IELTS Reading: Vai Trò Di Sản Văn Hóa Trong Xã Hội Hiện Đại – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Giới Thiệu

Chủ đề di sản văn hóa và vai trò của nó trong xã hội đương đại là một trong những đề tài phổ biến xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading. Chủ đề này không chỉ liên quan đến lịch sử, nghệ thuật mà còn gắn liền với các vấn đề xã hội, kinh tế và phát triển bền vững – những khía cạnh mà ban giám khảo IELTS đặc biệt quan tâm.

Qua hơn 20 năm giảng dạy, tôi nhận thấy chủ đề “The Role Of Cultural Heritage In Modern Societies” xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế, đặc biệt từ năm 2015 đến nay. Đề thi mẫu này được thiết kế dựa trên format chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, giúp bạn làm quen với:

• Ba passages hoàn chỉnh với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard
• 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và kỹ thuật paraphrase
• Từ vựng chuyên ngành được phân loại theo từng passage
• Chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng dạng câu hỏi

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn đang target band 6.5-7.5. Hãy làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển) để đánh giá chính xác năng lực hiện tại của mình.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm, không trừ điểm cho câu sai. Đặc biệt quan trọng, bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất, cần làm nhanh để dành thời gian cho passage sau)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần cân bằng giữa tốc độ và độ chính xác)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, cần thời gian suy luận và phân tích)

Lưu ý: Nên dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra lại đáp án và đảm bảo không bỏ sót câu nào.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được nhắc đến
3. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
4. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Matching Features – Ghép đặc điểm với danh mục
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

Mỗi dạng yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc khác nhau: scanning (quét thông tin), skimming (đọc lướt), detailed reading (đọc chi tiết) và inference (suy luận).

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Preserving the Past for Future Generations

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Cultural heritage represents the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present, and bestowed upon future generations. In today’s rapidly changing world, the role of cultural heritage has become increasingly important as communities seek to maintain their identity while adapting to modern life.

Tangible cultural heritage includes buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art, and artifacts. Intangible cultural heritage refers to traditions, oral history, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe, and the knowledge and skills needed to produce traditional crafts. Both forms of heritage play a crucial role in shaping community identity and providing a sense of belonging.

Museums and cultural institutions serve as guardians of our collective memory. They collect, preserve, and display objects of artistic, cultural, or historical importance for public education and enjoyment. The British Museum in London, for example, houses over eight million works from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. Similarly, the Louvre in Paris attracts millions of visitors annually who come to view masterpieces spanning thousands of years.

Beyond museums, heritage sites themselves have become important destinations. UNESCO’s World Heritage List includes over 1,100 sites across the globe that are considered to have outstanding universal value. These range from the ancient pyramids of Egypt to the historic center of Rome, from the Great Wall of China to Machu Picchu in Peru. The designation as a World Heritage Site brings international recognition and often increased tourism, which can provide economic benefits to local communities.

However, the preservation of cultural heritage faces numerous challenges. Natural disasters, climate change, armed conflict, and urban development all pose threats to historic sites and artifacts. The destruction of the ancient city of Palmyra in Syria and the damage to Nepal’s heritage sites following the 2015 earthquake serve as stark reminders of heritage’s vulnerability. Conservation efforts require not only technical expertise but also significant financial resources and political commitment.

Tourism, while providing economic benefits, can also create problems for heritage preservation. Over-tourism at popular sites can lead to physical deterioration of structures, environmental damage, and disruption of local communities. Venice, Italy, faces challenges from the sheer number of visitors who flood the city daily, putting pressure on its delicate infrastructure and historic buildings. Sustainable tourism practices are essential to ensure that heritage sites can be enjoyed by visitors while being preserved for future generations.

Digital technology offers new possibilities for heritage preservation and access. Three-dimensional scanning and virtual reality allow for detailed documentation of sites and artifacts, creating digital records that can survive even if physical objects are lost. Online databases and virtual tours make cultural treasures accessible to people who may never have the opportunity to visit in person. The Google Arts & Culture platform, for instance, provides high-resolution images of artworks from over 2,000 museums worldwide.

Education plays a vital role in heritage preservation. When young people learn about their cultural heritage, they develop a sense of pride and responsibility for protecting it. Schools that incorporate local history and traditions into their curriculum help ensure that traditional knowledge and practices are passed down to new generations. Community programs that teach traditional crafts, music, or storytelling keep these practices alive and relevant.

The economic value of cultural heritage should not be underestimated. The heritage sector creates jobs in tourism, conservation, education, and creative industries. Historic districts often become centers of economic activity, attracting businesses and residents. Studies have shown that investment in heritage preservation can yield significant economic returns through increased tourism revenue, job creation, and enhanced property values in surrounding areas.

Questions 1-5

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, cultural heritage includes

   • A) only physical objects from the past
   • B) both physical and non-physical elements
   • C) mainly works of art and monuments
   • D) exclusively traditions and customs

2. The British Museum is mentioned as an example of

   • A) a tourist destination
   • B) an institution that protects cultural memory
   • C) the world’s largest museum
   • D) a building of historical importance

3. UNESCO World Heritage Sites

   • A) are all ancient structures
   • B) exist only in Europe and Asia
   • C) number over 1,100 worldwide
   • D) are primarily natural landscapes

4. What does the passage say about tourism and heritage?

   • A) Tourism always benefits heritage sites
   • B) Tourism should be completely restricted at heritage sites
   • C) Tourism can provide benefits but also create problems
   • D) Tourism has no impact on heritage preservation

5. Digital technology in heritage preservation

   • A) replaces the need for physical conservation
   • B) only benefits wealthy countries
   • C) creates problems for museums
   • D) provides new ways to document and share heritage

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Intangible cultural heritage is less important than tangible heritage.

7. The Louvre museum receives millions of visitors every year.

8. The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused damage to heritage sites.

9. All countries provide equal funding for heritage conservation.

Questions 10-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Heritage sites can suffer from natural disasters, climate change, conflict, and __.

11. Venice experiences problems due to the __ of visitors it receives daily.

12. __ and virtual reality enable detailed recording of heritage sites.

13. Schools that include local history in their __ help preserve traditional knowledge.

---

PASSAGE 2 – Cultural Heritage and National Identity

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between cultural heritage and national identity constitutes one of the most compelling areas of study in contemporary social science. As globalization accelerates and societies become increasingly interconnected, questions about what defines a nation and how cultural heritage contributes to this definition have gained unprecedented relevance. The ways in which societies choose to preserve, present, and interpret their heritage reveal much about their values, priorities, and aspirations for the future.

National identity, a multifaceted concept, encompasses shared history, language, traditions, and cultural practices that bind individuals to a particular nation. Cultural heritage serves as both a repository of collective memory and a living expression of identity. Monuments, historic sites, and artifacts function as tangible anchors to the past, while traditions, languages, and customs provide continuity between generations. However, the relationship between heritage and identity is far from straightforward, often involving contested interpretations and selective memory.

Consider the case of post-colonial nations, where cultural heritage management presents unique challenges. Many countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America must navigate between pre-colonial indigenous heritage, colonial-era remnants, and post-independence developments. In India, for instance, the architectural legacy of Mughal rule, including the iconic Taj Mahal, coexists with ancient Hindu temples and British colonial buildings. The decision regarding which aspects of heritage to emphasize reflects contemporary political and social dynamics and contributes to ongoing debates about national character.

The concept of heritage dissonance describes situations where different groups attach conflicting meanings to the same heritage site or practice. In many European cities, statues and monuments commemorating historical figures have become flashpoints for controversy as contemporary societies reassess historical narratives through modern ethical frameworks. The removal of Confederate monuments in the United States and debates over colonial-era statues in the United Kingdom exemplify how heritage objects can become arenas for negotiating collective memory and values.

Museums and heritage institutions play a pivotal role in shaping national narratives. The selection of objects for display, the manner of presentation, and the accompanying interpretive materials all contribute to particular understandings of national history and identity. National museums, in particular, serve as symbolic spaces where official versions of history are presented to both citizens and international visitors. The narrative choices made by these institutions can reinforce dominant cultural perspectives or, alternatively, provide platforms for marginalized voices and alternative histories.

The digital age has introduced new dimensions to the relationship between heritage and identity. Online platforms and social media enable individuals and communities to curate and share their own heritage narratives, sometimes challenging official versions. Diaspora communities, separated from their homelands, use digital tools to maintain connections to their cultural heritage and transmit traditions to younger generations born abroad. This democratization of heritage presentation allows for more diverse and inclusive representations of cultural identity.

Heritage tourism has emerged as a significant factor in how nations project their identity internationally. Countries invest heavily in developing and marketing heritage attractions, recognizing that cultural tourism offers both economic benefits and opportunities for soft power. The way a nation presents its heritage to foreign visitors communicates messages about its values, achievements, and place in the world. Cultural heritage thus becomes a form of cultural diplomacy, shaping international perceptions and relationships.

The authentication and commodification of heritage for tourism purposes, however, raise important questions. When traditional practices are performed primarily for tourist consumption, do they retain their authentic cultural meaning, or do they become merely commercialized spectacles? Some scholars argue that tourism can lead to the ossification of living cultures, freezing traditions in a romanticized past rather than allowing them to evolve naturally. Others counter that tourism provides economic incentives for communities to maintain traditions that might otherwise disappear.

Intangible heritage presents particular challenges for preservation and transmission. Languages, oral traditions, traditional knowledge systems, and performing arts exist in practice rather than as physical objects. UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted in 2003, recognizes that intangible heritage is both fragile and essential to cultural diversity. Efforts to document and preserve intangible heritage must balance the need for systematic recording with respect for the dynamic, lived nature of these practices.

The role of education in transmitting cultural heritage to younger generations cannot be overstated. Formal education systems that incorporate local history, languages, and traditions help ensure cultural continuity. However, educational approaches must avoid static presentations of culture that fail to acknowledge change and hybridity. Young people need to understand their heritage not as a fixed legacy from the past but as a living resource that can inform their identities while allowing for individual agency and creativity.

Climate change poses an existential threat to cultural heritage worldwide. Rising sea levels endanger coastal heritage sites, increased temperatures and changing precipitation patterns accelerate deterioration of historic structures and artifacts, and extreme weather events cause catastrophic damage. The threat to heritage from climate change underscores the interconnectedness of cultural and natural heritage and the need for integrated conservation approaches that address both environmental and cultural preservation.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

14. According to the passage, national identity is

    • A) a simple concept based only on shared history
    • B) a complex idea involving multiple shared elements
    • C) determined solely by cultural heritage
    • D) the same across all nations

15. The author mentions the Taj Mahal to illustrate

    • A) the beauty of Mughal architecture
    • B) India’s most popular tourist attraction
    • C) the complexity of heritage in post-colonial nations
    • D) the superiority of pre-colonial architecture

16. Heritage dissonance refers to

    • A) the deterioration of heritage sites
    • B) conflicts over heritage funding
    • C) different interpretations of the same heritage
    • D) disagreements between museums

17. What does the passage suggest about museums?

    • A) They always present objective historical facts
    • B) They play an important role in shaping national stories
    • C) They should focus only on ancient history
    • D) They are becoming less relevant in the digital age

18. Digital platforms have allowed

    • A) governments to control heritage narratives more effectively
    • B) museums to replace physical exhibits
    • C) individuals and communities to share their own heritage stories
    • D) heritage tourism to decrease significantly

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The relationship between cultural heritage and national identity is complex. In post-colonial countries, managing heritage is challenging as they must balance indigenous heritage, colonial history, and 19. __ developments. Different groups sometimes assign 20. __ to the same heritage sites, a situation known as heritage dissonance. Museums serve as 21. __ where official historical narratives are presented. Meanwhile, the 22. __ has enabled diaspora communities to stay connected to their cultural roots. However, when heritage is prepared mainly for 23. __, questions arise about whether it maintains its authentic meaning.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Tourism always damages the authentic meaning of cultural traditions.

25. UNESCO recognized the importance of intangible heritage in 2003.

26. Young people should view heritage as unchanging traditions from the past.

---

PASSAGE 3 – The Economics and Politics of Heritage Conservation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The preservation of cultural heritage in contemporary societies represents a complex nexus of economic considerations, political imperatives, and social values that extends far beyond the ostensible goal of protecting artifacts and sites from the past. While heritage conservation is frequently framed in terms of altruistic dedication to maintaining continuity with historical traditions, a more nuanced analysis reveals that decisions about what to preserve, how to preserve it, and who bears the costs involve multifaceted negotiations among diverse stakeholders with divergent interests and priorities.

From an economic perspective, cultural heritage can be conceptualized as a form of capital that generates various returns. The most tangible economic benefits accrue through heritage tourism, which has become one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing economic sectors. UNESCO World Heritage Sites alone attract approximately 600 million visitors annually, generating substantial revenue for local and national economies. However, the economic calculus of heritage conservation proves considerably more intricate than simple cost-benefit analysis might suggest. The externalities associated with heritage—both positive and negative—are difficult to quantify, and the benefits often manifest over extended temporal horizons that challenge conventional economic discounting methods.

Property economics provides a useful lens through which to examine heritage conservation dilemmas. Historic buildings and districts often sit on valuable urban land where redevelopment might generate higher economic returns than preservation. The opportunity costs of conservation—the foregone benefits of alternative land uses—can be substantial, particularly in rapidly growing cities where demand for modern commercial and residential space is intense. This creates inherent tensions between conservation and development that communities must navigate through planning regulations, incentive structures, and negotiated compromises.

The concept of heritage as a public good introduces additional economic complexity. Public goods, characterized by non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption, present well-known challenges for market provision. Because individuals cannot easily be excluded from enjoying the benefits of preserved heritage, and one person’s enjoyment does not diminish another’s, free-rider problems emerge. Individuals and firms lack adequate incentive to invest in conservation, as they cannot capture the full value of their investments, leading to sub-optimal private provision of heritage preservation. This market failure provides the standard economic justification for public sector involvement in heritage conservation.

However, the political economy of heritage funding reveals disparate priorities and resource allocation challenges. Governments must weigh investments in heritage conservation against competing demands for education, healthcare, infrastructure, and other public services. In developing countries, where basic needs often remain unmet and resources are severely constrained, directing substantial funds toward heritage preservation can seem like a luxury. Yet this perspective overlooks heritage’s multidimensional contributions to sustainable development, including its role in fostering social cohesion, supporting creative industries, and providing sustainable livelihoods for communities.

The politicization of heritage conservation manifests in various ways. Heritage sites and narratives become instruments of nation-building and political legitimization. Governments selectively emphasize certain aspects of national heritage while downplaying or ignoring others to construct particular national identities that serve contemporary political objectives. In authoritarian regimes, heritage can be manipulated to bolster nationalist sentiment and consolidate power. Conversely, contested heritage sites may become focal points for political opposition and resistance movements seeking to challenge dominant narratives.

International heritage governance, primarily embodied in UNESCO’s institutional frameworks, introduces supranational dimensions to heritage conservation. The World Heritage Convention creates an international regime that transcends national sovereignty, establishing universal standards and exerting normative pressure on states to protect sites deemed of “outstanding universal value.” This internationalization of heritage conservation reflects broader trends toward global governance but also generates tensions around cultural sovereignty and the imposition of Western-derived conservation paradigms on non-Western contexts.

The commodification of heritage through tourism and commercial exploitation presents philosophical and practical dilemmas. When heritage becomes primarily an economic resource, there is risk that its intrinsic cultural and historical values become subordinated to commercial considerations. The aestheticization and sanitization of heritage sites for tourist consumption may result in inauthentic presentations that privilege palatability over historical accuracy or cultural integrity. Disney-style “heritage parks” exemplify extreme commodification, creating simulacra that bear little resemblance to authentic historical environments.

Participatory approaches to heritage conservation have gained traction as alternatives to top-down expert-driven models. Community-based conservation recognizes that local communities are not merely passive beneficiaries of heritage preservation but active custodians with indigenous knowledge and vested interests in heritage sites. Inclusive approaches that incorporate local voices in decision-making processes can enhance legitimacy, improve conservation outcomes, and ensure more equitable distribution of benefits. However, participatory models also face challenges, including power imbalances within communities, the potential for elite capture of benefits, and difficulties reconciling diverse stakeholder preferences.

The advent of advanced technologies introduces new possibilities and challenges for heritage conservation. Digital documentation through photogrammetry, laser scanning, and artificial intelligence enables unprecedented levels of precision in recording heritage sites, creating digital surrogates that can inform restoration and provide virtual access. Biotechnology offers potential solutions for conserving organic materials and controlling bio-deterioration. However, these technologies raise questions about authenticity—whether digital replicas can genuinely substitute for material objects—and about access, as sophisticated conservation technologies remain concentrated in wealthy nations and institutions.

Climate change amplifies existing heritage conservation challenges while creating novel threats. Projections indicate that numerous World Heritage Sites face risks from sea-level rise, including Venice, the Sundarbans, and the Statue of Liberty. Changing precipitation patterns, increased storm intensity, and other climate impacts threaten heritage worldwide. The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) estimates that climatic factors already affect 96% of World Heritage Sites. Heritage conservation must therefore be integrated into broader climate adaptation strategies, requiring transdisciplinary collaboration among heritage professionals, climate scientists, urban planners, and policymakers.

The temporal dimensions of heritage conservation deserve particular attention. Decisions made today about what and how to preserve determine what future generations will inherit. This intergenerational dimension raises ethical questions about present societies’ obligations to posterity. Sustainable conservation approaches must balance current needs with future interests, avoiding irreversible damage while acknowledging that all societies inevitably transform their environments. The challenge lies in achieving appropriate equilibrium between preservation and change, honoring the past while accommodating the living requirements of present and future populations.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, heritage conservation decisions involve

    • A) only economic factors
    • B) simple cost-benefit calculations
    • C) negotiations among different groups with varying interests
    • D) primarily altruistic motivations

28. The economic benefits of heritage tourism are

    • A) easy to calculate precisely
    • B) only beneficial to wealthy countries
    • C) more complex than simple analysis suggests
    • D) declining in recent years

29. The concept of heritage as a public good means that

    • A) it should be free for everyone to visit
    • B) private companies will naturally invest in its preservation
    • C) market forces alone cannot ensure adequate conservation
    • D) governments should not be involved in heritage conservation

30. In developing countries, heritage conservation is sometimes seen as

    • A) the top priority for government spending
    • B) a luxury when basic needs are unmet
    • C) more important than in wealthy nations
    • D) unnecessary for economic development

31. UNESCO’s international heritage frameworks

    • A) completely respect national sovereignty
    • B) only apply to Western countries
    • C) create tensions around cultural sovereignty
    • D) have no influence on national conservation policies

Questions 32-36

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.

32. Property economics demonstrates that
33. The politicization of heritage means that
34. Community-based conservation approaches recognize that
35. Advanced conservation technologies
36. Climate change impacts on heritage sites

A. local people are active custodians with valuable knowledge
B. historic buildings compete with potential redevelopment for profit
C. require integration into climate adaptation strategies
D. governments use heritage to build national identity
E. only benefit wealthy institutions
F. are declining due to global warming
G. raise questions about authenticity and access
H. should be managed by international organizations

Questions 37-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. Approximately how many visitors do UNESCO World Heritage Sites receive each year?

38. What problem occurs when individuals cannot be excluded from enjoying heritage benefits?

39. What percentage of World Heritage Sites does ICOMOS estimate are already affected by climate factors?

40. What type of dimension does heritage conservation have that relates to obligations to future societies?

---

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. D
6. NOT GIVEN
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. urban development
11. sheer number
12. Three-dimensional scanning
13. curriculum

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. post-independence
20. conflicting meanings
21. symbolic spaces
22. digital age
23. tourist consumption
24. NO
25. YES
26. NO

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. C
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. D
34. A
35. G
36. C
37. 600 million visitors
38. free-rider problems
39. 96%
40. intergenerational dimension

---

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: cultural heritage includes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên nói rõ “Cultural heritage represents the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes”, sau đó đoạn 2 phân loại rõ tangible và intangible heritage. Đáp án B “both physical and non-physical elements” là paraphrase chính xác của “physical artifacts and intangible attributes”.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: British Museum, example
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Câu đầu đoạn 3 nói “Museums and cultural institutions serve as guardians of our collective memory”, sau đó dẫn British Museum làm ví dụ. “Guardians of collective memory” = “institution that protects cultural memory” (đáp án B).

Câu 3: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Thông tin trực tiếp: “UNESCO’s World Heritage List includes over 1,100 sites across the globe”. Đáp án C chính xác.

Câu 4: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: tourism and heritage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu đầu và các câu sau
• Giải thích: “Tourism, while providing economic benefits, can also create problems for heritage preservation” – câu này thể hiện cả hai mặt của tourism, trùng với đáp án C.

Câu 5: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: digital technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói về scanning, virtual reality, digital records, online databases – tất cả là “new ways to document and share heritage” (đáp án D).

Câu 6: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Giải thích: Bài văn không so sánh tầm quan trọng giữa tangible và intangible heritage, chỉ nói “both forms play a crucial role”.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “the Louvre in Paris attracts millions of visitors annually” – trùng khớp với statement.

Câu 8: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “damage to Nepal’s heritage sites following the 2015 earthquake” – xác nhận statement là đúng.

Câu 9: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Giải thích: Bài không đề cập đến việc so sánh funding giữa các quốc gia.

Câu 10: urban development

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Natural disasters, climate change, armed conflict, and urban development all pose threats” – “urban development” là từ cuối cùng trong danh sách.

Câu 11: sheer number

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “Venice…faces challenges from the sheer number of visitors” – exactly two words.

Câu 12: Three-dimensional scanning

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Three-dimensional scanning and virtual reality allow for detailed documentation” – đáp án gồm hai từ (có gạch nối tính là một từ trong IELTS).

Câu 13: curriculum

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “Schools that incorporate local history and traditions into their curriculum” – one word.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: national identity is
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “National identity, a multifaceted concept, encompasses shared history, language, traditions, and cultural practices” – “multifaceted” = “complex”, “encompasses…multiple elements” = “involving multiple shared elements”.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Taj Mahal
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Taj Mahal được nhắc đến trong context của post-colonial nations navigating between pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence heritage – minh họa sự phức tạp này (đáp án C).

Câu 16: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: heritage dissonance
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “heritage dissonance describes situations where different groups attach conflicting meanings to the same heritage” = “different interpretations of the same heritage”.

Câu 17: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: museums
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: “Museums and heritage institutions play a pivotal role in shaping national narratives” = “important role in shaping national stories”.

Câu 18: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: digital platforms
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Online platforms…enable individuals and communities to curate and share their own heritage narratives” = đáp án C.

Câu 19: post-independence

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “pre-colonial indigenous heritage, colonial-era remnants, and post-independence developments” – ba phần tử này tương ứng với summary.

Câu 20: conflicting meanings

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “different groups attach conflicting meanings to the same heritage site” – two words.

Câu 21: symbolic spaces

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “National museums…serve as symbolic spaces where official versions of history are presented”.

Câu 22: digital age

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “The digital age has introduced new dimensions” và đoạn này nói về diaspora communities using digital tools.

Câu 23: tourist consumption

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “When traditional practices are performed primarily for tourist consumption” – two words.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Some scholars argue…Others counter” – thể hiện có nhiều quan điểm, không khẳng định tourism “always” damages authenticity. Statement quá tuyệt đối, mâu thuẫn với quan điểm của tác giả.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “UNESCO’s Convention…adopted in 2003, recognizes that intangible heritage is…essential” – xác nhận đúng.

Câu 26: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Young people need to understand their heritage not as a fixed legacy from the past but as a living resource” – tác giả nói heritage không nên được xem là unchanging, mâu thuẫn với statement.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: heritage conservation decisions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “decisions…involve multifaceted negotiations among diverse stakeholders with divergent interests” = “negotiations among different groups with varying interests”.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: economic benefits, heritage tourism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “the economic calculus…proves considerably more intricate than simple cost-benefit analysis might suggest” = “more complex than simple analysis suggests”.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: public good
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Đoạn giải thích về free-rider problems và market failure, kết luận “provides…economic justification for public sector involvement” – nghĩa là market alone cannot ensure adequate conservation (đáp án C).

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: developing countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “directing substantial funds toward heritage preservation can seem like a luxury” when basic needs are unmet – đáp án B paraphrase chính xác.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: UNESCO, international heritage frameworks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: “generates tensions around cultural sovereignty and the imposition of Western-derived conservation paradigms” – đáp án C.

Câu 32: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “Historic buildings…sit on valuable urban land where redevelopment might generate higher economic returns than preservation” – matches ending B.

Câu 33: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: “Heritage…become instruments of nation-building…Governments selectively emphasize certain aspects…to construct particular national identities” – matches ending D.

Câu 34: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “local communities are not merely passive beneficiaries…but active custodians with indigenous knowledge” – matches ending A.

Câu 35: G

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “these technologies raise questions about authenticity…and about access” – matches ending G exactly.

Câu 36: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Heritage conservation must…be integrated into broader climate adaptation strategies” – matches ending C.

Câu 37: 600 million visitors

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (no more than three words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “UNESCO World Heritage Sites alone attract approximately 600 million visitors annually” – three words.

Câu 38: free-rider problems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (no more than three words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “Because individuals cannot easily be excluded…free-rider problems emerge” – two words (hyphenated counts as one).

Câu 39: 96%

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (no more than three words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “ICOMOS estimates that climatic factors already affect 96% of World Heritage Sites” – one word/number.

Câu 40: intergenerational dimension

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (no more than three words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 12, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “This intergenerational dimension raises ethical questions about present societies’ obligations to posterity” – two words.

---

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
legacy	n	/ˈleɡəsi/	di sản, thừa kế	Cultural heritage represents the legacy of physical artifacts	cultural legacy, historical legacy
intangible	adj	/ɪnˈtændʒəbl/	vô hình, phi vật thể	intangible attributes of a society	intangible heritage, intangible assets
bestow upon	v	/bɪˈstəʊ əˈpɒn/	trao tặng, ban cho	bestowed upon future generations	bestow honor upon, bestow title upon
crucial	adj	/ˈkruːʃl/	quan trọng, thiết yếu	play a crucial role	crucial role, crucial factor
guardian	n	/ˈɡɑːdiən/	người bảo vệ, giám hộ	guardians of our collective memory	cultural guardian, heritage guardian
outstanding	adj	/aʊtˈstændɪŋ/	nổi bật, xuất sắc	outstanding universal value	outstanding achievement, outstanding quality
preservation	n	/ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/	sự bảo tồn, bảo quản	preservation of cultural heritage	heritage preservation, wildlife preservation
stark reminder	n phrase	/stɑːk rɪˈmaɪndə/	lời nhắc nhở mạnh mẽ	serve as stark reminders	stark contrast, stark reality
conservation	n	/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	sự bảo tồn	conservation efforts	conservation efforts, energy conservation
over-tourism	n	/ˈəʊvə ˈtʊərɪzəm/	du lịch quá tải	over-tourism at popular sites	combat over-tourism, effects of over-tourism
incorporate	v	/ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/	kết hợp, hợp nhất	incorporate local history	incorporate ideas, incorporate changes
yield	v	/jiːld/	mang lại, sinh ra	yield significant economic returns	yield results, yield benefits

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
compelling	adj	/kəmˈpelɪŋ/	hấp dẫn, thuyết phục	compelling areas of study	compelling evidence, compelling reason
globalization	n	/ˌɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	toàn cầu hóa	as globalization accelerates	economic globalization, cultural globalization
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented relevance	unprecedented growth, unprecedented scale
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều mặt, đa diện	multifaceted concept	multifaceted approach, multifaceted issue
repository	n	/rɪˈpɒzətri/	kho lưu trữ	repository of collective memory	data repository, knowledge repository
contested	adj	/kənˈtestɪd/	tranh cãi, bị phản đối	contested interpretations	contested territory, contested issue
navigate	v	/ˈnævɪɡeɪt/	điều hướng, vượt qua	navigate between different heritages	navigate challenges, navigate through
dissonance	n	/ˈdɪsənəns/	sự bất hòa, mâu thuẫn	heritage dissonance	cognitive dissonance, cultural dissonance
flashpoint	n	/ˈflæʃpɔɪnt/	điểm nóng, tâm điểm	become flashpoints for controversy	political flashpoint, potential flashpoint
reassess	v	/ˌriːəˈses/	đánh giá lại	reassess historical narratives	reassess priorities, reassess situation
pivotal	adj	/ˈpɪvətl/	then chốt, quan trọng	play a pivotal role	pivotal role, pivotal moment
marginalized	adj	/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd/	bị gạt ra lề	marginalized voices	marginalized communities, marginalized groups
curate	v	/kjʊəˈreɪt/	tuyển chọn, sắp xếp	curate their own heritage narratives	curate content, curate collection
democratization	n	/dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃn/	dân chủ hóa	democratization of heritage presentation	democratization of information, political democratization
commodification	n	/kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	thương mại hóa	commodification of heritage	commodification of culture, commodification of nature
ossification	n	/ˌɒsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự cứng nhắc hóa	ossification of living cultures	cultural ossification, institutional ossification
overstated	adj	/ˌəʊvəˈsteɪtɪd/	phóng đại, cường điệu	cannot be overstated	overstated claims, overstated importance
hybridity	n	/haɪˈbrɪdəti/	tính lai tạp, pha trộn	acknowledge hybridity	cultural hybridity, linguistic hybridity
existential threat	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/	mối đe dọa hiện hữu	existential threat to heritage	pose existential threat, face existential threat

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nexus	n	/ˈneksəs/	mối liên hệ, điểm giao	complex nexus of considerations	nexus between, causal nexus
ostensible	adj	/ɒˈstensəbl/	bề ngoài, tưởng chừng	ostensible goal	ostensible reason, ostensible purpose
altruistic	adj	/ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/	vị tha, lợi tha	altruistic dedication	altruistic behavior, altruistic motives
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tế nhị, tinh tế	nuanced analysis	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
divergent	adj	/daɪˈvɜːdʒənt/	khác biệt, phân kỳ	divergent interests	divergent views, divergent paths
accrue	v	/əˈkruː/	tích lũy, thu được	benefits accrue through tourism	accrue benefits, accrue interest
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, rắc rối	intricate economic calculus	intricate details, intricate pattern
externality	n	/ˌekstɜːˈnæləti/	yếu tố bên ngoài	externalities associated with heritage	negative externality, positive externality
manifest	v	/ˈmænɪfest/	biểu hiện, thể hiện	benefits manifest over time	manifest itself, manifest symptoms
non-excludability	n	/nɒn ɪkˌskluːdəˈbɪləti/	tính không thể loại trừ	characterized by non-excludability	principle of non-excludability
free-rider problem	n phrase	/friː ˈraɪdə ˈprɒbləm/	vấn đề ăn theo, hưởng lợi không trả giá	free-rider problems emerge	address free-rider problem, prevent free-rider problem
sub-optimal	adj	/sʌb ˈɒptɪməl/	không tối ưu	sub-optimal provision	sub-optimal outcome, sub-optimal solution
disparate	adj	/ˈdɪspərət/	khác biệt, không đồng nhất	disparate priorities	disparate groups, disparate elements
politicization	n	/pəˌlɪtɪsaɪˈzeɪʃn/	chính trị hóa	politicization of heritage	politicization of issues, increasing politicization
bolster	v	/ˈbəʊlstə/	củng cố, tăng cường	bolster nationalist sentiment	bolster confidence, bolster support
consolidate	v	/kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/	hợp nhất, củng cố	consolidate power	consolidate position, consolidate gains
embody	v	/ɪmˈbɒdi/	hiện thân, biểu hiện	embodied in UNESCO frameworks	embody values, embody principles
supranational	adj	/ˌsuːprəˈnæʃnəl/	siêu quốc gia	supranational dimensions	supranational organization, supranational authority
transcend	v	/trænˈsend/	vượt qua, siêu việt	transcends national sovereignty	transcend boundaries, transcend differences
normative	adj	/ˈnɔːmətɪv/	chuẩn mực, định hướng	normative pressure	normative framework, normative standards
intrinsic	adj	/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/	nội tại, vốn có	intrinsic cultural values	intrinsic value, intrinsic motivation
subordinate	v	/səˈbɔːdɪneɪt/	làm phụ thuộc, hạ thấp	become subordinated to	subordinate to, subordinate clause
sanitization	n	/ˌsænɪtaɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự làm sạch, làm an toàn	sanitization of heritage sites	cultural sanitization, historical sanitization
simulacrum	n	/ˌsɪmjuˈleɪkrəm/	bản sao, hình ảnh giả	creating simulacra	cultural simulacrum, mere simulacrum
traction	n	/ˈtrækʃn/	sự thu hút, lực kéo	gained traction	gain traction, lose traction
custodian	n	/kʌˈstəʊdiən/	người giám hộ, bảo quản	active custodians	heritage custodian, custodian of traditions
vested interest	n phrase	/ˈvestɪd ˈɪntrəst/	quyền lợi liên quan	vested interests in heritage	have vested interest, protect vested interest
advent	n	/ˈædvent/	sự xuất hiện, đến	advent of advanced technologies	advent of technology, with the advent of
photogrammetry	n	/ˌfəʊtəˈɡræmɪtri/	phép đo ảnh	digital documentation through photogrammetry	aerial photogrammetry, close-range photogrammetry
surrogate	n	/ˈsʌrəɡət/	vật thay thế	digital surrogates	surrogate mother, surrogate marker
amplify	v	/ˈæmplɪfaɪ/	khuếch đại, tăng cường	amplifies existing challenges	amplify sound, amplify effects
transdisciplinary	adj	/ˌtrænzdɪsəˈplɪnəri/	liên ngành, xuyên ngành	transdisciplinary collaboration	transdisciplinary approach, transdisciplinary research
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl/	liên thế hệ	intergenerational dimension	intergenerational equity, intergenerational transfer
irreversible	adj	/ˌɪrɪˈvɜːsəbl/	không thể đảo ngược	avoiding irreversible damage	irreversible damage, irreversible change
equilibrium	n	/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/	sự cân bằng	appropriate equilibrium	maintain equilibrium, reach equilibrium

---

Kết Luận

Chủ đề “The role of cultural heritage in modern societies” là một trong những chủ đề phong phú và có tầm quan trọng cao trong IELTS Reading. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được tiếp cận với:

• Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản về di sản văn hóa hữu hình và vô hình, vai trò của bảo tàng, thách thức bảo tồn và giá trị kinh tế của di sản – phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5.

• Passage 2 đi sâu vào mối quan hệ phức tạp giữa di sản văn hóa và bản sắc quốc gia, các vấn đề của các quốc gia hậu thuộc địa, heritage dissonance, vai trò của công nghệ số và du lịch văn hóa – target band 6.0-7.5.

• Passage 3 phân tích các khía cạnh kinh tế và chính trị của bảo tồn di sản ở cấp độ học thuật cao, bao gồm economics of public goods, political economy, international governance, commodification và tác động của biến đổi khí hậu – dành cho band 7.0-9.0.

Đề thi mẫu này cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và kỹ thuật paraphrase giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng dạng câu hỏi. Bảng từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage với phonetics, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocations sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật hiệu quả.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, hãy:

• Làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển)
• Phân tích kỹ các câu sai để hiểu nguyên nhân
• Học thuộc từ vựng kèm collocations
• Luyện tập thêm với các đề thi Cambridge IELTS
• Áp dụng các kỹ thuật scanning, skimming và detailed reading một cách linh hoạt

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!