Mở Bài
Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và tác động của nó đến cộng đồng nông thôn (Renewable Energy’s Impact On Rural Communities) đang ngày càng xuất hiện nhiều trong các bài thi IELTS Reading thực tế. Đây là một chủ đề thuộc lĩnh vực môi trường – xã hội, thường xuất hiện ở cả ba độ khó trong đề thi chính thức. Hiểu rõ chủ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi gặp các bài đọc tương tự mà còn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật quan trọng.
Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ nhận được một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, bao gồm: Passage 1 (độ khó Easy, Band 5.0-6.5) giới thiệu về các dự án năng lượng tái tạo cơ bản ở nông thôn; Passage 2 (độ khó Medium, Band 6.0-7.5) phân tích sâu hơn về lợi ích kinh tế và xã hội; và Passage 3 (độ khó Hard, Band 7.0-9.0) đi sâu vào các nghiên cứu học thuật và thách thức phức tạp. Mỗi passage đi kèm với 13-14 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng, đáp án chi tiết có giải thích, và danh sách từ vựng quan trọng.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, muốn luyện tập với tài liệu chất lượng cao và hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng dạng câu hỏi trong IELTS Reading.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Điểm thô (raw score) sẽ được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 1-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất, cần tận dụng để ghi điểm tối đa)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần cân bằng tốc độ và độ chính xác)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, dành thời gian nhiều hơn để phân tích)
Lưu ý: Bạn nên dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet và kiểm tra lại.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice (Trắc nghiệm chọn đáp án)
- True/False/Not Given (Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập)
- Matching Information (Nối thông tin với đoạn văn)
- Sentence Completion (Hoàn thành câu)
- Matching Headings (Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn)
- Summary Completion (Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt)
- Short-answer Questions (Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn)
Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau: skimming (đọc lướt), scanning (quét thông tin), hay detailed reading (đọc chi tiết).
Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading về năng lượng tái tạo và cộng đồng nông thôn hiệu quả
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Solar Power Brings Light to Remote Villages
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
In many remote rural areas around the world, access to reliable electricity remains a significant challenge. Traditional power grids are expensive to extend to isolated communities, leaving millions of people without consistent access to light, refrigeration, or modern communication tools. However, the advent of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar power, has begun to transform these communities in remarkable ways.
Solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, have become increasingly affordable and efficient over the past two decades. In countries such as India, Kenya, and Bangladesh, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government initiatives have installed solar systems in thousands of villages that were previously off-grid. These installations range from small household solar kits that can power a few LED lights and charge mobile phones, to larger community solar systems that can run water pumps, health clinics, and schools.
The impact on daily life has been profound. Women and children, who traditionally spent hours collecting firewood or using kerosene lamps for lighting, now have more time for education and income-generating activities. Students can study after sunset, which has led to improved academic performance in many communities. Small businesses have emerged, as entrepreneurs use electricity to run sewing machines, grain mills, and refrigeration units for storing vaccines and fresh produce.
In the village of Dharnai in Bihar, India, a solar microgrid was installed in 2014, providing electricity to approximately 2,400 residents. Before this project, villagers relied on expensive diesel generators that ran for only a few hours each day. The solar system now provides 24-hour electricity, enabling households to use fans during hot summers and supporting the operation of a local cold storage facility. According to village leader Ramesh Kumar, “Our children no longer have to study under dim kerosene lamps. The smoke-free environment has also improved health conditions, especially for women who cook indoors.”
Economic benefits have been equally significant. The installation and maintenance of solar systems create local employment opportunities. In many projects, community members receive training to become solar technicians, developing skills that are increasingly valuable. Additionally, households save money previously spent on kerosene, candles, and diesel, which can be redirected toward education, healthcare, or agricultural investments.
However, challenges remain. The initial cost of solar systems can be prohibitive for poor families, even though the long-term savings are substantial. Financing schemes, such as pay-as-you-go models using mobile money, have helped address this barrier in some regions. Technical issues, including battery degradation and lack of spare parts, can also affect system performance. Successful projects typically include provisions for ongoing maintenance and community training.
Environmental advantages add another dimension to the benefits. By replacing kerosene lamps and diesel generators, solar power reduces carbon emissions and air pollution. A single solar lamp can offset approximately 100 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions per year. In communities near forests, reduced demand for firewood helps preserve natural habitats and biodiversity.
Looking forward, experts predict that solar power will continue to expand in rural areas, especially as technology improves and costs decline further. The International Energy Agency estimates that by 2030, solar systems could provide electricity to over 400 million people who currently lack access. Combined with other renewable technologies like small-scale wind turbines and biogas digesters, rural communities are increasingly able to achieve energy independence while contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts.
The success stories emerging from these projects demonstrate that renewable energy is not merely an environmental solution but also a powerful tool for social development and poverty reduction in rural communities worldwide.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. What is the main reason traditional power grids are not extended to remote rural areas?
A. They are too complex to maintain
B. Rural communities refuse them
C. The cost of extension is too high
D. Solar power is more reliable
2. According to the passage, solar panels have become more practical due to:
A. government regulations
B. increased efficiency and lower costs
C. better weather conditions
D. improved transportation
3. What was the situation in Dharnai village before 2014?
A. There was no electricity at all
B. Electricity was available 24 hours from solar power
C. Diesel generators provided limited electricity
D. Kerosene was the only energy source
4. The pay-as-you-go model mentioned in the passage helps with:
A. training solar technicians
B. reducing carbon emissions
C. maintaining solar equipment
D. making solar systems more affordable
5. According to the International Energy Agency, by 2030 solar systems could serve:
A. 2,400 people
B. 400 million people
C. all rural communities
D. 100 million households
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Solar power systems in rural areas only provide lighting for households.
7. Women and children benefit from solar power because they have more time for other activities.
8. All solar power projects in rural areas have been completely successful without any problems.
9. Solar lamps produce fewer carbon emissions than kerosene lamps.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. Students’ __ has improved in communities with access to electricity.
11. In Dharnai, the solar system created a __ that is free from smoke.
12. Community members can be trained to work as __ to maintain solar systems.
13. Reduced need for firewood helps protect __ in areas near forests.
PASSAGE 2 – Economic Transformation Through Renewable Energy in Rural Regions
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
A. The proliferation of renewable energy projects in rural communities has triggered a multifaceted economic transformation that extends far beyond simple electrification. While the immediate benefits of lighting and basic power are evident, researchers have identified a complex web of secondary effects that fundamentally alter rural economies, social structures, and development trajectories. Understanding these deeper impacts requires examining not just the technical aspects of energy provision, but also the intricate relationships between energy access, economic opportunity, and social change.
B. One of the most significant economic impacts involves the creation of local value chains around renewable energy systems. Unlike centralized fossil fuel-based power generation, which typically concentrates economic benefits in urban centers, distributed renewable energy creates opportunities for rural entrepreneurship at multiple levels. Local businesses emerge to handle installation, maintenance, and repair services. In Nepal, for instance, micro-hydro projects have spawned networks of trained technicians who service systems across mountain communities, earning sustainable incomes while building technical capacity within their regions. This localization of expertise contrasts sharply with traditional energy systems that require external specialists, thus retaining capital within rural economies.
C. Agricultural productivity represents another domain experiencing profound transformation. Irrigation pumps powered by solar energy have eliminated dependence on expensive diesel fuel, whose costs fluctuate unpredictably and whose supply chains are often unreliable in remote areas. In Rajasthan, India, farmers using solar pumps reported a 30% increase in crop yields due to more consistent irrigation schedules. Moreover, cold storage facilities powered by renewable energy have dramatically reduced post-harvest losses. Studies in East Africa indicate that communities with solar-powered cold storage experience up to 40% less food spoilage, directly increasing farmers’ net income and improving food security. These infrastructure improvements have ripple effects throughout local economies, supporting agribusiness development and market integration.
D. The gender dynamics of renewable energy access deserve particular attention. Traditional energy systems in rural areas often place disproportionate burdens on women, who typically bear responsibility for collecting firewood and managing household energy needs. The time poverty this creates limits women’s ability to engage in education, income-generating activities, or community leadership. Solar energy systems alleviate this burden substantially. Research conducted in Bangladesh showed that women in electrified households gained an average of two additional hours per day for productive activities. Furthermore, energy access enables women to operate home-based enterprises such as tailoring, food processing, or mobile phone charging stations, which provide income while accommodating childcare responsibilities. This economic empowerment frequently translates into greater decision-making authority within households and communities.
E. Educational outcomes show measurable improvements in communities with reliable renewable energy access. Beyond the obvious advantage of evening study hours, electricity enables schools to utilize educational technology, from computers to audio-visual learning tools. In rural Kenya, schools connected to solar minigrids reported 25% higher attendance rates and significant improvements in examination performance, particularly in science subjects. Teachers are more willing to accept postings in electrified communities, reducing staff turnover and improving educational quality. Additionally, adult education programs and vocational training become feasible when facilities have reliable lighting and power for equipment.
F. Healthcare delivery in rural areas undergoes substantial enhancement with renewable energy access. Medical clinics can refrigerate vaccines and medications, operate diagnostic equipment, and provide emergency lighting for nighttime procedures. Maternal mortality rates have decreased in some regions where solar-powered health facilities can perform deliveries safely at any hour. Telemedicine initiatives, which connect rural practitioners with specialists in urban hospitals via internet-enabled video consultations, become possible only with reliable electricity. A study in Rwanda found that health centers with solar power systems served 40% more patients and reported better health outcomes across multiple indicators.
G. However, the economic transformation is not without complications. The transition to renewable energy can disrupt existing economic relationships. Merchants who previously sold kerosene, batteries, or diesel may face reduced demand, creating localized economic displacement. Furthermore, if renewable energy projects are not designed with community participation, they may fail to align with actual local needs or create dependency on external organizations for maintenance and support. The most successful projects incorporate capacity-building components that ensure communities can manage systems independently and adapt them to evolving needs.
H. Financial mechanisms play a crucial role in determining whether renewable energy projects generate inclusive economic benefits or exacerbate existing inequalities. Subsidized programs and microfinance initiatives help ensure that poor households can access technology, preventing a scenario where only relatively wealthy rural families benefit. In Tanzania, a cooperative ownership model for a village solar system ensured that profits from selling excess electricity were reinvested in community development projects, creating a virtuous cycle of improvement rather than concentrating benefits among a few individuals.
Biến đổi kinh tế cộng đồng nông thôn thông qua năng lượng tái tạo và phát triển bền vững
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Matching Headings
The passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. Energy access and improved health services
ii. Financial systems supporting equal access
iii. Creating jobs and business opportunities locally
iv. Problems arising from energy transition
v. Enhanced farming and food preservation
vi. Women gaining time and economic power
vii. Better education through reliable electricity
viii. Environmental benefits of renewable systems
ix. Technical challenges in installation
14. Paragraph B
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph D
17. Paragraph E
18. Paragraph F
Questions 19-23: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
19. Renewable energy systems create more local economic opportunities than centralized fossil fuel power generation.
20. Solar-powered irrigation is always more reliable than diesel-powered systems in all circumstances.
21. Women in Bangladesh saved approximately two hours daily after getting access to solar electricity.
22. All rural merchants support the introduction of renewable energy in their communities.
23. Cooperative ownership models for solar systems are more effective than individual ownership.
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Renewable energy has multiple effects on rural economies. In agriculture, solar irrigation has helped increase 24. __ by 30% in some areas of India. Healthcare has also improved, with 25. __ falling in regions with solar-powered facilities. However, the transition must include 26. __ to ensure communities can manage systems themselves.
PASSAGE 3 – Socioeconomic Paradigms and Renewable Energy Integration in Rural Development
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The integration of renewable energy infrastructure into rural communities represents far more than a mere technological intervention; it constitutes a fundamental reconfiguration of the socioeconomic paradigms that have historically governed rural development trajectories. Contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes that energy transitions in rural contexts operate as catalysts for broader structural transformations, precipitating shifts in power relations, economic organization, and community governance structures. However, the relationship between renewable energy adoption and rural development outcomes remains characterized by significant heterogeneity, with success contingent upon a complex interplay of technological, institutional, social, and ecological factors that defy simplistic universal prescriptions.
Recent empirical research employing quasi-experimental methodologies has begun to disentangle the causal mechanisms through which renewable energy access influences rural socioeconomic indicators. A longitudinal study conducted across 250 villages in sub-Saharan Africa utilized propensity score matching to compare communities that received off-grid solar installations with demographically similar communities that did not. The findings revealed statistically significant improvements in multidimensional poverty indices among electrified communities, with particularly pronounced effects on income diversification, educational attainment, and health outcomes. However, these effects demonstrated considerable variance across contexts, moderated by factors including initial levels of social capital, distance to markets, and the presence of complementary infrastructure such as roads and telecommunications networks.
The political economy of renewable energy deployment in rural areas warrants critical examination. While proponents often frame decentralized renewable energy systems as inherently democratizing technologies that empower rural communities, the reality frequently proves more nuanced. The configuration of ownership structures, governance mechanisms, and benefit distribution systems fundamentally shapes whether renewable energy projects reinforce or challenge existing power asymmetries. In some cases, elite capture of renewable energy resources has exacerbated rural inequalities, with politically connected individuals or families monopolizing access to technology, technical training, and economic opportunities generated by energy projects. Conversely, projects designed with participatory governance frameworks and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms have demonstrated potential to strengthen community cohesion and foster more inclusive development processes.
The concept of “energy justice” has emerged as a valuable analytical lens through which to evaluate renewable energy initiatives in rural contexts. This framework encompasses three dimensions: distributive justice (who receives benefits and bears costs), procedural justice (how decisions are made and who participates), and recognition justice (whose values and perspectives are acknowledged). Applying this framework to rural renewable energy projects reveals systematic disparities in how different social groups experience energy transitions. Marginalized populations, including indigenous communities, lower caste groups, and ethnic minorities, frequently face barriers to accessing renewable energy benefits even when projects operate in their geographic proximity. These barriers may be economic (inability to afford connection fees or equipment), social (exclusion from decision-making processes), or cultural (technology design that fails to accommodate traditional practices or values).
Ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation represent an important yet often overlooked dimension of renewable energy’s impact on rural communities. While renewable energy technologies generally produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuel alternatives, their deployment is not ecologically neutral. Large-scale solar installations occupy land that might otherwise support agriculture or natural habitats. Hydroelectric projects, even small-scale ones, alter river ecosystems and can affect fish populations crucial to local subsistence economies. Wind farms may impact bird migration routes and bat populations. However, when carefully sited and managed, renewable energy projects can generate co-benefits for conservation. In Nepal, community-managed micro-hydro systems have funded forest protection initiatives, as communities recognize that maintaining watershed health ensures reliable water flow for electricity generation. This creates aligned incentives for both energy provision and environmental stewardship.
The temporal dynamics of renewable energy impacts merit closer attention than they typically receive. Initial project implementation often generates enthusiasm and immediate benefits, but long-term sustainability depends on factors that may take years to manifest. Technical capacity must be developed not just for basic maintenance but for adapting systems to changing community needs. Financial sustainability requires mechanisms for accumulating capital for eventual equipment replacement, which may be necessary after 15-20 years. Social sustainability demands institutional arrangements that can navigate leadership transitions, resolve conflicts, and maintain community engagement over decades. Studies tracking rural energy projects over extended periods reveal that many systems experience performance degradation or abandonment after initial support from implementing organizations concludes, underscoring the critical importance of exit strategies that ensure genuine local ownership and capability.
Technological innovation continues to reshape the feasibility frontier for renewable energy in rural areas. Battery storage improvements have enhanced the viability of solar and wind systems by addressing intermittency challenges. Smart grid technologies enable more efficient electricity distribution and demand management, even in small-scale systems. Mobile payment platforms have revolutionized financing models, allowing households to acquire solar systems through affordable incremental payments rather than prohibitive upfront costs. Hybrid systems that combine multiple renewable energy sources with backup generators offer reliability approaching that of grid electricity. These innovations expand the range of contexts in which renewable energy can serve as an effective development tool, though they also raise questions about technological dependency and the appropriateness of complex systems in resource-constrained settings.
The scalar dimensions of renewable energy deployment significantly influence development outcomes. Individual household systems provide basic services and maximize individual control but offer limited potential for productive uses requiring larger power loads. Community-scale systems can support small industries, agricultural processing, and public facilities, generating broader economic benefits but requiring more complex governance arrangements. Regional microgrids that interconnect multiple communities create opportunities for electricity trading and shared infrastructure but demand substantial institutional capacity and investment. The optimal scale depends on local conditions, development priorities, and institutional capabilities, suggesting that rural energy strategies should embrace technological pluralism rather than prescribing uniform approaches.
Looking forward, the role of renewable energy in rural development will likely be shaped by broader trends including climate change, urbanization, and digitalization. Rural communities increasingly face climatic variability that affects both energy generation (through altered rainfall and solar radiation patterns) and energy needs (through changing agricultural practices and adaptation requirements). Continued urban migration creates both challenges (reduced rural population to support energy infrastructure) and opportunities (remittances that can finance energy investments). Digital technologies enable new applications for rural electricity, from precision agriculture to online education, potentially enhancing the development impacts of energy access. Realizing the full potential of renewable energy to transform rural communities will require holistic approaches that integrate energy provision with complementary investments in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and institutional development, while remaining attentive to issues of equity, sustainability, and local self-determination.
Nghiên cứu học thuật về năng lượng tái tạo và mô hình phát triển bền vững nông thôn
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, the relationship between renewable energy and rural development is:
A. universally positive across all contexts
B. dependent on multiple interacting factors
C. primarily determined by technology quality
D. irrelevant to socioeconomic outcomes
28. The longitudinal study in sub-Saharan Africa used propensity score matching to:
A. measure electricity consumption
B. compare similar communities with and without solar power
C. test different types of solar panels
D. calculate the cost of installations
29. The concept of “elite capture” in the passage refers to:
A. wealthy individuals monopolizing benefits from energy projects
B. foreign companies controlling rural resources
C. government officials making all decisions
D. technical experts earning high salaries
30. According to the passage, energy justice includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A. how benefits and costs are distributed
B. who participates in decision-making
C. the efficiency of energy production
D. whose perspectives are recognized
31. The passage suggests that long-term sustainability of renewable energy projects depends on:
A. continued external funding
B. the latest technological innovations
C. institutional arrangements and local capacity
D. government policy changes
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement (32-36) with the correct concept (A-H) from the box below.
Write the correct letter, A-H.
A. Battery storage improvements
B. Community-managed micro-hydro
C. Hybrid systems
D. Smart grid technologies
E. Mobile payment platforms
F. Individual household systems
G. Regional microgrids
H. Participatory governance frameworks
32. Allow renewable energy systems to be purchased through small regular payments
33. Connect multiple communities and enable electricity trading
34. Have created incentives for forest protection in Nepal
35. Provide maximum individual control but limited productive capacity
36. Help manage electricity distribution efficiently in small systems
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of populations frequently face barriers to accessing renewable energy benefits?
38. What do rural communities recognize they must maintain to ensure reliable water flow for electricity in Nepal?
39. After how many years might renewable energy equipment need replacement?
40. What does the passage suggest rural energy strategies should embrace instead of uniform approaches?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- C
- B
- C
- D
- B
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- academic performance
- smoke-free environment
- solar technicians
- biodiversity / natural habitats
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- iii
- v
- vi
- vii
- i
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- crop yields
- Maternal mortality (rates)
- capacity-building components / community participation
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- A
- C
- C
- E
- G
- B
- F
- D
- Marginalized populations
- watershed health
- 15-20 years
- technological pluralism
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional power grids, not extended, remote rural areas
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Traditional power grids are expensive to extend to isolated communities” – lưới điện truyền thống quá đắt để mở rộng đến các cộng đồng xa xôi. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án C “The cost of extension is too high”.
Câu 4: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: pay-as-you-go model
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “Financing schemes, such as pay-as-you-go models using mobile money, have helped address this barrier” – barrier ở đây là “initial cost” (chi phí ban đầu cao). Vậy mô hình này giúp làm cho hệ thống mặt trời trở nên “affordable” hơn (đáp án D).
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Solar power systems, only provide lighting
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2 và 3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc liệt kê nhiều công dụng của hệ thống năng lượng mặt trời: “run water pumps, health clinics, and schools”, “sewing machines, grain mills, and refrigeration units”. Rõ ràng không chỉ cung cấp ánh sáng, nên câu phát biểu là FALSE.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Women and children, benefit, more time
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Women and children, who traditionally spent hours collecting firewood or using kerosene lamps for lighting, now have more time for education and income-generating activities” – khớp hoàn toàn với câu phát biểu.
Câu 10: academic performance
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Students, improved
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Students can study after sunset, which has led to improved academic performance” – cụm “academic performance” chính xác trả lời câu hỏi.
Câu 12: solar technicians
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Community members, trained, maintain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “In many projects, community members receive training to become solar technicians” – đây là từ chính xác trong bài, phù hợp với ngữ cảnh câu hỏi.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: iii
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph B
- Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào “creation of local value chains”, “local businesses emerge”, “rural entrepreneurship”, “trained technicians who service systems… earning sustainable incomes”. Tất cả đều liên quan đến việc tạo công ăn việc làm và cơ hội kinh doanh địa phương (heading iii: Creating jobs and business opportunities locally).
Câu 16: vi
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph D
- Giải thích: Đoạn D mở đầu với “The gender dynamics of renewable energy access” và thảo luận về cách phụ nữ được giải phóng khỏi “time poverty”, có thêm thời gian cho “income-generating activities” và “economic empowerment”. Đây là nội dung chính của heading vi (Women gaining time and economic power).
Câu 19: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Renewable energy systems, more local economic opportunities
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph B, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả rõ ràng khẳng định “Unlike centralized fossil fuel-based power generation, which typically concentrates economic benefits in urban centers, distributed renewable energy creates opportunities for rural entrepreneurship at multiple levels” – điều này hoàn toàn ủng hộ claim trong câu hỏi.
Câu 21: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Women, Bangladesh, two hours daily
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph D, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Research conducted in Bangladesh showed that women in electrified households gained an average of two additional hours per day” – khớp chính xác với claim.
Câu 22: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: rural merchants, support renewable energy
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph G, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Tác giả viết “Merchants who previously sold kerosene, batteries, or diesel may face reduced demand, creating localized economic displacement” – điều này cho thấy không phải tất cả merchants đều ủng hộ, vì họ có thể bị thiệt hại. Claim trong câu hỏi nói “all rural merchants support” là mâu thuẫn với thông tin này.
Câu 24: crop yields
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: solar irrigation, increase, 30%, India
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph C, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “In Rajasthan, India, farmers using solar pumps reported a 30% increase in crop yields” – “crop yields” là đáp án chính xác.
Câu 26: capacity-building components
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: transition, communities, manage systems themselves
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph G, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “The most successful projects incorporate capacity-building components that ensure communities can manage systems independently” – đây chính là điều cần có để cộng đồng tự quản lý hệ thống.
Giải thích chi tiết đáp án bài thi IELTS Reading về năng lượng tái tạo và cộng đồng nông thôn
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: relationship, renewable energy, rural development
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói rõ “the relationship between renewable energy adoption and rural development outcomes remains characterized by significant heterogeneity, with success contingent upon a complex interplay of technological, institutional, social, and ecological factors” – điều này khớp với đáp án B (dependent on multiple interacting factors).
Câu 29: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: elite capture
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 3, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “In some cases, elite capture of renewable energy resources has exacerbated rural inequalities, with politically connected individuals or families monopolizing access to technology, technical training, and economic opportunities” – “monopolizing” (độc quyền) bởi “politically connected individuals” là những người giàu có/có quyền lực, khớp với đáp án A.
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: energy justice includes
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 4, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê ba dimensions của energy justice: “distributive justice (who receives benefits and bears costs), procedural justice (how decisions are made and who participates), and recognition justice (whose values and perspectives are acknowledged)”. Không có đề cập đến “efficiency of energy production”, nên C là đáp án EXCEPT.
Câu 32: E (Mobile payment platforms)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 7, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Mobile payment platforms have revolutionized financing models, allowing households to acquire solar systems through affordable incremental payments” – “incremental payments” = “small regular payments”.
Câu 35: F (Individual household systems)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 8, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Individual household systems provide basic services and maximize individual control but offer limited potential for productive uses” – khớp hoàn toàn với mô tả trong câu hỏi.
Câu 37: Marginalized populations
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: populations, barriers, accessing benefits
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 4, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “Marginalized populations, including indigenous communities, lower caste groups, and ethnic minorities, frequently face barriers to accessing renewable energy benefits” – cụm “Marginalized populations” là đáp án chính xác.
Câu 39: 15-20 years
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: equipment, replacement
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 6, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Financial sustainability requires mechanisms for accumulating capital for eventual equipment replacement, which may be necessary after 15-20 years” – số năm được nêu rõ ràng.
Câu 40: technological pluralism
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: rural energy strategies, instead of uniform approaches
- Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph 8, câu cuối
- Giải thích: “suggesting that rural energy strategies should embrace technological pluralism rather than prescribing uniform approaches” – “technological pluralism” là cụm từ đối lập với “uniform approaches”.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remote | adj | /rɪˈməʊt/ | xa xôi, hẻo lánh | remote rural areas | remote areas/villages/communities |
| reliable | adj | /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ | đáng tin cậy, ổn định | reliable electricity | reliable source/supply/system |
| advent | n | /ˈædvent/ | sự ra đời, sự xuất hiện | the advent of renewable energy | the advent of technology/era |
| affordable | adj | /əˈfɔːdəbl/ | có khả năng chi trả | increasingly affordable | affordable price/housing/option |
| off-grid | adj | /ɒf ɡrɪd/ | không nối lưới điện | previously off-grid villages | off-grid communities/systems |
| profound | adj | /prəˈfaʊnd/ | sâu sắc, to lớn | profound impact | profound effect/influence/change |
| entrepreneur | n | /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː/ | doanh nhân, người khởi nghiệp | entrepreneurs use electricity | social entrepreneur/digital entrepreneur |
| installation | n | /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn/ | sự lắp đặt, thiết bị | installation and maintenance | installation process/cost/service |
| offset | v | /ˈɒfset/ | bù đắp, bù trừ | offset carbon dioxide emissions | offset costs/emissions/losses |
| preserve | v | /prɪˈzɜːv/ | bảo vệ, bảo tồn | preserve natural habitats | preserve environment/wildlife/heritage |
| mitigation | n | /ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/ | sự giảm thiểu | climate change mitigation | risk mitigation/disaster mitigation |
| income-generating | adj | /ˈɪnkʌm ˈdʒenəreɪtɪŋ/ | tạo ra thu nhập | income-generating activities | income-generating opportunities/projects |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | n | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ | sự gia tăng nhanh | proliferation of renewable energy projects | nuclear proliferation/rapid proliferation |
| multifaceted | adj | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ | đa diện, nhiều khía cạnh | multifaceted economic transformation | multifaceted approach/problem/issue |
| electrification | n | /ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | sự điện khí hóa | beyond simple electrification | rural electrification/railway electrification |
| intricate | adj | /ˈɪntrɪkət/ | phức tạp, rắc rối | intricate relationships | intricate details/patterns/system |
| localization | n | /ˌləʊkəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | sự địa phương hóa | localization of expertise | localization strategy/process |
| retain | v | /rɪˈteɪn/ | giữ lại, duy trì | retaining capital | retain control/information/staff |
| disproportionate | adj | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/ | không cân xứng, không tương xứng | disproportionate burdens | disproportionate impact/effect/share |
| accommodate | v | /əˈkɒmədeɪt/ | thích ứng, điều chỉnh cho phù hợp | accommodating childcare responsibilities | accommodate needs/requests/changes |
| ripple effects | n phrase | /ˈrɪpl ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng lan tỏa | ripple effects throughout economies | have ripple effects/cause ripple effects |
| turnover | n | /ˈtɜːnəʊvə/ | sự luân chuyển, thay đổi | reducing staff turnover | high turnover/employee turnover/annual turnover |
| displacement | n | /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ | sự thay thế, di dời | localized economic displacement | population displacement/job displacement |
| virtuous cycle | n phrase | /ˈvɜːtʃuəs ˈsaɪkl/ | vòng tuần hoàn tích cực | creating a virtuous cycle | create/establish a virtuous cycle |
| cooperative | adj/n | /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv/ | hợp tác xã, thuộc hợp tác | cooperative ownership model | cooperative approach/cooperative society |
| capacity-building | n | /kəˈpæsəti ˈbɪldɪŋ/ | xây dựng năng lực | capacity-building components | capacity-building programs/initiatives |
| microfinance | n | /ˈmaɪkrəʊfaɪnæns/ | tài chính vi mô | microfinance initiatives | microfinance institution/microfinance loan |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| paradigm | n | /ˈpærədaɪm/ | mô hình, khuôn mẫu | socioeconomic paradigms | paradigm shift/dominant paradigm |
| reconfiguration | n | /ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/ | sự cấu hình lại | fundamental reconfiguration | reconfiguration of systems/structures |
| catalyst | n | /ˈkætəlɪst/ | chất xúc tác, yếu tố thúc đẩy | operate as catalysts | act as catalyst/catalyst for change |
| precipitate | v | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ | gây ra đột ngột, thúc đẩy | precipitating shifts | precipitate crisis/conflict/change |
| heterogeneity | n | /ˌhetərədʒəˈniːəti/ | tính không đồng nhất | characterized by heterogeneity | social heterogeneity/cultural heterogeneity |
| defy | v | /dɪˈfaɪ/ | thách thức, chống lại | defy simplistic prescriptions | defy expectations/logic/gravity |
| disentangle | v | /ˌdɪsɪnˈtæŋɡl/ | tách rời, phân tích rõ | disentangle the causal mechanisms | disentangle facts/threads/relationships |
| longitudinal | adj | /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ | theo chiều dọc, dài hạn | longitudinal study | longitudinal research/data/analysis |
| propensity | n | /prəˈpensəti/ | xu hướng, khuynh hướng | propensity score matching | propensity to consume/natural propensity |
| variance | n | /ˈveəriəns/ | sự khác biệt, phương sai | considerable variance | variance in results/data variance |
| nuanced | adj | /ˈnjuːɑːnst/ | tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái | reality frequently proves more nuanced | nuanced understanding/approach/view |
| exacerbate | v | /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ | làm trầm trọng thêm | exacerbated rural inequalities | exacerbate problems/tensions/situation |
| foster | v | /ˈfɒstə/ | thúc đẩy, nuôi dưỡng | foster more inclusive development | foster growth/cooperation/innovation |
| analytical lens | n phrase | /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl lenz/ | góc nhìn phân tích | valuable analytical lens | through the lens of/analytical framework |
| subsistence | n | /səbˈsɪstəns/ | sinh kế, sự tồn tại tối thiểu | local subsistence economies | subsistence farming/subsistence level |
| stewardship | n | /ˈstjuːədʃɪp/ | sự quản lý có trách nhiệm | environmental stewardship | environmental stewardship/resource stewardship |
| intermittency | n | /ˌɪntəˈmɪtənsi/ | tính gián đoạn | addressing intermittency challenges | power intermittency/supply intermittency |
| scalar | adj | /ˈskeɪlə/ | thuộc về quy mô | scalar dimensions | scalar properties/scalar quantities |
| pluralism | n | /ˈplʊərəlɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa đa nguyên | technological pluralism | cultural pluralism/religious pluralism |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “Renewable energy’s impact on rural communities” không chỉ là một topic phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu về phát triển bền vững và công bằng xã hội. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, bạn đã được tiếp cận với đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế.
Passage 1 đã cung cấp kiến thức nền tảng về cách năng lượng tái tạo thay đổi cuộc sống hàng ngày ở nông thôn với từ vựng và cấu trúc câu dễ hiểu, phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đi sâu hơn vào các tác động kinh tế – xã hội phức tạp hơn, yêu cầu kỹ năng paraphrase và suy luận tốt hơn cho band 6.0-7.5. Passage 3 mang tính học thuật cao với vocabulary chuyên ngành và cấu trúc câu phức tạp, thách thức những học viên hướng tới band 7.0-9.0.
Các đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra rõ vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase của đề thi, và lý do tại sao đáp án đúng – giúp bạn không chỉ biết câu trả lời mà còn hiểu cách tìm ra nó. Bảng từ vựng với hơn 40 từ quan trọng, phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và collocations sẽ là tài liệu ôn tập quý giá cho cả phần thi Reading và Writing.
Hãy dành 60 phút làm bài như thi thật, sau đó so sánh đáp án và đọc kỹ phần giải thích. Lưu ý những từ vựng được làm đậm trong passages và thực hành sử dụng chúng trong câu của riêng bạn. Đây là cách hiệu quả nhất để cải thiện band điểm IELTS Reading của bạn.
Chúc các bạn học tốt và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
