IELTS Reading: Di Cư Khí Hậu và Tác Động Xã Hội – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Hiện tượng di cư do biến đổi khí hậu đang trở thành một trong những thách thức lớn nhất của nhân loại trong thế kỷ 21. Chủ đề này xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong các đề thi IELTS Reading chính thức, đặc biệt từ năm 2020 trở lại đây. Với tính chất đa chiều – kết hợp giữa khoa học môi trường, xã hội học và chính sách công – đây là chủ đề yêu thích của các nhà ra đề IELTS để kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật của thí sinh.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ nhận được một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh về “Social Impacts Of Climate Migration” với đầy đủ 3 passages theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS. Mỗi passage được thiết kế với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng như thi thật. Đi kèm là đáp án chi tiết với giải thích từng câu, phân tích kỹ thuật paraphrase, và bộ từ vựng học thuật thiết yếu giúp bạn không chỉ làm bài mà còn nâng cao kiến thức ngôn ngữ tổng thể. Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với mục tiêu chinh phục band 7.0-8.0 trong phần Reading.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một thử thách về cả tốc độ và độ chính xác. Bạn có đúng 60 phút để hoàn thành 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điều quan trọng là không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian hợp lý ngay từ đầu.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý rằng độ khó tăng dần, nhưng số điểm cho mỗi câu là như nhau. Do đó, đừng dành quá nhiều thời gian cho Passage 3 mà bỏ qua những câu dễ ở Passage 1 và 2.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm đa lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai/không có thông tin
3. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Thí sinh đang ôn luyện IELTS Reading chủ đề di cư khí hậu với tài liệu chất lượng cao

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Refugees: The New Reality

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The phenomenon of climate-induced migration is rapidly becoming one of the most pressing humanitarian challenges of our time. As global temperatures continue to rise and extreme weather events become more frequent, millions of people around the world are being forced to leave their homes in search of safer and more stable environments. Unlike traditional refugees who flee persecution or conflict, climate migrants are displaced by environmental factors such as droughts, floods, rising sea levels, and agricultural failures.

According to recent estimates by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, approximately 21.5 million people are displaced by weather-related events each year. This figure is expected to increase dramatically over the coming decades. The World Bank projects that by 2050, as many as 216 million people could become internal climate migrants within their own countries across six major regions: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and North Africa.

The social implications of this mass movement are profound and multifaceted. In receiving areas, whether rural or urban, the sudden influx of climate migrants can strain existing infrastructure and resources. Local communities often experience increased competition for jobs, housing, and public services such as healthcare and education. This pressure can lead to social tensions and, in some cases, conflict between established residents and newcomers. However, it’s important to note that these challenges are not inevitable outcomes. With proper planning and adequate resources, integration can be managed effectively.

One of the most significant social impacts is the transformation of urban landscapes. Cities in developing countries are experiencing unprecedented growth as rural populations move in search of economic opportunities and escape environmental degradation. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, receives approximately 400,000 climate migrants annually, many fleeing from coastal erosion and cyclone-prone areas. This rapid urbanization creates both opportunities and challenges. While cities can offer better access to services and employment, they often lack the infrastructure to accommodate such rapid population growth, leading to the expansion of informal settlements or slums.

The breakdown of traditional community structures is another crucial social consequence. When families and communities are forced to relocate, they often lose the social networks that have supported them for generations. In agricultural societies, these networks are particularly important, as they facilitate knowledge sharing about farming practices, provide mutual support during difficult times, and maintain cultural traditions. The loss of these connections can lead to social isolation and a sense of cultural displacement, particularly among older generations who may struggle to adapt to new environments.

Gender dynamics also shift significantly in the context of climate migration. Women and girls often face increased vulnerability during and after displacement. In many traditional societies, women’s roles are closely tied to specific locations and community structures. When these are disrupted, women may lose access to land rights, face higher risks of violence, and experience greater difficulty in accessing resources. However, migration can also create opportunities for women to challenge traditional gender roles and gain greater independence, particularly in urban settings where social norms may be less rigid.

Children represent another vulnerable group in climate migration scenarios. Displacement can interrupt their education, expose them to health risks, and separate them from friends and extended family. Studies have shown that children who experience climate-related displacement are more likely to face psychological stress and developmental challenges. Yet, children also demonstrate remarkable resilience and adaptability, often helping their families navigate new environments and learning new languages more quickly than adults.

The impact on mental health across all age groups cannot be underestimated. The stress of leaving one’s home, combined with uncertainty about the future and the challenges of adapting to new surroundings, can lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traditional healing practices and support systems may not be available in new locations, making it more difficult for migrants to cope with these psychological challenges. Building mental health support systems that are culturally appropriate and accessible to climate migrants is therefore essential.

Despite these challenges, climate migration is not entirely negative. Some migrants find new opportunities for economic advancement and social mobility. Remittances sent back to communities of origin can provide crucial financial support and help those who remain to adapt to environmental changes. Additionally, the mixing of different populations can lead to cultural exchange and innovation, enriching both receiving and sending communities. Successful integration depends largely on the policies and attitudes of host communities and governments. When climate migrants are welcomed and provided with adequate support, they can contribute significantly to their new communities through their labor, skills, and cultural perspectives.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Climate migrants leave their homes for different reasons than traditional refugees.
2. The World Bank predicts that over 200 million people will cross international borders due to climate change by 2050.
3. Cities in developing countries always lack the capacity to absorb climate migrants effectively.
4. Traditional community structures become weaker when people are forced to relocate.
5. Women always experience negative consequences from climate-related displacement.
6. Children adapt to new environments more quickly than adults in many cases.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. The __ monitors and reports on the number of people displaced by weather-related events globally.
8. In Bangladesh, many climate migrants come from areas affected by __ and cyclones.
9. The expansion of __ in cities is a result of rapid urbanization without adequate infrastructure.
10. Climate migrants may experience __ due to the loss of familiar social networks and community connections.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, what is the projected number of internal climate migrants by 2050?

    • A. 21.5 million
    • B. 216 million
    • C. 400,000
    • D. Not specified

12. What does the passage suggest about social tensions in receiving areas?

    • A. They are always inevitable
    • B. They can be prevented with proper planning
    • C. They only occur in urban areas
    • D. They are worse than armed conflicts

13. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a social impact of climate migration?

    • A. Changes in gender roles
    • B. Psychological stress
    • C. Increased crime rates
    • D. Cultural exchange

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PASSAGE 2 – The Socioeconomic Ripple Effects of Climate Displacement

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The cascading social consequences of climate-induced displacement extend far beyond the immediate challenges faced by migrants themselves. These movements trigger complex socioeconomic transformations that reshape both origin and destination communities, creating what researchers term “displacement chains” – a series of interconnected movements and adaptations that ripple through entire regions. Understanding these broader systemic impacts is crucial for developing effective policy responses and building resilient societies capable of managing large-scale population movements.

In regions of origin, the departure of climate migrants creates what demographers call a “hollowing out effect.” This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in rural areas where environmental degradation has rendered traditional livelihoods unsustainable. As working-age adults leave in search of opportunities elsewhere, communities are left with disproportionate populations of elderly residents and young children. This demographic imbalance undermines the social fabric and economic viability of these areas. Agricultural knowledge that has been passed down through generations risks being lost as younger populations abandon farming for urban employment. Community institutions such as schools, healthcare facilities, and local governance structures become difficult to maintain with shrinking populations, creating a negative feedback loop that accelerates further out-migration.

However, the relationship between origin and destination communities is not simply one of loss and gain. Transnational social networks maintained through remittance flows, communication technologies, and return visits create dynamic connections between places. Research has demonstrated that these networks can serve as crucial adaptive mechanisms, allowing origin communities to access external resources and information while providing migrants with ongoing support and connection to their cultural roots. In some cases, return migration occurs when conditions improve or when migrants accumulate sufficient capital to invest in climate adaptation measures back home. The process of circular migration – where individuals move back and forth between origin and destination – is becoming increasingly common as a livelihood diversification strategy.

The impact on urban centers receiving large numbers of climate migrants varies considerably depending on their existing institutional capacity and economic structure. Cities with robust governance frameworks, diverse economies, and existing experience managing migration flows tend to integrate newcomers more successfully. For instance, several cities in Southeast Asia have developed innovative approaches to incorporating climate migrants into urban planning processes, recognizing them as stakeholders rather than problems to be managed. These cities have implemented participatory governance models where migrant representatives contribute to decision-making about urban development, housing policies, and service provision.

Conversely, cities lacking adequate planning mechanisms or facing their own economic challenges may experience significant strain. The rapid expansion of peri-urban settlements – areas at the edge of cities characterized by informal housing and inadequate infrastructure – is a common pattern in overwhelmed urban centers. These areas often become poverty traps where migrants face limited economic opportunities, poor living conditions, and social marginalization. One particular concern is with something scholars refer to as “environmental injustice,” where climate migrants, having already suffered from environmental degradation, find themselves living in urban areas most vulnerable to pollution, flooding, and other environmental hazards.

The labour market dynamics in receiving areas undergo substantial transformation as climate migration increases. In low-skilled sectors such as construction, agriculture, and domestic work, the influx of migrants can depress wages and working conditions, particularly in contexts with weak labour protections. This situation creates tension between economic classes rather than simply between migrants and established residents. However, the picture is more nuanced than simple competition models suggest. Climate migrants often fill labour shortages in sectors that local populations are unwilling to work in, and they contribute to economic growth by increasing consumer demand and entrepreneurial activity. Studies from Latin America have shown that cities receiving climate migrants experience increased economic dynamism when appropriate integration policies are in place.

The educational impacts of climate migration present both challenges and opportunities. Schools in receiving areas must adapt to accommodate students with diverse linguistic backgrounds, varying levels of prior education, and potential trauma-related learning difficulties. Teachers require training in culturally responsive pedagogy and trauma-informed practices. Yet, educational institutions also serve as crucial sites for social integration, where children from different backgrounds interact, learn together, and build relationships that can bridge community divides. Some innovative programs have leveraged the knowledge that climate migrant children bring about environmental change and adaptation, incorporating their experiences into environmental education curricula that benefit all students.

Healthcare systems face similar challenges and opportunities. Climate migrants may arrive with health conditions related to environmental exposures, malnutrition, or inadequate healthcare access in areas of origin. They may also face language barriers and unfamiliarity with healthcare systems that impede access to services. Addressing these challenges requires culturally competent healthcare delivery and outreach programs specifically designed for migrant populations. Interestingly, some research suggests that the presence of diverse populations can strengthen public health infrastructure by necessitating more robust and adaptable systems that ultimately benefit everyone.

The political dimensions of climate migration are increasingly significant. As numbers grow, climate migrants are becoming important political constituencies, though their political incorporation varies widely. In democracies with inclusive citizenship policies, migrants may eventually gain voting rights and political representation, allowing them to advocate for their interests. However, in many contexts, climate migrants occupy a legal grey area – not recognized as refugees under international law, yet unable to return home. This legal ambiguity makes them vulnerable to exploitation and limits their ability to claim rights and protections. The phenomenon of climate migration is thus forcing important conversations about citizenship, belonging, and rights in an era of environmental change, potentially reshaping political communities and notions of national identity.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. What does the term “displacement chains” refer to?

    • A. Physical chains used to restrict migrant movement
    • B. A series of connected movements and adaptations across regions
    • C. Government policies that control migration
    • D. Historical patterns of refugee movements

15. According to the passage, what happens in rural origin areas when working-age adults leave?

    • A. The economy immediately collapses
    • B. Agricultural productivity increases
    • C. Communities are left with mostly elderly and young people
    • D. New industries develop to replace agriculture

16. What is “circular migration”?

    • A. Moving in circles within one city
    • B. Migration that follows seasonal patterns only
    • C. Moving back and forth between origin and destination
    • D. Migration that occurs in complete family units

17. Which factor determines how successfully cities integrate climate migrants?

    • A. The city’s geographical location
    • B. The city’s institutional capacity and economic structure
    • C. The city’s population size
    • D. The cultural background of the migrants

18. What is meant by “environmental injustice” in the context of climate migration?

    • A. Unfair environmental policies in origin countries
    • B. Climate migrants living in areas vulnerable to environmental hazards
    • C. Legal discrimination against climate migrants
    • D. Unequal distribution of natural resources

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate migration creates complex effects in both sending and receiving communities. In origin areas, a 19. __ occurs, leaving behind mainly elderly and young populations. However, 20. __ maintained through remittances and communication create ongoing connections between communities. In destination cities, the formation of 21. __ at city edges is common where infrastructure is inadequate. In labor markets, migrants often fill 22. __ in sectors that locals avoid. Educational institutions become important sites for 23. __, where children from different backgrounds can interact.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Climate migrants always have a negative impact on wages in receiving areas.
25. Some schools have successfully incorporated climate migrants’ knowledge into their environmental education programs.
26. International law currently provides comprehensive legal protection for climate migrants.

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PASSAGE 3 – Reconceptualizing Social Cohesion in the Context of Climate Mobility

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The epistemological challenge of understanding social impacts of climate migration necessitates a fundamental reconceptualization of traditional frameworks for analyzing social cohesion, community integration, and collective identity. Contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes that climate-induced mobility cannot be adequately understood through binary paradigms that position migration as either entirely voluntary or entirely forced, nor through frameworks that treat origin and destination communities as discrete, bounded entities. Instead, emerging research advocates for more nuanced, transnational perspectives that acknowledge the multidirectional flows of people, resources, ideas, and cultural practices that characterize contemporary climate migration patterns.

The concept of social cohesion itself requires interrogation in this context. Traditionally understood as the degree of consensus among members of a social group regarding their sense of belonging and mutual solidarity, social cohesion has been theorized primarily within the context of stable, geographically bounded communities. However, climate migration challenges these assumptions by creating fluid social configurations where individuals simultaneously maintain meaningful connections to multiple places and communities. The emergence of what sociologists term “translocal social fields” – social spaces that transcend geographical boundaries while remaining embedded in specific locations – represents a significant departure from conventional understandings of community and belonging.

This reconceptualization has profound implications for how we assess the social impacts of climate migration. Rather than viewing the disruption of existing social structures as purely detrimental, scholars are increasingly recognizing the potential for climate migration to catalyze innovative forms of social organization. Research in Pacific Island nations, where rising sea levels threaten entire communities with displacement, reveals how populations are proactively constructing new forms of collective identity that transcend territorial rootedness. These communities are developing what anthropologists describe as “anticipatory identities” – cultural frameworks that prepare members psychologically and socially for potential displacement while maintaining connections to ancestral lands and cultural traditions.

The role of digital technologies in mediating the social impacts of climate migration represents another critical dimension requiring scholarly attention. Mobile communication devices and social media platforms enable migrants to maintain real-time connections with communities of origin in ways that were impossible in previous eras of mass migration. These technologies facilitate the transmission of remittances, the sharing of knowledge and information, and the maintenance of emotional bonds across vast distances. However, the implications of this digital mediation are ambivalent. While connectivity can provide psychological comfort and practical support, it may also inhibit full engagement with receiving communities and perpetuate what some researchers term “digital transnationalism” – a mode of existence where individuals are physically present in one location but socially and emotionally oriented toward another.

The intergenerational dimensions of climate migration’s social impacts constitute an underexplored area that merits particular attention. Different age cohorts experience and interpret displacement in fundamentally different ways, shaped by their developmental stage, accumulated life experiences, and relationship to place. For elderly populations, climate-induced displacement often represents a existential rupture – a severing of connections to landscapes imbued with personal and collective memory, spiritual significance, and identity. The loss of ability to visit ancestral graves, participate in place-based rituals, or pass on locationally-specific knowledge to younger generations can result in what has been termed “solastalgia” – a form of psychological distress caused by environmental change and loss of connection to home environments.

Conversely, younger generations may experience climate migration as an opportunity for identity formation unconstrained by traditional expectations and spatial limitations. For youth, particularly those from communities with limited economic opportunities, environmental displacement may paradoxically enable greater social mobility and access to educational and professional pathways previously unavailable. However, this divergence in generational perspectives can itself become a source of social tension within migrant families and communities, as different age groups negotiate competing visions of cultural preservation, adaptation, and belonging.

The concept of “receiving capacity” in destination communities requires more sophisticated theorization beyond simple calculations of infrastructure and resources. Social scientists are increasingly recognizing that a community’s capacity to integrate climate migrants is not merely a function of material resources but is fundamentally shaped by historical narratives, collective memories of migration, and prevailing conceptualizations of community identity. Communities that understand their own identities as having been shaped by previous waves of migration tend to be more receptive to newcomers, viewing them as part of an ongoing story of diversity and adaptation rather than as threats to a static, homogeneous identity.

Research in post-colonial contexts reveals how historical experiences of displacement, often linked to colonial policies or development projects, shape contemporary responses to climate migration. Communities with collective memories of displacement may demonstrate greater empathy and solidarity with climate migrants, recognizing parallels with their own experiences. Conversely, these same histories can create competition for recognition and resources between different groups of displaced peoples, each asserting the primacy of their own claims to support and redress.

The securitization of climate migration discourse – the framing of climate-induced mobility primarily as a security threat – has profound implications for social relations in receiving areas. When climate migration is constructed through the lens of national security, border protection, and potential conflict, it generates exclusionary social dynamics and justifies restrictive policies that impede integration. Alternative framings that emphasize climate migration as an adaptive response to environmental change, and climate migrants as people exercising agency in the face of adversity, tend to foster more inclusive social environments. The discursive frameworks through which climate migration is understood and discussed thus have material consequences for the lived experiences of migrants and receiving communities alike.

Finally, the question of social justice in relation to climate migration demands critical examination. The populations most vulnerable to climate-induced displacement are typically those who have contributed least to anthropogenic climate change – a disparity that scholars term “climate injustice”. This inequity operates at multiple scales: between wealthy nations with high per capita emissions and low-income nations facing severe climate impacts; between urban consumers and rural producers; and between current generations that have benefited from fossil fuel use and future generations that will inherit a destabilized climate system. Addressing the social impacts of climate migration therefore requires not merely technical solutions or humanitarian responses but fundamental reckoning with questions of historical responsibility, distributive justice, and collective obligation across spatial and temporal scales.

Bản đồ toàn cầu thể hiện các tuyến di cư khí hậu và tác động xã hội chính

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, why do traditional frameworks fail to adequately explain climate migration?

    • A. They are based on outdated statistical methods
    • B. They treat migration as either voluntary or forced and communities as separate entities
    • C. They focus only on economic factors
    • D. They were designed for different climatic conditions

28. What are “translocal social fields”?

    • A. Agricultural areas affected by climate change
    • B. Social spaces that transcend geographical boundaries while remaining embedded in specific locations
    • C. Virtual reality environments used by migrants
    • D. Government programs for migrant integration

29. What is “solastalgia”?

    • A. Nostalgia for solar energy systems
    • B. A medical condition affecting migrants
    • C. Psychological distress caused by environmental change and loss of connection to home
    • D. A type of social welfare program

30. According to the passage, what determines a community’s “receiving capacity”?

    • A. Only infrastructure and material resources
    • B. The size of the community
    • C. Historical narratives, collective memories, and conceptualizations of identity
    • D. Government immigration policies exclusively

31. What does “climate injustice” refer to?

    • A. Unfair weather patterns
    • B. The disparity between those who contributed to climate change and those suffering its effects
    • C. Legal discrimination against climate scientists
    • D. Unequal distribution of renewable energy

Questions 32-36

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

32. Pacific Island communities are developing __ that prepare members for potential displacement while maintaining cultural connections.
33. Digital technologies enable migrants to maintain __ with their communities of origin.
34. Elderly populations may experience displacement as a(n) __ that severs their connections to meaningful landscapes.
35. Communities that view their identity as shaped by previous migration waves see newcomers as part of an ongoing story rather than threats to a(n) __ identity.
36. The __ of climate migration discourse frames it as a security threat rather than an adaptive response.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Digital technologies have only positive effects on climate migrants’ integration into new communities.
38. Different generations within migrant families experience displacement in fundamentally different ways.
39. Climate migration always leads to increased conflict in receiving communities.
40. Addressing climate migration requires confronting questions of historical responsibility and justice.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. TRUE
7. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
8. coastal erosion
9. informal settlements
10. cultural displacement (or social isolation)
11. B
12. B
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. B
19. hollowing out effect
20. transnational social networks
21. peri-urban settlements
22. labour shortages
23. social integration
24. NO
25. YES
26. NO

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. anticipatory identities
33. real-time connections
34. existential rupture
35. static, homogeneous (either word acceptable)
36. securitization
37. NO
38. YES
39. NO
40. YES

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate migrants, different reasons, traditional refugees
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “Unlike traditional refugees who flee persecution or conflict, climate migrants are displaced by environmental factors.” Điều này khẳng định climate migrants có lý do khác với traditional refugees. Câu hỏi paraphrase “different reasons” từ “unlike” và “environmental factors” thay vì “persecution or conflict.”

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: World Bank, 216 million, cross international borders, 2050
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Passage đề cập “216 million people could become internal climate migrants within their own countries” – nhấn mạnh “internal” và “within their own countries,” nghĩa là di chuyển nội bộ, không phải cross international borders như câu hỏi. Do đó đây là FALSE.

Câu 3: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Cities, developing countries, always lack capacity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Passage nói “While cities can offer better access to services and employment, they often lack the infrastructure” – từ “often” cho thấy không phải “always.” Câu hỏi dùng từ tuyệt đối “always” nên sai.

Câu 4: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: traditional community structures, weaker, forced to relocate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “The breakdown of traditional community structures is another crucial social consequence. When families and communities are forced to relocate, they often lose the social networks…” – “breakdown” đồng nghĩa với “become weaker.”

Câu 5: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: women, always, negative consequences
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Passage đề cập women face vulnerability nhưng cũng nói “However, migration can also create opportunities for women to challenge traditional gender roles and gain greater independence.” Từ “always” trong câu hỏi không đúng vì có cả positive outcomes.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: children, adapt, more quickly, adults
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “children also demonstrate remarkable resilience and adaptability, often helping their families navigate new environments and learning new languages more quickly than adults” – trực tiếp support câu hỏi.

Câu 7: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: monitors, reports, displaced, weather-related events
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “According to recent estimates by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, approximately 21.5 million people are displaced by weather-related events each year.”

Câu 8: coastal erosion

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Bangladesh, climate migrants, areas affected
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, receives approximately 400,000 climate migrants annually, many fleeing from coastal erosion and cyclone-prone areas.”

Câu 9: informal settlements

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: expansion, cities, rapid urbanization, inadequate infrastructure
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: “they often lack the infrastructure to accommodate such rapid population growth, leading to the expansion of informal settlements or slums.”

Câu 10: cultural displacement / social isolation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: loss of social networks, community connections
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “The loss of these connections can lead to social isolation and a sense of cultural displacement” – cả hai từ đều acceptable.

Câu 11: B (216 million)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “The World Bank projects that by 2050, as many as 216 million people could become internal climate migrants.”

Câu 12: B (They can be prevented with proper planning)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “However, it’s important to note that these challenges are not inevitable outcomes. With proper planning and adequate resources, integration can be managed effectively.”

Câu 13: C (Increased crime rates)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Toàn bài
• Giải thích: Passage đề cập gender roles (đoạn 6), psychological stress (đoạn 8), và cultural exchange (đoạn 9), nhưng không mention crime rates.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “These movements trigger complex socioeconomic transformations that reshape both origin and destination communities, creating what researchers term ‘displacement chains’ – a series of interconnected movements and adaptations that ripple through entire regions.”

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “As working-age adults leave in search of opportunities elsewhere, communities are left with disproportionate populations of elderly residents and young children.”

Câu 16: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “The process of circular migration – where individuals move back and forth between origin and destination.”

Câu 17: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “The impact on urban centers receiving large numbers of climate migrants varies considerably depending on their existing institutional capacity and economic structure.”

Câu 18: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “‘environmental injustice,’ where climate migrants, having already suffered from environmental degradation, find themselves living in urban areas most vulnerable to pollution, flooding, and other environmental hazards.”

Câu 19: hollowing out effect

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “In regions of origin, the departure of climate migrants creates what demographers call a ‘hollowing out effect.'”

Câu 20: transnational social networks

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Transnational social networks maintained through remittance flows, communication technologies, and return visits create dynamic connections between places.”

Câu 21: peri-urban settlements

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “The rapid expansion of peri-urban settlements – areas at the edge of cities characterized by informal housing and inadequate infrastructure.”

Câu 22: labour shortages

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Climate migrants often fill labour shortages in sectors that local populations are unwilling to work in.”

Câu 23: social integration

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “Yet, educational institutions also serve as crucial sites for social integration, where children from different backgrounds interact, learn together, and build relationships.”

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Passage nói migrants “can” depress wages trong một số ngữ cảnh nhưng cũng nói “the picture is more nuanced” và migrants fill labor shortages, contribute to growth. Không phải “always negative.”

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “Some innovative programs have leveraged the knowledge that climate migrant children bring about environmental change and adaptation, incorporating their experiences into environmental education curricula.”

Câu 26: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “However, in many contexts, climate migrants occupy a legal grey area – not recognized as refugees under international law” – cho thấy không có comprehensive legal protection.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-6
• Giải thích: “Contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes that climate-induced mobility cannot be adequately understood through binary paradigms that position migration as either entirely voluntary or entirely forced, nor through frameworks that treat origin and destination communities as discrete, bounded entities.”

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “The emergence of what sociologists term ‘translocal social fields’ – social spaces that transcend geographical boundaries while remaining embedded in specific locations.”

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “The loss of ability to visit ancestral graves… can result in what has been termed ‘solastalgia’ – a form of psychological distress caused by environmental change and loss of connection to home environments.”

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: “Social scientists are increasingly recognizing that a community’s capacity to integrate climate migrants is not merely a function of material resources but is fundamentally shaped by historical narratives, collective memories of migration, and prevailing conceptualizations of community identity.”

Câu 31: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “The populations most vulnerable to climate-induced displacement are typically those who have contributed least to anthropogenic climate change – a disparity that scholars term ‘climate injustice.'”

Câu 32: anticipatory identities

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “These communities are developing what anthropologists describe as ‘anticipatory identities’ – cultural frameworks that prepare members psychologically and socially for potential displacement.”

Câu 33: real-time connections

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Mobile communication devices and social media platforms enable migrants to maintain real-time connections with communities of origin.”

Câu 34: existential rupture

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “For elderly populations, climate-induced displacement often represents an existential rupture.”

Câu 35: static, homogeneous

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “Communities that understand their own identities as having been shaped by previous waves of migration tend to be more receptive to newcomers, viewing them as part of an ongoing story of diversity and adaptation rather than as threats to a static, homogeneous identity.”

Câu 36: securitization

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “The securitization of climate migration discourse – the framing of climate-induced mobility primarily as a security threat.”

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: Passage nói digital technologies có cả positive và negative aspects: “the implications of this digital mediation are ambivalent. While connectivity can provide psychological comfort and practical support, it may also inhibit full engagement with receiving communities.”

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “Different age cohorts experience and interpret displacement in fundamentally different ways, shaped by their developmental stage, accumulated life experiences, and relationship to place.”

Câu 39: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Passage nói securitization discourse “generates exclusionary social dynamics” nhưng alternative framings “tend to foster more inclusive social environments” – không phải always conflict.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Addressing the social impacts of climate migration therefore requires not merely technical solutions or humanitarian responses but fundamental reckoning with questions of historical responsibility, distributive justice, and collective obligation.”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
climate-induced	adj	/ˈklaɪmət ɪnˈdjuːst/	do khí hậu gây ra	climate-induced migration	climate-induced disasters, climate-induced displacement
displaced	adj/v	/dɪsˈpleɪst/	bị di dời, buộc phải rời bỏ	people are displaced by environmental factors	displaced populations, forcibly displaced
extreme weather events	n phrase	/ɪkˈstriːm ˈweðə(r) ɪˈvents/	các hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan	extreme weather events become more frequent	severe weather events, extreme weather conditions
strain	v/n	/streɪn/	gây căng thẳng, sức ép	strain existing infrastructure and resources	put strain on, financial strain
social tensions	n phrase	/ˈsəʊʃl ˈtenʃnz/	căng thẳng xã hội	can lead to social tensions	create social tensions, escalate social tensions
urbanization	n	/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/	đô thị hóa	rapid urbanization creates challenges	rapid urbanization, urban urbanization process
coastal erosion	n phrase	/ˈkəʊstl ɪˈrəʊʒn/	xói mòn bờ biển	fleeing from coastal erosion	severe coastal erosion, combat coastal erosion
informal settlements	n phrase	/ɪnˈfɔːml ˈsetlmənts/	khu định cư tự phát, khu ổ chuột	expansion of informal settlements	informal settlements grow, living in informal settlements
social networks	n phrase	/ˈsəʊʃl ˈnetwɜːks/	mạng lưới xã hội	lose the social networks	maintain social networks, strong social networks
cultural displacement	n phrase	/ˈkʌltʃərəl dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/	sự mất gốc văn hóa	a sense of cultural displacement	experience cultural displacement, cultural displacement effects
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	tính dễ bị tổn thương	increased vulnerability	reduce vulnerability, vulnerability to climate change
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi	demonstrate remarkable resilience	build resilience, community resilience

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
cascading	adj	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ/	theo chuỗi, lan tỏa	cascading social consequences	cascading effects, cascading impacts
socioeconomic	adj	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/	thuộc kinh tế – xã hội	socioeconomic transformations	socioeconomic factors, socioeconomic status
displacement chains	n phrase	/dɪsˈpleɪsmənt tʃeɪnz/	chuỗi di dời	creating displacement chains	displacement chains ripple, migration displacement chains
demographic imbalance	n phrase	/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk ɪmˈbæləns/	mất cân bằng nhân khẩu	creates demographic imbalance	demographic imbalance worsens, address demographic imbalance
transnational	adj	/ˌtrænzˈnæʃnəl/	xuyên quốc gia	transnational social networks	transnational connections, transnational flows
remittance flows	n phrase	/rɪˈmɪtns fləʊz/	dòng chuyển tiền về	maintained through remittance flows	remittance flows increase, reliance on remittance flows
circular migration	n phrase	/ˈsɜːkjələ(r) maɪˈɡreɪʃn/	di cư tuần hoàn	process of circular migration	circular migration patterns, engage in circular migration
institutional capacity	n phrase	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực thể chế	existing institutional capacity	strengthen institutional capacity, institutional capacity building
participatory governance	n phrase	/pɑːˈtɪsɪpətri ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị tham gia	participatory governance models	participatory governance approach, promote participatory governance
peri-urban settlements	n phrase	/ˌperi ˈɜːbən ˈsetlmənts/	khu định cư ngoại vi	expansion of peri-urban settlements	peri-urban settlements grow, peri-urban settlements development
social marginalization	n phrase	/ˈsəʊʃl ˌmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự bị gạt ra lề xã hội	face social marginalization	experience social marginalization, combat social marginalization
labor protections	n phrase	/ˈleɪbə(r) prəˈtekʃnz/	bảo vệ lao động	weak labor protections	strengthen labor protections, labor protections laws
culturally responsive pedagogy	n phrase	/ˈkʌltʃərəli rɪˈspɒnsɪv ˈpedəɡɒdʒi/	phương pháp giảng dạy nhạy cảm văn hóa	training in culturally responsive pedagogy	culturally responsive pedagogy approach, implement culturally responsive pedagogy
political constituencies	n phrase	/pəˈlɪtɪkl kənˈstɪtjuənsiz/	các nhóm cử tri chính trị	important political constituencies	represent political constituencies, mobilize political constituencies
legal ambiguity	n phrase	/ˈliːɡl æmbɪˈɡjuːəti/	sự mơ hồ về mặt pháp lý	legal ambiguity makes them vulnerable	legal ambiguity exists, resolve legal ambiguity

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc nhận thức luận	epistemological challenge	epistemological framework, epistemological approach
binary paradigms	n phrase	/ˈbaɪnəri ˈpærədaɪmz/	các mô hình nhị phân	through binary paradigms	binary paradigms fail, challenge binary paradigms
bounded entities	n phrase	/ˈbaʊndɪd ˈentətiz/	các thực thể có ranh giới	treat as bounded entities	bounded entities concept, view as bounded entities
transnational perspectives	n phrase	/ˌtrænzˈnæʃnəl pəˈspektɪvz/	quan điểm xuyên quốc gia	advocates for transnational perspectives	transnational perspectives emerge, adopt transnational perspectives
social cohesion	n phrase	/ˈsəʊʃl kəʊˈhiːʒn/	sự gắn kết xã hội	concept of social cohesion	strengthen social cohesion, social cohesion breaks down
translocal social fields	n phrase	/trænzˈləʊkl ˈsəʊʃl fiːldz/	không gian xã hội xuyên địa phương	emergence of translocal social fields	translocal social fields develop, operate in translocal social fields
anticipatory identities	n phrase	/ænˈtɪsɪpətri aɪˈdentətiz/	bản sắc dự phóng	developing anticipatory identities	anticipatory identities form, construct anticipatory identities
digital mediation	n phrase	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃn/	sự trung gian kỹ thuật số	implications of digital mediation	digital mediation affects, through digital mediation
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl/	giữa các thế hệ	intergenerational dimensions	intergenerational conflict, intergenerational transmission
existential rupture	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl ˈrʌptʃə(r)/	sự đứt gãy hiện sinh	represents existential rupture	experience existential rupture, existential rupture causes
solastalgia	n	/ˌsɒləˈstældʒə/	nỗi buồn do mất môi trường quen thuộc	result in solastalgia	suffer from solastalgia, solastalgia affects
receiving capacity	n phrase	/rɪˈsiːvɪŋ kəˈpæsəti/	khả năng tiếp nhận	community’s receiving capacity	receiving capacity determines, enhance receiving capacity
collective memories	n phrase	/kəˈlektɪv ˈmeməriz/	ký ức tập thể	shaped by collective memories	collective memories influence, collective memories of displacement
securitization	n	/sɪˌkjʊərɪtaɪˈzeɪʃn/	việc an niền hóa	securitization of climate migration	securitization discourse, resist securitization
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impacts
climate injustice	n phrase	/ˈklaɪmət ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/	bất công khí hậu	disparity termed climate injustice	address climate injustice, climate injustice exists
distributive justice	n phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjətɪv ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công bằng phân phối	questions of distributive justice	distributive justice principles, achieve distributive justice
collective obligation	n phrase	/kəˈlektɪv ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn/	nghĩa vụ tập thể	collective obligation across scales	collective obligation requires, fulfill collective obligation

Học viên thảo luận chiến lược làm bài IELTS Reading về di cư khí hậu

Kết Luận

Chủ đề “Social impacts of climate migration” không chỉ là một trong những vấn đề cấp bách nhất của thế kỷ 21 mà còn là nội dung xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này với 3 passages theo đúng chuẩn độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã có cơ hội luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng như thi thật.

Bộ đề này được thiết kế tỉ mỉ với Passage 1 ở mức Easy giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề và xây dựng nền tảng từ vựng cơ bản. Passage 2 ở độ khó Medium thách thức khả năng suy luận và paraphrase của bạn với các câu hỏi đòi hỏi hiểu sâu hơn. Cuối cùng, Passage 3 ở mức Hard mang đến trải nghiệm đọc hiểu học thuật cao cấp với từ vựng chuyên ngành và các khái niệm phức tạp.

Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích không chỉ cho bạn biết đâu là câu trả lời đúng mà còn hướng dẫn cách xác định thông tin, nhận diện kỹ thuật paraphrase và tránh những “cạm bẫy” phổ biến. Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocations sẽ là tài liệu quý giá giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ học thuật.

Hãy dành thời gian làm lại bộ đề này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ những câu sai, và học thuộc các từ vựng quan trọng. Như những người học viên đã từng tôi dạy thấy rằng, việc hiểu một bộ đề thi thật sự có thể giúp tăng điểm Reading từ 0.5 đến 1.0 band. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!