Cách Sử Dụng Relative Clauses Defining Trong IELTS – Công Thức & Ví Dụ Band 8.0

Giới Thiệu

Relative Clauses Defining (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định) là một trong những cấu trúc ngữ pháp cốt lõi giúp bạn tạo ra những câu văn phức tạp và tinh tế trong kỳ thi IELTS. Cấu trúc này cho phép bạn kết hợp thông tin, mô tả chính xác người hoặc vật, và tạo sự liên kết logic giữa các ý tưởng – đặc biệt hữu ích trong Speaking Part 2, Part 3 và Writing Task 2.

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19, Relative Clauses Defining xuất hiện với tần suất rất cao trong các bài thi thực tế:

Speaking: Part 2 (mô tả người, địa điểm, vật) và Part 3 (giải thích, đưa ra lý do)

Writing Task 2: Tất cả các dạng bài, đặc biệt khi định nghĩa vấn đề, mô tả xu hướng

Reading & Listening: Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong câu phức, cần nhận diện để hiểu đúng nghĩa

Dưới đây là các ví dụ vận dụng thực tế trong IELTS:

Speaking Part 2 (Describe a person who influenced you):
“My uncle, who lives in Australia, is the person that has had the greatest impact on my career choices.”
→ Phân tích: Mệnh đề “that has had the greatest impact” xác định cụ thể người được nhắc đến, không thể bỏ qua.

Writing Task 2 (Opinion essay about education):
“Students who develop critical thinking skills at an early age tend to achieve greater academic success.”
→ Phân tích: Mệnh đề “who develop critical thinking skills” giới hạn phạm vi sinh viên đang bàn luận, tạo luận điểm cụ thể.

Speaking Part 3 (Discussing social changes):
“The technology that has transformed our lives most significantly is undoubtedly the smartphone.”
→ Phân tích: Mệnh đề “that has transformed our lives most significantly” xác định loại công nghệ cụ thể đang nói đến.

Writing Task 2 (Problem-solution essay):
“Environmental problems which affect developing countries often require international cooperation to solve.”
→ Phân tích: Mệnh đề “which affect developing countries” chỉ rõ loại vấn đề môi trường được đề cập.

Speaking Part 2 (Describe a place you visited):
“The museum that I visited last summer contains artifacts which date back to the 15th century.”
→ Phân tích: Hai mệnh đề quan hệ kết hợp tạo mô tả chi tiết, phù hợp với yêu cầu Part 2.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ học:

✅ Định nghĩa và ý nghĩa của Relative Clauses Defining trong IELTS

✅ Công thức chi tiết với 5 đại từ quan hệ chính (who, which, that, whose, where)

✅ Cách vận dụng vào 4 kỹ năng IELTS với chiến lược cụ thể

✅ 25+ câu ví dụ Band 7-9 từ đề thi thực tế

✅ Các biến thể nâng cao cho Band 8+ (rút gọn, kết hợp cấu trúc)

✅ 7 lỗi thường gặp nhất của học viên Việt Nam và cách sửa

✅ Bài tập thực hành có đáp án chi tiết

Relative Clauses Defining Là Gì?

Định Nghĩa

Relative Clauses Defining (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định) là mệnh đề phụ được sử dụng để cung cấp thông tin thiết yếu nhằm xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Thông tin trong mệnh đề này không thể bỏ qua vì nó quyết định ý nghĩa chính của câu.

Chức năng chính:

• Xác định cụ thể: Giúp người nghe/đọc biết chính xác bạn đang nói về ai/cái gì trong số nhiều đối tượng có thể có
• Tạo câu phức: Kết hợp hai câu đơn thành một câu phức, nâng cao band điểm Grammatical Range
• Tránh lặp từ: Thay thế cho việc lặp lại danh từ nhiều lần trong đoạn văn

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Speaking: Mô tả người (the teacher who taught me), địa điểm (the city where I grew up), vật (the book that changed my perspective)
• Writing: Định nghĩa thuật ngữ, giới hạn phạm vi thảo luận, tạo độ chính xác cho luận điểm
• Reading/Listening: Nhận diện để hiểu mối quan hệ giữa các ý trong câu phức

Đặc điểm nhận biết:

• Không có dấu phẩy (khác với Non-defining Relative Clauses)
• Không thể bỏ mệnh đề mà vẫn giữ nguyên nghĩa câu
• Thường dùng “that” thay thế cho “who/which” trong văn nói

Tần Suất Xuất Hiện Trong IELTS

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19:

Speaking:

• Part 1: Thấp (10-15%) – Chủ yếu câu đơn giản

  • Ví dụ: “Do you like your hometown?” → “Yes, I like the parks that are near my house.”

• Part 2: Cao (60-70%) – Cần thiết cho mô tả chi tiết

  • Topic: Describe a person/place/object → Bắt buộc dùng relative clauses để specific hóa
  • Ví dụ: “The teacher who inspired me most was my English teacher in high school.”

• Part 3: Rất cao (70-85%) – Thảo luận sâu, giải thích lý do

  • Typical questions: “What kind of people…” / “What type of problems…”
  • Ví dụ: “People who work in creative industries often face financial instability.”

Writing:

• Task 1: Trung bình (30-40%) – Mô tả biểu đồ, quy trình

  • “The graph shows data which was collected between 2000 and 2020.”
  • “Countries that have invested in renewable energy have seen significant reductions in emissions.”

• Task 2: Rất cao (80-90%) – Tất cả các dạng bài

  • Opinion: “Students who attend university gain valuable skills.”
  • Discussion: “There are several factors which contribute to this trend.”
  • Problem-solution: “Solutions that address the root cause are most effective.”

Listening/Reading:

• Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong academic contexts, đặc biệt trong Section 3-4 (Listening) và Passage 2-3 (Reading)
• Cần nhận diện để hiểu chính xác mối quan hệ nguyên nhân-kết quả, định nghĩa thuật ngữ

Band Score Impact:

• Band 6: Có thể sử dụng cơ bản với “who/which/that” nhưng còn lỗi về giới từ, thiếu động từ
• Band 7: Sử dụng chính xác trong nhiều contexts, kết hợp được với các thì khác nhau
• Band 8-9: Sử dụng linh hoạt các biến thể (whose, where, when), rút gọn mệnh đề, kết hợp với cấu trúc phức tạp, hoàn toàn không lỗi

Cấu trúc mệnh đề quan hệ xác định trong IELTS với các đại từ quan hệ who which that whose where

Công Thức & Cấu Trúc

Công Thức Cơ Bản

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH:

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Noun + Relative Pronoun + Verb + (Object/Complement)             │
│ (Danh từ) + (Đại từ quan hệ) + (Động từ) + (Tân ngữ/Bổ ngữ)    │
│                                                                   │
│ Ví dụ: The student who studies hard will succeed.                │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu:

• Noun (Danh từ được bổ nghĩa): Đứng ngay trước relative pronoun, là đối tượng cần được xác định cụ thể
• Relative Pronoun (Đại từ quan hệ): who/which/that/whose/where – thay thế cho danh từ và kết nối hai mệnh đề
• Verb (Động từ): Chia theo số của danh từ đứng trước relative pronoun
• Object/Complement: Bổ sung thông tin cho động từ

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:

Câu: “The book that changed my perspective was written by Malcolm Gladwell.”

Phân tích:

• Noun: The book (danh từ cần xác định – cuốn sách nào?)
• Relative Pronoun: that (thay thế cho “the book”, làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ)
• Verb: changed (động từ chia theo “the book” – số ít)
• Object: my perspective (tân ngữ của động từ “changed”)
• Main clause verb: was written (động từ chính của câu)

Vai trò: Mệnh đề “that changed my perspective” xác định cụ thể quyển sách nào trong số nhiều quyển sách có thể có.

5 Đại Từ Quan Hệ Chính

WHO – Dùng cho người

Công thức:

Person + WHO + Verb + Object

Ví dụ:

• “Students who prepare thoroughly often achieve Band 7+.”
• “The candidate who impressed the interviewer most got the job.”
• “People who exercise regularly tend to be healthier.”

Lưu ý: “Who” làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ, động từ chia theo danh từ đứng trước.

WHICH – Dùng cho vật, động vật, ý tưởng

Công thức:

Thing/Animal/Idea + WHICH + Verb + Object

Ví dụ:

• “The strategy which works best depends on individual circumstances.”
• “Technology which improves productivity is worth investing in.”
• “The report which was published yesterday contains important data.”

Lưu ý: “Which” có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ.

THAT – Dùng cho cả người và vật (đa năng nhất)

Công thức:

Person/Thing + THAT + Verb + Object

Ví dụ:

• “The teacher that inspired me most taught English.” (người)
• “The method that I used was very effective.” (vật)
• “Everything that you need is in this book.” (vật)

Đặc điểm:

• Informal hơn who/which, dùng nhiều trong Speaking
• Bắt buộc sau: everything, something, anything, nothing, all, every
• Bắt buộc sau so sánh nhất: “the best/worst/only/first… that”

WHOSE – Chỉ sở hữu (của ai, của cái gì)

Công thức:

Person/Thing + WHOSE + Noun + Verb

Ví dụ:

• “Students whose parents support their education perform better.”
• “Companies whose employees are satisfied have lower turnover rates.”
• “The author whose book won the prize will speak tomorrow.”

Lưu ý: “Whose” luôn đi kèm danh từ ngay sau nó (whose + noun).

WHERE – Chỉ nơi chốn

Công thức:

Place + WHERE + Subject + Verb

Ví dụ:

• “The city where I was born has changed dramatically.”
• “Countries where education is prioritized tend to develop faster.”
• “The cafe where we met serves excellent coffee.”

Lưu ý: “Where” = in/at/on which, nhưng không dùng giới từ trước “where”.

Dạng Thức Câu

Dạng khẳng định:

The skills that you learn at university are valuable.
People who work hard deserve success.

Dạng phủ định (động từ trong relative clause):

Students who don't prepare adequately struggle in exams.
Technology which doesn't improve efficiency should be avoided.

Dạng nghi vấn:

What kind of people who inspire you most?
Which factors that affect climate change concern you?

Dạng với modal verbs:

Employees who can adapt quickly will thrive.
Problems which might arise should be anticipated.

Vị Trí Của Đại Từ Quan Hệ

Làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ (Subject Relative Pronoun):

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
                ↑ chủ ngữ của "lives"

Books which teach practical skills are most useful.
           ↑ chủ ngữ của "teach"

Làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ (Object Relative Pronoun):

The car (that) I bought last year is very reliable.
          ↑ tân ngữ của "bought" - có thể bỏ

The advice (which) she gave me was invaluable.
             ↑ tân ngữ của "gave" - có thể bỏ

Quy tắc bỏ đại từ quan hệ:

• Có thể bỏ khi đại từ làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ
• Không thể bỏ khi đại từ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề phụ

Động Từ Trong Relative Clause

Nguyên tắc chia động từ:

Động từ trong relative clause chia theo danh từ đứng trước relative pronoun, không phải theo chủ ngữ chính của câu.

Ví dụ:

Câu	Giải thích
The student who studies hard will pass.	“studies” chia theo “student” (số ít)
Students who study hard will pass.	“study” chia theo “students” (số nhiều)
The book which is on the table is mine.	“is” chia theo “book” (số ít)
Books which are on the table are mine.	“are” chia theo “books” (số nhiều)

Với các thì khác nhau:

Present Simple:
“People who live in cities often face pollution.”

Present Continuous:
“Students who are studying abroad gain valuable experience.”

Present Perfect:
“Companies which have invested in technology are more competitive.”

Past Simple:
“The policy that the government introduced last year was effective.”

Future:
“Solutions which will address climate change require global cooperation.”

Passive Voice:
“Books that are written by experts provide reliable information.”

Cách chia động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định theo danh từ đứng trước

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Speaking

Speaking Part 1 – Introduction & Interview

Topic thường gặp: Hometown, Family, Work/Study, Hobbies, Daily Routine

Chiến lược sử dụng:

• Thêm chi tiết cụ thể cho câu trả lời
• Tránh câu trả lời quá ngắn (Yes/No)
• Nâng band điểm từ 6.0 lên 7.0+

Ví dụ câu hỏi & trả lời:

Q1: “Do you like your hometown?”

❌ Band 5-6: “Yes, I like my hometown. It’s nice.”

✅ Band 7+: “Yes, I really love my hometown, which is a coastal city in central Vietnam. The beaches that are located near my house are absolutely beautiful, and the seafood which we have there is incredible.”

→ Phân tích: Sử dụng 3 relative clauses để mở rộng câu trả lời, cung cấp thông tin cụ thể về địa điểm và đặc điểm.

Q2: “What kind of music do you like?”

❌ Band 5-6: “I like pop music. It’s good.”

✅ Band 7+: “I’m really into indie music that has meaningful lyrics. The artists who write their own songs tend to be more authentic, and I appreciate music which makes me think about life.”

→ Phân tích: Ba relative clauses giúp giải thích cụ thể sở thích và lý do, thể hiện khả năng diễn đạt phức tạp.

Q3: “Do you prefer working alone or in a team?”

✅ Band 7+: “I prefer working in teams where everyone contributes their ideas. The projects that involve collaboration usually produce better results than the ones which are done individually.”

→ Phân tích: Sử dụng “where” cho môi trường làm việc, kết hợp so sánh để phát triển ý tưởng.

Q4: “What do you do in your free time?”

✅ Band 7+: “I enjoy reading books that challenge my thinking. The genre which interests me most is non-fiction, particularly biographies of people who have made significant contributions to society.”

→ Phân tích: Chuỗi relative clauses tạo độ chi tiết cao, thể hiện vốn từ vựng và khả năng diễn đạt Band 7+.

Speaking Part 2 – Long Turn

Cue card example:

Describe a person who has influenced you.
You should say:

• Who this person is
• How you know them
• What they have done
• And explain why they influenced you

Sample answer Band 7-8:

“I’d like to talk about my former teacher, who taught me English during my final year of high school. She’s someone that I greatly admire for several reasons.

Ms. Lan is a person who has dedicated her entire career to education. The teaching methods which she uses are quite innovative – she always incorporates technology and real-world examples into her lessons. What impressed me most was the way that she encouraged critical thinking rather than just memorizing facts.

The classroom environment which she created was incredibly supportive. She was the type of teacher who genuinely cared about each student’s progress. The feedback that she gave us on our writing assignments was always detailed and constructive. I remember one particular project which involved researching social issues – she guided us through the process but allowed us the freedom to explore topics that interested us.

The impact that she had on my life extends beyond English language skills. The confidence which I gained from her classes helped me in many other areas. The values that she instilled in us – curiosity, perseverance, and empathy – are principles which I still follow today.

She’s someone who truly embodies what a great educator should be, and the lessons that I learned from her continue to influence my decisions and perspectives.”

Phân tích Band Score:

• Grammatical Range: 12 defining relative clauses sử dụng tự nhiên, đa dạng đại từ quan hệ
• Coherence: Relative clauses tạo liên kết mạnh mẽ giữa các ý
• Lexical Resource: Kết hợp với collocations học thuật (dedicated career, innovative methods, instilled values)
• Band dự đoán: 7.5-8.0

Các topic khác thường dùng relative clauses:

Describe a place:
“The museum which I visited last summer contains artifacts that date back to ancient times. The exhibition that impressed me most was about Vietnamese history.”

Describe an object:
“The laptop that I use for work is incredibly efficient. It has features which make my tasks much easier, especially the software that helps with video editing.”

Describe an event:
“The conference which I attended last month brought together experts who specialize in artificial intelligence. The presentations that I found most interesting focused on ethical issues.”

Speaking Part 3 – Discussion

Typical questions using relative clauses:

Q1: “What qualities make a good leader?”

✅ Band 8-9 answer:
“I believe that effective leaders are individuals who possess a combination of vision and empathy. The leaders that inspire the most are those who can communicate their ideas clearly while also listening to feedback. In today’s world, the challenges which organizations face require leaders who can adapt quickly to changing circumstances. Moreover, the decisions that leaders make have far-reaching consequences, so they need the wisdom that comes from experience and the courage that’s necessary to take calculated risks.”

→ Advanced features:

• Kết hợp nhiều relative clauses trong câu phức
• Sử dụng đa dạng cấu trúc (those who, the + noun + that)
• Liên kết logic mạnh mẽ

Q2: “How has technology changed the way people communicate?”

✅ Band 8-9 answer:
“Technology has revolutionized communication in ways that previous generations could never have imagined. The platforms which dominate today – social media, messaging apps, video calls – have eliminated the geographical barriers that once separated people. However, there are concerns about the quality of interactions that take place online. The meaningful conversations which used to happen face-to-face have been replaced by brief messages that lack emotional depth. So while the technology that connects us is impressive, we must be careful about the relationships which we build through these digital means.”

→ Advanced features:

• Phân tích đa chiều (lợi ích và hạn chế)
• Sử dụng relative clauses để so sánh quá khứ và hiện tại
• Vốn từ academic (revolutionized, geographical barriers, emotional depth)

Q3: “What kind of problems do young people face today?”

✅ Band 8 answer:
“Young people today encounter challenges that are quite different from those of previous generations. The pressure which comes from social media is significant – they constantly compare themselves to the images that they see online. Additionally, the job market that they’re entering is highly competitive, requiring skills which traditional education doesn’t always provide. Mental health issues that affect young people have increased, partly due to the stress that’s associated with academic performance and career uncertainty.”

→ Advanced features:

• Thể hiện understanding về social issues
• Relative clauses giúp giải thích nguyên nhân-kết quả
• Linking với discourse markers

Strategies for Part 3:

1. Paraphrase the question using relative clauses:

   • Question: “What makes a good teacher?”
   • Start: “The qualities that define a good teacher include…”

2. Give examples with specific details:

   • “For instance, teachers who use interactive methods tend to engage students more effectively.”

3. Compare and contrast:

   • “Unlike traditional approaches which focused on memorization, modern methods that emphasize critical thinking are more effective.”

4. Express opinions with justification:

   • “I believe that policies which address the root causes are more sustainable than temporary solutions.”

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Writing

Writing Task 1 – Academic

Khi nào dùng:

• Mô tả đối tượng cụ thể trong biểu đồ
• So sánh các nhóm khác nhau
• Giải thích quy trình, bản đồ

Line Graph Example:

Topic: The graph shows the percentage of people who use public transport in five cities between 2000 and 2020.

Sample sentences:

“The city that experienced the most significant increase was Tokyo, rising from 45% to 72%. In contrast, cities which maintained relatively stable figures included London and Paris. The trend that stands out most clearly is the overall upward trajectory in Asian cities, particularly in areas where public transport infrastructure has been modernized.”

→ Vận dụng: Relative clauses giúp specific hóa dữ liệu và tạo sự so sánh rõ ràng.

Bar Chart Example:

“The chart illustrates the factors which influence career choices among graduates. The aspect that received the highest rating was salary, with 85% of respondents considering it important. Benefits that include healthcare and retirement plans were also valued highly.”

Process Diagram:

“The diagram shows the stages that are involved in coffee production. The process which begins with harvesting continues through several steps that transform the raw beans into the final product. The equipment that is used at each stage varies depending on the scale of production.”

Writing Task 2 – Strategies by Essay Type

Opinion Essay (Agree/Disagree)

Topic: Some people believe that universities should only offer courses that are useful for future careers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Introduction with relative clauses:
“The question of whether universities should focus solely on practical courses that directly benefit future careers is a contentious one. While I acknowledge the importance of skills which enhance employability, I disagree with the view that education should be entirely career-oriented.”

Body Paragraph 1 (Agreement side):
“Admittedly, there are compelling reasons why courses with clear career applications should be prioritized. Students who graduate with marketable skills are more likely to secure employment quickly. The debt that many students accumulate during university needs to be repaid, making career-focused education pragmatic. Furthermore, employers who seek to fill technical positions often prefer candidates with specific qualifications that match job requirements.”

Body Paragraph 2 (Disagreement side):
“However, the benefits that come from a broader education should not be underestimated. Universities which offer diverse courses produce graduates who possess critical thinking abilities and cultural awareness – qualities that are valuable in any profession. The knowledge which students gain from subjects like philosophy, literature, or history develops cognitive skills that transfer across disciplines. Moreover, the innovation that drives economic progress often emerges from interdisciplinary thinking, which requires exposure to various fields of study.”

Conclusion:
“In conclusion, while practical courses that prepare students for specific careers have their place, universities which maintain a balance between vocational and liberal arts education better serve both individuals and society.”

→ Analysis: 15+ relative clauses tạo độ chính xác cao, liên kết logic mạnh, thể hiện Band 8+ Grammatical Range.

Discussion Essay (Discuss Both Views)

Topic: Some people think technology has made life more complex. Others believe it has made life simpler. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Introducing both sides:
“The debate that surrounds technology’s impact on modern life involves conflicting perspectives. Those who argue that life has become more complex point to issues that technology creates, while supporters highlight the conveniences which have emerged.”

View 1 paragraph:
“People who claim that technology complicates life have valid concerns. The devices that we use daily require constant updates, learning new interfaces, and troubleshooting problems which previous generations never encountered. The information overload that characterizes the digital age can be overwhelming. Additionally, the privacy issues which arise from data collection and the cyber threats that target individuals add layers of worry that didn’t exist before.”

View 2 paragraph:
“Conversely, the conveniences that technology provides are undeniable. Tasks which once required hours can now be completed in minutes. The applications that manage our schedules, finances, and communications have streamlined daily activities. People who embrace these tools find that the time which is saved allows for more leisure or productivity. The connectivity that smartphones enable means that services which were once inaccessible are now available to anyone with internet access.”

→ Band 8+ features: Balanced discussion, academic tone, sophisticated relative clauses throughout.

Advantage/Disadvantage Essay

Topic: Working from home has become more common. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages paragraph:
“One significant benefit is the flexibility that remote work offers. Employees who work from home can design schedules that suit their personal circumstances, leading to better work-life balance. The time that would normally be spent commuting can be redirected toward productive activities. Companies which adopt remote work policies often find that employees who have this flexibility are more satisfied and loyal.”

Disadvantages paragraph:
“However, challenges that accompany remote work should not be ignored. The isolation that remote workers experience can lead to mental health issues. The boundaries which separate work and personal life become blurred, making it difficult for individuals who work from home to disconnect. Additionally, the collaborative creativity that emerges from in-person interactions is something that video calls cannot fully replicate.”

Problem/Solution Essay

Topic: Many cities face serious air pollution. What problems does this cause and what solutions can you suggest?

Problems paragraph:
“Air pollution creates health problems that affect millions of urban residents. Respiratory diseases which are linked to poor air quality cause thousands of premature deaths annually. Children who grow up in polluted environments often develop chronic conditions that impact their quality of life. The economic burden that results from healthcare costs and lost productivity is substantial.”

Solutions paragraph:
“Solutions that address this issue must be comprehensive. Governments should implement policies which encourage public transport use and restrict vehicles that emit high levels of pollution. Cities that have invested in green spaces show improved air quality. Technologies which capture emissions from factories need to be mandatory. Individuals who make conscious choices, such as cycling instead of driving, contribute to the collective effort that’s required to combat pollution.”

Vận dụng mệnh đề quan hệ xác định vào IELTS Writing Task 2 các dạng bài

Sample Band 7 vs Band 9 Comparison

Topic: Environmental Protection

Band 7 Sample (Good but basic use):
“Environmental problems are serious. The pollution that affects cities needs attention. People who care about the environment should take action. Governments that invest in renewable energy are making progress. Solutions which work in one country might not work in another.”

→ Analysis: Correct usage but repetitive structure, simple vocabulary, obvious statements.

Band 9 Sample (Sophisticated use):
“The environmental degradation that characterizes the current era poses an existential threat which transcends national boundaries. The ecosystems that sustain human life are being compromised at a rate that alarms scientists worldwide. The correlation which exists between industrial activity and climate change is now irrefutable. Solutions that prove effective invariably involve systemic changes that challenge established economic models – changes which require political will of a magnitude that has rarely been demonstrated in peacetime.”

→ Analysis:

• Complex nested relative clauses
• Academic vocabulary (degradation, transcends, irrefutable, magnitude)
• Varied sentence structures
• Natural integration of multiple relative clauses

Nâng Cao – Cách Dùng Để Đạt Band 8+

Rút Gọn Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ (Reduced Relative Clauses)

Khi nào có thể rút gọn:

• Khi động từ trong relative clause là “be” hoặc động từ thường
• Giúp câu văn ngắn gọn, trang trọng hơn (academic style)

Dạng 1: Active Voice (V-ing)

Full form: “Students who study abroad gain valuable experience.”
Reduced: “Students studying abroad gain valuable experience.”

Full form: “The research which examines climate change was published recently.”
Reduced: “The research examining climate change was published recently.”

Ví dụ trong IELTS:

• Writing: “Companies adopting sustainable practices see long-term benefits.” (Band 8+)
• Speaking: “People living in urban areas face different challenges from those in rural regions.”

Dạng 2: Passive Voice (V3/Past Participle)

Full form: “The data which was collected in 2023 shows interesting trends.”
Reduced: “The data collected in 2023 shows interesting trends.”

Full form: “Policies that are designed to reduce emissions must be enforced.”
Reduced: “Policies designed to reduce emissions must be enforced.”

Ví dụ trong IELTS:

• Writing Task 1: “The figures shown in the chart indicate a steady increase.”
• Writing Task 2: “Measures implemented by governments have had mixed results.”

Dạng 3: Với tính từ hoặc cụm giới từ

Full form: “The person who is responsible for this project is experienced.”
Reduced: “The person responsible for this project is experienced.”

Full form: “The book which is on the table is mine.”
Reduced: “The book on the table is mine.”

Kết Hợp Với Các Cấu Trúc Nâng Cao

Relative Clause + Participle Clause

Ví dụ Band 8+:
“Students who have completed their undergraduate degrees, having gained foundational knowledge, are well-prepared for advanced study.”

→ Phân tích: Kết hợp relative clause với participle clause tạo độ phức tạp cao.

Relative Clause + Inversion

Ví dụ Band 9:
“Not only does technology offer conveniences that simplify daily tasks, but it also presents challenges that require constant adaptation.”

→ Sophistication: Inversion kết hợp với parallel relative clauses.

Nested Relative Clauses (Lồng nhau)

Ví dụ Band 8-9:
“The professor who teaches the course that I mentioned has written books which have influenced thousands of students who study linguistics.”

→ Cảnh báo: Chỉ dùng khi cần thiết, tránh làm câu quá phức tạp và khó hiểu.

Ví dụ cân bằng hơn:
“The professor who teaches the linguistics course has written influential books on language acquisition.”

Relative Clause với Prepositions (Giới từ)

Formal style (Band 8-9):
“The principles on which this theory is based are well-established.”
“The company for which she works specializes in renewable energy.”
“The issue about which they disagreed was eventually resolved.”

Informal style (Band 7):
“The principles which this theory is based on are well-established.”
“The company (that) she works for specializes in renewable energy.”

→ IELTS Strategy: Formal style (giới từ trước relative pronoun) phù hợp với Writing Task 2, Speaking Part 3 khi muốn tạo ấn tượng academic.

Cụm Từ & Collocations Nâng Cao

Academic Collocations với Relative Clauses:

Collocation	Ví dụ	Band Level
factors that contribute to	“The factors that contribute to climate change are complex.”	7+
evidence which suggests	“There is evidence which suggests that early intervention is effective.”	7+
the extent to which	“The extent to which technology influences behavior is debatable.”	8+
challenges that arise from	“The challenges that arise from globalization require international cooperation.”	8+
the degree to which	“The degree to which individuals adapt varies considerably.”	8+
circumstances which lead to	“Understanding the circumstances which lead to conflict is essential.”	8+
implications that stem from	“The implications that stem from this research are far-reaching.”	9
phenomena which characterize	“The phenomena which characterize modern society include rapid urbanization.”	9

Complex Noun Phrases với Relative Clauses:

Band 8+ structures:
“The unprecedented rate at which technological advancement is occurring presents challenges that policymakers struggle to address.”

“The correlation between factors which influence academic success and socioeconomic background is one that researchers have long explored.”

“The question of whether solutions that work in developed nations can be applied to developing countries is one which requires careful consideration.”

Tích Hợp Vào Câu Phức

Ví dụ câu phức Band 9:

“Although the benefits that technology provides are undeniable, the challenges which emerge from our increasing dependence on digital systems – challenges that range from privacy concerns to social isolation – suggest that a more balanced approach, one that maintains human connection while embracing innovation, is necessary.”

Phân tích cấu trúc:

• Concession clause (Although…) + 2 relative clauses
• Em dash để thêm thông tin
• Appositive với relative clause (one that maintains…)
• Tổng cộng 4 relative clauses được kết hợp tự nhiên

Ví dụ Writing Task 2 Band 8-9:

“While critics who oppose widespread digitalization of education argue that face-to-face interaction, which has been the foundation of learning for centuries, cannot be replicated online, proponents point to the accessibility that digital platforms provide and the personalized learning experiences which adaptive technologies enable – advantages that traditional classroom settings struggle to match.”

→ Đặc điểm Band 9:

• Multiple relative clauses (6 clauses)
• Varied pronoun use (who, which, that)
• Complex sentence structure
• Academic tone
• Natural flow despite complexity

Kỹ thuật nâng cao sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ để đạt Band 8-9 IELTS

So Sánh: Defining vs Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Điểm Khác Biệt Cơ Bản

Tiêu chí	Defining Relative Clauses	Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Dấu phẩy	Không có dấu phẩy	Có dấu phẩy ở hai bên
Thông tin	Thiết yếu, xác định danh từ	Bổ sung, không bắt buộc
Có thể bỏ?	Không (làm thay đổi nghĩa)	Có (nghĩa vẫn rõ ràng)
Dùng “that”	Có thể dùng	Không dùng “that”
Phổ biến trong IELTS	Rất cao (cả 4 kỹ năng)	Cao hơn ở Writing Task 2
Tone	Neutral, informative	Formal, academic

So Sánh Cụ Thể

Ví dụ 1: Xác định cụ thể vs Thông tin thêm

Defining: “Students who study hard pass their exams.”
→ Nghĩa: Chỉ những sinh viên học chăm chỉ mới đậu (không phải tất cả sinh viên).

Non-defining: “Students, who study hard, pass their exams.”
→ Nghĩa: Tất cả sinh viên đều học chăm chỉ, và họ đậu kỳ thi.

Ví dụ 2: Thông tin cần thiết vs Thông tin bổ sung

Defining: “The book that I borrowed is very interesting.”
→ Xác định: Quyển sách nào trong số nhiều quyển? → Quyển tôi mượn.

Non-defining: “This book, which I borrowed last week, is very interesting.”
→ Bổ sung: Quyển sách này (đã rõ) thú vị. Nhân tiện, tôi mượn nó tuần trước.

Trong IELTS Context

Speaking Part 2 – Cả hai loại:

Defining (phổ biến hơn):
“The teacher who influenced me most taught English.”
→ Xác định giáo viên cụ thể.

Non-defining (thêm chi tiết):
“My English teacher, who had over 20 years of experience, was incredibly inspiring.”
→ Thêm thông tin về giáo viên đã được nhắc đến.

Writing Task 2 – Sử dụng linh hoạt:

Defining (luận điểm chính xác):
“Policies that address root causes are more effective than temporary measures.”
→ Chỉ những chính sách giải quyết nguyên nhân gốc rễ mới hiệu quả.

Non-defining (thêm chi tiết học thuật):
“Renewable energy, which has become increasingly affordable, offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.”
→ Năng lượng tái tạo (đã rõ) là giải pháp bền vững. Thông tin thêm: ngày càng rẻ.

Khi Nào Dùng Loại Nào?

Dùng Defining khi:

• Có nhiều đối tượng, cần chỉ rõ đối tượng nào
• Thông tin trong mệnh đề là cốt lõi để hiểu câu
• Speaking Part 1, 2 (mô tả, kể chuyện)
• Writing Task 1 (xác định dữ liệu cụ thể)

Dùng Non-defining khi:

• Đối tượng đã rõ ràng (tên riêng, “my father”, “the government”)
• Muốn thêm thông tin background không ảnh hưởng luận điểm chính
• Tạo tone formal, academic trong Writing Task 2
• Speaking Part 3 khi phân tích chuyên sâu

Ví dụ áp dụng chiến lược:

Topic: Technology

Defining (focus on specific type):
“The technology that has transformed education most is the internet.”
→ Xác định loại công nghệ cụ thể.

Non-defining (add general information):
“The internet, which connects billions of people worldwide, has revolutionized how we access information.”
→ Internet (ai cũng biết), thêm thông tin về tầm ảnh hưởng.

Kết hợp cả hai (Band 8+):
“The internet, which has become ubiquitous, provides tools that enable learners to access resources which were once available only in universities.”
→ Non-defining cho background + Defining cho specific tools.

Lỗi Thường Gặp & Cách Sửa

Lỗi 1: Nhầm Lẫn Giữa WHO/WHICH/THAT

❌ SAI:
“The book who I read was interesting.”
“The teacher which taught me was excellent.”
“My mother, that is a doctor, works at the hospital.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The book that/which I read was interesting.”
“The teacher who/that taught me was excellent.”
“My mother, who is a doctor, works at the hospital.”

Giải thích:

• WHO: Chỉ dùng cho người
• WHICH: Chỉ dùng cho vật, động vật, ý tưởng
• THAT: Dùng cho cả người và vật trong Defining Relative Clauses, KHÔNG dùng trong Non-defining

Quy tắc ghi nhớ:

• Người → WHO/THAT
• Vật → WHICH/THAT
• Có dấu phẩy → WHO/WHICH (không dùng THAT)

Bài tập tự kiểm tra:

• The girl _____ sits next to me is friendly. (who/that)
• The car _____ I bought is reliable. (which/that)
• My sister, _____ lives abroad, visits yearly. (who – có dấu phẩy)

Lỗi 2: Thiếu Hoặc Thừa Động Từ

❌ SAI:
“The students who is from Vietnam are hardworking.”
“People who works from home saves time.”
“The book that on the table is mine.” (thiếu động từ)

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The students who are from Vietnam are hardworking.”
“People who work from home save time.”
“The book that is on the table is mine.”

Giải thích:

• Động từ trong relative clause chia theo danh từ đứng trước relative pronoun
• “Students” (số nhiều) → “are”
• “People” (số nhiều) → “work”
• Phải có động từ trong relative clause (is/are/was/were/V)

Lưu ý đặc biệt:

• “The student who studies hard…” (student – số ít → studies)
• “Students who study hard…” (students – số nhiều → study)
• “The book which is expensive…” (book – số ít → is)

Lỗi 3: Thừa Đại Từ Hoặc Danh Từ Trong Mệnh Đề

❌ SAI:
“The teacher who she taught me was excellent.”
“The book that I read it was interesting.”
“The city where I live there is beautiful.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The teacher who taught me was excellent.”
“The book that I read was interesting.”
“The city where I live is beautiful.”

Giải thích:

• Relative pronoun (who/which/that/where) đã thay thế cho danh từ
• Không được lặp lại đại từ (she/it/there) hoặc danh từ

Cấu trúc đúng:

Danh từ + Relative Pronoun + Verb (không có đại từ thêm)
          ↑
    Đã thay thế rồi, không cần "it/she/he/they"

Ví dụ phân tích:
❌ “The problem that we discussed it yesterday…”
✅ “The problem that we discussed yesterday…”
→ “That” đã thay thế cho “the problem”, không cần “it”

Lỗi 4: Dùng Sai Thì Của Động Từ

❌ SAI:
“The movie that I see yesterday was great.”
“People who worked regularly from home now are more productive.”
“The technology which will invented next year will change everything.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The movie that I saw yesterday was great.”
“People who work regularly from home now are more productive.”
“The technology which will be invented next year will change everything.”

Giải thích:

• Thì trong relative clause phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh thời gian
• “Yesterday” → Past simple (saw)
• “Now” → Present simple (work)
• “Next year” + passive → Future passive (will be invented)

Time markers quan trọng:

• Yesterday/last week/ago → Past simple
• Now/currently/these days → Present simple/continuous
• Always/usually/often → Present simple
• Since/for → Present perfect
• Next year/in the future → Future

Lỗi 5: Nhầm Lẫn Giữa WHOSE và WHO’S

❌ SAI:
“The student who’s father is a doctor studies medicine.”
“The author whose written many books will speak tomorrow.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The student whose father is a doctor studies medicine.”
“The author who’s (who has) written many books will speak tomorrow.”

Giải thích:

• WHOSE: Chỉ sở hữu (của ai), luôn đi kèm danh từ

  • Whose + Noun + Verb
  • “Whose father” = father của ai

• WHO’S: Viết tắt của “who is” hoặc “who has”

  • Who’s (who is) = đang là
  • Who’s (who has) = đã

Công thức:

✅ WHOSE + NOUN + VERB
   "whose father is"
   "whose book won"
   "whose ideas influenced"

✅ WHO'S = WHO IS/HAS
   "who's (who is) speaking"
   "who's (who has) written"

Lỗi 6: Thiếu Giới Từ Hoặc Đặt Sai Vị Trí

❌ SAI:
“The company I work is international.”
“The issue which we talked was important.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The company that I work for is international.”
“The issue which we talked about was important.”

Hoặc (formal style):
“The company for which I work is international.”
“The issue about which we talked was important.”

Giải thích:

• Nhiều động từ cần giới từ: work for, talk about, depend on, belong to
• Informal style: Giới từ ở cuối mệnh đề
• Formal style (Band 8+): Giới từ trước relative pronoun

Common verbs cần giới từ:

• work for (làm việc cho)
• talk about (nói về)
• depend on (phụ thuộc vào)
• belong to (thuộc về)
• rely on (dựa vào)
• care about (quan tâm đến)

Lỗi 7: Dùng Sai WHERE/WHEN/WHY

❌ SAI:
“The time where I was happy was my childhood.”
“The reason which I left was personal.”
“The school when I studied is old.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The time when I was happy was my childhood.”
“The reason why I left was personal.”
“The school where I studied is old.”

Giải thích:

• WHERE: Nơi chốn (place) → “at/in/on + which”
• WHEN: Thời gian (time/day/year/period) → “at/in/on + which”
• WHY: Lý do (reason) → “for which”

Quy tắc:

Place (city/school/country/house) + WHERE
Time (day/time/moment/period) + WHEN
Reason + WHY

Ví dụ:

• “The restaurant where we ate was expensive.”
• “The day when I graduated was memorable.”
• “The reason why he left is unclear.”

Lỗi thường gặp khi sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ và cách sửa chữa cho học viên Việt Nam

Bài Tập Thực Hành

Bài Tập 1: Điền Đại Từ Quan Hệ Phù Hợp

Chọn who, which, that, whose, where để hoàn thành câu:

1. The students _____ study abroad gain valuable experience.
2. The book _____ I borrowed from the library is very informative.
3. The city _____ I was born has changed dramatically.
4. People _____ work hard deserve success.
5. The research _____ was conducted last year shows interesting results.
6. The professor _____ course I attended is an expert in linguistics.
7. The technology _____ has transformed education is the internet.
8. The restaurant _____ we had dinner serves excellent food.
9. The reasons _____ people migrate are complex.
10. Everything _____ you need is in this guide.
11. The woman _____ daughter won the competition is my neighbor.
12. This is the most interesting book _____ I have ever read.
13. The problems _____ affect developing countries require international cooperation.
14. The period _____ I lived in Japan was unforgettable.
15. The company _____ products are environmentally friendly is growing rapidly.

Bài Tập 2: Tìm Và Sửa Lỗi

Mỗi câu có một lỗi sai. Tìm và sửa:

1. The teacher which taught me English was excellent. [❌]
2. People who works from home saves commuting time. [❌]
3. The book that I read it last week was fascinating. [❌]
4. Students whose are motivated achieve better results. [❌]
5. The city where I live there is very crowded. [❌]
6. My friend, that lives in London, is visiting next month. [❌]
7. The problem which we discussed about it was serious. [❌]
8. The movie who won the award was directed by a newcomer. [❌]
9. The time where I was happiest was during university. [❌]
10. The students who is from Vietnam are hardworking. [❌]
11. Technology which has developed rapidly changes our lives. [❌]
12. The reason which I left was personal. [❌]
13. The house where we lived in it was very old. [❌]
14. People who’s children attend good schools are fortunate. [❌]
15. The company I work is international. [❌]

Bài Tập 3: Kết Hợp Câu Sử Dụng Relative Clauses

Kết hợp hai câu thành một câu sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ:

1. The woman is my teacher. She lives next door.
   → ___

2. I read a book last night. The book was very interesting.
   → ___

3. Students often succeed. They work consistently.
   → ___

4. The café is popular with students. We usually meet there.
   → ___

5. I met a person yesterday. His brother is a famous actor.
   → ___

6. The laptop is very expensive. You recommended it.
   → ___

7. The company has been very successful. It was founded in 2010.
   → ___

8. The time was memorable. I graduated from university during that time.
   → ___

9. The policy will be effective. It addresses environmental concerns.
   → ___

10. People are more productive. They maintain work-life balance.
    → ___

Bài Tập 4: Viết Câu Hoàn Chỉnh Cho IELTS

Viết câu hoàn chỉnh sử dụng relative clauses cho các tình huống IELTS sau:

Speaking Part 2:

1. Describe a person who influenced you:
   (teacher / inspire / teach / critical thinking)
   → Your answer: ___

2. Describe a place you like to visit:
   (city / beautiful beaches / visit / every summer)
   → Your answer: ___

Writing Task 2:

3. Opinion about education:
   (students / develop / critical thinking skills / achieve / academic success)
   → Your answer: ___

4. Technology topic:
   (technology / transform / communication / become / essential)
   → Your answer: ___

5. Environmental issue:
   (countries / invest / renewable energy / reduce / carbon emissions)
   → Your answer: ___

Bài Tập 5: Rút Gọn Mệnh Đề (Nâng Cao)

Viết lại câu, rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ khi có thể:

1. Students who are studying abroad face many challenges.
   → ___

2. The data which was collected in 2023 shows interesting trends.
   → ___

3. People who live in urban areas experience different problems.
   → ___

4. The policy that was introduced last year has been effective.
   → ___

5. Research that examines climate change is urgently needed.
   → ___

Bài Tập 6: Writing Task 2 – Paragraph Practice

Viết một đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh (80-100 từ) cho topic sau, sử dụng ít nhất 5 relative clauses:

Topic: “Some people believe that technology has made our lives more complicated. Others think it has made life easier. Discuss both views.”

Your paragraph (supporting the view that technology complicates life):

---

---

---

---

---

---

Yêu cầu:

• Sử dụng ít nhất 5 relative clauses
• Đa dạng đại từ quan hệ (who, which, that, whose, where)
• Academic vocabulary
• Coherent structure

---

Đáp Án Bài Tập

Đáp Án Bài Tập 1:

1. who/that – “The students who study abroad…” (người)
2. which/that – “The book that I borrowed…” (vật)
3. where – “The city where I was born…” (nơi chốn)
4. who/that – “People who work hard…” (người)
5. which/that – “The research which was conducted…” (vật)
6. whose – “The professor whose course…” (sở hữu)
7. which/that – “The technology that has transformed…” (vật)
8. where – “The restaurant where we had dinner…” (nơi chốn)
9. why – “The reasons why people migrate…” (lý do)
10. that – “Everything that you need…” (sau everything phải dùng that)
11. whose – “The woman whose daughter won…” (sở hữu)
12. that – “…the most interesting book that…” (sau so sánh nhất phải dùng that)
13. which/that – “The problems that affect…” (vật/ý tưởng)
14. when – “The period when I lived…” (thời gian)
15. whose – “The company whose products are…” (sở hữu)

Đáp Án Bài Tập 2:

1. ❌ “which” → ✅ “who/that” (người phải dùng who)
2. ❌ “works/saves” → ✅ “work/save” (People số nhiều)
3. ❌ “read it” → ✅ “read” (that đã thay thế the book, không cần it)
4. ❌ “whose are” → ✅ “who are” (chủ ngữ dùng who, không phải whose)
5. ❌ “live there” → ✅ “live” (where đã thay thế nơi chốn, không cần there)
6. ❌ “that” → ✅ “who” (có dấu phẩy không dùng that)
7. ❌ “discussed about it” → ✅ “discussed” (discuss không dùng about, và đã có which thay thế)
8. ❌ “who” → ✅ “which/that” (movie là vật)
9. ❌ “where” → ✅ “when” (time là thời gian)
10. ❌ “is” → ✅ “are” (students số nhiều)
11. ❌ “has developed” → ✅ “has been developed” (passive) HOẶC giữ nguyên nhưng sửa nghĩa
12. ❌ “which” → ✅ “why” (reason dùng why)
13. ❌ “lived in it” → ✅ “lived in” hoặc “lived” (where đã bao gồm “in”)
14. ❌ “who’s” → ✅ “whose” (sở hữu, không phải viết tắt who is)
15. ❌ “work” → ✅ “work for” (thiếu giới từ)

Đáp Án Bài Tập 3:

1. “The woman who lives next door is my teacher.”
   HOẶC: “The woman who is my teacher lives next door.”

2. “The book (that/which) I read last night was very interesting.”

3. “Students who work consistently often succeed.”

4. “The café where we usually meet is popular with students.”

5. “I met a person yesterday whose brother is a famous actor.”

6. “The laptop (that/which) you recommended is very expensive.”

7. “The company which was founded in 2010 has been very successful.”

8. “The time when I graduated from university was memorable.”

9. “The policy which addresses environmental concerns will be effective.”

10. “People who maintain work-life balance are more productive.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 4:

Sample answers (có thể có nhiều cách viết):

1. “The person who influenced me most was my English teacher, who taught me the importance of critical thinking and inspired me to pursue higher education.”

2. “The city that I like to visit is Danang, which has beautiful beaches and where I go every summer to relax.”

3. “Students who develop critical thinking skills at an early age tend to achieve greater academic success in subjects that require analytical thinking.”

4. “Technology that has transformed the way we communicate has become essential in modern life, particularly tools which enable instant global connection.”

5. “Countries that invest in renewable energy technologies are likely to reduce their carbon emissions significantly, which benefits the environment in the long term.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 5:

1. “Students studying abroad face many challenges.”
   (Rút gọn: who are studying → studying)

2. “The data collected in 2023 shows interesting trends.”
   (Rút gọn: which was collected → collected)

3. “People living in urban areas experience different problems.”
   (Rút gọn: who live → living)

4. “The policy introduced last year has been effective.”
   (Rút gọn: that was introduced → introduced)

5. “Research examining climate change is urgently needed.”
   (Rút gọn: that examines → examining)

Đáp Án Bài Tập 6:

Sample paragraph Band 7-8:

“There are valid reasons why some people believe that technology complicates modern life. The devices that we use daily require constant updates and troubleshooting, which creates frustration for users who are not tech-savvy. Moreover, the vast amount of information that is available online can be overwhelming, making it difficult for individuals to distinguish reliable sources from unreliable ones. The privacy concerns which arise from data collection add another layer of complexity that previous generations never faced. Additionally, the pressure to stay connected constantly, which social media platforms encourage, blurs the boundaries between work and personal life. These challenges suggest that the convenience that technology provides comes at the cost of increased mental burden and stress.”

Analysis:

• 10+ relative clauses (who, which, that)
• Đa dạng cấu trúc
• Academic vocabulary
• Coherent flow
• Band 7-8 level

Đề Luyện Tập & Kết Bài

Speaking Practice Topics

Part 2 – Describe Topics:

1. Describe a person who has taught you something important

Suggested structure sử dụng relative clauses:

• Who this person is: “The person who taught me… is someone that I met…”
• What they taught: “The skills which I learned… / The lessons that I gained…”
• Why important: “The impact that this had… / The knowledge which has helped me…”

Key relative clauses to use:

• “The person who influenced me…”
• “Someone that I greatly admire…”
• “The lessons which I learned…”
• “The advice that she gave me…”
• “The experience which shaped my thinking…”

2. Describe a place you would like to visit

Focus areas:

• Location: “The country where I want to go…”
• Features: “The attractions that interest me…”
• Reasons: “The culture which fascinates me…”

3. Describe a technological device you find useful

Target relative clauses:

• “The device that I use most…”
• “Features which make it useful…”
• “Apps that help me…”
• “The convenience which it provides…”

Part 3 – Discussion Topics:

1. How has education changed in recent years?

Practice using:

• “Methods that teachers use…”
• “Technology which has transformed…”
• “Students who learn online…”
• “The skills that employers seek…”

2. What are the benefits and drawbacks of social media?

Focus on:

• “Platforms which connect people…”
• “Content that spreads quickly…”
• “Issues which arise from…”
• “The generation that grew up with social media…”

3. What environmental problems do cities face?

Key structures:

• “Problems that affect urban areas…”
• “Pollution which results from…”
• “Solutions that address…”
• “Cities where policies have been effective…”

Writing Task 2 Practice Topics

1. Opinion Essay:

Topic: “Universities should focus on subjects that provide clear career benefits rather than subjects like art or philosophy. To what extent do you agree or disagree?”

Challenge: Sử dụng ít nhất 8 relative clauses trong bài (250+ words)

Target structures:

• “Subjects that provide career benefits…”
• “Students who study practical courses…”
• “The knowledge which students gain from humanities…”
• “Skills that transfer across disciplines…”

2. Discussion Essay:

Topic: “Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between countries is positive. Others think it threatens national identity. Discuss both views.”

Requirements:

• View 1: 4-5 relative clauses
• View 2: 4-5 relative clauses
• Introduction & Conclusion: 2-3 relative clauses

Useful phrases:

• “Benefits which arise from…”
• “The globalization that characterizes…”
• “Countries whose cultures are influenced…”
• “Traditions that define national identity…”

3. Problem-Solution Essay:

Topic: “Traffic congestion is a serious problem in many cities. What problems does this cause and what solutions can you suggest?”

Structure với relative clauses:

• Introduction: Define the problem which affects…
• Problems: Health issues that result from…
• Solutions: Measures that address / Policies which have proven…

4. Advantage-Disadvantage Essay:

Topic: “More people are working remotely. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.”

Target:

• Advantages paragraph: 5 relative clauses
• Disadvantages paragraph: 5 relative clauses

Tự Đánh Giá

Checklist khi luyện tập:

Accuracy (Độ chính xác):

• [ ] Chọn đúng đại từ quan hệ (who/which/that/whose/where)
• [ ] Động từ chia đúng theo danh từ đứng trước
• [ ] Không thừa đại từ (it/she/he/there)
• [ ] Có đủ động từ trong mệnh đề
• [ ] Dùng đúng thì

Range (Đa dạng):

• [ ] Sử dụng ít nhất 3 loại đại từ khác nhau
• [ ] Kết hợp với nhiều thì khác nhau
• [ ] Có cả chủ ngữ và tân ngữ relative pronouns
• [ ] Thử rút gọn mệnh đề (nâng cao)

Naturalness (Tự nhiên):

• [ ] Không lạm dụng (quá nhiều trong một câu)
• [ ] Phù hợp với context
• [ ] Tạo được sự liên kết logic
• [ ] Không làm câu quá phức tạp khó hiểu

IELTS Relevance:

• [ ] Phù hợp với topic
• [ ] Đúng tone (formal cho Writing, natural cho Speaking)
• [ ] Giúp phát triển ý tưởng
• [ ] Tạo độ chính xác cho luận điểm

Lộ Trình Học

Tuần 1-2: Nắm vững cơ bản

• Học 5 đại từ quan hệ chính
• Làm bài tập điền từ (50-100 câu)
• Luyện Speaking Part 1 với relative clauses
• Viết câu đơn giản kết hợp

Tuần 3-4: Áp dụng vào IELTS

• Speaking Part 2: Chuẩn bị 10 topics
• Writing Task 2: Viết 5 đoạn văn
• Phân tích sample answers Band 7-8
• Ghi âm và tự đánh giá

Tuần 5-6: Nâng cao

• Rút gọn mệnh đề
• Kết hợp với cấu trúc phức
• Speaking Part 3: Thảo luận sâu
• Writing: Hoàn thiện full essays

Tuần 7-8: Thực hành tổng hợp

• Mock tests
• Tự sửa lỗi
• So sánh với band descriptors
• Finalize techniques

Tổng Kết

Relative Clauses Defining là cấu trúc ngữ pháp không thể thiếu để đạt Band 7+ trong IELTS. Khi sử dụng thành thạo, cấu trúc này giúp bạn:

Trong Speaking:

• Mở rộng câu trả lời tự nhiên
• Tạo mô tả chi tiết và cụ thể
• Thể hiện khả năng diễn đạt phức tạp
• Tránh lặp từ và câu ngắn

Trong Writing:

• Tạo độ chính xác cho luận điểm
• Kết nối ý tưởng mạch lạc
• Thể hiện academic style
• Nâng band điểm Grammatical Range & Accuracy

Keys to Success:

1. Practice consistently – Luyện tập mỗi ngày với các topic IELTS
2. Record yourself – Ghi âm Speaking để nghe lại và sửa lỗi
3. Analyze samples – Học từ bài mẫu Band 8-9
4. Get feedback – Nhờ giáo viên hoặc bạn học check lỗi
5. Be natural – Đừng cố nhét quá nhiều, ưu tiên sự tự nhiên

Hãy nhớ: Quality over quantity – Sử dụng đúng 5-7 relative clauses trong một bài Writing Task 2 tốt hơn là dùng 15 clauses nhưng sai nhiều lỗi. Trong Speaking, tự nhiên và chính xác quan trọng hơn việc dùng quá nhiều cấu trúc phức tạp.

Chúc bạn học tốt và đạt band điểm mong muốn!