IELTS Reading: The Role Of Digital Transformation In Global Trade - Đề Thi Mẫu Có đáp án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Mở bài

Chủ đề chuyển đổi số trong thương mại toàn cầu (digital transformation in global trade) đang trở thành một trong những đề tài xuất hiện thường xuyên trong bài thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các đề thi gần đây. Với sự phát triển vượt bậc của công nghệ và tác động sâu rộng của nó đến mọi lĩnh vực kinh tế, việc hiểu rõ vai trò của chuyển đổi số không chỉ giúp bạn đạt điểm cao trong kỳ thi mà còn trang bị kiến thức thực tế về thế giới hiện đại.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ mức độ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng theo đúng format thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Đặc biệt, mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách làm bài hiệu quả.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với độ khó tăng dần qua từng passage, giúp bạn làm quen với áp lực thời gian và phát triển kỹ năng đọc học thuật một cách bài bản.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điểm số của bạn phụ thuộc vào số câu trả lời đúng, không bị trừ điểm với câu sai. Mỗi passage có độ dài khoảng 700-1000 từ và độ khó tăng dần.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian hiệu quả vì không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án sang answer sheet – tất cả phải hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt
Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Digital Revolution in International Commerce

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The way businesses conduct international trade has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades. Traditional methods of buying and selling goods across borders, which once relied heavily on face-to-face negotiations, paper documentation, and manual processing, have been largely replaced by digital systems. This shift, known as digital transformation, has fundamentally changed how companies interact with customers, manage supply chains, and complete transactions worldwide.

One of the most significant changes has been the rise of e-commerce platforms. These online marketplaces allow businesses of all sizes to reach customers in different countries without the need for physical stores or offices in those locations. Small manufacturers in developing countries can now sell their products directly to consumers in wealthy nations, bypassing traditional intermediaries such as import-export agents and wholesale distributors. This direct access to global markets has created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and reduced costs for consumers.

Digital payment systems have also revolutionized international trade by making transactions faster, safer, and more transparent. In the past, international payments could take several days or even weeks to process, and the fees were often substantial. Today, digital payment platforms enable real-time transactions between buyers and sellers across borders, with significantly lower costs. These systems use advanced encryption technology to protect sensitive financial information, giving both parties greater confidence in conducting business online.

The adoption of cloud-based technologies has transformed how companies manage their global operations. Businesses can now store vast amounts of data securely online and access it from anywhere in the world. This capability is particularly valuable for managing complex supply chains that involve multiple suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors across different countries. Cloud computing enables real-time tracking of shipments, inventory management, and coordination between various partners in the supply chain. When a problem occurs, such as a delayed shipment or quality issue, all relevant parties can be notified immediately and work together to find solutions.

Blockchain technology represents another important innovation in digital trade. Originally developed for cryptocurrency transactions, blockchain creates a secure, transparent record of all transactions that cannot be altered or deleted. In international trade, this technology is being used to verify the authenticity of products, track goods as they move through the supply chain, and ensure compliance with customs regulations. The Blockchain in global trade offers enhanced security and reduces the risk of fraud, which has been a persistent problem in cross-border commerce.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly being used to optimize various aspects of international trade. These technologies can analyze enormous amounts of data to identify patterns and make predictions that help businesses make better decisions. For example, AI systems can forecast demand for products in different markets, suggest optimal pricing strategies, and identify potential supply chain disruptions before they occur. Machine learning algorithms can also automate routine tasks such as processing customs documents, freeing up human workers to focus on more complex and strategic activities.

Despite these advances, the digital transformation of global trade has also created new challenges. One significant concern is the digital divide between developed and developing countries. While businesses in wealthy nations have ready access to high-speed internet, advanced software, and skilled IT professionals, companies in poorer countries often lack these resources. This disparity can make it difficult for businesses in developing regions to compete effectively in the digital marketplace, potentially widening economic inequalities between nations.

Cybersecurity has become a critical issue as more trade activities move online. Hackers and cybercriminals constantly seek to exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems to steal sensitive information, disrupt operations, or demand ransom payments. Companies must invest heavily in security measures to protect their systems and data, which can be particularly burdensome for small and medium-sized enterprises with limited resources. International cooperation is needed to establish common standards for cybersecurity and combat cybercrime effectively.

The regulatory environment for digital trade is still evolving, creating uncertainty for businesses. Different countries have different rules regarding data privacy, consumer protection, and taxation of digital services. These inconsistencies can complicate international operations and increase compliance costs. There is growing recognition that international agreements are needed to harmonize regulations and create a more predictable environment for digital commerce.

Looking ahead, The Role Of Digital Transformation In Global Trade will only continue to expand. Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), which connects physical devices to the internet, and 5G networks, which provide much faster data transmission speeds, promise to create even more opportunities for innovation. As these technologies mature and become more widely available, they will likely lead to new business models and ways of conducting international trade that we cannot yet fully imagine.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Traditional international trade required people to meet in person to negotiate deals.
E-commerce platforms enable small businesses to sell products internationally without physical offices abroad.
Digital payment systems are more expensive than traditional international payment methods.
Cloud computing allows companies to monitor their supply chains in real-time.
Blockchain technology was initially created specifically for international trade purposes.
All countries have the same level of access to digital technologies for trade.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Small manufacturers can now avoid using __ such as import-export agents when selling internationally.
Advanced __ protects financial information during digital transactions.
The __ between wealthy and poor nations affects their ability to participate in digital trade.
Companies must spend substantial amounts on __ to protect against cybercriminals.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, what is one advantage of AI in international trade?
- A. It eliminates the need for human workers
- B. It can predict future demand for products
- C. It replaces blockchain technology
- D. It reduces internet connection costs
What does the passage suggest about regulations for digital trade?
- A. They are consistent across all countries
- B. They only apply to large corporations
- C. They vary between different nations
- D. They are no longer necessary
What does the passage indicate about the future of digital transformation in trade?
- A. It will decrease in importance
- B. It has reached its maximum potential
- C. It will continue to grow and expand
- D. It will only affect developed countries

PASSAGE 2 – Digitalization and the Restructuring of Global Supply Networks

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The unprecedented pace of digital transformation has fundamentally restructured the architecture of international trade networks, creating both opportunities and vulnerabilities that were previously inconceivable. This metamorphosis extends far beyond the simple digitization of existing processes; it represents a paradigm shift in how value chains are conceived, organized, and operated on a global scale. The implications of this transformation are profound and multifaceted, affecting everything from logistics coordination to regulatory compliance and competitive dynamics.

Section A
Central to this transformation is the emergence of sophisticated data analytics platforms that enable unprecedented levels of visibility and control across dispersed supply networks. These systems aggregate information from multiple sources—including sensors embedded in shipping containers, satellite tracking systems, and customs databases—to create comprehensive, real-time overviews of goods movement worldwide. This enhanced transparency allows companies to identify bottlenecks, anticipate disruptions, and optimize routing decisions with a degree of precision that was unattainable using traditional methods. Moreover, predictive analytics can forecast potential problems before they materialize, enabling proactive intervention rather than reactive crisis management.

Section B
The integration of digital technologies has also facilitated the rise of more flexible and resilient supply chain models. Traditional supply chains were often characterized by rigid, linear structures with limited capacity to adapt to changing circumstances. In contrast, digitally-enabled networks can rapidly reconfigure themselves in response to disruptions, whether caused by natural disasters, political instability, or sudden shifts in market demand. This adaptive capacity was dramatically demonstrated during the recent global pandemic, when companies with advanced digital capabilities were better positioned to identify alternative suppliers, reroute shipments, and maintain operations despite widespread disruptions.

Section C
However, the digitalization of global trade has simultaneously created new forms of strategic vulnerability. The increasing reliance on interconnected digital systems means that cyberattacks or technical failures can have cascading effects across entire supply networks. A security breach at one node in the network can potentially compromise the systems of all connected parties, creating systemic risk that transcends traditional organizational boundaries. Furthermore, the concentration of critical digital infrastructure in the hands of a small number of technology providers raises concerns about market power and the potential for disruption if these providers experience problems or act in anti-competitive ways.

Section D
The regulatory landscape surrounding digital trade remains fragmented and inconsistent, posing significant challenges for multinational enterprises. Different jurisdictions maintain divergent approaches to critical issues such as data localization requirements, which mandate that certain types of information must be stored within national borders, and cross-border data transfer restrictions, which limit the movement of information between countries. These regulatory discrepancies not only increase compliance costs but also create practical obstacles to operating integrated digital systems across multiple markets. The absence of harmonized international standards for digital trade represents a significant impediment to realizing the full potential benefits of technological innovation.

Section E
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face particular challenges in navigating the digital transformation of international trade. While large corporations typically possess the financial resources and technical expertise to invest in sophisticated digital infrastructure, smaller businesses often struggle to make these investments. This disparity risks creating a two-tier system in which large firms enjoy significant competitive advantages derived from their digital capabilities, while smaller competitors are increasingly marginalized. However, some argue that cloud-based services and other technology-as-a-service models are actually democratizing access to advanced capabilities, enabling SMEs to leverage sophisticated tools without massive upfront investments.

Section F
The environmental implications of digitalized trade networks present a complex and somewhat paradoxical picture. On one hand, digital technologies can enhance resource efficiency by optimizing logistics to reduce empty runs, minimize fuel consumption, and decrease waste through better inventory management. Data-driven optimization can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of global supply chains. On the other hand, the proliferation of e-commerce has led to increased packaging waste and the growth of energy-intensive data centers required to power digital systems. The relationship between Impact of green technologies on traditional farming shows similar complexity in balancing technological advancement with environmental sustainability.

Section G
Looking forward, emerging technologies promise to further transform international trade in ways that are only beginning to be understood. Autonomous vehicles and delivery drones could revolutionize last-mile logistics, while 3D printing might enable distributed manufacturing that reduces the need for long-distance shipping of finished goods. Quantum computing could eventually provide computational power that makes current optimization algorithms seem primitive by comparison. However, the realization of these possibilities will depend not only on technological development but also on the evolution of regulatory frameworks, infrastructure investments, and social acceptance of new technologies.

The digital transformation of global trade represents neither an unalloyed benefit nor a straightforward threat, but rather a complex phenomenon that demands careful analysis and thoughtful policy responses. Success in this new environment requires not only technological sophistication but also strategic vision, organizational agility, and a nuanced understanding of the interplay between technology, economics, and regulation. As digital systems become increasingly central to international commerce, the ability to effectively leverage these tools while managing associated risks will be a critical determinant of competitive success.

Questions 14-20

Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G.

A discussion of how different countries have inconsistent rules about data storage
An explanation of how smaller companies face disadvantages in digital transformation
A description of how supply chains can quickly adjust to unexpected problems
Examples of future technologies that may change trade further
An explanation of how cyber security issues can affect multiple organizations
A description of both positive and negative environmental effects of digital trade
An explanation of how data analytics helps companies see their entire supply chain

Questions 21-24

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Digital transformation has created supply chains with greater flexibility and resilience. Unlike traditional supply chains that had 21. __ structures, modern digitally-enabled networks can quickly reconfigure themselves. This was especially evident during the recent pandemic, when companies with strong digital capabilities could identify 22. __ and reroute shipments effectively.

However, increased reliance on digital systems creates new 23. __ because problems at one point can affect the entire network. Additionally, the fact that a small number of companies control digital infrastructure raises concerns about 24. __ and potential disruptions.

Questions 25-26

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO statements are true according to the passage?

A. All companies now have equal access to digital technologies
B. Cloud-based services may help smaller businesses access advanced tools
C. Digital systems have eliminated all supply chain disruptions
D. Data-driven optimization can reduce the environmental impact of supply chains
E. Regulatory frameworks for digital trade are fully harmonized globally

PASSAGE 3 – The Geopolitical and Economic Implications of Digital Trade Infrastructure

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The proliferation of digital technologies as the fundamental infrastructure of contemporary international commerce has engendered a profound reconfiguration of economic power relationships and geopolitical dynamics that extends far beyond the realm of commercial transactions. This transformation is not merely technical in nature but represents a fundamental realignment of the mechanisms through which economic value is created, captured, and distributed across global markets. The strategic significance of digital trade infrastructure—encompassing everything from telecommunications networks and data storage facilities to software platforms and payment systems—has elevated it to a position of paramount importance in international relations, comparable to the role that control over traditional infrastructure such as ports, railways, and energy pipelines played in earlier eras of globalization.

The architecture of digital trade infrastructure exhibits pronounced characteristics of natural monopoly and network effects, whereby the value of a platform or system increases exponentially with the number of users, creating powerful incentives toward concentration and market dominance. This phenomenon has facilitated the emergence of a relatively small number of technology conglomerates, predominantly headquartered in the United States and China, that exercise disproportionate influence over the digital infrastructure underpinning global commerce. These entities function not merely as service providers but as de facto regulators, establishing technical standards, data governance protocols, and operational rules that shape the behavior of millions of businesses and billions of consumers worldwide. The asymmetric power relationship between these platform operators and the users dependent upon their services raises fundamental questions about economic sovereignty, regulatory authority, and the appropriate governance mechanisms for digital commerce.

The concentration of digital trade infrastructure has engendered significant concerns regarding data sovereignty and national security among governments worldwide. The recognition that enormous quantities of commercially sensitive and personally identifiable information flow through and are stored within systems controlled by foreign entities has prompted many nations to implement policies aimed at asserting greater control over data within their jurisdictions. Data localization mandates, which require that certain categories of information be stored on servers physically located within national borders, represent one manifestation of this concern. While proponents argue such measures are necessary to protect national security interests and ensure regulatory oversight, critics contend they fragment the global digital economy, increase costs, reduce efficiency, and may serve as pretexts for protectionism that shields domestic technology companies from foreign competition.

The phenomenon sometimes termed “digital mercantilism” reflects the intersection of economic and security considerations in national approaches to digital trade infrastructure. Governments increasingly view control over critical digital systems as strategically important, analogous to control over conventional strategic industries such as defense manufacturing or energy production. This perspective has manifested in various policy interventions, including restrictions on foreign ownership of telecommunications infrastructure, requirements for technology transfer as conditions for market access, and the promotion of national technology champions through subsidies and preferential procurement policies. The escalating technological rivalry between major powers, particularly the United States and China, has intensified these dynamics, with digital trade infrastructure becoming a central arena of geopolitical competition.

The implications of this competition extend to developing nations, which find themselves navigating complex choices regarding digital infrastructure development. Many lower-income countries lack the resources to develop indigenous digital capabilities and must rely on technology provided by foreign firms. The selection of infrastructure providers—whether Western, Chinese, or other—carries implications beyond immediate technical and economic considerations, potentially affecting geopolitical alignments and future policy autonomy. The debate surrounding fifth-generation (5G) telecommunications networks exemplifies these dilemmas, with countries facing pressure from various quarters regarding their choice of technology suppliers amid concerns about security, reliability, and political influence.

The governance of cross-border data flows represents perhaps the most contentious aspect of digital trade policy. Data has been characterized as the “new oil“—a crucial productive input in the digital economy—and questions regarding who controls it, under what conditions it may be accessed or transferred, and what rights attach to it have become central to international economic negotiations. Three broad regulatory models have emerged: the relatively permissive approach favored by the United States, which emphasizes free data flows with limited restrictions; the more rights-based European model, exemplified by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which establishes robust individual privacy protections and restrictions on data transfers; and the approach adopted by China and several other nations, which emphasizes state control and data localization. These divergent approaches reflect different balances between competing values—economic efficiency, individual privacy, and state security—and reconciling them represents a formidable challenge for international trade governance.

The relationship between digital transformation and economic development presents another dimension of complexity. While digital technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for developing countries to leapfrog traditional development stages and integrate into global value chains, realizing these opportunities requires substantial investments in digital infrastructure, human capital, and institutional capacity. The concept of “digital colonialism” has been invoked by some scholars to describe situations in which developing countries become dependent on foreign-controlled digital infrastructure and platforms, potentially perpetuating unequal economic relationships despite ostensible technological advancement. The dynamics described in How international sanctions affect global economies demonstrate how control over critical infrastructure can translate into economic and political leverage. This concern is particularly acute given that the value captured from digital economic activities tends to accrue disproportionately to platform owners rather than users or content providers, potentially concentrating wealth in countries where dominant technology firms are headquartered.

International efforts to develop multilateral frameworks for governing digital trade have achieved only limited success to date. While various forums—including the World Trade Organization, the G20, and regional trade agreements—have addressed aspects of digital commerce, comprehensive international rules remain elusive. Fundamental disagreements persist regarding basic principles, such as whether data flows should be treated analogously to trade in goods and services, whether data localization measures constitute illegitimate trade barriers, and how to balance legitimate regulatory objectives with commitments to market openness. The absence of consensus reflects not only divergent national interests but also genuine uncertainty about the appropriate regulatory approaches for rapidly evolving technologies whose implications are not yet fully understood.

The algorithmic mediation of international trade through digital platforms introduces additional layers of complexity to governance challenges. Automated systems employing artificial intelligence and machine learning make countless decisions that affect market outcomes—determining which products appear in search results, setting prices through dynamic algorithms, matching buyers with sellers, and assessing creditworthiness. These systems operate according to proprietary logic that is often opaque to users and regulators alike, raising concerns about algorithmic discrimination, market manipulation, and the concentration of decision-making power in the hands of platform operators. The question of how to ensure accountability, transparency, and fairness in algorithmically-mediated markets represents an emerging frontier in trade governance that existing regulatory frameworks are ill-equipped to address.

Looking forward, the trajectory of digital trade infrastructure development will profoundly influence the character of the global economy and international system. Whether the world moves toward greater fragmentation—with competing technological spheres and incompatible regulatory systems—or manages to establish common frameworks that facilitate interoperability while respecting diverse values and interests remains an open question. The answer will depend not only on technological evolution but on political choices and diplomatic efforts to navigate the complex intersection of commerce, technology, and geopolitics. The challenge for policymakers is to harness the benefits of digital transformation while managing its risks and ensuring that the gains are broadly shared rather than narrowly concentrated. This endeavor requires moving beyond simplistic narratives of technological determinism to recognize that the outcomes of digital transformation are fundamentally shaped by human choices regarding governance, regulation, and the purposes to which technology is directed.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, digital trade infrastructure is significant because:
- A. it only affects commercial transactions
- B. it is comparable to traditional physical infrastructure in importance
- C. it has eliminated the need for ports and railways
- D. it is controlled equally by all nations
The passage suggests that network effects in digital platforms lead to:
- A. equal distribution of market power
- B. increased competition among many small companies
- C. concentration of control among few large companies
- D. decreased value as more users join
Data localization mandates are implemented by governments primarily to:
- A. reduce internet speeds
- B. protect national security and ensure regulatory oversight
- C. eliminate all foreign technology companies
- D. increase the cost of doing business
The term “digital colonialism” refers to:
- A. the development of indigenous digital capabilities
- B. equal partnerships between developed and developing nations
- C. dependency on foreign-controlled digital infrastructure that perpetuates inequality
- D. the historical colonization of countries in the digital age
According to the passage, algorithmic mediation of trade:
- A. is fully transparent to all users
- B. raises concerns about discrimination and market manipulation
- C. has been completely solved by existing regulations
- D. only affects small businesses

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of words/phrases, A-L, below.

The governance of digital trade presents multiple challenges. Three main regulatory models have emerged globally: the US approach favoring 32. __, the European model emphasizing 33. __, and the Chinese approach stressing 34. __. These different models reflect varying priorities between economic efficiency, privacy, and security.

International efforts to create 35. __ for digital trade have been largely unsuccessful due to fundamental disagreements. The use of AI in digital platforms has introduced 36. __ that existing regulations cannot adequately address.

A. state control
B. free data flows
C. individual privacy rights
D. multilateral frameworks
E. trade barriers
F. new governance challenges
G. market monopolies
H. technology transfer
I. digital infrastructure
J. economic sanctions
K. protectionism
L. regulatory autonomy

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Technology conglomerates function as unofficial regulators by establishing technical standards and operational rules.
All developing countries have rejected foreign digital infrastructure in favor of domestic alternatives.
The concentration of wealth from digital economic activities tends to benefit platform owners rather than users.
International consensus on digital trade governance will definitely be achieved within the next decade.

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
traditional intermediaries
encryption technology
digital divide
security measures
B
C
C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

D
E
B
G
C
F
A
rigid/linear
alternative suppliers
strategic vulnerability (hoặc: systemic risk)
market power
25-26. B, D (trong bất kỳ thứ tự nào)

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

B
C
B
C
B
B
C
A
D
F
YES
NO
YES
NOT GIVEN

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Traditional international trade, meet in person, negotiate deals
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Traditional methods of buying and selling goods across borders, which once relied heavily on face-to-face negotiations” – các phương pháp truyền thống phụ thuộc nhiều vào đàm phán trực tiếp. Câu hỏi paraphrase “relied heavily on face-to-face negotiations” thành “required people to meet in person to negotiate deals”, do đó câu trả lời là TRUE.

Câu 2: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: E-commerce platforms, small businesses, sell products internationally, without physical offices abroad
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “These online marketplaces allow businesses of all sizes to reach customers in different countries without the need for physical stores or offices in those locations.” Câu hỏi sử dụng paraphrase: “businesses of all sizes” bao gồm “small businesses”, “reach customers in different countries” = “sell products internationally”, “without the need for physical stores or offices” = “without physical offices abroad”.

Câu 3: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Digital payment systems, more expensive, traditional international payment methods
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Today, digital payment platforms enable real-time transactions between buyers and sellers across borders, with significantly lower costs.” Từ “significantly lower costs” mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với “more expensive” trong câu hỏi, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 4: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Cloud computing, monitor supply chains, real-time
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “Cloud computing enables real-time tracking of shipments, inventory management, and coordination between various partners in the supply chain.” Câu hỏi paraphrase “real-time tracking” và “coordination” thành “monitor their supply chains in real-time”.

Câu 5: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Blockchain technology, initially created, specifically for international trade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “Originally developed for cryptocurrency transactions” – blockchain ban đầu được phát triển cho giao dịch tiền điện tử, không phải cho thương mại quốc tế. Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 6: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: All countries, same level of access, digital technologies
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc mô tả “the digital divide between developed and developing countries. While businesses in wealthy nations have ready access to high-speed internet, advanced software, and skilled IT professionals, companies in poorer countries often lack these resources.” Điều này cho thấy các quốc gia không có cùng mức độ tiếp cận, do đó đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 7: traditional intermediaries

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Small manufacturers, avoid using, import-export agents
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “Small manufacturers in developing countries can now sell their products directly to consumers in wealthy nations, bypassing traditional intermediaries such as import-export agents and wholesale distributors.” Câu hỏi yêu cầu tìm từ mô tả “such as import-export agents”, đó chính là “traditional intermediaries”.

Câu 8: encryption technology

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Advanced, protects financial information, digital transactions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “These systems use advanced encryption technology to protect sensitive financial information”. Đáp án là “encryption technology” (2 từ, phù hợp yêu cầu NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS).

Câu 9: digital divide

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: between wealthy and poor nations, affects ability to participate in digital trade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài đọc sử dụng cụm “the digital divide between developed and developing countries” để mô tả sự khác biệt về khả năng tiếp cận công nghệ giữa các quốc gia giàu và nghèo.

Câu 10: security measures

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Companies, spend, protect against cybercriminals
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “Companies must invest heavily in security measures to protect their systems and data”. Câu hỏi paraphrase “invest heavily” thành “spend substantial amounts”, đáp án là “security measures”.

Câu 11: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: AI, advantage, international trade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “AI systems can forecast demand for products in different markets” – hệ thống AI có thể dự báo nhu cầu sản phẩm. Đây tương ứng với đáp án B “It can predict future demand for products”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai: A sai vì AI không loại bỏ hoàn toàn công nhân, C sai vì không thay thế blockchain, D sai vì không liên quan đến chi phí internet.

Câu 12: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: regulations, digital trade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “The regulatory environment for digital trade is still evolving… Different countries have different rules regarding data privacy, consumer protection, and taxation”. Điều này khớp với đáp án C “They vary between different nations”. A sai vì không nhất quán, B không được đề cập, D sai vì bài nói quy định vẫn cần thiết.

Câu 13: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: future, digital transformation, trade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 1
Giải thích: Bài đọc bắt đầu với “Looking ahead, the role of digital transformation in global trade will only continue to expand” – vai trò của chuyển đổi số sẽ tiếp tục mở rộng. Đây chính xác là đáp án C “It will continue to grow and expand”. Các đáp án khác mâu thuẫn với thông tin này.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: D (Section D)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: different countries, inconsistent rules, data storage
Vị trí trong bài: Section D, dòng 1-4
Giải thích: Section D thảo luận về “regulatory landscape” và nêu rõ “Different jurisdictions maintain divergent approaches to critical issues such as data localization requirements, which mandate that certain types of information must be stored within national borders”. Đây chính xác là thông tin về các quy định không nhất quán giữa các quốc gia về lưu trữ dữ liệu.

Câu 15: E (Section E)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: smaller companies, disadvantages, digital transformation
Vị trí trong bài: Section E, dòng 1-6
Giải thích: Section E bắt đầu với “Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face particular challenges” và giải thích rằng “While large corporations typically possess the financial resources and technical expertise to invest in sophisticated digital infrastructure, smaller businesses often struggle”. Điều này mô tả rõ ràng những bất lợi của các công ty nhỏ.

Câu 16: B (Section B)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: supply chains, quickly adjust, unexpected problems
Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 3-7
Giải thích: Section B nói về “flexible and resilient supply chain models” và giải thích “digitally-enabled networks can rapidly reconfigure themselves in response to disruptions, whether caused by natural disasters, political instability, or sudden shifts in market demand”. Từ “rapidly reconfigure” tương đương với “quickly adjust”.

Câu 17: G (Section G)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: future technologies, may change trade further
Vị trí trong bài: Section G, dòng 1-4
Giải thích: Section G bắt đầu với “Looking forward, emerging technologies promise to further transform international trade” và liệt kê các ví dụ: “Autonomous vehicles and delivery drones”, “3D printing”, “Quantum computing”. Đây chính xác là các công nghệ tương lai có thể thay đổi thương mại.

Câu 18: C (Section C)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: cyber security issues, affect multiple organizations
Vị trí trong bài: Section C, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: Section C thảo luận về vulnerabilities và nêu “The increasing reliance on interconnected digital systems means that cyberattacks or technical failures can have cascading effects across entire supply networks. A security breach at one node in the network can potentially compromise the systems of all connected parties”. Điều này mô tả chính xác cách vấn đề an ninh mạng ảnh hưởng đến nhiều tổ chức.

Câu 19: F (Section F)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: both positive and negative, environmental effects, digital trade
Vị trí trong bài: Section F, toàn bộ đoạn
Giải thích: Section F nói “The environmental implications of digitalized trade networks present a complex and somewhat paradoxical picture” và sau đó mô tả cả hai mặt: mặt tích cực (tối ưu hóa logistics, giảm lãng phí) và mặt tiêu cực (tăng rác thải bao bì, trung tâm dữ liệu tiêu thụ năng lượng).

Câu 20: A (Section A)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: data analytics, helps companies, see entire supply chain
Vị trí trong bài: Section A, dòng 1-4
Giải thích: Section A thảo luận về “sophisticated data analytics platforms that enable unprecedented levels of visibility and control across dispersed supply networks” và nói các hệ thống này “create comprehensive, real-time overviews of goods movement worldwide”. Từ “comprehensive overviews” tương ứng với “see their entire supply chain”.

Câu 21: rigid/linear

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: traditional supply chains, structures
Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “Traditional supply chains were often characterized by rigid, linear structures with limited capacity to adapt”. Đáp án có thể là “rigid” hoặc “linear” (hoặc cả hai nếu viết “rigid/linear structures”), cả hai đều phù hợp với giới hạn TWO WORDS.

Câu 22: alternative suppliers

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: during pandemic, companies with digital capabilities could identify
Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 6-8
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “companies with advanced digital capabilities were better positioned to identify alternative suppliers, reroute shipments, and maintain operations despite widespread disruptions.” Đáp án là “alternative suppliers”.

Câu 23: strategic vulnerability (hoặc: systemic risk)

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: reliance on digital systems, creates new
Vị trí trong bài: Section C, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Section C bắt đầu với “the digitalization of global trade has simultaneously created new forms of strategic vulnerability” và sau đó đề cập đến “systemic risk”. Cả hai đáp án đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 24: market power

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: small number of companies control digital infrastructure, raises concerns about
Vị trí trong bài: Section C, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “the concentration of critical digital infrastructure in the hands of a small number of technology providers raises concerns about market power and the potential for disruption”. Đáp án là “market power”.

Câu 25-26: B, D (trong bất kỳ thứ tự nào)

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (chọn 2 đáp án)
Giải thích đáp án B: Section E nêu “some argue that cloud-based services and other technology-as-a-service models are actually democratizing access to advanced capabilities, enabling SMEs to leverage sophisticated tools without massive upfront investments”. Đây khớp với đáp án B.
Giải thích đáp án D: Section F nói “digital technologies can enhance resource efficiency by optimizing logistics to reduce empty runs, minimize fuel consumption, and decrease waste through better inventory management. Data-driven optimization can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of global supply chains”. Điều này khớp với đáp án D.
Các đáp án khác sai: A sai vì bài nói có digital divide; C sai vì disruptions vẫn xảy ra; E sai vì bài nói regulatory frameworks vẫn fragmented và inconsistent.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: digital trade infrastructure, significant
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-7
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “The strategic significance of digital trade infrastructure… has elevated it to a position of paramount importance in international relations, comparable to the role that control over traditional infrastructure such as ports, railways, and energy pipelines played in earlier eras”. Từ “comparable to” chính xác khớp với đáp án B “it is comparable to traditional physical infrastructure in importance”. Các đáp án khác: A sai vì bài nói tác động vượt xa giao dịch thương mại, C sai vì không loại bỏ nhu cầu cơ sở hạ tầng truyền thống, D sai vì bài nói kiểm soát tập trung vào một số ít quốc gia.

Câu 28: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: network effects, digital platforms, lead to
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-5
Giải thích: Bài đọc giải thích “The architecture of digital trade infrastructure exhibits pronounced characteristics of natural monopoly and network effects… creating powerful incentives toward concentration and market dominance. This phenomenon has facilitated the emergence of a relatively small number of technology conglomerates”. Đây chính xác là đáp án C “concentration of control among few large companies”. A và B sai vì mâu thuẫn với “concentration”, D sai vì network effects làm tăng giá trị khi có nhiều người dùng, không giảm.

Câu 29: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Data localization mandates, implemented by governments, primarily to
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-6
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “Data localization mandates, which require that certain categories of information be stored on servers physically located within national borders, represent one manifestation of this concern. While proponents argue such measures are necessary to protect national security interests and ensure regulatory oversight”. Đáp án B “protect national security and ensure regulatory oversight” là paraphrase trực tiếp. A không được đề cập, C quá cực đoan, D là hệ quả chứ không phải mục đích chính.

Câu 30: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: “digital colonialism” refers to
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-7
Giải thích: Bài đọc định nghĩa “The concept of ‘digital colonialism’ has been invoked by some scholars to describe situations in which developing countries become dependent on foreign-controlled digital infrastructure and platforms, potentially perpetuating unequal economic relationships despite ostensible technological advancement”. Đây chính xác là đáp án C “dependency on foreign-controlled digital infrastructure that perpetuates inequality”. A sai vì ngược lại với ý nghĩa, B sai vì đề cập đến bất bình đẳng không phải đối tác bình đẳng, D sai vì không liên quan đến thuộc địa lịch sử.

Câu 31: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: algorithmic mediation, trade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 4-7
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “These systems operate according to proprietary logic that is often opaque to users and regulators alike, raising concerns about algorithmic discrimination, market manipulation, and the concentration of decision-making power”. Đáp án B “raises concerns about discrimination and market manipulation” là paraphrase trực tiếp. A sai vì bài nói “opaque” (không minh bạch), C sai vì bài nói “existing regulatory frameworks are ill-equipped to address” (chưa được giải quyết), D không được đề cập.

Câu 32: B (free data flows)

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
Từ khóa: US approach, favoring
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 6-9
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “the relatively permissive approach favored by the United States, which emphasizes free data flows with limited restrictions”. Đáp án là B “free data flows”.

Câu 33: C (individual privacy rights)

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
Từ khóa: European model, emphasizing
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 9-11
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “the more rights-based European model, exemplified by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which establishes robust individual privacy protections”. Đáp án là C “individual privacy rights” (paraphrase từ “individual privacy protections”).

Câu 34: A (state control)

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
Từ khóa: Chinese approach, stressing
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 11-12
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “the approach adopted by China and several other nations, which emphasizes state control and data localization”. Đáp án là A “state control”.

Câu 35: D (multilateral frameworks)

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
Từ khóa: International efforts, create
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu “International efforts to develop multilateral frameworks for governing digital trade have achieved only limited success”. Đáp án là D “multilateral frameworks”.

Câu 36: F (new governance challenges)

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
Từ khóa: AI in digital platforms, introduced
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 8-10
Giải thích: Bài đọc kết thúc đoạn 9 với “The question of how to ensure accountability, transparency, and fairness in algorithmically-mediated markets represents an emerging frontier in trade governance that existing regulatory frameworks are ill-equipped to address”. Đây là “new governance challenges” – F.

Câu 37: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Technology conglomerates, function as unofficial regulators, establishing technical standards
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “These entities function not merely as service providers but as de facto regulators, establishing technical standards, data governance protocols, and operational rules”. Từ “de facto regulators” có nghĩa là “unofficial regulators” (những nhà quản lý không chính thức), do đó đáp án là YES.

Câu 38: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: All developing countries, rejected foreign digital infrastructure, domestic alternatives
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “Many lower-income countries lack the resources to develop indigenous digital capabilities and must rely on technology provided by foreign firms”. Từ “must rely on technology provided by foreign firms” mâu thuẫn với “rejected foreign digital infrastructure”, do đó đáp án là NO (không phải tất cả đều từ chối).

Câu 39: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: concentration of wealth, digital economic activities, tends to benefit platform owners, rather than users
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 8-10
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “the value captured from digital economic activities tends to accrue disproportionately to platform owners rather than users or content providers, potentially concentrating wealth in countries where dominant technology firms are headquartered”. Câu này khớp chính xác với ý kiến của tác giả, đáp án là YES.

Câu 40: NOT GIVEN

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: International consensus, digital trade governance, definitely be achieved, within the next decade
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
Giải thích: Mặc dù đoạn 10 thảo luận về tương lai của digital trade infrastructure và nói “Whether the world moves toward greater fragmentation… or manages to establish common frameworks… remains an open question”, nhưng không có thông tin cụ thể nào về việc đồng thuận quốc tế sẽ “definitely be achieved within the next decade”. Đây là dự đoán quá cụ thể không được đề cập, do đó đáp án là NOT GIVEN.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
face-to-face negotiations	noun phrase	/feɪs tə feɪs nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃənz/	đàm phán trực tiếp	Traditional methods relied heavily on face-to-face negotiations	conduct face-to-face negotiations
bypass	verb	/ˈbaɪpɑːs/	bỏ qua, vượt qua	Small manufacturers can bypass traditional intermediaries	bypass intermediaries/systems
encryption technology	noun phrase	/ɪnˈkrɪpʃən tekˈnɒlədʒi/	công nghệ mã hóa	These systems use advanced encryption technology	advanced/sophisticated encryption technology
inventory management	noun phrase	/ˈɪnvəntri ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý hàng tồn kho	Cloud computing enables inventory management	effective/efficient inventory management
transparent record	noun phrase	/trænsˈpærənt ˈrekɔːd/	bản ghi minh bạch	Blockchain creates a transparent record	maintain/create a transparent record
optimize	verb	/ˈɒptɪmaɪz/	tối ưu hóa	AI can optimize various aspects of trade	optimize performance/operations
digital divide	noun phrase	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl dɪˈvaɪd/	khoảng cách số	The digital divide between developed and developing countries	bridge/narrow the digital divide
cybersecurity	noun	/ˈsaɪbəsɪˌkjʊərəti/	an ninh mạng	Cybersecurity has become a critical issue	enhance/improve cybersecurity
consumer protection	noun phrase	/kənˈsjuːmə prəˈtekʃən/	bảo vệ người tiêu dùng	Rules regarding consumer protection vary	ensure/strengthen consumer protection
Internet of Things	noun phrase	/ˈɪntənet əv θɪŋz/	Internet vạn vật	The Internet of Things connects physical devices	IoT devices/technology
5G networks	noun phrase	/faɪv dʒiː ˈnetwɜːks/	mạng 5G	5G networks provide faster data transmission	deploy/implement 5G networks

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented pace	noun phrase	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd peɪs/	tốc độ chưa từng có	The unprecedented pace of digital transformation	at an unprecedented pace
paradigm shift	noun phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô thức	This represents a paradigm shift in value chains	undergo a paradigm shift
logistics coordination	noun phrase	/ləˈdʒɪstɪks kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃən/	điều phối hậu cần	Affecting everything from logistics coordination	improve/enhance logistics coordination
bottleneck	noun	/ˈbɒtlnek/	nút thắt, điểm nghẽn	These systems allow companies to identify bottlenecks	identify/eliminate bottlenecks
proactive intervention	noun phrase	/prəʊˈæktɪv ˌɪntəˈvenʃən/	can thiệp chủ động	Enabling proactive intervention rather than crisis management	take proactive intervention
resilient supply chain	noun phrase	/rɪˈzɪliənt səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/	chuỗi cung ứng linh hoạt	The rise of more resilient supply chain models	build/develop a resilient supply chain
cascading effects	noun phrase	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền	Cyberattacks can have cascading effects	trigger/cause cascading effects
systemic risk	noun phrase	/sɪˈstemɪk rɪsk/	rủi ro hệ thống	Creating systemic risk that transcends boundaries	manage/mitigate systemic risk
data localization	noun phrase	/ˈdeɪtə ˌləʊkəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/	yêu cầu lưu trữ dữ liệu trong nước	Data localization mandates require information storage	implement data localization
cross-border data transfer	noun phrase	/krɒs ˈbɔːdə ˈdeɪtə ˈtrænsfɜː/	chuyển giao dữ liệu xuyên biên giới	Cross-border data transfer restrictions	regulate cross-border data transfers
regulatory discrepancies	noun phrase	/ˈreɡjələtəri dɪsˈkrepənsiz/	sự khác biệt về quy định	These regulatory discrepancies increase costs	address/resolve regulatory discrepancies
two-tier system	noun phrase	/tuː tɪə ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống hai tầng	Creating a two-tier system	develop/create a two-tier system
carbon footprint	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/	dấu chân carbon	Reduce the carbon footprint of supply chains	reduce/minimize carbon footprint
distributed manufacturing	noun phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/	sản xuất phân tán	3D printing might enable distributed manufacturing	adopt distributed manufacturing
organizational agility	noun phrase	/ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃənl əˈdʒɪləti/	sự linh hoạt tổ chức	Success requires organizational agility	develop/enhance organizational agility

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
geopolitical dynamics	noun phrase	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực địa chính trị	Reconfiguration of geopolitical dynamics	shape/influence geopolitical dynamics
fundamental realignment	noun phrase	/ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˌriːəˈlaɪnmənt/	sự sắp xếp lại cơ bản	Represents a fundamental realignment	undergo fundamental realignment
natural monopoly	noun phrase	/ˈnætʃrəl məˈnɒpəli/	độc quyền tự nhiên	Characteristics of natural monopoly	exhibit/demonstrate natural monopoly
network effects	noun phrase	/ˈnetwɜːk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng mạng lưới	Network effects create incentives toward concentration	leverage/exploit network effects
market dominance	noun phrase	/ˈmɑːkɪt ˈdɒmɪnəns/	sự thống trị thị trường	Creating powerful incentives toward market dominance	achieve/establish market dominance
de facto regulators	noun phrase	/deɪ ˈfæktəʊ ˈreɡjuleɪtəz/	nhà quản lý trên thực tế	These entities function as de facto regulators	act as/serve as de facto regulators
data governance protocols	noun phrase	/ˈdeɪtə ˈɡʌvənəns ˈprəʊtəkɒlz/	giao thức quản trị dữ liệu	Establishing data governance protocols	implement/develop data governance protocols
asymmetric power relationship	noun phrase	/ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk ˈpaʊə rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/	mối quan hệ quyền lực bất đối xứng	The asymmetric power relationship raises questions	create/perpetuate asymmetric power relationships
data sovereignty	noun phrase	/ˈdeɪtə ˈsɒvrənti/	chủ quyền dữ liệu	Concerns regarding data sovereignty	protect/ensure data sovereignty
digital mercantilism	noun phrase	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈmɜːkəntɪlɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa trọng thương số	The phenomenon termed digital mercantilism	practice/promote digital mercantilism
technology transfer	noun phrase	/tekˈnɒlədʒi ˈtrænsfɜː/	chuyển giao công nghệ	Requirements for technology transfer	facilitate/require technology transfer
technological rivalry	noun phrase	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈraɪvlri/	sự cạnh tranh công nghệ	The escalating technological rivalry	intensify/increase technological rivalry
indigenous digital capabilities	noun phrase	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz/	năng lực số nội sinh	Lack resources to develop indigenous digital capabilities	build/develop indigenous digital capabilities
policy autonomy	noun phrase	/ˈpɒləsi ɔːˈtɒnəmi/	quyền tự chủ chính sách	Affecting future policy autonomy	preserve/maintain policy autonomy
cross-border data flows	noun phrase	/krɒs ˈbɔːdə ˈdeɪtə fləʊz/	luồng dữ liệu xuyên biên giới	The governance of cross-border data flows	regulate/facilitate cross-border data flows
algorithmic mediation	noun phrase	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/	trung gian thuật toán	The algorithmic mediation of international trade	enable/facilitate algorithmic mediation
proprietary logic	noun phrase	/prəˈpraɪətri ˈlɒdʒɪk/	logic độc quyền	Systems operate according to proprietary logic	use/employ proprietary logic
algorithmic discrimination	noun phrase	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/	phân biệt đối xử thuật toán	Raising concerns about algorithmic discrimination	prevent/address algorithmic discrimination
technological determinism	noun phrase	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl dɪˈtɜːmɪnɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa quyết định công nghệ	Moving beyond simplistic technological determinism	reject/challenge technological determinism

Kết bài

Chủ đề The Role of Digital Transformation in Global Trade không chỉ là một đề tài học thuật hấp dẫn mà còn phản ánh chính xác thực trạng của nền kinh tế toàn cầu hiện đại. Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh này với 3 passages từ mức độ Easy đến Hard, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến và làm quen với các kỹ thuật paraphrase tinh tế mà IELTS thường sử dụng.

Ba passages đã cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn toàn diện về chủ đề: từ những khái niệm cơ bản về e-commerce và thanh toán số (Passage 1), đến việc phân tích sâu hơn về chuỗi cung ứng và các thách thức của SMEs (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là những vấn đề phức tạp về địa chính trị, quyền lực kinh tế và quản trị số (Passage 3). Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ rõ vị trí thông tin và cách paraphrase, giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng mà còn hiểu rõ lý do tại sao.

Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ học thuật vững chắc, đặc biệt hữu ích cho cả phần Writing Task 2 nếu gặp chủ đề tương tự. Hãy thực hành thường xuyên với các đề thi mẫu như thế này, quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và phân tích kỹ những câu trả lời sai để cải thiện kỹ năng Reading của bạn một cách bài bản và hiệu quả nhất.

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