IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến An Ninh Lương Thực Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Giới Thiệu

Biến đổi khí hậu và an ninh lương thực toàn cầu là một trong những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên nhất trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh thực trạng cấp bách của thế giới mà còn yêu cầu người học nắm vững từ vựng học thuật, khả năng phân tích số liệu và hiểu biết sâu về các vấn đề môi trường – xã hội.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, bao gồm độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác.

Mỗi passage đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết, giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase và kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả. Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật một cách có hệ thống.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang hướng tới band điểm 7.0-8.0 trong phần Reading. Hãy đặt đồng hồ 60 phút và trải nghiệm bài thi như trong phòng thi thực tế!

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính là 1 điểm, sau đó được quy đổi ra band điểm từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất)

Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian cẩn thận và ghi đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 8 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng trong số các lựa chọn cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được nhắc đến
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề phù hợp với các đoạn văn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt với từ trong bài
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ passage
7. Matching Features – Ghép thông tin với các đối tượng được đề cập
8. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với từ trong bài

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Agricultural Productivity

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The relationship between climate change and food production has become one of the most pressing concerns of the 21st century. As global temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable, farmers worldwide are facing unprecedented challenges in maintaining agricultural productivity. Understanding these challenges is crucial for developing effective strategies to ensure food security for the growing global population.

Agriculture is inherently dependent on climate conditions. Crops require specific temperature ranges, adequate water supply, and suitable growing seasons to thrive. However, climate change is disrupting these fundamental requirements in several ways. Rising temperatures are affecting crop yields directly by accelerating plant metabolism and increasing water stress. In many regions, the growing season is shifting, causing confusion about optimal planting and harvesting times. Additionally, extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves have become more frequent and severe, destroying crops and damaging agricultural infrastructure.

Biến đổi khí hậu gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến năng suất nông nghiệp và an ninh lương thực toàn cầu

One of the most significant impacts of climate change on agriculture is water scarcity. The hydrological cycle – the continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface – is being altered by rising temperatures. Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates, reducing the amount of water available for irrigation. Meanwhile, changes in precipitation patterns mean that some regions receive too much rain at the wrong times, while others experience prolonged droughts. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that water availability for agriculture has decreased by 20% in some arid and semi-arid regions over the past three decades.

Temperature increases also directly affect crop physiology. Most staple crops, including wheat, rice, and maize, have optimal temperature ranges for growth. When temperatures exceed these ranges, even by a few degrees, crop yields can decline dramatically. Research conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute demonstrates that for every degree Celsius increase in global temperature, wheat yields decrease by approximately 6%, while rice and maize yields drop by 3% and 7% respectively. These statistics are particularly alarming considering that these three crops provide more than 50% of the world’s caloric intake.

The changing climate is also creating favorable conditions for agricultural pests and diseases. Warmer temperatures allow insects to expand their geographical range and extend their breeding seasons. Many pest species that were previously controlled by cold winters are now surviving year-round, leading to increased crop damage. Similarly, plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses are spreading to new areas as climate conditions change. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that pests and diseases currently destroy between 20-40% of global crop production annually, and this percentage is expected to increase with continued warming.

Soil degradation represents another critical challenge exacerbated by climate change. Healthy soil is essential for productive agriculture, but extreme weather events and changing precipitation patterns are accelerating soil erosion. Heavy rainfall washes away topsoil, while droughts reduce soil organic matter and increase vulnerability to wind erosion. Furthermore, higher temperatures speed up the decomposition of organic matter in soil, reducing its fertility and ability to retain water. The World Resources Institute warns that soil degradation affects approximately 52% of agricultural land globally, with climate change intensifying this problem.

Despite these challenges, various adaptation strategies are being developed and implemented worldwide. Farmers are adopting climate-smart agriculture practices, such as conservation tillage, crop rotation, and the use of drought-resistant crop varieties. Technological innovations, including precision agriculture and advanced irrigation systems, help optimize resource use and reduce vulnerability to climate variability. Additionally, traditional knowledge from indigenous communities is being recognized as valuable for developing locally appropriate adaptation strategies. When agricultural practices are aligned with insights from how green technologies are influencing global agriculture, farmers can better respond to environmental challenges while maintaining productivity.

Governments and international organizations are also taking action to support agricultural adaptation. Investment in agricultural research has increased, focusing on developing crop varieties that can withstand heat, drought, and flooding. Early warning systems for extreme weather events are being established to help farmers protect their crops and livestock. Financial support mechanisms, such as crop insurance and climate adaptation funds, are being expanded to help farmers manage climate-related risks.

The future of global food security depends on how effectively humanity can address the challenges posed by climate change to agriculture. While the situation is serious, experts maintain that with coordinated action, technological innovation, and sustainable practices, it is possible to build a more resilient agricultural system. The transformation required is substantial, but the stakes – ensuring adequate food for billions of people – make it an imperative that cannot be ignored.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, climate change affects agriculture primarily by:

• A) Reducing the amount of farmland available
• B) Disrupting the conditions necessary for crop growth
• C) Increasing the cost of agricultural equipment
• D) Changing government agricultural policies

2. The hydrological cycle is being altered because:

• A) Farmers are using too much water for irrigation
• B) Rainfall patterns have become more predictable
• C) Higher temperatures increase evaporation
• D) Rivers are being diverted for industrial use

3. Research shows that a one-degree Celsius temperature increase has the greatest negative impact on:

• A) Wheat yields
• B) Rice yields
• C) Maize yields
• D) All crops equally

4. Agricultural pests are becoming more problematic because:

• A) Pesticides are becoming less effective
• B) Warmer conditions support their survival and reproduction
• C) Farmers are using fewer chemical controls
• D) New pest species are being introduced from other countries

5. According to the passage, soil degradation is worsened by climate change through:

• A) Increased use of chemical fertilizers
• B) Expansion of agricultural land
• C) Extreme weather events and temperature changes
• D) Introduction of new farming techniques

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. The IPCC reports that water availability has decreased by exactly 20% in all agricultural regions worldwide.

7. Wheat, rice, and maize together supply more than half of the world’s calories.

8. Climate change has eliminated the need for traditional farming knowledge from indigenous communities.

9. Current pest and disease problems destroy between 20-40% of global crop production each year.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Farmers are confused about the best times for planting and harvesting because the __ is changing.

11. When temperatures go beyond the __ for crops, yields can fall significantly.

12. Traditional knowledge from __ is now being valued for creating suitable adaptation strategies.

13. Financial mechanisms like crop insurance and __ are being expanded to help farmers deal with climate risks.

---

PASSAGE 2 – Regional Impacts and Vulnerable Populations

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The effects of climate change on food security are not uniformly distributed across the globe. Rather, they manifest with stark geographical disparities, disproportionately affecting certain regions and populations. Understanding these differential impacts is essential for developing targeted interventions and ensuring that the most vulnerable communities receive adequate support in adapting to a changing climate.

Sub-Saharan Africa stands out as one of the regions most severely threatened by climate-induced food insecurity. The continent’s heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture, combined with limited technological resources and infrastructure, creates a perfect storm of vulnerability. Approximately 95% of agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa depends entirely on rainfall, making it extremely susceptible to droughts and changing precipitation patterns. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change projects that agricultural productivity in some African countries could decline by up to 50% by 2050 if current warming trends continue. This is particularly devastating given that agriculture employs approximately 60% of the workforce in many African nations and contributes significantly to their GDP.

Small island developing states (SIDS) face a unique set of challenges related to climate change and food security. These nations are confronting sea-level rise, increased frequency of tropical storms, saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources and agricultural lands, and ocean acidification affecting marine food sources. For countries like the Maldives, Kiribati, and many Caribbean islands, where land area is limited and much of it lies just meters above sea level, these changes pose an existential threat. Traditional food sources, both terrestrial and marine, are being compromised, forcing these communities to depend increasingly on imported food, which raises costs and reduces food sovereignty.

South and Southeast Asia, home to more than half of the world’s undernourished population, face compounding climate challenges. The region’s agricultural systems are highly dependent on monsoon patterns, which are becoming increasingly erratic and unpredictable. Delayed monsoons, shortened rainy seasons, and more intense precipitation events are disrupting traditional farming calendars that have guided agricultural practices for millennia. Bangladesh, for instance, experiences the triple threat of riverine flooding, glacial melt affecting river flows, and coastal inundation, all of which impact food production. Similarly, in India, rising temperatures are projected to reduce yields of major crops substantially, potentially affecting food supplies for more than a billion people.

Các khu vực địa lý khác nhau chịu ảnh hưởng không đồng đều từ biến đổi khí hậu đến an ninh lương thực

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions present a seemingly paradoxical situation. While warming temperatures are extending growing seasons and potentially opening new areas for agriculture, these changes come with significant trade-offs. Permafrost thawing is destabilizing infrastructure and releasing greenhouse gases, while traditional food sources for indigenous communities – including marine mammals, fish, and caribou – are being disrupted by ecosystem changes. Moreover, the soil quality in newly thawed areas is often poor, and the rapid pace of change exceeds the ability of communities to adapt their food systems sustainably.

Within these broader regional patterns, certain populations face disproportionate vulnerability. Rural communities, particularly those practicing subsistence agriculture, often lack the resources to adapt to changing conditions. They typically have minimal financial reserves, limited access to credit, and few alternative livelihood options. When crops fail due to drought or flooding, these communities face immediate food insecurity with few safety nets. Women, who comprise approximately 43% of the agricultural labor force in developing countries, face additional barriers including limited land ownership rights, restricted access to credit and agricultural inputs, and increased domestic responsibilities during climate-related crises.

Indigenous peoples, whose traditional territories often lie in ecologically sensitive areas, are experiencing rapid changes to environments they have inhabited for generations. Their deep knowledge of local ecosystems – an invaluable resource for adaptation – is being rendered less effective as climate change accelerates beyond historical variability. Many indigenous communities are witnessing the disappearance of traditional food sources and the arrival of new pests and diseases their traditional practices were not designed to manage. The loss of food sovereignty in these communities represents not just a nutritional challenge but also a cultural erosion with profound social implications.

Urban populations in developing countries represent another vulnerable group often overlooked in discussions of climate change and food security. These communities typically rely on purchased food rather than subsistence farming, making them highly susceptible to price volatility caused by climate-related crop failures. When extreme weather events damage harvests, food prices spike rapidly, pushing urban poor populations into food insecurity. The 2007-2008 food price crisis, partly driven by climate factors, demonstrated how quickly urban populations can be affected, leading to social unrest in over 40 countries.

The concept of climate refugees – people forced to migrate due to climate change impacts on their livelihoods and food security – is becoming increasingly relevant. While international law does not yet recognize this category, the reality is that millions of people are already moving in response to climate pressures. The World Bank estimates that by 2050, climate change could force more than 140 million people to migrate within their own countries, with food insecurity being a primary driver. These migration patterns create additional pressure on food systems in receiving areas and can lead to social tensions over resources.

Addressing these disparate vulnerabilities requires differentiated policy approaches that recognize the specific challenges faced by different regions and populations. International climate finance mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, aim to direct resources toward the most vulnerable countries. However, experts argue that current funding levels are insufficient and that adaptation support must be dramatically scaled up. Furthermore, adaptation strategies must be designed with the participation of affected communities to ensure they are culturally appropriate and practically effective.

Some encouraging examples of targeted adaptation initiatives are emerging. In Sub-Saharan Africa, programs promoting drought-resistant crop varieties and water harvesting techniques are helping farmers maintain productivity despite erratic rainfall. In island nations, integrated approaches combining coastal protection, sustainable fishing practices, and agricultural diversification are building resilience. Meanwhile, projects that respect and integrate indigenous knowledge with scientific research are showing promise in various contexts, particularly in Arctic regions where community-led monitoring of environmental changes is informing adaptation strategies. These diverse approaches echo the themes discussed in how is climate change influencing global public health?, highlighting the interconnected nature of climate impacts across different sectors.

The challenge of ensuring food security in the face of climate change ultimately requires recognizing that vulnerability is not just about exposure to climate hazards, but also about the capacity to respond and adapt. Building this capacity in the world’s most vulnerable regions and populations must be a global priority, requiring sustained international cooperation, substantial financial investment, and a genuine commitment to equity in climate action.

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Climate change affects all regions of the world equally in terms of food security.

15. The current level of international climate finance is adequate to address the needs of vulnerable countries.

16. Indigenous knowledge is becoming useless as climate change progresses.

17. Urban populations in developing countries are vulnerable to climate-related food price increases.

18. All countries have agreed to recognize climate refugees under international law.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has nine paragraphs (A-I). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The paradox of warming in cold regions
ii. Migration as a consequence of food insecurity
iii. Africa’s dependence on rainfall agriculture
iv. Gender disparities in climate vulnerability
v. Urban poor and food price sensitivity
vi. Indigenous communities losing traditional knowledge
vii. Island nations facing multiple climate threats
viii. The role of international funding mechanisms
ix. Monsoon disruption in populous Asian regions
x. Examples of successful adaptation programs

19. Paragraph B

20. Paragraph C

21. Paragraph D

22. Paragraph E

23. Paragraph F

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Women in developing countries face particular challenges in adapting to climate change because they make up about 43% of the agricultural workforce but often have limited (24) __ rights. When climate-related disasters occur, women also face increased (25) __. Similarly, indigenous communities are experiencing rapid environmental changes that make their traditional **(26) __ less effective for adaptation.

---

PASSAGE 3 – Systemic Responses and Future Pathways

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The nexus between climate change and global food security represents a quintessential wicked problem – one characterized by inherent complexity, multiple interdependent variables, and the absence of definitive solutions. Addressing this challenge necessitates a fundamental reconceptualization of agricultural systems, moving beyond incremental adaptations toward transformative changes that simultaneously enhance productivity, build resilience, and reduce the environmental footprint of food production. This paradigm shift requires coordinating action across multiple scales, from individual farming practices to international policy frameworks, while navigating the inherent tensions between short-term food production needs and long-term sustainability imperatives.

A. The Limitations of Conventional Approaches

Traditional responses to agricultural challenges have typically focused on intensification – increasing yields through greater inputs of water, fertilizers, and pesticides. However, this approach has reached its ecological limits in many regions, contributing to soil degradation, water depletion, and biodiversity loss. Moreover, conventional agriculture is itself a significant contributor to climate change, responsible for approximately 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions when including land-use change and food supply chains. The deleterious feedback loop whereby agriculture contributes to climate change, which in turn undermines agricultural productivity, underscores the inadequacy of business-as-usual scenarios. Climate models suggest that without substantial changes to agricultural systems and food consumption patterns, global food production could decline by 20-30% by the end of the century, even as demand increases by 50% due to population growth and dietary shifts.

B. Agroecology as a Transformative Framework

Agroecological principles are gaining recognition as a viable pathway toward climate-resilient food systems. This approach emphasizes working with natural processes rather than against them, enhancing biodiversity, promoting ecological synergies, and improving resource efficiency. Agroecological practices include polyculture cultivation (growing multiple crops together), integrated pest management, agroforestry (combining trees with crops or livestock), and the use of biological nitrogen fixation through legumes. Research from the International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems indicates that agroecological methods can match or exceed conventional yields while significantly reducing external inputs and environmental impacts. Critically, these systems demonstrate greater resilience to climate stresses; diverse cropping systems buffer against individual crop failures, deeper root systems improve drought tolerance, and enhanced soil organic matter increases water retention and carbon sequestration.

The transition toward agroecological systems faces substantial obstacles, however. Current agricultural subsidies, research priorities, and market structures overwhelmingly favor industrial agriculture. Agroecological approaches often require more knowledge and management skills than conventional systems, creating barriers for farmers with limited access to training and extension services. Furthermore, the benefits of agroecology – improved ecosystem services, enhanced resilience, reduced externalities – are often not reflected in market prices, creating a perverse economic incentive structure that penalizes sustainable practices. Overcoming these barriers requires comprehensive policy reforms that redirect subsidies toward sustainable practices, invest in agroecological research and farmer education, and develop market mechanisms that value environmental and social benefits alongside productivity.

C. Technological Innovation and Precision Agriculture

Complementing agroecological approaches, technological innovations offer powerful tools for optimizing resource use and adapting to climate variability. Precision agriculture employs sensors, satellite imagery, and data analytics to enable site-specific crop management, applying water, nutrients, and pesticides only where and when needed. This targeted approach can reduce input use by 20-40% while maintaining or improving yields. Climate-resilient crop varieties, developed through both conventional breeding and genetic modification, offer another avenue for adaptation. Scientists have created drought-tolerant maize varieties that maintain yields with 30% less water, flood-tolerant rice that survives submersion for weeks, and heat-tolerant wheat that produces adequate yields at temperatures several degrees above current varieties’ thresholds.

Vertical farming and controlled environment agriculture represent more radical departures from traditional farming. These systems grow crops in stacked layers within buildings, using LED lighting, hydroponics or aeroponics, and precisely controlled temperature and humidity. While energy-intensive, these systems can produce yields per square meter dozens of times higher than conventional fields, use 95% less water, eliminate pesticide use, and operate independently of weather conditions or soil quality. However, they currently remain economically viable only for high-value crops and depend on renewable energy to avoid excessive carbon footprints. As renewable energy costs decline and technology improves, controlled environment agriculture may play an increasingly important role in urban food supply, though it cannot replace conventional agriculture for staple crops in the foreseeable future.

Công nghệ nông nghiệp thông minh và các giải pháp đổi mới giúp ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu

D. Reducing Food Loss and Transforming Consumption

Addressing food security requires attention not only to production but also to the inefficiencies and inequities in food systems beyond the farm gate. Approximately one-third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted, representing a staggering misallocation of resources. In developing countries, most losses occur post-harvest due to inadequate storage, processing, and transportation infrastructure. In wealthy nations, waste occurs primarily at the retail and consumer levels, driven by aesthetic standards, oversized portions, and inadequate planning. Reducing food loss and waste by even 25% could feed an additional 870 million people and significantly reduce the environmental pressures from agriculture.

Dietary shifts, particularly reducing excessive meat consumption, represent another critical lever for enhancing food security and climate mitigation. Livestock production is remarkably resource-intensive; producing one kilogram of beef requires approximately 15,000 liters of water and generates greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to driving an average car 160 kilometers. Global meat consumption has increased dramatically over recent decades, particularly in emerging economies, and is projected to rise further. While meat provides important nutrients, current consumption levels in many wealthy countries far exceed nutritional requirements. Research published in Nature suggests that if high-income countries reduced meat consumption to nutritionally optimal levels, it would free up enough resources to feed an additional 3.6 billion people while reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by 30%. The related concerns about how climate change intersects with public health are further explored in impact of climate change on the spread of diseases, showing how environmental shifts create complex challenges across multiple domains.

E. Governance, Finance, and International Cooperation

Realizing the systemic transformations necessary for climate-resilient food systems requires robust governance structures and substantial financial investment. Current agricultural policies in many countries remain rooted in mid-20th-century paradigms focused on maximizing production of commodity crops. Comprehensive policy reform is needed to align subsidies, regulations, and research priorities with sustainability and resilience objectives. This includes eliminating perverse subsidies that encourage unsustainable practices, implementing payments for ecosystem services that reward farmers for environmental stewardship, and establishing regulatory frameworks that internalize the environmental costs of food production.

The financial dimensions are substantial. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030 requires additional annual investments of $265 billion, primarily in developing countries. Climate adaptation in agriculture demands further resources; the UN Environment Programme estimates adaptation costs for agriculture in developing countries at $140-300 billion per year by 2030. These figures far exceed current financial flows, underscoring the need for dramatically scaled-up public and private investment. International climate finance mechanisms, particularly adaptation funding from wealthy nations that bear disproportionate responsibility for climate change, must be substantially increased to support vulnerable countries in building climate-resilient food systems.

International cooperation extends beyond finance to knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and coordinated research. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a global partnership of research organizations, plays a crucial role in developing and disseminating climate-resilient crop varieties and sustainable farming practices. Regional cooperation initiatives, such as the African Union’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, facilitate knowledge exchange and coordinate policy responses. These collaborative frameworks must be strengthened and expanded, ensuring that innovations developed in one context can be adapted and deployed globally.

F. Navigating Trade-offs and Building Adaptive Capacity

The pursuit of climate-resilient food systems inevitably involves navigating complex trade-offs. For instance, bioenergy crops, promoted as climate solutions in some contexts, can compete with food production for land and water resources, potentially exacerbating food insecurity. Similarly, some climate adaptation measures, such as expanding irrigation, may provide short-term productivity benefits but prove unsustainable as water resources dwindle. These tensions underscore the importance of systems thinking and holistic assessment frameworks that evaluate interventions across multiple dimensions – productivity, resilience, environmental sustainability, equity, and cultural appropriateness.

Building adaptive capacity – the ability of individuals, communities, and systems to adjust to climate changes – emerges as a central priority. This extends beyond technical solutions to encompass social, economic, and institutional dimensions. Strengthening smallholder farmers’ organizations, improving access to weather information and early warning systems, expanding social protection programs that buffer against climate shocks, and ensuring secure land tenure that incentivizes long-term investments in soil health all contribute to adaptive capacity. Education, particularly agricultural extension and climate literacy, empowers farmers to understand climate risks and adopt appropriate practices.

The pathway toward climate-resilient global food security is neither simple nor predetermined. It requires acknowledging uncertainty, embracing experimentation, and maintaining flexibility to adjust strategies as conditions change and knowledge evolves. While the challenges are formidable, the combination of agroecological principles, technological innovation, systemic efficiency improvements, and strengthened governance provides a foundation for optimism. The future of food security ultimately depends on humanity’s collective willingness to prioritize long-term sustainability over short-term profits, to recognize the interdependence of ecological and human systems, and to ensure that the transition toward resilient food systems is equitable, leaving no community behind in the face of climate change.

Questions 27-30: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, conventional agriculture has contributed to climate change by:

• A) Using too many natural resources
• B) Producing approximately 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions
• C) Reducing biodiversity across the world
• D) Failing to meet population demands

28. Agroecological practices are characterized by:

• A) Higher yields than any other agricultural method
• B) Complete independence from external inputs
• C) Working with natural processes and enhancing biodiversity
• D) Requiring less knowledge than conventional farming

29. The main limitation of vertical farming and controlled environment agriculture is that they:

• A) Cannot produce high yields
• B) Are currently only economically viable for high-value crops
• C) Require large amounts of land
• D) Depend entirely on soil quality

30. According to research cited in the passage, if high-income countries reduced meat consumption to optimal nutritional levels:

• A) It would eliminate all greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
• B) It could provide resources to feed an additional 3.6 billion people
• C) It would require everyone to become vegetarian
• D) It would have no significant environmental impact

Questions 31-35: Matching Features

Match each statement (31-35) with the correct concept (A-G) from the passage.

Concepts:

• A) Precision agriculture
• B) Agroecology
• C) Controlled environment agriculture
• D) Food loss and waste reduction
• E) Dietary shifts
• F) Payments for ecosystem services
• G) Climate finance mechanisms

31. Uses sensors and data analytics to apply resources only where needed

32. Could feed 870 million additional people if improved by just 25%

33. Rewards farmers for environmental stewardship practices

34. Includes polyculture cultivation and integrated pest management

35. Produces yields dozens of times higher per square meter than conventional fields

Questions 36-40: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Building climate-resilient food systems requires more than just technical solutions. It is essential to develop (36) __, which refers to the ability of communities and systems to adjust to climate changes. This includes strengthening farmer organizations, improving access to (37) __ and early warning systems, and ensuring secure land tenure. The approach must involve **(38) __ that evaluates interventions across multiple dimensions including productivity, resilience, and equity.

The financial requirements are substantial, with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimating that achieving Zero Hunger requires additional annual investments of (39) $__ billion, primarily in developing countries. Beyond finance, international cooperation in **(40) __, technology transfer, and coordinated research is essential for developing climate-resilient food systems globally.

---

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. growing season
11. optimal temperature ranges
12. indigenous communities
13. climate adaptation funds

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. NO
16. NO
17. YES
18. NOT GIVEN
19. iii
20. vii
21. ix
22. i
23. vi
24. land ownership
25. domestic responsibilities
26. knowledge/traditional knowledge

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. A
32. D
33. F
34. B
35. C
36. adaptive capacity
37. weather information
38. systems thinking
39. 265
40. knowledge sharing

---

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate change affects agriculture primarily
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu tiên và các câu tiếp theo
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói rõ “climate change is disrupting these fundamental requirements” (nhiệt độ phù hợp, nguồn nước đầy đủ, mùa sinh trưởng phù hợp). Đây là paraphrase của “disrupting the conditions necessary for crop growth” trong đáp án B.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: hydrological cycle, altered
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates”, đây chính là nguyên nhân làm thay đổi vòng tuần hoàn nước. Đáp án C là paraphrase trực tiếp.

Câu 3: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: one-degree Celsius, greatest negative impact
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết cung cấp số liệu cụ thể: wheat giảm 6%, rice giảm 3%, maize giảm 7%. Maize có tỷ lệ giảm cao nhất nên đáp án là C.

Câu 4: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: agricultural pests, problematic
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu 2-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “Warmer temperatures allow insects to expand their geographical range and extend their breeding seasons”, tương ứng với đáp án B về điều kiện ấm áp hỗ trợ sự sống sót và sinh sản của chúng.

Câu 5: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: soil degradation, worsened
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “extreme weather events and changing precipitation patterns are accelerating soil erosion” và “higher temperatures speed up the decomposition”. Đáp án C bao quát cả hai yếu tố này.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: IPCC, 20%, all agricultural regions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “in some arid and semi-arid regions”, không phải tất cả các khu vực như câu hỏi nêu. Do đó là FALSE.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: wheat, rice, maize, more than half, calories
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “these three crops provide more than 50% of the world’s caloric intake”, hoàn toàn khớp với câu hỏi.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: eliminated the need, traditional farming knowledge, indigenous communities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “traditional knowledge from indigenous communities is being recognized as valuable”, ngược lại với việc “eliminated the need”. Do đó là FALSE.

Câu 9: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: pests and diseases, 20-40%, global crop production
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói chính xác “pests and diseases currently destroy between 20-40% of global crop production annually”, khớp hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.

Câu 10: growing season

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: confused, planting and harvesting, changing
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu 4
• Giải thích: Câu “the growing season is shifting, causing confusion about optimal planting and harvesting times” cung cấp đáp án chính xác.

Câu 11: optimal temperature ranges

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: temperatures go beyond, yields fall
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “When temperatures exceed these ranges” với “these ranges” ám chỉ “optimal temperature ranges” được nhắc đến ở câu trước.

Câu 12: indigenous communities

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: traditional knowledge, valued, adaptation strategies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu 3
• Giải thích: Cụm “traditional knowledge from indigenous communities” xuất hiện chính xác trong ngữ cảnh về việc phát triển chiến lược thích ứng.

Câu 13: climate adaptation funds

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: financial mechanisms, crop insurance, expanded, climate risks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “crop insurance and climate adaptation funds” như các cơ chế hỗ trợ tài chính được mở rộng.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: equally, all regions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói rõ “not uniformly distributed” và “stark geographical disparities”, hoàn toàn trái ngược với việc ảnh hưởng đều nhau. Do đó là NO.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: current level, international climate finance, adequate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, câu 3
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói “current funding levels are insufficient and that adaptation support must be dramatically scaled up”, rõ ràng không đủ. Đáp án là NO.

Câu 16: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: indigenous knowledge, becoming useless
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2-3
• Giải thích: Mặc dù bài viết nói kiến thức truyền thống đang trở nên “less effective”, nhưng không nói là “useless”. Hơn nữa, đoạn 11 nói rõ kiến thức bản địa vẫn có giá trị khi được kết hợp với nghiên cứu khoa học. Đây là quan điểm của tác giả, nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 17: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: urban populations, developing countries, vulnerable, food price increases
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, toàn bộ đoạn
• Giải thích: Tác giả giải thích rõ ràng về sự dễ bị tổn thương của dân thành thị với “price volatility” và “food prices spike rapidly”. Đây là quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả, đáp án YES.

Câu 18: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all countries, agreed, recognize, climate refugees, international law
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu đầu
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “international law does not yet recognize this category”, nhưng không đề cập đến việc liệu tất cả các quốc gia có đồng ý hay không. Không có thông tin, đáp án NOT GIVEN.

Câu 19: iii (Africa’s dependence on rainfall agriculture)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph B
• Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào Sub-Saharan Africa với thông tin “95% of agricultural land depends entirely on rainfall” và các hệ lụy của sự phụ thuộc này.

Câu 20: vii (Island nations facing multiple climate threats)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C nói về “small island developing states” với nhiều mối đe dọa: sea-level rise, tropical storms, saltwater intrusion, ocean acidification.

Câu 21: ix (Monsoon disruption in populous Asian regions)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph D
• Giải thích: Đoạn D tập trung vào South và Southeast Asia với vấn đề “monsoon patterns, which are becoming increasingly erratic” và ảnh hưởng đến hàng tỷ người.

Câu 22: i (The paradox of warming in cold regions)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph E
• Giải thích: Đoạn E mô tả tình huống “seemingly paradoxical” ở vùng Arctic: nhiệt độ tăng có thể mở rộng mùa sinh trưởng nhưng đi kèm nhiều đánh đổi.

Câu 23: vi (Indigenous communities losing traditional knowledge)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph F (đoạn 7 trong passage)
• Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào indigenous peoples và việc “deep knowledge of local ecosystems…being rendered less effective” do biến đổi khí hậu.

Câu 24: land ownership

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: women, limited, rights
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “limited land ownership rights” như một trong những rào cản mà phụ nữ phải đối mặt.

Câu 25: domestic responsibilities

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: women, increased, climate-related crises
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Increased domestic responsibilities during climate-related crises” được nói đến như một thách thức bổ sung đối với phụ nữ.

Câu 26: knowledge / traditional knowledge

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: indigenous communities, traditional, less effective
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2
• Giải thích: “Their deep knowledge of local ecosystems…is being rendered less effective” – có thể dùng “knowledge” hoặc “traditional knowledge” đều được chấp nhận.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: conventional agriculture, contributed to climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A, câu 4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “conventional agriculture is itself a significant contributor to climate change, responsible for approximately 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions”. Đáp án B paraphrase chính xác thông tin này.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: agroecological practices, characterized by
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: “This approach emphasizes working with natural processes rather than against them, enhancing biodiversity” – đáp án C tóm tắt chính xác đặc điểm này.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main limitation, vertical farming, controlled environment agriculture
• Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “they currently remain economically viable only for high-value crops”, đây là hạn chế chính được nhắc đến.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: high-income countries, reduced meat consumption, optimal nutritional levels
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D, đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “It would free up enough resources to feed an additional 3.6 billion people” – đáp án B chính xác.

Câu 31: A (Precision agriculture)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 1, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: “Precision agriculture employs sensors, satellite imagery, and data analytics to enable site-specific crop management, applying water, nutrients, and pesticides only where and when needed.”

Câu 32: D (Food loss and waste reduction)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D, đoạn 1, câu 3
• Giải thích: “Reducing food loss and waste by even 25% could feed an additional 870 million people.”

Câu 33: F (Payments for ecosystem services)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Section E, đoạn 1, câu 4
• Giải thích: “Implementing payments for ecosystem services that reward farmers for environmental stewardship.”

Câu 34: B (Agroecology)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, câu 3
• Giải thích: “Agroecological practices include polyculture cultivation…integrated pest management…”

Câu 35: C (Controlled environment agriculture)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 2, câu 2
• Giải thích: “These systems…can produce yields per square meter dozens of times higher than conventional fields.”

Câu 36: adaptive capacity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F, đoạn 2, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: “Building adaptive capacity – the ability of individuals, communities, and systems to adjust to climate changes – emerges as a central priority.”

Câu 37: weather information

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F, đoạn 2, câu 2
• Giải thích: “Improving access to weather information and early warning systems” được liệt kê như một phần của việc xây dựng khả năng thích ứng.

Câu 38: systems thinking

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F, đoạn 1, gần cuối
• Giải thích: “The importance of systems thinking and holistic assessment frameworks that evaluate interventions across multiple dimensions.”

Câu 39: 265

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Section E, đoạn 2, câu 2
• Giải thích: “The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030 requires additional annual investments of $265 billion.”

Câu 40: knowledge sharing

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Section E, đoạn 3, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: “International cooperation extends beyond finance to knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and coordinated research.”

---

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unpredictable	adj	/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/	không thể dự đoán	Weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable	unpredictable weather/behavior/outcome
agricultural productivity	n	/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/	năng suất nông nghiệp	Maintaining agricultural productivity	increase/improve/maintain productivity
disrupt	v	/dɪsˈrʌpt/	làm gián đoạn, phá vỡ	Climate change is disrupting these requirements	disrupt patterns/systems/processes
extreme weather events	n	/ɪkˈstriːm ˈweðər ɪˈvents/	các hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan	Extreme weather events have become more frequent	severe/frequent extreme weather events
hydrological cycle	n	/ˌhaɪdrəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈsaɪkl/	vòng tuần hoàn nước	The hydrological cycle is being altered	global/natural hydrological cycle
evaporation rates	n	/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn reɪts/	tỷ lệ bốc hơi	Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates	increase/reduce evaporation rates
optimal temperature ranges	n	/ˈɒptɪməl ˈtemprətʃər ˈreɪndʒɪz/	khoảng nhiệt độ tối ưu	Crops have optimal temperature ranges	maintain/exceed optimal ranges
expand their geographical range	v phrase	/ɪkˈspænd ðeə ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkl reɪndʒ/	mở rộng phạm vi địa lý	Insects expand their geographical range	expand/extend/increase range
soil degradation	n	/sɔɪl ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/	suy thoái đất	Soil degradation affects agricultural land	prevent/reverse soil degradation
adaptation strategies	n	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn ˈstrætədʒiz/	các chiến lược thích ứng	Various adaptation strategies are being developed	develop/implement adaptation strategies
climate-smart agriculture	n	/ˈklaɪmət smɑːt ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/	nông nghiệp thông minh khí hậu	Farmers are adopting climate-smart agriculture	promote/adopt climate-smart practices
drought-resistant	adj	/draʊt rɪˈzɪstənt/	chống chịu hạn hán	Drought-resistant crop varieties	drought-resistant/heat-resistant varieties

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
stark geographical disparities	n phrase	/stɑːk ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkl dɪˈspærətiz/	sự chênh lệch địa lý rõ rệt	They manifest with stark geographical disparities	stark/significant/growing disparities
differential impacts	n	/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl ˈɪmpækts/	các tác động khác biệt	Understanding these differential impacts	differential/varying/uneven impacts
rain-fed agriculture	n	/reɪn fed ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/	nông nghiệp phụ thuộc nước mưa	Heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture	rain-fed/irrigated agriculture
sea-level rise	n	/siː ˈlevl raɪz/	nước biển dâng	Confronting sea-level rise	projected/accelerated sea-level rise
saltwater intrusion	n	/ˈsɔːltwɔːtər ɪnˈtruːʒn/	sự xâm nhập mặn	Saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources	prevent/manage saltwater intrusion
existential threat	n	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/	mối đe dọa hiện sinh	These changes pose an existential threat	pose/face an existential threat
compounding climate challenges	n phrase	/kəmˈpaʊndɪŋ ˈklaɪmət ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/	các thách thức khí hậu chồng chéo	Face compounding climate challenges	compounding/overlapping challenges
monsoon patterns	n	/mɒnˈsuːn ˈpætərnz/	các kiểu gió mùa	Dependent on monsoon patterns	erratic/changing monsoon patterns
permafrost thawing	n	/ˈpɜːməfrɒst ˈθɔːɪŋ/	băng vĩnh cửu tan chảy	Permafrost thawing is destabilizing infrastructure	rapid/accelerated permafrost thawing
disproportionate vulnerability	n	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	tính dễ bị tổn thương không tương xứng	Certain populations face disproportionate vulnerability	face/experience disproportionate vulnerability
cultural erosion	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ɪˈrəʊʒn/	xói mòn văn hóa	Represents cultural erosion	prevent/halt cultural erosion
price volatility	n	/praɪs ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/	biến động giá cả	Susceptible to price volatility	increased/extreme price volatility
climate refugees	n	/ˈklaɪmət ˌrefjuˈdʒiːz/	người tị nạn khí hậu	The concept of climate refugees	recognize/support climate refugees
differentiated policy approaches	n phrase	/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪtɪd ˈpɒləsi əˈprəʊtʃɪz/	các cách tiếp cận chính sách khác biệt	Requires differentiated policy approaches	adopt/implement differentiated approaches
targeted adaptation initiatives	n phrase	/ˈtɑːɡɪtɪd ˌædæpˈteɪʃn ɪˈnɪʃətɪvz/	các sáng kiến thích ứng có mục tiêu	Targeted adaptation initiatives are emerging	develop/support targeted initiatives

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
quintessential wicked problem	n phrase	/ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃl ˈwɪkɪd ˈprɒbləm/	vấn đề hóc búa điển hình	Represents a quintessential wicked problem	quintessential/classic wicked problem
inherent complexity	n	/ɪnˈhɪərənt kəmˈpleksəti/	sự phức tạp vốn có	Characterized by inherent complexity	inherent/intrinsic complexity
incremental adaptations	n	/ˌɪŋkrəˈmentl ˌædæpˈteɪʃnz/	các điều chỉnh từng bước nhỏ	Moving beyond incremental adaptations	incremental/gradual adaptations
inherent tensions	n	/ɪnˈhɪərənt ˈtenʃnz/	các căng thẳng vốn có	Navigating the inherent tensions	inherent/underlying tensions
ecological limits	n	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈlɪmɪts/	giới hạn sinh thái	Reached its ecological limits	exceed/approach ecological limits
deleterious feedback loop	n phrase	/ˌdeləˈtɪəriəs ˈfiːdbæk luːp/	vòng lặp phản hồi có hại	The deleterious feedback loop	create/break a feedback loop
agroecological principles	n	/ˌæɡrəʊˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈprɪnsəplz/	các nguyên tắc nông sinh thái	Agroecological principles are gaining recognition	apply/adopt agroecological principles
polyculture cultivation	n	/ˈpɒlikʌltʃər ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn/	canh tác đa dạng cây trồng	Include polyculture cultivation	practice/promote polyculture cultivation
integrated pest management	n	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd pest ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý dịch hại tổng hợp	Integrated pest management	implement/use integrated pest management
agroforestry	n	/ˈæɡrəʊˌfɒrɪstri/	nông lâm kết hợp	Agroforestry combines trees with crops	promote/adopt agroforestry
perverse economic incentive	n phrase	/pəˈvɜːs ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ɪnˈsentɪv/	động lực kinh tế sai lệch	Creates a perverse economic incentive	create/eliminate perverse incentives
precision agriculture	n	/prɪˈsɪʒn ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/	nông nghiệp chính xác	Precision agriculture employs sensors	adopt/implement precision agriculture
vertical farming	n	/ˈvɜːtɪkl ˈfɑːmɪŋ/	canh tác thẳng đứng	Vertical farming represents radical departures	develop/promote vertical farming
controlled environment agriculture	n phrase	/kənˈtrəʊld ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/	nông nghiệp môi trường kiểm soát	Controlled environment agriculture	invest in controlled environment agriculture
payments for ecosystem services	n phrase	/ˈpeɪmənts fɔːr ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	thanh toán cho dịch vụ hệ sinh thái	Implementing payments for ecosystem services	establish/expand payments for services
robust governance structures	n phrase	/rəʊˈbʌst ˈɡʌvənəns ˈstrʌktʃəz/	các cấu trúc quản trị vững chắc	Requires robust governance structures	establish/strengthen governance structures
systems thinking	n	/ˈsɪstəmz ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/	tư duy hệ thống	The importance of systems thinking	apply/adopt systems thinking
adaptive capacity	n	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	khả năng thích ứng	Building adaptive capacity	enhance/strengthen adaptive capacity

---

Kết Luận

Đề thi IELTS Reading mẫu về “Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến an ninh lương thực toàn cầu” mà bạn vừa hoàn thành đã cung cấp một trải nghiệm luyện tập toàn diện với ba passages ở các mức độ khó tăng dần. Chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh những xu hướng thường gặp trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế mà còn giúp bạn mở rộng hiểu biết về một vấn đề toàn cầu cấp thiết.

Qua ba passages, bạn đã được tiếp xúc với đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading – từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings đến Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu những kỹ năng đọc hiểu và chiến lược làm bài khác nhau, giúp bạn phát triển toàn diện khả năng xử lý thông tin học thuật.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng về vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không chính xác. Đây là phần cực kỳ quan trọng giúp bạn hiểu được cách giám khảo thiết kế câu hỏi và cách tìm kiếm thông tin hiệu quả.

Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocations sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho việc học từ vựng học thuật của bạn. Hãy dành thời gian ôn lại những từ này thường xuyên và cố gắng sử dụng chúng trong các kỹ năng Writing và Speaking.

Để tối đa hóa hiệu quả luyện tập, hãy xem lại những câu bạn làm sai, phân tích lý do và rút ra bài học. Đừng chỉ tập trung vào số câu đúng mà hãy chú ý đến quá trình làm bài – cách bạn quản lý thời gian, chiến lược tiếp cận từng dạng câu hỏi, và khả năng định vị thông tin trong passage.

Hãy nhớ rằng, việc đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading đòi hỏi sự luyện tập đều đặn, kiên nhẫn và phương pháp học tập đúng đắn. Với nền tảng kiến thức và kỹ năng bạn đã xây dựng qua đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã tiến thêm một bước quan trọng trên con đường chinh phục IELTS của mình!