.”

hoặc

“I have lived here since 2019.”

Giải thích:

• FOR + khoảng thời gian (duration): for 5 years, for a long time, for several months
• SINCE + mốc thời gian (point in time): since 2019, since Monday, since I was young

Cách nhận biết:

• Nếu có thể đếm được (2 years, 3 months) → dùng FOR
• Nếu là mốc thời gian cụ thể (năm, ngày, sự kiện) → dùng SINCE

Ví dụ đúng:

• “I have known her for 10 years.” (khoảng thời gian)
• “I have known her since 2014.” (mốc thời gian)
• “I have been studying English for a long time.”
• “I have been studying English since I was in primary school.”

Lỗi 4: Dùng Present Perfect Với “Ago”

❌ SAI:
“I have started learning English three years ago.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“I started learning English three years ago.”

hoặc

“I have been learning English for three years.”

Giải thích:
“Ago” luôn đi với Past Simple, không bao giờ dùng với Present Perfect. Đây là quy tắc tuyệt đối không có ngoại lệ.

Pattern thường gặp:

• “X time + ago” → Past Simple
• “for + X time” → Present Perfect
• “since + specific time” → Present Perfect

Ví dụ đúng:

• “I graduated two years ago.” (Past Simple)
• “I have graduated from university.” (Present Perfect – không nói khi nào)
• “It has been two years since I graduated.” (Present Perfect với since)

Lỗi 5: Quên Trợ Động Từ “Have/Has”

❌ SAI:
“Technology changed our lives significantly in recent years.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Technology has changed our lives significantly in recent years.”

Giải thích:
Khi có time markers như “in recent years, recently, lately, over the past…”, cần dùng Present Perfect với đầy đủ have/has + V3. Nhiều học viên Việt Nam hay quên trợ động từ have/has và chỉ dùng V2.

Signal words yêu cầu Present Perfect:

• recently, lately
• in recent years/months/weeks
• over the past/last…
• so far, up to now, until now
• this week/month/year (chưa kết thúc)

Ví dụ đúng:

• “Recently, he has started a new job.” (không phải “started”)
• “Over the past decade, attitudes have changed dramatically.”
• “So far this year, we have completed three projects.”

Lỗi 6: Dùng Present Perfect Với Người Đã Mất

❌ SAI:
“Shakespeare has written many famous plays.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Shakespeare wrote many famous plays.”

Giải thích:
Present Perfect không dùng với người đã mất hoặc thời kỳ lịch sử đã kết thúc. Phải dùng Past Simple vì không còn liên hệ với hiện tại.

Quy tắc:

• Người còn sống + Present Perfect: “Stephen King has written over 60 novels.”
• Người đã mất + Past Simple: “Charles Dickens wrote over 15 novels.”

Ví dụ so sánh:

• “Scientists have discovered many new species.” (generally, ongoing)
• “Darwin discovered the theory of evolution.” (specific person, past)
• “The company has expanded rapidly.” (company still exists)
• “That old company closed in 2010.” (no longer exists)

Lỗi 7: Nhầm Lẫn “Been” Và “Gone”

❌ SAI (tùy context):
“Where is John? He has been to the market.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Where is John? He has gone to the market.”

Giải thích:

• Have/has gone = đi rồi, chưa về (the person is not here now)
• Have/has been = đã đi và đã về rồi (the person went and came back)

Ví dụ phân biệt:

• “She has gone to Paris.” (Cô ấy đang ở Paris, chưa về)
• “She has been to Paris.” (Cô ấy đã từng đến Paris, giờ đã về)
• “She has been to Paris three times.” (kinh nghiệm – đã đi và về nhiều lần)

Trong IELTS Speaking:

• “Have you been to Japan?” (Bạn đã từng đi Nhật chưa? – hỏi về kinh nghiệm)
• “My brother has gone to Japan for work.” (Anh tôi đang ở Nhật)

Top 5 Mistakes Vietnamese Learners Make

1. Mixing Present Perfect with specific past time:
Vietnamese doesn’t distinguish as clearly between past and present perfect, leading to errors like “I have seen him yesterday.”

2. Forgetting irregular past participles:
Students often use V2 instead of V3: “have went” instead of “have gone”

3. Confusing “for” and “since”:
Direct translation from Vietnamese causes mistakes: “since 5 years” instead of “for 5 years”

4. Using “ago” with Present Perfect:
Pattern transfer error: “have lived… ago” instead of “lived… ago” or “have lived… for”

5. Omitting auxiliary verbs:
Influenced by Vietnamese grammar structure, students forget “have/has”: “Recently technology changed…” instead of “has changed”

Các lỗi phổ biến khi sử dụng Present Perfect của học viên người Việt và cách khắc phục

Bài Tập Thực Hành

Bài Tập 1: Điền Từ

Hoàn thành câu với dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc (Present Perfect):

1. She __ (live) in Hanoi for five years.
2. I __ never __ (see) such a beautiful sunset before.
3. How long __ you __ (study) English?
4. They __ (not finish) their homework yet.
5. The company __ (expand) rapidly since 2020.
6. __ you ever __ (visit) Ha Long Bay?
7. Technology __ (change) the way we communicate.
8. He __ just __ (complete) his master’s degree.
9. We __ (be) friends since childhood.
10. The government __ (implement) several new policies recently.
11. Scientists __ (discover) many new species this year.
12. She __ (not respond) to my email yet.
13. How many books __ you __ (read) this month?
14. The situation __ (become) more serious over the past few weeks.
15. I __ (lose) my keys. Can you help me find them?

Bài Tập 2: Tìm Và Sửa Lỗi

Tìm lỗi sai trong các câu sau và sửa lại:

1. I have went to Japan last year.
2. She has been working here since five years.
3. Have you finish your assignment yet?
4. They have lived here for 2010.
5. I haven’t seen him since a long time.
6. He has started his new job three months ago.
7. My teacher have taught me a lot.
8. We has been friends for many years.
9. She has wrote three books so far.
10. How long you have been waiting?
11. I have meet him before somewhere.
12. The price has rise dramatically recently.
13. They haven’t never been to Europe.
14. She has already went home.
15. Technology have changed education.

Bài Tập 3: Chọn Present Perfect Hoặc Past Simple

Chọn thì đúng (Present Perfect hoặc Past Simple):

1. I (visit/have visited) Paris last summer.
2. She (has lived/lived) in London since 2015.
3. We (saw/have seen) that movie yesterday.
4. They (have worked/worked) here for ten years.
5. He (graduated/has graduated) from university in 2020.
6. I (haven’t finished/didn’t finish) my homework yet.
7. When (did you start/have you started) learning English?
8. The company (has expanded/expanded) significantly in recent years.
9. She (has been/was) to Japan three times.
10. I (knew/have known) him when we were children.

Bài Tập 4: For Hay Since?

Điền “for” hoặc “since” vào chỗ trống:

1. I have lived in this city ____ 2018.
2. She has been studying ____ three hours.
3. They have been married ____ ten years.
4. We haven’t seen each other ____ last Christmas.
5. He has worked here ____ a long time.
6. I have known her ____ we were in high school.
7. The shop has been closed ____ several weeks.
8. She has been waiting ____ 9 o’clock this morning.
9. Technology has changed ____ the invention of smartphones.
10. I have been learning English ____ many years.

Bài Tập 5: Viết Câu

Viết câu hoàn chỉnh sử dụng Present Perfect với các từ gợi ý:

1. I / live / Hanoi / 10 years
2. Technology / change / education / significantly
3. She / never / be / Europe
4. How long / you / study / English?
5. They / just / finish / project
6. The company / expand / rapidly / recent years
7. We / not see / him / last month
8. Climate change / become / serious problem
9. I / already / complete / assignment
10. Scientists / discover / new treatment / disease

Bài Tập 6: IELTS Speaking Practice

Trả lời các câu hỏi sau bằng Present Perfect (viết 2-3 câu cho mỗi câu hỏi):

1. How long have you been studying English?
2. Have you ever traveled abroad? Where have you been?
3. How has technology changed your daily life?
4. What is the most interesting place you have visited?
5. What changes have occurred in your hometown?

Bài Tập 7: IELTS Writing Practice

Viết một đoạn văn (80-100 từ) về một trong các topic sau, sử dụng Present Perfect ít nhất 5 lần:

Topic 1: Changes in education over the past decade
Topic 2: The impact of technology on communication
Topic 3: Environmental problems that have become more serious

Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Đáp Án Bài Tập 1:

1. has lived / has been living

   • Giải thích: “for five years” chỉ khoảng thời gian → Present Perfect

2. have… seen

   • Giải thích: “never” + Present Perfect diễn tả kinh nghiệm

3. have… been studying / have… studied

   • Giải thích: “How long” + Present Perfect hỏi về duration

4. have not finished / haven’t finished

   • Giải thích: “yet” đi với Present Perfect trong câu phủ định/nghi vấn

5. has expanded

   • Giải thích: “since 2020” → Present Perfect

6. Have… visited

   • Giải thích: “ever” + Present Perfect hỏi về kinh nghiệm

7. has changed

   • Giải thích: Nói về thay đổi đến hiện tại, không có thời gian cụ thể

8. has… completed

   • Giải thích: “just” đi với Present Perfect diễn tả hành động vừa mới hoàn thành

9. have been

   • Giải thích: “since childhood” → Present Perfect cho relationship kéo dài

10. has implemented

    • Giải thích: “recently” → Present Perfect

11. have discovered

    • Giải thích: “this year” (chưa kết thúc) → Present Perfect

12. has not responded / hasn’t responded

    • Giải thích: “yet” với Present Perfect

13. have… read

    • Giải thích: “this month” + Present Perfect hỏi về số lượng trong period chưa kết thúc

14. has become

    • Giải thích: “over the past few weeks” → Present Perfect

15. have lost

    • Giải thích: Hành động trong quá khứ có kết quả hiện tại (keys are still missing)

Đáp Án Bài Tập 2:

1. ❌ have went → ✅ went

   • “Last year” là thời gian cụ thể → dùng Past Simple

2. ❌ since five years → ✅ for five years

   • Khoảng thời gian dùng “for”, không dùng “since”

3. ❌ Have you finish → ✅ Have you finished

   • Present Perfect cần V3, không phải bare infinitive

4. ❌ for 2010 → ✅ since 2010

   • Năm cụ thể dùng “since”, không dùng “for”

5. ❌ since a long time → ✅ for a long time

   • “A long time” là duration → dùng “for”

6. ❌ has started… ago → ✅ started… ago

   • “Ago” luôn đi với Past Simple

7. ❌ teacher have → ✅ teacher has

   • “Teacher” là số ít → dùng “has”

8. ❌ We has → ✅ We have

   • “We” → dùng “have”

9. ❌ has wrote → ✅ has written

   • V3 của “write” là “written”, không phải “wrote”

10. ❌ How long you have → ✅ How long have you

    • Question form: auxiliary verb trước subject

11. ❌ have meet → ✅ have met

    • V3 của “meet” là “met”

12. ❌ has rise → ✅ has risen

    • V3 của “rise” là “risen”

13. ❌ haven’t never → ✅ have never / haven’t ever

    • Double negative không đúng trong English

14. ❌ has already went → ✅ has already gone

    • V3 của “go” là “gone”

15. ❌ Technology have → ✅ Technology has

    • “Technology” là singular → dùng “has”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 3:

1. visited (Past Simple – “last summer” là thời gian cụ thể)
2. has lived (Present Perfect – “since 2015”)
3. saw (Past Simple – “yesterday”)
4. have worked (Present Perfect – “for ten years”)
5. graduated (Past Simple – “in 2020”)
6. haven’t finished (Present Perfect – “yet”)
7. did you start (Past Simple – “when” hỏi thời gian cụ thể)
8. has expanded (Present Perfect – “in recent years”)
9. has been (Present Perfect – kinh nghiệm)
10. knew (Past Simple – “when we were children” là specific past time)

Đáp Án Bài Tập 4:

1. since (2018 là mốc thời gian)
2. for (three hours là duration)
3. for (ten years là khoảng thời gian)
4. since (last Christmas là mốc thời gian)
5. for (a long time là duration)
6. since (when clause chỉ mốc thời gian)
7. for (several weeks là duration)
8. since (9 o’clock là mốc thời gian)
9. since (the invention là sự kiện/mốc thời gian)
10. for (many years là duration)

Đáp Án Bài Tập 5:

1. “I have lived in Hanoi for 10 years.”
2. “Technology has changed education significantly.”
3. “She has never been to Europe.”
4. “How long have you studied / been studying English?”
5. “They have just finished the project.”
6. “The company has expanded rapidly in recent years.”
7. “We have not seen / haven’t seen him since last month.”
8. “Climate change has become a serious problem.”
9. “I have already completed the assignment.”
10. “Scientists have discovered a new treatment for the disease.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 6 (Sample Answers):

1. How long have you been studying English?

“I have been studying English for approximately 12 years, since I was in primary school. However, I have only started taking it seriously in the past two years when I decided to pursue my IELTS certification. During this time, I have improved significantly, especially in speaking and writing skills.”

2. Have you ever traveled abroad?

“Yes, I have traveled abroad several times. I have been to Thailand twice and Singapore once. The most memorable trip was to Japan last year, where I have experienced the unique culture and tried authentic Japanese cuisine. These travels have broadened my perspective and have taught me a lot about different cultures.”

3. How has technology changed your daily life?

“Technology has transformed my daily life in numerous ways. It has made communication much easier – I can now connect with friends and family instantly through social media. Moreover, it has changed how I learn and work. I have been using various online platforms for studying, which has made education more accessible and flexible.”

4. What is the most interesting place you have visited?

“The most interesting place I have visited is definitely Hoi An Ancient Town. I have been there three times, and each visit has been unique. The town has preserved its historical architecture beautifully, and I have always enjoyed exploring the narrow streets and trying local food. This place has become one of my favorite destinations in Vietnam.”

5. What changes have occurred in your hometown?

“My hometown has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade. The infrastructure has improved significantly – new roads have been built and public transportation has become more efficient. Additionally, many shopping centers and entertainment facilities have opened, which has made life more convenient. However, these developments have also led to increased traffic congestion and pollution.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 7 (Sample Paragraphs):

Topic 1: Changes in education

“Education has undergone significant transformation over the past decade. Traditional teaching methods have been replaced by more interactive and technology-based approaches. Online learning platforms have emerged, providing students with access to courses that were previously unavailable. Teachers have started incorporating multimedia tools into their lessons, which has made learning more engaging. Furthermore, the emphasis has shifted from rote memorization to critical thinking and problem-solving skills. These changes have made education more student-centered and relevant to the demands of the modern workplace. However, challenges have also arisen, particularly regarding the digital divide between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.”

Topic 2: Impact of technology on communication

“Technology has revolutionized the way people communicate over the past two decades. Social media platforms have become the primary means of staying connected with friends and family. Instant messaging apps have replaced traditional phone calls, making communication faster and more convenient. Video conferencing tools have enabled people to have face-to-face conversations despite geographical distances. This has been particularly valuable during the pandemic when physical meetings were restricted. However, these technological advances have also created some problems. Face-to-face interactions have decreased, and many people have become overly dependent on digital communication, which has affected their social skills.”

Topic 3: Environmental problems

“Environmental problems have become increasingly severe in recent years. Global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times, and this has led to more frequent extreme weather events. Deforestation has accelerated, particularly in tropical regions, and countless species have lost their habitats as a result. Moreover, plastic pollution has contaminated oceans and waterways worldwide. Air quality has deteriorated in major cities due to industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust. These issues have prompted governments and organizations to take action, but the progress has been insufficient. Scientists have warned that without immediate and substantial changes, the situation will continue to worsen.”

Đề Luyện Tập

Speaking Practice Topics

Part 1 Questions:

1. How long have you been living in your current home?
2. Have you made any changes to your room recently?
3. What hobbies have you had since childhood?
4. How has your daily routine changed over the years?
5. Have you learned any new skills recently?

Part 2 Topics:

1. Describe a person who has influenced you
2. Talk about a place you have visited that impressed you
3. Describe a skill you have learned that you find useful
4. Talk about an important decision you have made in your life
5. Describe changes that have happened in your city

Part 3 Discussion Questions:

1. How has technology changed the way people work?
2. What changes have occurred in family structures in your country?
3. How has education evolved over the past few decades?
4. What environmental problems have become more serious?
5. How has globalization affected traditional cultures?

Yêu cầu: Mỗi câu trả lời phải sử dụng Present Perfect ít nhất 3-5 lần một cách tự nhiên và chính xác.

Writing Practice Tasks

Task 1 Topics (nếu có time frame phù hợp):

1. The graph shows changes in internet usage from 2000 to 2024
2. The chart illustrates how transportation methods have evolved since 1990
3. The table compares literacy rates over a 30-year period ending in the present

Task 2 Topics:

Opinion Essay:

1. Some people believe that technology has made our lives more complicated rather than simpler. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2. Traditional cultures have been negatively affected by globalization. Do you agree or disagree?

Discussion Essay:

1. Discuss the positive and negative effects that social media has had on society.
2. Some say modern lifestyles have improved significantly, while others believe they have created new problems. Discuss both views.

Problem/Solution Essay:

1. Environmental problems have become more serious in recent years. What are the causes and what solutions can you suggest?
2. The generation gap has widened over the past few decades. Why has this happened and what can be done?

Advantage/Disadvantage Essay:

1. Online shopping has become increasingly popular. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.
2. Remote working has become common since the pandemic. What are the benefits and drawbacks?

Yêu cầu cho Writing:

• Task 1: Sử dụng Present Perfect khi mô tả xu hướng từ quá khứ đến hiện tại
• Task 2: Tích hợp Present Perfect tự nhiên ít nhất 5-7 lần trong bài 250-280 từ
• Kết hợp với các cấu trúc nâng cao (passive, relative clauses, complex sentences)
• Chú ý time markers phù hợp (in recent years, over the past decade, since…)

Kết Luận

Present Perfect Tense là một trong những cấu trúc ngữ pháp then chốt để đạt Band 7+ trong kỳ thi IELTS. Thành thạo thì này không chỉ giúp bạn diễn đạt chính xác về mối liên hệ giữa quá khứ và hiện tại, mà còn thể hiện khả năng sử dụng ngữ pháp đa dạng và phức tạp – một tiêu chí quan trọng trong Band Descriptors.

Qua bài viết này, bạn đã học được:

✅ Công thức đầy đủ của Present Perfect và cách phân tích thành phần câu chi tiết

✅ Cách vận dụng thực tế vào cả 4 kỹ năng IELTS với hơn 25 ví dụ từ đề thi thực tế

✅ Sự khác biệt giữa Present Perfect và Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple và Continuous

✅ Các lỗi phổ biến của học viên Việt Nam và cách khắc phục hiệu quả

✅ Cụm từ nâng cao Band 8-9 và cách kết hợp Present Perfect với các cấu trúc phức tạp

✅ Bài tập thực hành đa dạng với đáp án chi tiết giúp củng cố kiến thức

Lộ trình học tập hiệu quả:

Tuần 1-2: Nắm vững công thức cơ bản, học thuộc irregular verbs, phân biệt rõ for/since

Tuần 3-4: Luyện tập phân biệt Present Perfect và Past Simple qua bài tập và speaking practice

Tuần 5-6: Tích hợp vào IELTS Writing, học các collocations nâng cao

Tuần 7-8: Kết hợp với các cấu trúc phức tạp, luyện full tests

Tips cuối cùng cho kỳ thi:

1. Trong Speaking: Sử dụng Present Perfect tự nhiên khi nói về kinh nghiệm và thay đổi, nhưng đừng lạm dụng – kết hợp với Past Simple khi kể chi tiết cụ thể

2. Trong Writing Task 1: Chỉ dùng Present Perfect khi biểu đồ có time frame đến hiện tại hoặc khi tổng kết xu hướng tổng quát

3. Trong Writing Task 2: Present Perfect rất hữu ích để đưa ra context và xu hướng xã hội, đặc biệt trong introduction và topic sentences

4. Tránh các lỗi phổ biến: Đặc biệt chú ý không dùng Present Perfect với thời gian cụ thể trong quá khứ (ago, last year, in 2020…)

5. Đa dạng hóa: Kết hợp cả Simple và Continuous forms, sử dụng passive voice, và tích hợp với relative clauses để đạt Band 8+

Hãy nhớ rằng việc thành thạo Present Perfect đòi hỏi thời gian và luyện tập đều đặn. Đừng chỉ học lý thuyết mà hãy áp dụng vào speaking và writing hàng ngày. Mỗi ngày, hãy cố gắng tạo ra ít nhất 5 câu sử dụng Present Perfect về cuộc sống của bạn – điều này sẽ giúp bạn sử dụng thì này một cách tự nhiên và tự tin hơn trong kỳ thi IELTS.

Chúc bạn học tốt và đạt được band điểm mong muốn!