IELTS Reading: Tác Động Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến Nghề Cá – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tác động sâu rộng đến ngành thủy sản toàn cầu, một chủ đề có tần suất xuất hiện ngày càng cao trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Chủ đề “The Impact Of Climate Change On Fisheries” kết hợp kiến thức về môi trường, kinh tế và xã hội – ba lĩnh vực thường xuyên được IELTS khai thác trong các bài đọc học thuật.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages tăng dần độ khó, từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Bạn sẽ được thực hành với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng giống như thi thật, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể về cách xác định thông tin trong bài. Ngoài ra, bài viết còn cung cấp bảng từ vựng chuyên ngành theo từng passage và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, muốn nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật và làm quen với cấu trúc câu hỏi thực tế của IELTS Reading.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không trừ điểm cho câu trả lời sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần, vì vậy bạn cần phân bổ thời gian hợp lý:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Dành cho câu hỏi 1-13
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Dành cho câu hỏi 14-26
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Dành cho câu hỏi 27-40

Trong thực tế thi, bạn cần chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet trong 60 phút này, không có thời gian thêm. Do đó, nên chuyển đáp án trong lúc làm bài hoặc để 2-3 phút cuối để check.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn phù hợp
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời ngắn gọn câu hỏi

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IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Coastal Fishing Communities

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

A Fishing has been a vital source of livelihood for coastal communities around the world for thousands of years. From small villages in Southeast Asia to large ports in North America, millions of people depend on fish not only as a primary food source but also as their main income. However, the traditional way of life for these fishing communities is now facing an unprecedented threat from climate change. Rising sea temperatures, changing ocean currents, and unpredictable weather patterns are dramatically altering fish populations and their migration routes.

B One of the most visible impacts of climate change on fisheries is the shift in fish distribution. As ocean temperatures rise, many fish species are moving toward cooler waters, typically toward the poles or into deeper ocean areas. For example, in the North Atlantic, species like cod and herring have been observed migrating northward at a rate of approximately 25 kilometers per decade. This movement creates significant challenges for fishing communities whose boats, equipment, and fishing licenses are often restricted to specific zones. When fish move out of these traditional fishing grounds, fishermen must either adapt their methods or face reduced catches and income.

C Coral reefs, which serve as crucial breeding grounds for numerous fish species, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Rising ocean temperatures cause coral bleaching, a phenomenon where corals expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, causing them to turn white and eventually die if conditions do not improve. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has experienced several mass bleaching events in recent years, with the 2016 event affecting approximately 93% of the reef. When coral reefs die, the fish that depend on them for food and shelter disappear, leading to a dramatic decline in local fish populations.

D Changes in ocean chemistry also pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems. The ocean absorbs about 30% of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, which causes ocean acidification. This process makes it harder for shellfish and crustaceans to build their shells and can damage the sensory systems of fish, affecting their ability to find food, avoid predators, and locate suitable habitats. Studies have shown that in some areas, oyster larvae are failing to develop properly due to increased acidity, which has devastating consequences for both wild and farmed shellfish populations.

E Climate change is also increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons, and storms. These events can destroy fishing boats, damage coastal infrastructure, and make fishing extremely dangerous. In 2017, Hurricane Maria devastated fishing communities in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, destroying thousands of boats and fishing equipment. The recovery process can take years and requires substantial financial investment, which many small-scale fishing communities cannot afford without external assistance.

F Despite these challenges, many fishing communities are finding ways to adapt. Some fishermen are diversifying their income sources by engaging in eco-tourism or aquaculture (fish farming). Others are using new technologies such as GPS tracking and satellite data to locate fish populations more efficiently. Governments and international organizations are also providing support through training programs, financial aid, and the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) that help fish populations recover and build resilience against climate change.

G The future of fishing communities will largely depend on how quickly global society can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and how effectively local communities can adapt to the changes already underway. Scientists emphasize that limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, is crucial for protecting marine ecosystems and the millions of people who depend on them. Meanwhile, supporting fishing communities through education, resources, and sustainable fishing practices will be essential for ensuring their survival in a changing climate.

Cộng đồng ngư dân ven biển đối mặt với những thách thức từ biến đổi khí hậu và sự dịch chuyển của quần thể cá

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Fishing has provided food and income to coastal communities for several millennia.
2. Fish are moving toward warmer waters due to climate change.
3. Fishermen always have permission to follow fish into new areas.
4. The 2016 coral bleaching event affected almost all of the Great Barrier Reef.
5. Ocean acidification helps shellfish develop stronger shells.
6. Hurricane Maria occurred in the Pacific Ocean.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Fish species in the North Atlantic are migrating northward at approximately 25 kilometers per __.
8. Coral reefs function as important __ __ for many types of fish.
9. The ocean absorbs roughly 30% of __ __ released into the air.
10. Some fishing communities are engaging in __ or aquaculture to earn additional income.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to paragraph B, what is the main problem when fish migrate to new areas?

    • A) Fish become difficult to catch
    • B) Fishermen’s access is limited to certain zones
    • C) Fish populations decrease significantly
    • D) Ocean temperatures become too high

12. What does ocean acidification do to fish?

    • A) It makes them grow larger
    • B) It improves their sensory abilities
    • C) It damages their ability to detect food and danger
    • D) It helps them find new habitats

13. According to the passage, what is crucial for protecting marine ecosystems?

    • A) Building more fishing boats
    • B) Limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels
    • C) Increasing fish farming
    • D) Reducing the number of fishermen

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PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Social Impacts of Climate-Driven Fisheries Decline

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A The intricate relationship between climate change and fisheries extends far beyond ecological disruption; it encompasses profound economic and social dimensions that affect millions of people globally. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that approximately 60 million people work directly in fisheries and aquaculture, with an additional 200 million employed in related sectors such as processing, distribution, and marketing. When fish populations decline or migrate due to changing environmental conditions, the ripple effects throughout these communities can be catastrophic, threatening not just livelihoods but also food security, cultural identity, and social stability.

B From an economic perspective, the fishing industry contributes approximately $150 billion annually to the global economy through direct and indirect activities. Developing nations are disproportionately affected by climate-induced changes in fisheries, as these countries often lack the financial resources and technological infrastructure to adapt quickly. In West Africa, for example, artisanal fishing supports the livelihoods of over 7 million people. Studies conducted in Senegal and Ghana have documented a 30-40% decline in traditional fish catches over the past two decades, primarily attributed to warmer ocean temperatures and overfishing exacerbated by international fleets seeking fish in new regions. This decline has forced many young men to seek employment elsewhere, sometimes undertaking perilous migrations to Europe in search of alternative income.

C The nutritional implications of declining fish stocks are equally concerning. Fish provides 3.3 billion people with almost 20% of their average per capita intake of animal protein, and in some coastal and island nations, this figure exceeds 50%. The high nutritional value of fish, particularly its omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, makes it an irreplaceable component of healthy diets, especially for children and pregnant women. As fish becomes scarcer and more expensive, vulnerable populations are forced to rely on less nutritious alternatives, potentially leading to increased rates of malnutrition and related health problems. The problem is particularly acute in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where geographical isolation limits food import options and makes communities heavily dependent on local marine resources.

Người đọc quan tâm đến chủ đề impact of climate change on marine biodiversity sẽ nhận thấy rằng sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học biển có mối liên hệ mật thiết với tình trạng sụt giảm nguồn lợi thủy sản mà các cộng đồng ngư dân đang phải đối mặt.

D Gender dimensions of climate change impacts on fisheries are increasingly recognized by researchers and policymakers. While men typically engage in offshore fishing, women play crucial roles in post-harvest activities such as fish processing, smoking, and marketing. In many African and Asian coastal communities, these activities provide women with economic independence and contribute significantly to household income. However, when fish catches decline, women’s income-generating opportunities diminish proportionally, often more severely than men’s because they have fewer alternative employment options. Furthermore, climate-related disasters like floods and cyclones disproportionately affect women, who may have limited mobility due to childcare responsibilities and restricted access to relief resources and recovery programs.

E The cultural significance of fishing cannot be understated. For many Indigenous and coastal communities, fishing represents more than economic activity; it is interwoven with cultural identity, traditional knowledge, and social structures. In the Pacific Islands, fishing traditions have been passed down through generations, with specific fishing techniques, seasonal calendars, and resource management practices embedded in cultural narratives and ceremonies. Climate change threatens to sever these cultural connections as traditional fishing grounds become unproductive and younger generations lose interest in a livelihood that no longer provides adequate returns. The loss of traditional ecological knowledge that accompanies this cultural erosion represents an irreplaceable loss for humanity’s understanding of sustainable resource management.

F Governance challenges compound the difficulties facing fishing communities. Many fish species migrate across national jurisdictions and into international waters, creating complex management issues. When fish populations shift due to climate change, existing fishing agreements and quota systems often become obsolete, potentially leading to conflicts between nations. The “mackerel wars” between Iceland, the European Union, and Norway exemplify such disputes, as warming waters caused mackerel populations to migrate into Icelandic waters, leading to competing claims and overfishing as each party sought to maximize catches. Effective international cooperation and adaptive governance frameworks are essential but remain challenging to establish and enforce.

G Adaptation strategies must address both immediate needs and long-term sustainability. Diversification of livelihoods is widely recommended, but its implementation faces numerous obstacles. While aquaculture presents opportunities, it requires initial capital investment, technical knowledge, and appropriate environmental conditions. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) approaches that combine fisheries management with coastal habitat protection show promise in building resilience. Insurance schemes designed specifically for fishermen, such as those piloted in India and the Philippines, can provide financial safety nets during periods of low catches. However, the success of these initiatives depends on adequate funding, political will, and community participation in designing and implementing solutions.

H Looking forward, the intersection of climate change and fisheries demands coordinated action at multiple levels. International climate agreements must recognize the specific vulnerabilities of fishing communities and incorporate targeted support mechanisms. National governments need to invest in climate-resilient infrastructure, early warning systems for extreme weather events, and programs that facilitate livelihood transitions. At the community level, strengthening local institutions and incorporating traditional knowledge into modern management practices can enhance adaptive capacity. The challenge is substantial, but with adequate resources and political commitment, fishing communities can navigate these turbulent waters while preserving both their livelihoods and the marine ecosystems upon which they depend.

Tác động kinh tế xã hội của sự suy giảm nghề cá do biến đổi khí hậu ảnh hưởng đến cộng đồng và an ninh lương thực

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to paragraph A, approximately how many people work directly in fisheries and aquaculture?

    • A) 200 million
    • B) 150 million
    • C) 60 million
    • D) 7 million

15. What has primarily caused the decline in fish catches in Senegal and Ghana?

    • A) Pollution and industrial waste
    • B) Warmer ocean temperatures and overfishing
    • C) Government fishing restrictions
    • D) Natural fish population cycles

16. What percentage of animal protein does fish provide for 3.3 billion people?

    • A) Almost 50%
    • B) More than 30%
    • C) Almost 20%
    • D) Exactly 10%

17. Why are women in coastal communities particularly vulnerable to declining fish stocks?

    • A) They do not participate in fishing activities
    • B) They have fewer alternative employment options
    • C) They earn more than men from fishing
    • D) They own most of the fishing boats

18. The “mackerel wars” mentioned in paragraph F involved which parties?

    • A) Iceland, Canada, and Norway
    • B) The European Union, Japan, and Iceland
    • C) Iceland, the European Union, and Norway
    • D) Norway, Canada, and the United Nations

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate change affects fisheries in ways that go beyond environmental damage, creating serious economic and social problems. Developing countries are especially badly affected because they lack sufficient (19) __ __ and technology to adapt. Fish is particularly important for nutrition, providing essential (20) __ __, vitamins, and minerals. When fish becomes difficult to obtain, (21) __ __ must eat less healthy food, which can lead to health problems. In many communities, fishing is connected to (22) __ __ and traditional practices that have been maintained for generations. Effective solutions require (23) __ __ between different levels of government and organizations.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Aquaculture is an easy solution that all fishing communities can implement immediately.
25. Traditional ecological knowledge about sustainable fishing is being lost due to climate change.
26. Most Pacific Island nations have successfully transitioned to alternative livelihoods.

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PASSAGE 3 – Scientific Mechanisms and Future Projections of Climate-Fisheries Interactions

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

A The nexus between climate variability and marine ecosystem dynamics represents one of the most complex and consequential areas of contemporary environmental science. Understanding the multifaceted mechanisms through which anthropogenic climate change perturbs fisheries requires integrating knowledge across disciplines including oceanography, ecology, physiology, and atmospheric science. Recent advances in Earth system modeling and long-term ecological monitoring have revealed that climate impacts on fisheries operate through cascading effects that propagate through multiple trophic levels, often producing non-linear responses and threshold effects that challenge traditional fisheries management paradigms.

B At the most fundamental level, climate change affects the physiological tolerance ranges of marine organisms. Fish are ectothermic organisms, meaning their body temperature and metabolic rate are determined by ambient water temperature. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology posits that temperature influences biological processes exponentially, with enzymatic reaction rates approximately doubling with every 10°C increase within optimal ranges. However, beyond species-specific thermal optima, elevated temperatures impose energetic costs associated with maintaining homeostasis, leading to reduced growth rates, impaired reproduction, and increased mortality. Aerobic scope, defined as the difference between maximum and minimum metabolic rates, narrows as organisms approach their thermal limits, constraining their capacity for activities such as foraging, predator avoidance, and migration. Poleward range shifts and depth redistribution observed across numerous taxa represent behavioral thermoregulatory responses to these physiological constraints.

Bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về impact of climate change on fishing industries để thấy được cách mà các cơ chế khoa học này tác động trực tiếp đến hoạt động sản xuất và quản lý nguồn lợi thủy sản trên quy mô toàn cầu.

C The disruption of phenological synchrony constitutes another critical mechanism linking climate change to fisheries decline. Many marine species exhibit life history strategies that depend on precise temporal coordination between reproductive events and seasonal productivity peaks. For instance, the survival of larval fish often hinges on the “match-mismatch hypothesis“, which predicts that recruitment success depends on temporal overlap between larval emergence and zooplankton blooms that provide essential nutrition. Climate-induced shifts in the timing of spring phytoplankton blooms, driven by changes in stratification and nutrient availability, can desynchronize these relationships. In the North Sea, warming has advanced plankton phenology by approximately 10 days per decade, while fish spawning times have changed more slowly, resulting in temporal mismatches that contribute to recruitment failures and population declines, particularly for species such as cod.

D Ocean stratification intensification represents a particularly insidious consequence of warming with far-reaching implications for marine productivity. As surface waters warm preferentially relative to deeper layers, the density gradient between surface and deep waters increases, reducing vertical mixing. This enhanced stratification limits the upward transport of nutrients from deep, nutrient-rich waters to the euphotic zone where photosynthesis occurs. Modeling studies project that climate change will reduce global ocean primary productivity by 2-20% by 2100, with particularly pronounced declines in tropical and subtropical gyres. Since fish production ultimately depends on primary productivity, these changes will likely result in reduced carrying capacity for marine ecosystems. The implications are most severe for oligotrophic regions that already support relatively low biomass, potentially leading to the expansion of “ocean deserts” with minimal fish populations.

E The phenomenon of ocean deoxygenation, occurring as a consequence of both warming (which reduces oxygen solubility) and increased stratification (which limits oxygen replenishment from the atmosphere), poses an existential threat to many marine species. The volume of hypoxic waters (oxygen concentration below 2 mg/L) has increased by approximately 4.5 million square kilometers since the 1960s, while the minimum oxygen concentration in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) has declined further. Many commercially important species exhibit oxygen-dependent habitat compression, wherein their vertical distribution becomes constrained to oxygen-sufficient layers, increasing their vulnerability to fishing pressure. Moreover, some evidence suggests that chronic exposure to sublethal hypoxia may reduce physiological performance, reproductive output, and disease resistance even in species that can tolerate low oxygen conditions. The combined effects of warming and deoxygenation create “metabolic squeeze” scenarios where increased metabolic demands coincide with reduced oxygen availability, potentially rendering some regions physiologically uninhabitable for certain species.

F At the ecosystem level, climate change is restructuring food web architecture in ways that affect fisheries productivity. Trophic amplification theory suggests that impacts at lower trophic levels may be magnified at higher levels, meaning that modest changes in primary production can result in disproportionate effects on top predators, including commercially important fish species. Additionally, climate change may favor certain functional groups over others, leading to community reorganization. In many regions, warming appears to favor smaller-bodied species with faster life histories, potentially shifting ecosystems toward dominance by planktivorous fish at the expense of larger piscivorous species that typically support valuable fisheries. The concept of “tropicalization” describes the poleward expansion of warm-water species into previously temperate regions, often resulting in competitive displacement of cold-water species and altered predator-prey dynamics. Such changes not only affect total fish biomass but also the composition of catches, with potentially significant economic consequences as valuable cold-water species are replaced by less desirable alternatives.

G Projected future changes paint a sobering picture of coming decades. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that under a high-emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), global mean sea surface temperature could increase by 3-4°C by 2100, while ocean pH could decline by an additional 0.3-0.4 units beyond the 0.1-unit decrease already observed since pre-industrial times. Integrated Assessment Models that couple climate projections with fisheries models predict substantial geographical redistribution of fish stocks, with tropical regions experiencing average biomass declines of 40-60% while some high-latitude regions may see increases due to range expansions, though these projections carry considerable uncertainty. The maximum catch potential, defined as the theoretical maximum sustainable catch that could be obtained from an ecosystem, is projected to decrease in over 70% of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) globally, with particularly severe reductions in Indo-Pacific regions where dependence on fisheries for food security is highest.

H The inherent uncertainty in these projections stems from multiple sources, including internal climate variability, the sensitivity of climate models, incomplete understanding of ecological processes, and unknown future emission trajectories. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) approaches that account for ecosystem complexity and climate change represent best-practice paradigms, yet their implementation remains limited. Recent developments in Climate-Ready Fisheries Management emphasize the need for adaptive strategies including dynamic ocean management that adjusts fishing regulations in near real-time based on environmental conditions, portfolio effects that maintain species diversity to buffer against climate impacts, and habitat-based management that protects critical areas that may serve as climate refugia. However, the efficacy of these approaches depends fundamentally on aggressive greenhouse gas mitigation to limit the magnitude of future climate change. Without substantial emission reductions, adaptation measures alone will prove insufficient to preserve productive fisheries and the communities that depend on them.

Cơ chế khoa học của biến đổi khí hậu tác động đến hệ sinh thái biển và nghề thủy sản trong tương lai

Questions 27-31

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

27. Fish are described as __ __ because their body temperature depends on the surrounding water.

28. According to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, enzymatic reaction rates double approximately every __ increase.

29. The __ __ predicts that larval fish survival depends on timing overlap with zooplankton availability.

30. Enhanced stratification reduces vertical mixing and limits the upward movement of __ from deeper waters.

31. The volume of __ __ has grown by about 4.5 million square kilometers since the 1960s.

Questions 32-36

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

32. Climate change affects fisheries through simple, predictable patterns that are easy to manage.

33. In the North Sea, plankton timing has changed faster than fish spawning times.

34. Ocean primary productivity is expected to increase significantly by 2100.

35. Climate change tends to favor smaller fish species with rapid life cycles.

36. All high-latitude regions will definitely see increased fish populations in the future.

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

37. What is “aerobic scope” as described in paragraph B?

    • A) The maximum depth at which fish can survive
    • B) The difference between maximum and minimum metabolic rates
    • C) The area of ocean where fish can breathe
    • D) The temperature range fish can tolerate

38. According to paragraph D, what causes reduced primary productivity?

    • A) Increased vertical mixing of ocean waters
    • B) Too much nutrient availability in surface waters
    • C) Limited nutrient transport to the euphotic zone
    • D) Excessive photosynthesis in deep waters

39. What does “metabolic squeeze” refer to in paragraph E?

    • A) When fish populations become too dense
    • B) When metabolic needs increase but oxygen availability decreases
    • C) When fishing pressure becomes too intense
    • D) When water temperature drops suddenly

40. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, what could happen to tropical fish biomass by 2100?

    • A) Increase by 40-60%
    • B) Remain stable
    • C) Decrease by 40-60%
    • D) Increase slightly

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. NOT GIVEN
7. decade
8. breeding grounds
9. carbon dioxide
10. eco-tourism
11. B
12. C
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. C
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. financial resources
20. omega-3 fatty acids
21. vulnerable populations
22. cultural identity
23. coordinated action
24. NO
25. YES
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. ectothermic organisms
28. 10°C
29. match-mismatch hypothesis
30. nutrients
31. hypoxic waters
32. FALSE
33. TRUE
34. FALSE
35. TRUE
36. NOT GIVEN
37. B
38. C
39. B
40. C

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fishing, food and income, coastal communities, millennia (thousands of years)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Fishing has been a vital source of livelihood for coastal communities around the world for thousands of years” – khớp với “several millennia” trong câu hỏi (millennia = thousands of years).

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fish, moving, warmer waters
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, câu thứ hai
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “many fish species are moving toward cooler waters, typically toward the poles” – ngược lại với câu hỏi nói fish di chuyển về vùng nước ấm hơn.

Câu 3: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fishermen, permission, follow fish, new areas
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói fishing licenses bị “restricted to specific zones” nhưng không đề cập liệu fishermen có LUÔN LUÔN được phép đi theo cá hay không.

Câu 4: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: 2016, coral bleaching, Great Barrier Reef, 93%
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, câu gần cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the 2016 event affecting approximately 93% of the reef” – khớp với “almost all” (93% là gần như toàn bộ).

Câu 5: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: ocean acidification, shellfish, stronger shells
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói ocean acidification “makes it harder for shellfish and crustaceans to build their shells” – ngược lại với việc giúp develop stronger shells.

Câu 7: decade

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: North Atlantic, migrating northward, 25 kilometers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “migrating northward at a rate of approximately 25 kilometers per decade” – điền “decade”.

Câu 8: breeding grounds

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: coral reefs, function
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “Coral reefs, which serve as crucial breeding grounds for numerous fish species” – điền “breeding grounds”.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “fishing communities whose boats, equipment, and fishing licenses are often restricted to specific zones. When fish move out of these traditional fishing grounds, fishermen must either adapt their methods or face reduced catches” – vấn đề chính là quyền truy cập bị giới hạn.

Câu 12: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: Ocean acidification “can damage the sensory systems of fish, affecting their ability to find food, avoid predators, and locate suitable habitats” – tức làm hỏng khả năng phát hiện thức ăn và nguy hiểm.

Câu 13: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: “limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels… is crucial for protecting marine ecosystems” – đáp án B chính xác.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A
• Giải thích: “approximately 60 million people work directly in fisheries and aquaculture” – đáp án C đúng.

Câu 15: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “30-40% decline in traditional fish catches over the past two decades, primarily attributed to warmer ocean temperatures and overfishing” – đáp án B.

Câu 19: financial resources

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “developing nations… often lack the financial resources and technological infrastructure to adapt quickly” – điền “financial resources”.

Câu 20: omega-3 fatty acids

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: “particularly its omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals” – điền “omega-3 fatty acids”.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói aquaculture “requires initial capital investment, technical knowledge, and appropriate environmental conditions” – không phải là giải pháp dễ thực hiện ngay.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: “The loss of traditional ecological knowledge that accompanies this cultural erosion represents an irreplaceable loss” – tác giả đồng ý rằng kiến thức truyền thống đang bị mất.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: ectothermic organisms

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “Fish are ectothermic organisms, meaning their body temperature and metabolic rate are determined by ambient water temperature” – điền “ectothermic organisms”.

Câu 29: match-mismatch hypothesis

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: “the ‘match-mismatch hypothesis’, which predicts that recruitment success depends on temporal overlap between larval emergence and zooplankton blooms” – điền “match-mismatch hypothesis”.

Câu 32: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói climate impacts “operate through cascading effects… often producing non-linear responses and threshold effects that challenge traditional fisheries management” – ngược lại với “simple, predictable patterns”.

Câu 33: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: “warming has advanced plankton phenology by approximately 10 days per decade, while fish spawning times have changed more slowly” – plankton thay đổi nhanh hơn fish spawning.

Câu 37: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: “Aerobic scope, defined as the difference between maximum and minimum metabolic rates” – đáp án B chính xác.

Câu 40: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: “tropical regions experiencing average biomass declines of 40-60%” – đáp án C đúng.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
vital	adj	/ˈvaɪtl/	thiết yếu, sống còn	vital source of livelihood	vital role, vital importance
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented threat	unprecedented scale, unprecedented challenge
migration	n	/maɪˈɡreɪʃn/	sự di cư	migration routes	migration pattern, seasonal migration
vulnerable	adj	/ˈvʌlnərəbl/	dễ bị tổn thương	vulnerable to climate change	vulnerable population, highly vulnerable
coral bleaching	n	/ˈkɒrəl ˈbliːtʃɪŋ/	hiện tượng tẩy trắng san hô	coral bleaching events	mass bleaching, widespread bleaching
symbiotic	adj	/ˌsɪmbaɪˈɒtɪk/	cộng sinh	symbiotic algae	symbiotic relationship
acidification	n	/əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự acid hóa	ocean acidification	increased acidification
devastating	adj	/ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/	tàn phá, tàn khốc	devastating consequences	devastating impact, devastating effect
crustacean	n	/krʌˈsteɪʃn/	động vật giáp xác	shellfish and crustaceans	marine crustacean
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi	build resilience	climate resilience, ecological resilience
diversifying	v	/daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪɪŋ/	đa dạng hóa	diversifying income sources	diversifying portfolio
aquaculture	n	/ˈækwəkʌltʃə(r)/	nuôi trồng thủy sản	engaging in aquaculture	aquaculture industry, sustainable aquaculture

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, tinh vi	intricate relationship	intricate pattern, intricate system
ecological	adj	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc sinh thái	ecological disruption	ecological balance, ecological impact
catastrophic	adj	/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/	thảm khốc	catastrophic effects	catastrophic failure, catastrophic loss
disproportionately	adv	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/	không cân xứng, bất cân đối	disproportionately affected	disproportionately impact
artisanal	adj	/ˌɑːtɪˈzænl/	thủ công, quy mô nhỏ	artisanal fishing	artisanal fishermen, artisanal methods
perilous	adj	/ˈperələs/	nguy hiểm	perilous migrations	perilous journey, perilous situation
nutritional	adj	/njuːˈtrɪʃənl/	thuộc dinh dưỡng	nutritional implications	nutritional value, nutritional needs
malnutrition	n	/ˌmælnjuˈtrɪʃn/	suy dinh dưỡng	increased rates of malnutrition	severe malnutrition, child malnutrition
post-harvest	adj	/pəʊst ˈhɑːvɪst/	sau thu hoạch	post-harvest activities	post-harvest processing
interwoven	adj	/ˌɪntəˈwəʊvən/	đan xen, gắn bó	interwoven with cultural identity	closely interwoven
erosion	n	/ɪˈrəʊʒn/	sự xói mòn	cultural erosion	soil erosion, coastal erosion
governance	n	/ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị, quản lý	governance challenges	good governance, environmental governance
jurisdiction	n	/ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/	quyền tài phán	national jurisdictions	legal jurisdiction, territorial jurisdiction
adaptive	adj	/əˈdæptɪv/	thích nghi	adaptive governance frameworks	adaptive capacity, adaptive management
intersection	n	/ˌɪntəˈsekʃn/	giao điểm	intersection of climate change	critical intersection

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nexus	n	/ˈneksəs/	mối liên hệ chặt chẽ	nexus between climate and ecosystems	climate-water nexus
consequential	adj	/ˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/	quan trọng, có hậu quả lớn	most consequential areas	consequential decision
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic emissions
cascading	adj	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ/	theo tầng, dây chuyền	cascading effects	cascading failure
trophic	adj	/ˈtrɒfɪk/	thuộc dinh dưỡng (sinh thái)	multiple trophic levels	trophic cascade, trophic structure
ectothermic	adj	/ˌektəʊˈθɜːmɪk/	biến nhiệt (máu lạnh)	ectothermic organisms	ectothermic species
enzymatic	adj	/ˌenzaɪˈmætɪk/	thuộc enzym	enzymatic reaction rates	enzymatic activity
homeostasis	n	/ˌhəʊmiəʊˈsteɪsɪs/	cân bằng nội môi	maintaining homeostasis	physiological homeostasis
phenological	adj	/ˌfiːnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc hiện tượng theo mùa	phenological synchrony	phenological shift
stratification	n	/ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự phân tầng	ocean stratification intensification	thermal stratification
euphotic zone	n	/juːˈfɒtɪk zəʊn/	vùng ưu quang (có ánh sáng)	euphotic zone where photosynthesis occurs	upper euphotic zone
oligotrophic	adj	/ˌɒlɪɡəʊˈtrɒfɪk/	nghèo dinh dưỡng	oligotrophic regions	oligotrophic waters
hypoxic	adj	/haɪˈpɒksɪk/	thiếu oxy	hypoxic waters	hypoxic conditions, severely hypoxic
deoxygenation	n	/diːˌɒksɪdʒəˈneɪʃn/	sự mất oxy	ocean deoxygenation	widespread deoxygenation
piscivorous	adj	/pɪˈsɪvərəs/	ăn cá	piscivorous species	piscivorous predators
planktivorous	adj	/plæŋkˈtɪvərəs/	ăn sinh vật phù du	planktivorous fish	planktivorous species
tropicalization	n	/ˌtrɒpɪkəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	nhiệt đới hóa	tropicalization of ecosystems	marine tropicalization
mitigation	n	/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/	giảm thiểu	greenhouse gas mitigation	climate mitigation, mitigation strategies

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “The impact of climate change on fisheries” không chỉ là một vấn đề môi trường đơn thuần mà còn liên quan mật thiết đến kinh tế, xã hội và văn hóa của hàng triệu người trên toàn cầu. Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba góc độ khác nhau về chủ đề: từ tác động trực tiếp đến cộng đồng ngư dân ven biển (Passage 1), đến những hệ lụy kinh tế-xã hội sâu rộng (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là các cơ chế khoa học phức tạp cùng dự báo tương lai (Passage 3).

Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm làm bài giống như thi thật, với đa dạng dạng câu hỏi từ True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, đến Sentence Completion và Summary Completion. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách xác định thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase từ câu hỏi sang passage, và cách loại trừ đáp án nhiễu.

Bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về how renewable energy can help achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals để hiểu rõ hơn về các giải pháp toàn cầu nhằm giảm thiểu tác động của biến đổi khí hậu, một yếu tố then chốt trong việc bảo vệ ngành thủy sản.

Bảng từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ học thuật cần thiết cho IELTS Reading band 7.0+. Hãy học các từ này trong ngữ cảnh và chú ý đến collocations để sử dụng hiệu quả hơn.

Để đạt kết quả tốt trong IELTS Reading, hãy thực hành thường xuyên với các đề thi đa dạng chủ đề, quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ (không quá 20 phút cho mỗi passage), và luôn đọc kỹ instructions để tránh mất điểm không đáng có. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mục tiêu!