IELTS Reading: Ảnh hưởng của mạng xã hội đến các phong trào môi trường toàn cầu – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề về tác động của mạng xã hội lên các phong trào môi trường toàn cầu đang trở thành một trong những chủ đề nóng thường xuyên xuất hiện trong đề thi IELTS Reading. Với sự bùng nổ của công nghệ số và nhận thức về biến đổi khí hậu, chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng xã hội đương đại mà còn đòi hỏi người học phải nắm vững vốn từ vựng về công nghệ, môi trường và truyền thông.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật. Mỗi passage được thiết kế cẩn thận để phản ánh đúng độ khó và phong cách của đề thi Cambridge IELTS, từ band 5.0 đến 9.0. Bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích, vị trí thông tin trong bài, cũng như bảng từ vựng quan trọng giúp nâng cao vốn từ học thuật.

Bài thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn đang nhắm đến band điểm 7.0+ và muốn làm quen với các chủ đề xã hội – môi trường thường gặp trong kỳ thi thực tế.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút cho 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm và không bị trừ điểm với câu trả lời sai. Điểm số thô sẽ được chuyển đổi thành band điểm từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Bài đọc ngắn nhất với từ vựng cơ bản, câu hỏi trực tiếp
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Bài đọc trung bình với từ vựng học thuật, câu hỏi phức tạp hơn
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Bài đọc dài nhất với từ vựng chuyên sâu, câu hỏi đòi hỏi phân tích

Lưu ý quan trọng:

• Dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet
• Đánh giá độ khó của câu hỏi và ưu tiên làm câu dễ trước
• Không bỏ trống câu nào vì không bị trừ điểm

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ A, B, C, D
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Đánh giá quan điểm tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
7. Matching Features – Ghép thông tin với nhân vật/tổ chức

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IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Social Media: A New Voice for Environmental Action

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

In recent years, social media platforms have transformed the way people communicate about environmental issues. Websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become powerful tools for raising awareness about climate change, pollution, and wildlife conservation. Unlike traditional media, which often requires significant resources and time, social media allows anyone with an internet connection to share information instantly with a global audience.

The rise of environmental movements on social media began around 2010, when activists started using hashtags to organize campaigns. One of the earliest successful examples was the #SaveTheArctic campaign, which gathered millions of signatures through Facebook and Twitter. This campaign demonstrated that social media could mobilize large numbers of people quickly and effectively. Young people, in particular, found these platforms appealing because they could participate in activism without attending physical protests or meetings.

Environmental organizations have adapted their strategies to take advantage of social media’s reach. Greenpeace, for instance, now maintains active profiles on multiple platforms, posting daily updates about their campaigns and encouraging followers to take action. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) uses Instagram to share stunning photographs of endangered species, which often receive thousands of likes and shares. These organizations have learned that visual content – especially images and short videos – tends to generate more engagement than text-based posts.

Individual activists have also found success on social media. Greta Thunberg, the Swedish environmental activist, gained international attention largely through her social media presence. Her straightforward messages about climate change resonated with millions of people worldwide, particularly young audiences who felt traditional leaders were not addressing the crisis urgently enough. By 2019, Thunberg had over 4 million Twitter followers, and her posts regularly reached tens of millions of people. Her example inspired countless other young people to become climate activists themselves.

However, social media’s impact on environmental movements extends beyond raising awareness. These platforms have proven effective for coordinating actions and organizing events. The Global Climate Strike in September 2019 saw over 4 million people participate in protests across 150 countries. Much of this coordination happened through social media groups and pages, where organizers shared information about local events, provided materials for making protest signs, and encouraged participation. The decentralized nature of social media meant that people in different countries could organize their own events while still feeling part of a larger global movement.

Crowdfunding through social media has also provided new ways to support environmental causes. Platforms like GoFundMe and Kickstarter, promoted through social media channels, have raised millions of dollars for environmental projects ranging from ocean cleanup initiatives to reforestation programs. Small organizations that previously struggled to secure funding can now appeal directly to the public, bypassing traditional grant application processes.

Despite these successes, experts note that social media activism – sometimes called “slacktivism” – has limitations. Simply liking or sharing a post requires minimal effort and may not translate into meaningful action. Some critics argue that people who engage with environmental content online may feel they have done their part without making real changes to their behavior or supporting causes financially. Additionally, the short attention span encouraged by social media means that important issues can quickly be forgotten when new topics trend.

Nevertheless, research suggests that social media does lead to offline engagement in many cases. A study by the Pew Research Center found that 35% of Americans who engaged with environmental content on social media subsequently took concrete actions such as reducing their energy consumption, changing their diet, or donating to environmental organizations. The key appears to be sustained engagement rather than one-time interactions.

Looking forward, social media platforms are likely to remain central to environmental activism. As younger generations who grew up with these technologies become more influential, their preferred methods of communication and organization will shape how environmental movements develop. The challenge for activists and organizations will be using these tools effectively while ensuring that online engagement translates into the real-world changes necessary to address pressing environmental challenges.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Social media requires fewer resources than traditional media for sharing environmental information.
2. The #SaveTheArctic campaign was the first environmental campaign to use social media.
3. Greenpeace posts updates about their campaigns every day on social media.
4. Greta Thunberg had more Instagram followers than Twitter followers by 2019.
5. The Global Climate Strike in 2019 was organized by a single international organization.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. The World Wildlife Fund shares __ of endangered animals on Instagram to increase engagement.
7. Social media activism that requires little effort is sometimes called __.
8. According to research, 35% of Americans who saw environmental content online later took __.
9. Young people found social media attractive because they could engage in __ without attending physical events.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, environmental organizations have learned that __ performs best on social media.

    • A) detailed written articles
    • B) visual content like images and videos
    • C) links to scientific research
    • D) personal stories from activists

11. What advantage does social media crowdfunding offer small environmental organizations?

    • A) They can avoid competition with larger organizations
    • B) They receive government support more easily
    • C) They can request money directly from the public
    • D) They don’t need to explain how money will be used

12. The main limitation of social media activism mentioned is that:

    • A) it reaches too many people at once
    • B) it costs too much money to maintain
    • C) low-effort engagement may not lead to real action
    • D) older people cannot access these platforms

13. The Pew Research Center study suggests that social media environmental engagement:

    • A) never leads to offline behavior changes
    • B) can result in concrete actions by users
    • C) only works for young people
    • D) is less effective than traditional activism

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PASSAGE 2 – The Digital Revolution in Environmental Campaigning

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The proliferation of social media platforms over the past fifteen years has fundamentally altered the landscape of environmental activism, creating both unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges for those seeking to address ecological crises. While previous generations relied on grassroots organizing, mainstream media coverage, and institutional support to advance their causes, today’s activists can circumvent traditional gatekeepers and communicate directly with global audiences. This democratization of information dissemination has proven particularly valuable for environmental movements, which often face resistance from powerful economic interests and government entities.

Digital platforms have enabled several distinct mechanisms through which environmental movements gain momentum. First, they facilitate rapid information dissemination across geographical boundaries. When the Amazon rainforest fires intensified in August 2019, images and data spread across social media platforms within hours, generating international pressure on the Brazilian government before traditional media had fully covered the story. This immediacy allows environmental issues to gain traction before opposing forces can mount effective counter-campaigns. Second, social media enables micro-targeting of messages to specific demographic groups, allowing activists to tailor their communications for maximum resonance. Environmental justice campaigns, for instance, can direct content about local pollution to affected communities while simultaneously appealing to policymakers and potential allies elsewhere.

The algorithmic architecture of social media platforms, however, presents a double-edged sword. On one hand, viral content can achieve remarkable reach; the #FridaysForFuture movement, initiated by Greta Thunberg’s solitary school strike, grew into a global phenomenon partly because social media algorithms amplified posts that generated high engagement. On the other hand, these same algorithms can create echo chambers where users primarily encounter information that confirms their existing beliefs, potentially limiting movements’ ability to persuade skeptics or reach beyond their core supporters. Furthermore, the attention economy that governs social media prioritizes sensational or emotionally charged content, which may lead to oversimplification of complex environmental issues or favor dramatic narratives over nuanced scientific explanations.

Corporate appropriation of environmental messaging represents another complication in the social media age. Companies have become adept at “greenwashing” – using social media to create misleading impressions of environmental responsibility while continuing harmful practices. When a major oil corporation posts about its renewable energy investments on Twitter, the message may reach millions of users, potentially neutralizing criticism and diluting the impact of genuine environmental activists working on the same platforms. Distinguishing authentic activism from corporate public relations requires digital literacy that many social media users lack.

Nevertheless, social media has demonstrably enhanced certain aspects of environmental campaigning that were previously difficult or impossible. Network analysis research conducted by scholars at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology revealed that environmental movements utilizing social media exhibited significantly more resilient organizational structures than those relying solely on traditional methods. Rather than depending on centralized leadership that could be targeted by opponents, digital movements often feature distributed networks of activists who can coordinate actions while remaining relatively autonomous. When authorities in one location suppress activism, participants elsewhere can continue operations uninterrupted.

Citizen science initiatives have flourished particularly well in the social media environment. Applications like iNaturalist and eBird, which allow users to document and share observations of wildlife, have created vast databases of biodiversity information while simultaneously building engaged communities of nature enthusiasts. These projects demonstrate how social media can transform passive content consumers into active contributors to scientific knowledge. The data collected through such platforms has proven valuable for researchers studying species distribution, migration patterns, and the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.

The financial dimensions of social media-driven environmental activism also merit examination. Traditional environmental organizations typically relied on foundation grants, membership dues, and major donors, creating dependencies that could constrain their activities. Social media enables more diversified funding models, including micro-donations from large numbers of small contributors, subscription-based content funding through platforms like Patreon, and crowdfunding for specific projects or campaigns. This financial autonomy can allow activist groups to pursue more confrontational strategies without fear of losing institutional support. However, the same volatility that characterizes social media attention spans affects funding; campaigns that capture public imagination may receive substantial resources, while equally important but less photogenic issues struggle to secure support.

Intersectional approaches to environmental activism have gained prominence partly through social media’s capacity to connect previously disparate movements. Climate justice advocates can now easily link their concerns with racial justice, indigenous rights, labor organizing, and anti-poverty campaigns, building broader coalitions than traditional environmental organizations typically managed. The Movement for Black Lives, for example, explicitly incorporates environmental justice into its platform, and social media facilitates collaboration between activists working on these interconnected issues. This convergence represents a significant evolution in environmental politics, moving beyond the narrow focus on wilderness preservation that characterized earlier environmental movements.

Yet researchers caution against technological determinism – the assumption that social media tools inherently produce particular outcomes. Dr. Jennifer Earl, a sociologist studying online activism at the University of Arizona, emphasizes that social media platforms are neutral instruments whose impact depends on how they’re deployed. The same features that enable environmental activists to organize globally also allow their opponents to spread misinformation, coordinate harassment campaigns, and manipulate public discourse. The net effect on environmental outcomes remains contested among scholars, with some arguing that digital activism has energized movements and others suggesting it may divert energy from more impactful offline activities.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to the passage, what is one advantage of social media for environmental activists?

    • A) They receive more funding from traditional sources
    • B) They can avoid traditional media gatekeepers
    • C) They can prevent government interference
    • D) They can force companies to change policies

15. The term “echo chambers” in paragraph 3 refers to:

    • A) spaces where users mostly see opinions they already agree with
    • B) algorithms that promote balanced information
    • C) groups that encourage debate between different viewpoints
    • D) systems that verify factual accuracy of posts

16. What does the passage suggest about greenwashing?

    • A) It is easy for most users to identify
    • B) It only affects corporate reputations
    • C) It can weaken genuine environmental activism
    • D) It is illegal in most countries

17. The MIT network analysis research found that social media-based environmental movements:

    • A) required stronger centralized leadership
    • B) had more resilient organizational structures
    • C) were easier for opponents to disrupt
    • D) needed more financial resources to operate

18. According to Dr. Jennifer Earl, social media platforms are:

    • A) inherently beneficial for environmental causes
    • B) primarily used to spread misinformation
    • C) neutral tools whose impact depends on usage
    • D) less effective than traditional organizing methods

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Social media has created new ways for environmental movements to organize and communicate. When the fires in the (19) __ became more severe in 2019, social media allowed information to spread internationally very quickly. Social media algorithms can make content (20) __, helping movements grow rapidly. However, these algorithms may also create situations where users only see information supporting their existing views.

Companies sometimes engage in (21) __, using social media to create false impressions about their environmental practices. Despite these challenges, social media has enabled (22) __ projects like iNaturalist, where ordinary people contribute to scientific research. Additionally, social media allows environmental groups to receive (23) __ from many small contributors, reducing their dependence on large donors.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Social media algorithms always help environmental movements reach skeptical audiences.
25. Citizen science applications have created valuable databases for environmental research.
26. Online environmental activism is definitely more effective than traditional offline methods.

Ảnh hưởng của mạng xã hội đối với phong trào bảo vệ môi trường toàn cầu và chiến dịch nhận thức cộng đồng

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PASSAGE 3 – The Socio-Political Implications of Digitally-Mediated Environmental Discourse

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The ascendancy of social media as a primary conduit for environmental communication has precipitated a fundamental reconfiguration of the relationship between civic engagement, political mobilization, and ecological consciousness. This transformation extends beyond mere technological substitution – the replacement of one communication medium with another – to encompass more profound shifts in the epistemological frameworks through which environmental knowledge is produced, legitimated, and contested. Scholars in the emerging field of digital environmental humanities contend that social media platforms have effectively created new ontologies of environmental activism, wherein the boundaries between individual expression, collective action, institutional advocacy, and commercial interests have become increasingly porous and difficult to delineate.

The phenomenological experience of environmental crisis has been fundamentally altered by social media’s mediating influence. Where previous generations encountered environmental degradation primarily through direct observation or curated journalistic accounts, contemporary individuals increasingly experience ecological problems through algorithmically-filtered digital representations. This shift carries significant implications for environmental psychology and the formation of what scholars term “environmental subjectivity” – the ways individuals understand their relationship to the natural world and their agency in addressing environmental challenges. Dr. Melissa Aronczyk, whose research at New York University examines mediated environmental communication, argues that social media creates a peculiar form of “ambient environmentalism” wherein users maintain perpetual but shallow engagement with environmental issues, scrolling past climate crisis updates between personal photos and entertainment content. This juxtaposition, she suggests, may simultaneously heighten awareness while diminishing the perceived urgency of environmental action through normalization of crisis as background noise.

The political economy of social media platforms introduces structural constraints that shape environmental discourse in often-overlooked ways. These platforms operate according to extractive business models that depend on maximizing user engagement to generate advertising revenue. Algorithmic curation systems optimize content delivery not for accuracy, civic value, or pedagogical effectiveness, but for metrics associated with sustained platform usage. Environmental content succeeds or fails based partly on its alignment with these commercial imperatives. Dr. Safiya Noble, author of influential work on algorithmic oppression, notes that this creates systematic biases wherein certain types of environmental narratives – those emphasizing individual consumer choices or technologically optimistic solutions – receive greater amplification than content focused on structural inequalities, corporate accountability, or the need for fundamental economic reorganization. The anthropocentric and market-friendly environmental messages that platforms favor may thus inadvertently constrain the ideological boundaries of digitally-mediated environmental discourse.

Networked publics engaged in environmental activism through social media exhibit distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from traditional social movements. Research by Manuel Castells on network society suggests that digitally-organized movements tend toward horizontalism – egalitarian organizational structures that eschew formal leadership hierarchies. While this approach offers advantages in terms of inclusivity and resilience against co-optation or repression, it also presents challenges for strategic coordination, message discipline, and negotiation with institutional actors accustomed to dealing with designated representatives. The Occupy Wall Street movement, which intersected significantly with environmental concerns, exemplified both the strengths and limitations of this organizational model; its decentralized structure enabled rapid spread and prevented easy decapitation by authorities, yet also made it difficult to translate protest energy into concrete policy demands or sustained institutional pressure.

The epistemological status of environmental knowledge circulated through social media merits careful examination. Traditional scientific communication followed hierarchical pathways wherein research findings underwent peer review, journalistic verification, and institutional vetting before reaching public audiences. Social media has disintermediated this process, enabling both democratization of knowledge production and proliferation of misinformation. Citizen scientists can now contribute observations and analyses directly to public discourse without requiring credentialing or institutional affiliation. Simultaneously, denialist narratives and pseudo-scientific claims about climate change, species extinction, or pollution can circulate with equal superficial legitimacy. The flattening of epistemic authority – where a petroleum industry spokesperson’s tweet carries the same algorithmic weight as a climate scientist’s post – represents what some scholars call “strategic ignorance production,” wherein powerful interests exploit the equivocal character of social media discourse to create false perceptions of scientific controversy on settled questions.

Geopolitical dimensions of social media-mediated environmental activism introduce further complexity. While these platforms enable transnational coordination and foster cosmopolitan environmental identities that transcend national boundaries, they simultaneously reflect and reinforce existing global power asymmetries. Anglophone content dominates most major platforms, potentially marginalizing environmental perspectives from non-English speaking regions despite these areas often bearing disproportionate impacts of ecological degradation. Dr. Faisal Devji at Oxford University observes that the infrastructural requirements of social media – reliable internet connectivity, personal devices, digital literacy – mean that participation in global environmental discourse remains stratified by socioeconomic status even as the platforms themselves purport to offer universal access. Subaltern environmental knowledge, particularly from indigenous communities with crucial insights into sustainable land management and biodiversity conservation, may remain underrepresented in viral campaigns that capture international attention.

The temporal dynamics of social media also shape environmental activism in consequential ways. Zeynep Tufekci, whose scholarship examines social movements in the digital age, identifies a paradoxical pattern wherein movements can achieve massive visible mobilization rapidly through viral campaigning, yet struggle to develop the durable infrastructures and institutional capacities necessary for sustained influence. Traditional movements often spent years building organizational resources before undertaking major actions, developing tacit knowledge, interpersonal trust, and strategic sophistication through prolonged engagement. Social media enables movements to bypass this incubation period, producing spectacular protests or campaigns that nonetheless may lack the organizational substrate required to capitalize on momentum or weather setbacks. This “durability deficit,” as Tufekci terms it, may explain why some social media-driven environmental campaigns produce impressive demonstrations yet limited policy outcomes.

Affective dimensions of digitally-mediated environmental communication warrant closer analysis. Social media platforms privilege content that generates strong emotional responses – outrage, fear, inspiration, humor – as such content typically drives higher engagement. Environmental activists have adapted by crafting messages designed for maximal affective impact, utilizing visceral imagery of ecological destruction, apocalyptic framing of climate scenarios, or heartwarming narratives of conservation success. While such emotive appeals can effectively penetrate the information-saturated environment of social media feeds, scholars like Renee Lertzman caution that excessive reliance on negative emotions may produce paralysis or disengagement among audiences rather than mobilization. The psychological literature on “climate anxiety” and “ecological grief” suggests that the affective intensity of environmental content circulating through social media may have unintended mental health consequences for certain populations, particularly young people who have grown up with constant exposure to crisis narratives.

Critical theorists emphasize that scholarly analysis must avoid both utopian celebrations of social media’s democratizing potential and dystopian dismissals of digital activism as inevitably superficial. The actual impact of social media on environmental movements emerges from complex interactions between platform affordances, actor strategies, institutional responses, and broader sociopolitical contexts. Dr. Alice Marwick at the University of North Carolina advocates for “platform studies” approaches that examine the specific technical architectures, business models, and governance structures of different platforms, recognizing that Twitter activism operates quite differently from Instagram campaigns or YouTube environmental education channels. Such granular analysis resists reductionist conclusions while enabling more sophisticated understanding of how digital tools can be deployed effectively toward environmental goals. The challenge for contemporary environmental movements lies not in choosing between digital and traditional activism, but rather in developing sophisticated repertoires that strategically integrate various tactics appropriate to specific contexts, objectives, and opposition.

Questions 27-30

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to paragraph 1, digital environmental humanities scholars argue that social media has:

    • A) simply replaced older communication technologies
    • B) created new forms of environmental activism with blurred boundaries
    • C) made environmental knowledge more reliable
    • D) eliminated the role of institutions in environmental advocacy

28. Dr. Melissa Aronczyk’s concept of “ambient environmentalism” suggests that social media users:

    • A) are completely unaware of environmental issues
    • B) take more direct action than previous generations
    • C) maintain constant but superficial engagement with environmental topics
    • D) ignore environmental content completely

29. According to Dr. Safiya Noble, algorithmic curation systems tend to favor environmental content that:

    • A) emphasizes structural inequalities
    • B) focuses on individual consumer choices and technological solutions
    • C) demands corporate accountability
    • D) calls for economic reorganization

30. Research on networked publics suggests that horizontalist organizational structures:

    • A) are always superior to traditional hierarchies
    • B) make movements more vulnerable to government suppression
    • C) offer advantages in inclusivity but challenges in strategic coordination
    • D) prevent all forms of internal disagreement

Questions 31-35

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.

31. Traditional scientific communication involved
32. The flattening of epistemic authority means that
33. Anglophone content dominance on social media platforms potentially
34. Zeynep Tufekci’s concept of “durability deficit” explains why
35. Excessive reliance on negative emotional appeals in environmental messaging may cause

A) movements achieve rapid mobilization but struggle with sustained influence

B) all scientific claims receive equal verification before publication

C) audiences to become paralyzed rather than motivated to act

D) peer review and institutional vetting before reaching the public

E) social media always produces effective environmental outcomes

F) climate scientists’ posts have equal algorithmic visibility to industry representatives’ claims

G) marginalizes environmental perspectives from non-English speaking regions

H) encourages more scientific research in developing countries

Questions 36-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36. Social media platforms optimize content delivery based on what is most accurate and educationally valuable.

37. Indigenous communities’ environmental knowledge may be underrepresented in viral social media campaigns despite its importance.

38. Movements that develop slowly through traditional methods often build stronger organizational capacities than those emerging rapidly through social media.

39. Climate anxiety affects only people in wealthy countries with high social media usage.

40. Effective environmental movements should strategically combine digital tactics with traditional activism methods.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. FALSE
6. stunning photographs / stunning images
7. slacktivism
8. concrete actions
9. activism / environmental activism
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. Amazon rainforest
20. viral / go viral
21. greenwashing
22. citizen science
23. micro-donations
24. NO
25. YES
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. D
32. F
33. G
34. A
35. C
36. NO
37. YES
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: social media, fewer resources, traditional media
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Unlike traditional media, which often requires significant resources and time, social media allows anyone with an internet connection to share information instantly.” Đây là paraphrase của “fewer resources” = “requires significant resources” (traditional media) vs không cần nhiều tài nguyên (social media).

Câu 2: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: #SaveTheArctic, first environmental campaign
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói #SaveTheArctic là “one of the earliest successful examples”, không khẳng định đây là campaign đầu tiên.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Greenpeace, daily updates
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu “Greenpeace… now maintains active profiles on multiple platforms, posting daily updates about their campaigns” xác nhận thông tin này.

Câu 5: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Global Climate Strike, single organization
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “The decentralized nature of social media meant that people in different countries could organize their own events,” chứng tỏ không phải do một tổ chức duy nhất tổ chức.

Câu 7: slacktivism

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: activism, little effort
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “social media activism – sometimes called ‘slacktivism’ – has limitations.”

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: environmental organizations, performs best
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “These organizations have learned that visual content – especially images and short videos – tends to generate more engagement than text-based posts.”

Câu 13: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Pew Research Center, engagement
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: “A study by the Pew Research Center found that 35% of Americans who engaged with environmental content on social media subsequently took concrete actions” – chứng tỏ social media có thể dẫn đến hành động cụ thể.

Chiến lược làm bài thi IELTS Reading hiệu quả cho chủ đề môi trường và mạng xã hội

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: advantage, social media, activists
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “today’s activists can circumvent traditional gatekeepers and communicate directly with global audiences” – “circumvent traditional gatekeepers” là paraphrase của “avoid traditional media gatekeepers.”

Câu 15: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (vocabulary in context)
• Từ khóa: echo chambers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Câu giải thích tiếp theo nói rõ: “these same algorithms can create echo chambers where users primarily encounter information that confirms their existing beliefs” – người dùng chủ yếu gặp thông tin khẳng định niềm tin sẵn có của họ.

Câu 17: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: MIT research, organizational structures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Network analysis research… revealed that environmental movements utilizing social media exhibited significantly more resilient organizational structures than those relying solely on traditional methods.”

Câu 19: Amazon rainforest

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: fires, 2019
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “When the Amazon rainforest fires intensified in August 2019…”

Câu 21: greenwashing

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: companies, false impressions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Companies have become adept at ‘greenwashing’ – using social media to create misleading impressions of environmental responsibility.”

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: algorithms, always help, skeptical audiences
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói algorithms có thể tạo echo chambers, “potentially limiting movements’ ability to persuade skeptics” – điều này mâu thuẫn với “always help reach skeptical audiences.”

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: citizen science, databases, research
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: “These projects demonstrate how social media can transform passive content consumers into active contributors to scientific knowledge. The data collected through such platforms has proven valuable for researchers.”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: digital environmental humanities, social media
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “social media platforms have effectively created new ontologies of environmental activism, wherein the boundaries between individual expression, collective action, institutional advocacy, and commercial interests have become increasingly porous and difficult to delineate” – ranh giới trở nên mờ nhạt.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Dr. Aronczyk, ambient environmentalism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, giữa
• Giải thích: “social media creates a peculiar form of ‘ambient environmentalism’ wherein users maintain perpetual but shallow engagement with environmental issues” – liên tục nhưng nông cạn.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Dr. Noble, algorithmic curation, favor
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, cuối
• Giải thích: “certain types of environmental narratives – those emphasizing individual consumer choices or technologically optimistic solutions – receive greater amplification.”

Câu 31: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching sentence endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Traditional scientific communication followed hierarchical pathways wherein research findings underwent peer review, journalistic verification, and institutional vetting before reaching public audiences.”

Câu 32: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching sentence endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, cuối
• Giải thích: “The flattening of epistemic authority – where a petroleum industry spokesperson’s tweet carries the same algorithmic weight as a climate scientist’s post.”

Câu 34: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching sentence endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: “movements can achieve massive visible mobilization rapidly… yet struggle to develop the durable infrastructures and institutional capacities necessary for sustained influence.”

Câu 36: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Algorithmic curation systems optimize content delivery not for accuracy, civic value, or pedagogical effectiveness, but for metrics associated with sustained platform usage” – mâu thuẫn hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.

Câu 37: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, cuối
• Giải thích: “Subaltern environmental knowledge, particularly from indigenous communities with crucial insights… may remain underrepresented in viral campaigns.”

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối cùng
• Giải thích: “The challenge for contemporary environmental movements lies not in choosing between digital and traditional activism, but rather in developing sophisticated repertoires that strategically integrate various tactics.”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
mobilize	v	/ˈməʊbəlaɪz/	huy động, tổ chức	This campaign demonstrated that social media could mobilize large numbers	mobilize support/resources
participate in	v phrase	/pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ɪn/	tham gia vào	they could participate in activism without attending physical protests	participate in activities/movements
resonate with	v phrase	/ˈrezəneɪt wɪð/	gây được tiếng vang, đồng cảm với	Her straightforward messages resonated with millions	resonate with audiences/people
coordinate	v	/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/	phối hợp, điều phối	proven effective for coordinating actions	coordinate efforts/activities
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	phi tập trung	The decentralized nature of social media	decentralized system/structure
crowdfunding	n	/ˈkraʊdfʌndɪŋ/	gây quỹ cộng đồng	Crowdfunding through social media has also provided new ways	crowdfunding campaign/platform
bypass	v	/ˈbaɪpɑːs/	bỏ qua, vượt qua	can now appeal directly to the public, bypassing traditional grant application	bypass procedures/systems
slacktivism	n	/ˈslæktɪvɪzəm/	hành động ủng hộ thụ động (trên mạng)	social media activism – sometimes called “slacktivism”	engage in slacktivism
meaningful	adj	/ˈmiːnɪŋfl/	có ý nghĩa thực tế	may not translate into meaningful action	meaningful change/contribution
sustained	adj	/səˈsteɪnd/	duy trì, liên tục	The key appears to be sustained engagement	sustained effort/engagement
central	adj	/ˈsentrəl/	trọng tâm, quan trọng	remain central to environmental activism	central role/importance
real-world	adj	/ˈriːəl wɜːld/	thực tế, thực tiễn	online engagement translates into the real-world changes	real-world impact/application

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/	sự gia tăng nhanh chóng	The proliferation of social media platforms	proliferation of weapons/technology
circumvent	v	/ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/	tránh né, vượt qua	can circumvent traditional gatekeepers	circumvent restrictions/rules
democratization	n	/dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃn/	dân chủ hóa	This democratization of information dissemination	democratization of information/access
dissemination	n	/dɪˌsemɪˈneɪʃn/	sự phổ biến, lan truyền	democratization of information dissemination	information dissemination
traction	n	/ˈtrækʃn/	sức hút, sự chú ý	allows environmental issues to gain traction	gain traction/momentum
micro-targeting	n	/ˈmaɪkrəʊ ˈtɑːɡɪtɪŋ/	nhắm mục tiêu vi mô	social media enables micro-targeting of messages	micro-targeting strategies
algorithmic	adj	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk/	thuộc thuật toán	The algorithmic architecture of social media platforms	algorithmic bias/system
amplify	v	/ˈæmplɪfaɪ/	khuếch đại, phóng to	social media algorithms amplified posts	amplify messages/voices
echo chamber	n	/ˈekəʊ ˌtʃeɪmbə/	buồng vang (môi trường chỉ có ý kiến giống nhau)	algorithms can create echo chambers	trapped in echo chamber
greenwashing	n	/ˈɡriːnwɒʃɪŋ/	tẩy xanh (giả vờ thân thiện môi trường)	become adept at “greenwashing”	engage in greenwashing
neutralize	v	/ˈnjuːtrəlaɪz/	vô hiệu hóa	potentially neutralizing criticism	neutralize threats/opposition
dilute	v	/daɪˈluːt/	làm loãng, làm yếu đi	diluting the impact of genuine environmental activists	dilute impact/effect
resilient	adj	/rɪˈzɪliənt/	bền bỉ, kiên cường	significantly more resilient organizational structures	resilient system/community
autonomous	adj	/ɔːˈtɒnəməs/	tự trị, độc lập	coordinate actions while remaining relatively autonomous	autonomous region/entity
biodiversity	n	/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/	đa dạng sinh học	vast databases of biodiversity information	biodiversity conservation/loss
confrontational	adj	/ˌkɒnfrʌnˈteɪʃənl/	đối đầu, gây gổ	pursue more confrontational strategies	confrontational approach/tactics
disparate	adj	/ˈdɪspərət/	khác biệt, không liên quan	connect previously disparate movements	disparate groups/elements
convergence	n	/kənˈvɜːdʒəns/	sự hội tụ, gặp gỡ	This convergence represents a significant evolution	convergence of interests/ideas

Từ vựng IELTS chủ đề môi trường và mạng xã hội với ví dụ cụ thể và cách sử dụng

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
ascendancy	n	/əˈsendənsi/	sự vượt trội, thống trị	The ascendancy of social media as a primary conduit	gain ascendancy/rise to ascendancy
reconfiguration	n	/ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/	sự cấu hình lại	precipitated a fundamental reconfiguration	reconfiguration of systems/structures
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	nhận thức luận	shifts in the epistemological frameworks	epistemological framework/approach
legitimated	adj	/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmeɪtɪd/	được hợp pháp hóa	environmental knowledge is produced, legitimated, and contested	legitimated authority/power
ontology	n	/ɒnˈtɒlədʒi/	bản thể luận	created new ontologies of environmental activism	ontology of being/existence
porous	adj	/ˈpɔːrəs/	nhiều lỗ hổng, dễ thấm	boundaries have become increasingly porous	porous borders/boundaries
delineate	v	/dɪˈlɪnieɪt/	phác họa, xác định rõ	difficult to delineate	delineate boundaries/responsibilities
phenomenological	adj	/fɪˌnɒmɪnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	hiện tượng luận	The phenomenological experience of environmental crisis	phenomenological approach/study
curated	adj	/kjʊəˈreɪtɪd/	được tuyển chọn	curated journalistic accounts	curated content/collection
algorithmically-filtered	adj phrase	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪkli ˈfɪltəd/	được lọc bằng thuật toán	through algorithmically-filtered digital representations	algorithmically-filtered information
agency	n	/ˈeɪdʒənsi/	quyền tự quyết, khả năng hành động	their agency in addressing environmental challenges	human agency/sense of agency
ambient	adj	/ˈæmbiənt/	xung quanh, không trực tiếp	creates a peculiar form of “ambient environmentalism”	ambient temperature/music
perpetual	adj	/pəˈpetʃuəl/	vĩnh viễn, liên tục	maintain perpetual but shallow engagement	perpetual motion/conflict
juxtaposition	n	/ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃn/	sự đặt cạnh nhau	This juxtaposition may simultaneously heighten awareness	juxtaposition of ideas/images
extractive	adj	/ɪkˈstræktɪv/	khai thác	operate according to extractive business models	extractive industries/practices
pedagogical	adj	/ˌpedəˈɡɒdʒɪkl/	sư phạm, giáo dục	not for accuracy, civic value, or pedagogical effectiveness	pedagogical approach/method
anthropocentric	adj	/ˌænθrəpəʊˈsentrɪk/	lấy con người làm trung tâm	The anthropocentric and market-friendly environmental messages	anthropocentric worldview/perspective
inadvertently	adv	/ˌɪnədˈvɜːtntli/	vô tình, không chủ ý	may thus inadvertently constrain	inadvertently reveal/cause
horizontalism	n	/ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəlɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa phẳng (tổ chức không phân cấp)	tend toward horizontalism	practice horizontalism
egalitarian	adj	/ɪˌɡælɪˈteəriən/	bình đẳng	egalitarian organizational structures	egalitarian society/principles
eschew	v	/ɪsˈtʃuː/	tránh xa, từ bỏ	structures that eschew formal leadership hierarchies	eschew violence/tradition
co-optation	n	/kəʊˌɒpˈteɪʃn/	sự lôi kéo, chiếm đoạt	resilience against co-optation or repression	co-optation of movements
disintermediated	v	/ˌdɪsɪntəˈmiːdieɪtɪd/	loại bỏ trung gian	Social media has disintermediated this process	disintermediated communication/distribution
credentialing	n	/krɪˈdenʃəlɪŋ/	việc cấp chứng chỉ	without requiring credentialing or institutional affiliation	credentialing process/system
denialist	adj	/dɪˈnaɪəlɪst/	phủ nhận (sự thật khoa học)	denialist narratives and pseudo-scientific claims	denialist propaganda/claims
epistemic	adj	/ˌepɪˈstemɪk/	tri thức, nhận thức	The flattening of epistemic authority	epistemic uncertainty/community
equivocal	adj	/ɪˈkwɪvəkl/	mơ hồ, không rõ ràng	exploit the equivocal character	equivocal response/statement
cosmopolitan	adj	/ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/	toàn cầu, quốc tế	foster cosmopolitan environmental identities	cosmopolitan city/outlook
asymmetry	n	/eɪˈsɪmətri/	sự bất cân xứng	reflect and reinforce existing global power asymmetries	asymmetry of power/information
anglophone	adj	/ˈæŋɡləfəʊn/	nói tiếng Anh	Anglophone content dominates most major platforms	anglophone countries/world
marginalize	v	/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪz/	đẩy ra lề, cô lập	potentially marginalizing environmental perspectives	marginalize groups/voices
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân xứng, quá mức	bearing disproportionate impacts of ecological degradation	disproportionate impact/effect
stratified	adj	/ˈstrætɪfaɪd/	phân tầng	participation remains stratified by socioeconomic status	stratified society/system
subaltern	adj	/ˈsʌbəltɜːn/	cấp dưới, bị áp bức	Subaltern environmental knowledge	subaltern groups/voices
underrepresented	adj	/ˌʌndəˌreprɪˈzentɪd/	thiếu đại diện	may remain underrepresented in viral campaigns	underrepresented minorities/groups
incubation	n	/ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/	sự ấp ủ, thai nghén	bypass this incubation period	incubation period/stage
substrate	n	/ˈsʌbstreɪt/	nền tảng	lack the organizational substrate	cultural substrate/foundation
capitalize on	v phrase	/ˈkæpɪtəlaɪz ɒn/	tận dụng	required to capitalize on momentum	capitalize on opportunities/success
durability	n	/ˌdjʊərəˈbɪləti/	sự bền bỉ	This “durability deficit”	durability of materials/relationships
affective	adj	/əˈfektɪv/	cảm xúc, tình cảm	Affective dimensions of digitally-mediated communication	affective response/state
visceral	adj	/ˈvɪsərəl/	nội tạng, sâu sắc	utilizing visceral imagery of ecological destruction	visceral reaction/response
apocalyptic	adj	/əˌpɒkəˈlɪptɪk/	ngày tận thế	apocalyptic framing of climate scenarios	apocalyptic vision/scenario
emotive	adj	/ɪˈməʊtɪv/	gây xúc động	While such emotive appeals can effectively penetrate	emotive language/issue
paralysis	n	/pəˈræləsɪs/	sự tê liệt, bất lực	may produce paralysis or disengagement	analysis paralysis/political paralysis
utopian	adj	/juːˈtəʊpiən/	không tưởng	avoid both utopian celebrations	utopian vision/ideals
dystopian	adj	/dɪsˈtəʊpiən/	ác mộng	and dystopian dismissals of digital activism	dystopian future/scenario
affordance	n	/əˈfɔːdns/	khả năng hỗ trợ	between platform affordances, actor strategies	technological affordances
granular	adj	/ˈɡrænjələ/	chi tiết, cụ thể	Such granular analysis resists reductionist conclusions	granular data/detail
repertoire	n	/ˈrepətwɑː/	kho, danh mục	developing sophisticated repertoires	repertoire of skills/strategies

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Kết bài

Chủ đề về ảnh hưởng của mạng xã hội đến các phong trào môi trường toàn cầu không chỉ là một xu hướng xã hội đương đại mà còn phản ánh sâu sắc sự giao thoa giữa công nghệ, truyền thông và nhận thức về môi trường – một chủ đề cực kỳ quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS Reading hiện đại.

Ba passages trong đề thi mẫu này đã được thiết kế cẩn thận để mô phỏng chính xác cấu trúc và độ khó của đề thi IELTS thực tế. Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản với từ vựng dễ tiếp cận, phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đi sâu hơn vào các cơ chế và thách thức với ngôn ngữ học thuật, nhắm đến band 6.0-7.5. Passage 3 phân tích các khía cạnh lý thuyết và triết học phức tạp, thử thách người học ở band 7.0-9.0.

Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng khác nhau – từ True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice đến Matching và Summary Completion – bạn đã được trải nghiệm gần như đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi có thể gặp trong kỳ thi thực tế. Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích không chỉ giúp bạn kiểm tra kết quả mà còn hiểu rõ cách paraphrase, xác định thông tin và áp dụng kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.

Bảng từ vựng toàn diện với hơn 60 từ quan trọng được phân loại theo độ khó cung cấp công cụ học tập vô giá để nâng cao vốn từ học thuật của bạn. Hãy dành thời gian ôn luyện những từ này trong ngữ cảnh, chú ý đến collocations và cách sử dụng tự nhiên của chúng.

Hãy nhớ rằng, việc làm quen với các chủ đề đa dạng như social media, environment, activism và technology không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong phòng thi mà còn mở rộng kiến thức tổng quát – một yếu tố quan trọng để đạt band điểm cao. Tiếp tục luyện tập đều đặn, phân tích kỹ các passage mẫu và rút ra bài học từ những lỗi sai. Chúc bạn thành công trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!