IELTS Reading: Thách Thức Phát Triển Bền Vững Trong Giao Thông - Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Mở Bài

Chủ đề “Sustainability Challenges In Transportation” – Thách thức phát triển bền vững trong giao thông – là một trong những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading với tần suất khoảng 15-20% các đề thi. Đây là chủ đề liên quan mật thiết đến các vấn đề môi trường, công nghệ và xã hội hiện đại, đòi hỏi người học phải nắm vững cả từ vựng chuyên ngành lẫn khả năng phân tích thông tin phức tạp.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh bao gồm:

Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, phù hợp với band điểm từ 5.0 đến 9.0
40 câu hỏi đa dạng với đầy đủ các dạng bài xuất hiện trong kỳ thi thực tế
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase
Từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage với phiên âm và ví dụ thực tế
Chiến lược làm bài được rút ra từ kinh nghiệm giảng dạy hơn 20 năm

Bộ đề này phù hợp cho mọi học viên đang hướng tới band điểm từ 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn cần làm quen với chủ đề học thuật về giao thông bền vững.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một phần quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS với những yêu cầu cụ thể:

Cấu trúc đề thi:

Thời gian: 60 phút cho toàn bộ bài thi
Số lượng: 3 passages với độ dài khoảng 2,000-2,750 từ
Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
Không có thời gian chuyển đáp án (khác với Listening)

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi)
Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi)
Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi)
Dành 2-3 phút cuối kiểm tra đáp án

Lưu ý quan trọng:

Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm
Không bị trừ điểm với câu trả lời sai
Viết đáp án trực tiếp lên phiếu trả lời
Chú ý giới hạn số từ trong đáp án

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai/không có thông tin
Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi ngắn yêu cầu trả lời cụ thể

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Evolution of Urban Transportation Systems

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Throughout history, the way people move around cities has undergone dramatic transformations, reflecting technological advances and changing social needs. From the earliest days of human civilization to the present, urban transportation has evolved from simple walking paths to complex, interconnected systems that define modern city life.

In ancient times, cities were designed with pedestrians in mind. The streets of Rome, Athens, and other early urban centers were primarily footpaths where people walked from one place to another. However, as cities grew larger and more prosperous, the need for more efficient transportation became apparent. The introduction of horse-drawn carriages in the 16th century marked a significant milestone, allowing wealthier citizens to travel greater distances in comfort. These carriages became status symbols and remained the dominant form of private transportation for centuries.

The 19th century brought about the Industrial Revolution, which fundamentally changed urban transportation. The invention of the steam engine led to the development of trains and trams, which could carry large numbers of passengers across cities and between towns. In 1863, London opened the world’s first underground railway system, known as the “Tube,” which revolutionized how people thought about moving through cities. This innovation allowed cities to expand outward, as workers could now live further from their workplaces and commute daily.

The early 20th century witnessed the rise of the automobile, which would become the most transformative transportation technology of all. Henry Ford’s mass production techniques made cars affordable for ordinary families, not just the wealthy elite. By the 1920s, automobiles were becoming increasingly common in American cities, and by mid-century, they had reshaped urban landscapes around the world. Cities began designing road networks, parking facilities, and suburban developments specifically to accommodate private vehicles.

However, the dominance of automobiles has created significant challenges. Traffic congestion became a serious problem in major cities by the 1960s, with commuters spending hours trapped in gridlock. Air pollution from vehicle emissions contributed to respiratory problems and environmental degradation. The reliance on fossil fuels for transportation also raised concerns about energy security and climate change. These issues prompted city planners and governments to reconsider their approach to urban transportation.

In recent decades, many cities have invested heavily in public transportation infrastructure as an alternative to private cars. Modern metro systems, light rail networks, and bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have been developed to provide efficient, affordable transportation options. Cities like Singapore, Tokyo, and Copenhagen have demonstrated that well-designed public transportation can reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and enhance the overall quality of urban life.

The 21st century has brought new innovations that promise to transform urban transportation once again. Electric vehicles are becoming more affordable and widespread, offering a cleaner alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. Bicycle-sharing programs have emerged in hundreds of cities worldwide, encouraging people to choose cycling for short trips. Some cities are experimenting with autonomous vehicles (self-driving cars), which could potentially reduce accidents and improve traffic flow. Additionally, the rise of ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft has changed how people think about car ownership, with many urban residents now choosing to rely on these services rather than owning a vehicle.

Looking forward, the future of urban transportation will likely involve a combination of different modes working together in an integrated system. The concept of “mobility as a service” (MaaS) is gaining traction, where users can plan, book, and pay for multiple types of transportation through a single digital platform. This approach recognizes that different situations call for different transportation solutions – perhaps a bicycle for a short trip, public transit for a daily commute, and a shared car for weekend outings.

Sustainability remains a central concern as cities continue to grow. Transportation currently accounts for approximately 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions, making it a critical sector for climate action. Cities are implementing various strategies to promote sustainable transportation, including pedestrian zones, expanded cycling infrastructure, and incentives for using public transit. Some cities have introduced congestion pricing, charging fees for driving in central areas during peak hours to discourage car use and fund public transportation improvements.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also influenced thinking about urban transportation. Many cities temporarily closed streets to create more space for pedestrians and cyclists, and some of these changes may become permanent. The increase in remote work has reduced commuting for many people, potentially allowing for a reimagining of how transportation systems operate. These developments highlight the ongoing evolution of urban transportation and the need for flexible, adaptable systems that can respond to changing circumstances and priorities.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, ancient cities were primarily designed for:
A. Horse-drawn carriages
B. Walking
C. Public transportation
D. Private vehicles
The London Underground, opened in 1863, was significant because it:
A. Was the world’s first steam-powered train
B. Connected London to other countries
C. Changed how people thought about moving through cities
D. Made transportation free for workers
Henry Ford’s contribution to transportation was:
A. Inventing the first automobile
B. Creating the first highway system
C. Making cars affordable through mass production
D. Developing electric vehicles
What problem emerged as automobiles became dominant?
A. Cities became too small
B. Traffic congestion increased
C. Public transportation disappeared
D. People stopped walking
“Mobility as a service” (MaaS) refers to:
A. Free public transportation for all citizens
B. Using only one type of transportation
C. A single platform for planning and paying for multiple transport types
D. Government-owned transportation companies

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Horse-drawn carriages were available to all social classes in the 16th century.
Traffic congestion became a problem in major cities during the 1960s.
Tokyo has one of the most expensive public transportation systems in the world.
The COVID-19 pandemic led some cities to create more space for pedestrians and cyclists.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

In ancient Rome and Athens, city streets were mainly __ for people walking.
The invention of the __ during the Industrial Revolution led to the development of trains.
Transportation is responsible for about __ of global carbon dioxide emissions.
Some cities charge __ to discourage driving in central areas during busy times.

PASSAGE 2 – Sustainable Transportation: Balancing Growth and Environmental Impact

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between transportation and environmental sustainability represents one of the most complex challenges facing modern society. As global populations continue to urbanize and economic development accelerates, the demand for mobility increases correspondingly. This growth, however, comes at a significant ecological cost, raising fundamental questions about how societies can maintain economic progress while minimizing environmental harm. The transportation sector’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and resource depletion has prompted researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders to search for innovative solutions that can reconcile these competing demands.

A. The Scale of the Challenge

Transportation systems worldwide consume approximately 28% of global energy, with road vehicles alone accounting for nearly three-quarters of this total. The International Energy Agency estimates that transportation-related carbon emissions have increased by over 70% since 1990, outpacing growth in other sectors. This trend is particularly pronounced in developing economies, where rising incomes have led to rapid increases in vehicle ownership. In China, for instance, the number of private cars grew from fewer than one million in 1990 to over 200 million by 2020. Similar patterns are emerging in India, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa, suggesting that global transportation emissions will continue rising unless significant interventions occur.

The environmental impacts extend beyond climate change. Vehicle emissions contribute to urban air quality problems, with particulate matter and nitrogen oxides causing respiratory diseases that kill millions annually. The World Health Organization estimates that outdoor air pollution, much of it transportation-related, causes approximately 4.2 million premature deaths each year. Additionally, transportation infrastructure fragments habitats, disrupts wildlife migration patterns, and contributes to noise pollution that affects both human health and ecological systems.

B. Technological Solutions and Their Limitations

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is often presented as a primary solution to transportation’s environmental challenges. EVs produce no tailpipe emissions and, when powered by renewable energy, can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of personal transportation. Several countries, including Norway, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, have announced plans to phase out sales of new internal combustion engine vehicles by 2030 or 2035. Major automotive manufacturers have committed billions of dollars to EV development, and battery technology continues to improve, addressing previous concerns about range and charging time.

However, the EV transition faces substantial obstacles. The production of lithium-ion batteries requires mining rare earth minerals, a process with its own environmental and social costs. The electricity grid in many regions still relies heavily on fossil fuel generation, meaning that EV operations may simply shift emissions from vehicles to power plants. Furthermore, the focus on EVs does little to address other transportation problems, such as traffic congestion, urban sprawl, and the inefficient use of space devoted to parking and roads. Some researchers argue that a narrow focus on electrification may actually delay more fundamental changes needed in how societies organize transportation.

C. The Promise of Shared and Public Transportation

An alternative approach emphasizes modal shift – encouraging people to move from private vehicles to more efficient transportation modes. Public transportation systems, when well-designed and adequately funded, can move far more people per unit of energy than private cars. A single subway train can transport as many passengers as several hundred cars while using a fraction of the energy and occupying far less space. Similarly, bus rapid transit systems in cities like Bogotá and Guangzhou have demonstrated that dedicated bus lanes with modern vehicles can provide service comparable to rail systems at lower cost.

The rise of shared mobility services offers additional possibilities. Car-sharing programs allow multiple users to access vehicles without the costs and resources associated with private ownership. Ride-sharing reduces the number of vehicles on roads by consolidating trips. Bicycle-sharing programs provide convenient, emissions-free transportation for short urban trips. When integrated through digital platforms, these services can create a seamless transportation network that provides the convenience of private vehicles without the environmental costs.

Yet shared and public transportation face their own challenges. Many cities lack the political will or financial resources to invest adequately in public transit. In regions where urban development has been organized around automobile use, retrofitting cities for effective public transportation proves extremely difficult. Cultural factors also matter: in some societies, private vehicle ownership carries strong status associations that discourage use of shared options. The COVID-19 pandemic, moreover, raised concerns about disease transmission in shared spaces, causing ridership declines that have persisted in many transit systems.

D. Behavioral Change and Urban Design

Ultimately, technological and infrastructural solutions must be complemented by changes in behavior and urban form. Many transportation emissions result from the spatial organization of cities themselves – when homes, workplaces, shops, and services are widely separated, people have little choice but to drive long distances. The concept of the “15-minute city,” pioneered in Paris and adopted elsewhere, envisions urban neighborhoods where residents can meet most daily needs within a short walk or bicycle ride. This approach requires mixed-use development that combines residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.

Active transportation – walking and cycling – represents the most sustainable form of mobility, producing zero emissions while providing health benefits. Cities like Amsterdam and Copenhagen have demonstrated that with appropriate infrastructure – protected bike lanes, pedestrian-friendly streets, and supportive policies – substantial portions of urban trips can shift to these modes. The benefits extend beyond emission reductions to include decreased traffic congestion, improved public health, and enhanced urban livability.

Achieving widespread behavioral change, however, requires more than infrastructure. Pricing mechanisms such as congestion charges, parking fees, and fuel taxes can make driving less attractive while generating revenue for alternatives. However, such measures often face political resistance, particularly when they disproportionately affect lower-income populations. Communication campaigns and education can promote sustainable transportation choices, but their effectiveness varies. Most successful interventions combine multiple approaches, creating environments where sustainable choices are not only possible but also convenient and appealing.

E. The Path Forward

The sustainable transportation transition will require coordinated efforts across multiple domains. Technological innovation in vehicle design and energy systems must continue, but within a broader framework that questions fundamental assumptions about mobility needs. Urban planning must prioritize compact, mixed-use development that reduces transportation demand. Policy makers must implement regulatory frameworks and economic incentives that reflect the true environmental costs of different transportation choices. Most importantly, the transition requires recognizing that transportation is not an end in itself but a means to access opportunities, goods, and services – and that various modes can fulfill this function with vastly different environmental consequences.

Hệ thống giao thông bền vững với tàu điện, xe đạp và khu vực dành cho người đi bộ tại thành phố hiện đại

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Electric vehicles alone will solve all transportation environmental problems.
Public transportation systems can move more people per unit of energy than private cars.
The COVID-19 pandemic had negative effects on public transportation ridership.
All cities have sufficient financial resources to improve public transportation.
Walking and cycling produce zero emissions while providing health benefits.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The importance of government regulation
ii. Why electric vehicles cannot solve everything
iii. Understanding the magnitude of the problem
iv. The role of walking and cycling in cities
v. Combining multiple approaches for success
vi. How public transit compares to private cars
vii. The future of autonomous vehicles
viii. Creating comprehensive solutions

Section A
Section B
Section C
Section D
Section E

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Transportation currently uses about 28% of global energy, with the majority consumed by (24) __. The environmental problems include not only climate change but also issues with (25) __, which causes millions of deaths annually. While electric vehicles offer benefits, their batteries require (26) __, which has environmental consequences.

PASSAGE 3 – The Political Economy of Transportation Transformation: Barriers and Opportunities

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The imperative to transform global transportation systems toward sustainability confronts not merely technical challenges but profoundly entrenched political and economic structures that resist fundamental change. While innovations in vehicle technology and infrastructure design receive substantial attention, the more intractable obstacles lie in the institutional arrangements, power dynamics, and vested interests that shape transportation policy. Understanding these deeper barriers – and identifying potential pathways through them – requires examining how transportation systems are embedded within broader patterns of economic organization, political power, and social organization. This analysis reveals that achieving sustainable transportation necessitates not simply deploying new technologies but reconfiguring the relationships between states, markets, and civil society that determine how transportation systems evolve.

The contemporary transportation sector represents a nexus of powerful economic interests whose prosperity depends on maintaining current patterns of mobility. The automotive industry, including vehicle manufacturers, parts suppliers, and dealerships, constitutes one of the world’s largest economic sectors, employing millions and generating trillions in revenue. The petroleum industry – encompassing extraction, refining, and distribution – similarly depends on transportation’s continued reliance on liquid fuels. These industries wield enormous political influence through campaign contributions, lobbying expenditures, and revolving-door relationships between industry and government. In the United States, for instance, automotive and petroleum interests consistently rank among the largest contributors to political campaigns and maintain extensive lobbying operations that shape transportation and energy policy.

This political economy creates structural barriers to transformation. Policies that might accelerate transitions to sustainable transportation – such as significantly higher fuel taxes, stringent emissions regulations, or massive public transit investment – face opposition from industries whose business models would be threatened. This opposition operates through multiple channels: direct lobbying against specific policies, funding of research and advocacy groups that question climate science or emphasize economic costs of environmental regulations, and strategic communication campaigns that shape public discourse. The result is often policy incrementalism that fails to match the scale of environmental challenges, as governments implement modest measures that avoid threatening established interests while claiming environmental leadership.

The spatial organization of contemporary cities embodies decades of decisions shaped by these interests. Post-World War II urban development in North America, and increasingly in other regions, followed a pattern of low-density suburban sprawl facilitated by highway construction and premised on universal automobile ownership. This development pattern was not inevitable but resulted from specific policy choices: government mortgage insurance that favored suburban single-family homes, massive public investment in highways coupled with underinvestment in public transit, and zoning regulations that separated residential areas from employment and commercial centers. These decisions were often explicitly promoted by automotive and petroleum interests, who recognized that sprawling development patterns would necessitate automobile dependence.

This path-dependent development creates formidable obstacles to change. Once cities are built around automobiles, transforming them requires overcoming not just physical infrastructure but also property rights, economic relationships, and behavioral patterns that have crystallized over decades. Existing homeowners in suburban areas may resist densification that would support public transit, fearing property value impacts. Commercial interests organized around automobile access – shopping malls with vast parking lots, drive-through restaurants – face business model disruption from transportation changes. Workers who have purchased homes based on highway access to distant employment centers face potential asset devaluation if transportation costs increase. These distributional consequences create political coalitions opposing change, even among those who might acknowledge environmental concerns.

Yet this analysis of barriers, while sobering, also illuminates potential transformation pathways. Historical examination reveals that transportation systems have undergone fundamental transitions previously – from animal-powered to mechanized transport, from rail to automotive dominance – demonstrating that seemingly entrenched systems can change rapidly under appropriate conditions. These transitions typically involved conjunctural moments when multiple factors aligned: technological innovations that provided compelling advantages, economic shifts that created new interest groups favoring change, political developments that empowered reform coalitions, and ideological transformations that redefined what counted as progress and prosperity.

Contemporary developments suggest that such a conjuncture may be emerging. The electric vehicle transition, despite its limitations, has created new industrial interests – battery manufacturers, charging infrastructure companies, electricity utilities seeking demand growth – whose prosperity depends on displacing internal combustion engines. Technology companies have entered transportation through ride-sharing platforms and autonomous vehicle development, bringing new capital and political influence that sometimes aligns with sustainability objectives. Most significantly, growing public concern about climate change, particularly among younger generations, is creating political constituencies demanding action that challenges established interests.

Urban residents increasingly recognize that automobile-centric development imposes costs beyond environmental damage. Traffic congestion wastes time and reduces quality of life. Air pollution causes health problems especially affecting children and vulnerable populations. The space devoted to roads and parking represents opportunity costs – land that might otherwise accommodate housing, parks, or commercial activity. This recognition has spawned grassroots movements advocating for transportation alternatives, from bicycle advocacy groups to campaigns for pedestrian-friendly streets to transit-oriented development coalitions. These movements remain fragmented and often lack the resources of established interests, but they represent emerging political forces that may shift policy landscapes.

Some jurisdictions demonstrate how supportive political conditions enable rapid progress. Copenhagen’s transformation into a cycling city occurred over decades through sustained political commitment, backed by strong environmental movements and institutional arrangements that insulated planning decisions from short-term political pressures. Singapore’s success in managing automobile use through comprehensive policies – including high vehicle taxes, extensive public transit investment, and sophisticated road pricing – reflects authoritarian governance structures that can implement unpopular measures without electoral backlash. While these models cannot be directly transferred to different political contexts, they illustrate that governance structures and political will can overcome economic barriers.

The COVID-19 pandemic has potentially created a disruptive moment that may facilitate change. The sudden decline in travel demand and shift to remote work demonstrated that behavioral patterns many assumed were fixed could change rapidly. Cities’ experiments with closing streets to create space for pedestrians and cyclists revealed alternative possibilities for urban space. The economic crisis has prompted discussion of green recovery programs that would direct public investment toward sustainable infrastructure. Whether this moment translates into lasting transformation depends on whether reform coalitions can consolidate political power and institutionalize changes before path dependency reasserts itself.

Analyzing transportation transformation through a political economy lens reveals that technical solutions, while necessary, are insufficient. Creating sustainable transportation systems requires building political coalitions capable of overcoming opposition from entrenched interests, implementing policies that reshape economic incentives, and reconstructing institutional arrangements that currently privilege unsustainable modes. This transformation will likely prove uneven across jurisdictions, advancing rapidly where political conditions are favorable while stalling where established interests retain power. The critical question is whether the pace of change can accelerate sufficiently to address mounting environmental pressures before irreversible ecological thresholds are crossed. Answering this question requires engaging not merely with engineering and planning but with the political contestation through which transportation futures will be determined.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, the main barriers to sustainable transportation are:
A. Lack of suitable technology
B. Insufficient public awareness
C. Political and economic structures
D. Geographic limitations
The automotive and petroleum industries maintain political influence through:
A. Public awareness campaigns only
B. Campaign contributions and lobbying
C. Technological innovation
D. Environmental research
Post-World War II suburban development in North America was characterized by:
A. High-density housing near public transit
B. Low-density sprawl dependent on automobiles
C. Mixed-use neighborhoods
D. Pedestrian-friendly design
Path-dependent development creates obstacles to change because:
A. Old infrastructure is difficult to demolish
B. People refuse to learn new behaviors
C. Infrastructure, property rights, and behaviors have become entrenched
D. Technology cannot adapt to old cities
The COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on transportation was significant because:
A. It permanently eliminated the need for transportation
B. It demonstrated that fixed behavioral patterns could change rapidly
C. It increased automobile dependence
D. It proved remote work was impossible

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each factor (32-36) with the correct effect (A-H) according to the passage.

Factors:
32. Electric vehicle industry growth
33. Copenhagen’s cycling transformation
34. Singapore’s automobile management
35. Traffic congestion
36. Grassroots movements

Effects:
A. Creates new industrial interests favoring change
B. Demonstrates authoritarian governance advantages
C. Shows importance of sustained political commitment
D. Reduces quality of urban life
E. Represents emerging political forces
F. Increases public transit ridership
G. Eliminates all transportation emissions
H. Reduces global oil consumption

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

What kind of relationships between industry and government help maintain current transportation patterns?
What type of urban development pattern did post-war policies favor in North America?
What term describes potential negative impacts on homeowners’ investments if transportation costs increase?
What type of lens does the author use to analyze transportation transformation?

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

B
C
C
B
C
FALSE
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
TRUE
footpaths
steam engine
24% / twenty-four percent
congestion pricing

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
iii
ii
vi
iv
viii
road vehicles
air pollution / outdoor air pollution
rare earth minerals / mining rare earth minerals

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

C
B
B
C
B
A
C
B
D
E
revolving-door relationships
low-density suburban sprawl / suburban sprawl
asset devaluation
political economy lens

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: ancient cities, primarily designed for
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “In ancient times, cities were designed with pedestrians in mind” và “streets of Rome, Athens… were primarily footpaths where people walked”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án B (Walking).

Câu 2: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: London Underground, 1863, significant
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “revolutionized how people thought about moving through cities”, khớp chính xác với đáp án C về việc thay đổi suy nghĩ về di chuyển trong thành phố.

Câu 3: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Henry Ford, contribution
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Câu “Henry Ford’s mass production techniques made cars affordable for ordinary families” paraphrase thành đáp án C về việc làm ô tô trở nên giá cả phải chăng thông qua sản xuất hàng loạt.

Câu 6: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Horse-drawn carriages, all social classes, 16th century
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “allowing wealthier citizens to travel” và “became status symbols”, chứng tỏ chỉ người giàu mới sử dụng được, mâu thuẫn với câu nói “all social classes”.

Câu 7: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Traffic congestion, problem, 1960s
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Câu “Traffic congestion became a serious problem in major cities by the 1960s” khớp chính xác với thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 10: footpaths

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: ancient Rome, Athens, streets, walking
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Từ “footpaths” xuất hiện trong câu “The streets of Rome, Athens… were primarily footpaths where people walked”.

Câu 12: 24% / twenty-four percent

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Transportation, global carbon dioxide emissions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Con số cụ thể “24% of global carbon dioxide emissions” được đề cập rõ ràng trong bài.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Electric vehicles alone, solve all problems
Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 2
Giải thích: Tác giả nói “the focus on EVs does little to address other transportation problems” và “a narrow focus on electrification may actually delay more fundamental changes”, cho thấy quan điểm phủ định việc EV một mình giải quyết được mọi vấn đề.

Câu 15: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Public transportation, more people per unit of energy
Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 1
Giải thích: Câu “can move far more people per unit of energy than private cars” thể hiện rõ quan điểm của tác giả về hiệu quả của phương tiện công cộng.

Câu 19: iii (Section A)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section A thảo luận về quy mô thách thức với các số liệu về tiêu thụ năng lượng toàn cầu (28%), sự gia tăng phát thải (70% từ 1990), và tác động môi trường. Heading “Understanding the magnitude of the problem” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 20: ii (Section B)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section B bắt đầu với lợi ích của EV nhưng phần lớn tập trung vào các hạn chế: vấn đề khai thác lithium, lưới điện phụ thuộc nhiên liệu hóa thạch, không giải quyết được tắc nghẽn. Heading “Why electric vehicles cannot solve everything” mô tả chính xác.

Câu 24: road vehicles

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: 28% global energy, majority consumed
Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn 1
Giải thích: Câu “road vehicles alone accounting for nearly three-quarters of this total” cho thấy đáp án là “road vehicles”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: main barriers, sustainable transportation
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: Câu mở đầu của bài nói rõ “confronts not merely technical challenges but profoundly entrenched political and economic structures”, khớp với đáp án C.

Câu 28: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: automotive, petroleum industries, political influence
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê cụ thể “campaign contributions, lobbying expenditures, and revolving-door relationships”, tương ứng với đáp án B.

Câu 31: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: COVID-19 pandemic, impact, significant
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Câu “demonstrated that behavioral patterns many assumed were fixed could change rapidly” giải thích tại sao đại dịch có ý nghĩa quan trọng, khớp với đáp án B.

Câu 32: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Từ khóa: Electric vehicle industry growth
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “has created new industrial interests… whose prosperity depends on displacing internal combustion engines”, tương ứng với effect A về tạo ra các lợi ích công nghiệp mới ủng hộ thay đổi.

Câu 37: revolving-door relationships

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: relationships, industry, government, maintain patterns
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Cụm từ “revolving-door relationships between industry and government” xuất hiện trong danh sách các cách các ngành công nghiệp duy trì ảnh hưởng chính trị.

Câu 40: political economy lens

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: lens, analyze, transportation transformation
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng 1
Giải thích: Câu “Analyzing transportation transformation through a political economy lens” ở đầu đoạn kết luận chỉ ra góc nhìn phân tích của tác giả.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformation	n	/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/	sự chuyển đổi, biến đổi	dramatic transformations	undergo transformation
urban transportation	n phrase	/ˈɜːbən ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/	giao thông đô thị	urban transportation has evolved	urban transportation system
commute	v/n	/kəˈmjuːt/	đi làm, đi học (hàng ngày)	workers could commute daily	daily commute
traffic congestion	n phrase	/ˈtræfɪk kənˈdʒestʃən/	tắc nghẽn giao thông	Traffic congestion became a serious problem	reduce traffic congestion
fossil fuels	n phrase	/ˈfɒsl ˈfjuːəlz/	nhiên liệu hóa thạch	reliance on fossil fuels	dependence on fossil fuels
public transportation	n phrase	/ˈpʌblɪk ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/	phương tiện công cộng	invested in public transportation	public transportation infrastructure
electric vehicles	n phrase	/ɪˈlektrɪk ˈviːəklz/	xe điện	Electric vehicles are becoming more affordable	promote electric vehicles
autonomous vehicles	n phrase	/ɔːˈtɒnəməs ˈviːəklz/	xe tự lái	experimenting with autonomous vehicles	autonomous vehicle technology
ride-sharing	n	/raɪd ˈʃeərɪŋ/	dịch vụ đi chung xe	rise of ride-sharing services	ride-sharing platform
sustainability	n	/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/	tính bền vững	Sustainability remains a central concern	environmental sustainability
integrated system	n phrase	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống tích hợp	working together in an integrated system	fully integrated system
congestion pricing	n phrase	/kənˈdʒestʃən ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	phí tắc nghẽn	introduced congestion pricing	implement congestion pricing

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
environmental sustainability	n phrase	/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/	tính bền vững môi trường	relationship between transportation and environmental sustainability	promote environmental sustainability
ecological cost	n phrase	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl kɒst/	chi phí sinh thái	comes at a significant ecological cost	environmental and ecological cost
greenhouse gas emissions	n phrase	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃnz/	khí thải nhà kính	contribution to greenhouse gas emissions	reduce greenhouse gas emissions
climate change	n phrase	/ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/	biến đổi khí hậu	impacts extend beyond climate change	address climate change
urban air quality	n phrase	/ˈɜːbən eə ˈkwɒləti/	chất lượng không khí đô thị	contribute to urban air quality problems	improve urban air quality
tailpipe emissions	n phrase	/ˈteɪlpaɪp ɪˈmɪʃnz/	khí thải ống xả	produce no tailpipe emissions	zero tailpipe emissions
internal combustion engine	n phrase	/ɪnˈtɜːnl kəmˈbʌstʃən ˈendʒɪn/	động cơ đốt trong	phase out internal combustion engine vehicles	traditional internal combustion engine
lithium-ion batteries	n phrase	/ˈlɪθiəm ˈaɪən ˈbætəriz/	pin lithium-ion	production of lithium-ion batteries	lithium-ion battery technology
modal shift	n phrase	/ˈməʊdl ʃɪft/	chuyển đổi phương thức	emphasizes modal shift	encourage modal shift
shared mobility	n phrase	/ʃeəd məʊˈbɪləti/	di chuyển chia sẻ	rise of shared mobility services	shared mobility solutions
spatial organization	n phrase	/ˈspeɪʃl ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tổ chức không gian	spatial organization of cities	urban spatial organization
active transportation	n phrase	/ˈæktɪv ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/	giao thông tích cực	Active transportation represents the most sustainable form	promote active transportation
emission reductions	n phrase	/ɪˈmɪʃn rɪˈdʌkʃnz/	giảm phát thải	benefits extend beyond emission reductions	significant emission reductions
pricing mechanisms	n phrase	/ˈpraɪsɪŋ ˈmekənɪzəmz/	cơ chế định giá	Pricing mechanisms such as congestion charges	market-based pricing mechanisms
regulatory frameworks	n phrase	/ˈreɡjələtəri ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung pháp lý	implement regulatory frameworks	comprehensive regulatory frameworks

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
political and economic structures	n phrase	/pəˈlɪtɪkl ənd ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈstrʌktʃəz/	cấu trúc chính trị và kinh tế	profoundly entrenched political and economic structures	existing political and economic structures
institutional arrangements	n phrase	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl əˈreɪndʒmənts/	sắp xếp thể chế	institutional arrangements that resist change	formal institutional arrangements
vested interests	n phrase	/ˈvestɪd ˈɪntrəsts/	lợi ích đặc quyền	vested interests that shape policy	powerful vested interests
economic organization	n phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tổ chức kinh tế	patterns of economic organization	modern economic organization
political influence	n phrase	/pəˈlɪtɪkl ˈɪnfluəns/	ảnh hưởng chính trị	wield enormous political influence	exert political influence
revolving-door relationships	n phrase	/rɪˈvɒlvɪŋ dɔː rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪps/	quan hệ xoay vòng	revolving-door relationships between industry and government	revolving-door relationships
structural barriers	n phrase	/ˈstrʌktʃərəl ˈbæriəz/	rào cản cấu trúc	creates structural barriers to transformation	overcome structural barriers
business models	n phrase	/ˈbɪznəs ˈmɒdlz/	mô hình kinh doanh	whose business models would be threatened	traditional business models
policy incrementalism	n phrase	/ˈpɒləsi ˌɪnkrɪˈmentəlɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa cải tiến dần dần	result is often policy incrementalism	policy incrementalism
low-density suburban sprawl	n phrase	/ləʊ ˈdensəti səˈbɜːbən sprɔːl/	sự lan tỏa ngoại ô mật độ thấp	pattern of low-density suburban sprawl	low-density suburban sprawl
path-dependent development	n phrase	/pɑːθ dɪˈpendənt dɪˈveləpmənt/	phát triển phụ thuộc đường đi	This path-dependent development creates obstacles	path-dependent development
distributional consequences	n phrase	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/	hậu quả phân phối	These distributional consequences create coalitions	negative distributional consequences
conjunctural moments	n phrase	/kənˈdʒʌŋktʃərəl ˈməʊmənts/	thời điểm kết hợp	involved conjunctural moments when factors aligned	historical conjunctural moments
political constituencies	n phrase	/pəˈlɪtɪkl kənˈstɪtʃuənsiz/	đơn vị bầu cử chính trị	creating political constituencies demanding action	mobilize political constituencies
grassroots movements	n phrase	/ˈɡrɑːsruːts ˈmuːvmənts/	phong trào cơ sở	spawned grassroots movements advocating for alternatives	grassroots movements
transit-oriented development	n phrase	/ˈtrænzɪt ˈɔːrientɪd dɪˈveləpmənt/	phát triển định hướng vào giao thông	transit-oriented development coalitions	transit-oriented development
road pricing	n phrase	/rəʊd ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá đường bộ	sophisticated road pricing	implement road pricing
political economy lens	n phrase	/pəˈlɪtɪkl ɪˈkɒnəmi lenz/	góc nhìn kinh tế chính trị	through a political economy lens	political economy lens
irreversible ecological thresholds	n phrase	/ˌɪrɪˈvɜːsəbl ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈθreʃhəʊldz/	ngưỡng sinh thái không thể đảo ngược	before irreversible ecological thresholds are crossed	irreversible ecological thresholds

Chiến lược phát triển giao thông bền vững với biểu đồ, phương tiện công cộng và công nghệ xanh

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Sustainability challenges in transportation” không chỉ là một nội dung phổ biến trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một trong những thách thức lớn nhất của thế giới hiện đại. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba cấp độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với cách IELTS xây dựng passages về các chủ đề học thuật phức tạp.

Ba passages đã cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về vấn đề giao thông bền vững: từ lịch sử phát triển và các giải pháp công nghệ (Passage 1), đến phân tích sâu về cân bằng giữa tăng trưởng và tác động môi trường (Passage 2), cho đến những rào cản chính trị-kinh tế sâu xa (Passage 3). Độ phức tạp tăng dần này phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc đề thi IELTS Reading thực tế.

Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và Short-answer Questions, bạn đã luyện tập toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết: scanning để tìm thông tin cụ thể, skimming để nắm ý chính, paraphrasing để nhận biết thông tin được diễn đạt khác, và suy luận logic.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, từ khóa quan trọng và cách paraphrase, giúp bạn hiểu sâu về phương pháp làm bài thay vì chỉ ghi nhớ đáp án. Đây chính là cách học hiệu quả nhất để cải thiện band điểm Reading.

Bộ từ vựng hơn 40 từ được phân loại theo độ khó và cung cấp đầy đủ phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và collocations sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ trong phần Reading mà còn trong Writing và Speaking khi gặp các chủ đề tương tự về môi trường, công nghệ và xã hội.

Hãy sử dụng bộ đề này như một công cụ tự đánh giá: làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển), sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và phân tích kỹ những câu sai để hiểu rõ điểm yếu của mình. Đây chính là cách hiệu quả nhất để tiến bộ trong IELTS Reading!

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