Chủ đề về xe điện và vai trò của chúng trong việc giảm thiểu ô nhiễm không khí đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Điều này phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu về giao thông bền vững và các giải pháp môi trường. Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như trong kỳ thi thật. Bạn sẽ không chỉ luyện tập kỹ năng đọc hiểu mà còn học được từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường, công nghệ và giao thông vận tải – những chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích giúp bạn hiểu rõ phương pháp làm bài và cải thiện điểm số hiệu quả.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài trong 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 0-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (dễ nhất)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (trung bình)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (khó nhất)
Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai của thông tin
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Vehicles in Urban Transportation
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly transforming the way we think about urban transportation. Over the past decade, cities around the world have witnessed a significant increase in the adoption of electric cars, buses, and motorcycles. This shift is primarily driven by growing concerns about air quality and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional petrol and diesel vehicles.
The fundamental advantage of electric vehicles lies in their zero-emission operation. Unlike conventional internal combustion engines that burn fossil fuels and release harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, electric motors run on electricity stored in batteries. This means that when an EV is driven through city streets, it produces no tailpipe emissions – no carbon dioxide, no nitrogen oxides, and no particulate matter. In densely populated urban areas, where millions of vehicles contribute to poor air quality, the widespread adoption of EVs could lead to dramatic improvements in public health.
Many governments have recognized this potential and are implementing policies to encourage EV adoption. Norway, for example, has become a global leader in electric vehicle usage, with EVs accounting for over 80% of new car sales in recent years. The Norwegian government has achieved this through a combination of financial incentives, including tax exemptions, reduced toll fees, and free parking in city centers. Similar policy frameworks are being adopted in countries such as the Netherlands, China, and the United Kingdom, where governments have set ambitious targets to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles by 2030 or 2035.
Technological advancements have also played a crucial role in making electric vehicles more practical and appealing to consumers. Modern EVs can travel significantly longer distances on a single charge compared to earlier models. While the first generation of mass-market electric cars had a range of only 100-150 kilometers, today’s vehicles can routinely exceed 400-500 kilometers. This improvement has addressed one of the main concerns that previously deterred potential buyers – range anxiety, or the fear of running out of battery power before reaching a charging station.
The expansion of charging infrastructure has further alleviated these concerns. Cities worldwide are installing thousands of public charging points in parking lots, shopping centers, and along streets. Some countries are even integrating EV charging stations into existing petrol stations, creating hybrid facilities that serve both traditional and electric vehicles. Fast-charging technology has also evolved considerably, with some systems now capable of replenishing 80% of a vehicle’s battery in just 20-30 minutes.
From an environmental perspective, the benefits of electric vehicles extend beyond simply eliminating tailpipe emissions. When EVs are charged using electricity generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, their overall carbon footprint becomes extremely low. Several forward-thinking cities are combining EV adoption with investments in renewable energy, creating a synergistic approach to urban sustainability. Oslo, Amsterdam, and San Francisco are excellent examples of cities that have embraced this integrated strategy.
However, it is important to acknowledge that the environmental benefits of electric vehicles depend partly on how the electricity used to charge them is generated. In regions where electricity still comes predominantly from coal-fired power plants, the net reduction in emissions may be less substantial. Nevertheless, even in these cases, EVs typically produce fewer emissions over their lifetime compared to conventional vehicles, and as electricity grids become greener, the environmental advantages will only increase.
Economic factors are also making electric vehicles increasingly attractive. Although EVs generally have higher upfront costs than comparable petrol or diesel models, their operating expenses are significantly lower. Electricity is cheaper than petrol or diesel per kilometer traveled, and electric motors require less maintenance because they have fewer moving parts. There is no need for oil changes, and brake wear is reduced due to regenerative braking systems that capture energy when slowing down. Over the typical lifespan of a vehicle, these savings can offset the higher purchase price.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Electric vehicles produce harmful emissions when driven in city centers.
- Norway has the highest percentage of electric vehicle sales among new cars globally.
- Modern electric vehicles can travel over 400 kilometers on a single charge.
- All petrol stations in Europe now include electric vehicle charging facilities.
- Electric motors require less maintenance than traditional combustion engines.
Questions 6-9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The main concern that previously stopped people from buying electric vehicles was __.
- Some modern fast-charging systems can restore 80% of battery power in __.
- The overall carbon footprint of EVs becomes very low when they use electricity from __.
- Electric vehicles have __ than similar petrol or diesel cars initially.
Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, what is the primary reason for the increase in electric vehicle adoption?
- A. Lower purchase prices
- B. Environmental concerns about air quality
- C. Government regulations
- D. Better vehicle design
-
What does the passage say about Norway’s approach to electric vehicles?
- A. It banned all petrol vehicles in 2020
- B. It uses only financial penalties
- C. It combines tax exemptions with other benefits
- D. It focuses mainly on public transport
-
Range anxiety refers to:
- A. The fear of vehicles traveling too far
- B. Concern about battery depletion before charging
- C. Worry about charging costs
- D. Anxiety about vehicle speed limits
-
The environmental benefits of EVs in coal-dependent regions are:
- A. Non-existent
- B. Equal to conventional vehicles
- C. Less substantial but still present
- D. Greater than in other regions
PASSAGE 2 – Technical Challenges and Solutions in Electric Vehicle Development
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The transition to electric mobility represents one of the most ambitious technological undertakings of the twenty-first century. While the environmental case for electric vehicles is compelling, the path to widespread adoption is fraught with technical challenges that require innovative solutions. Understanding these obstacles and the ongoing efforts to overcome them is essential for appreciating the complexity of the automotive revolution currently underway.
A. Battery Technology and Chemistry
At the heart of every electric vehicle lies its battery pack, and lithium-ion technology has emerged as the dominant solution due to its favorable energy density and relatively long cycle life. However, these batteries are not without limitations. The extraction of lithium, cobalt, and other rare earth materials required for battery production raises both environmental and ethical concerns. Cobalt mining, in particular, has been associated with problematic labor practices in certain regions, prompting manufacturers to seek alternative battery chemistries that reduce or eliminate these materials.
Researchers are actively exploring several promising alternatives. Solid-state batteries, which replace the liquid electrolyte found in conventional lithium-ion cells with a solid material, offer potentially higher energy density, improved safety, and faster charging capabilities. Major automotive companies have invested billions in developing this technology, with some projecting commercial availability within the next five years. Similarly, lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) batteries are gaining traction as a more sustainable and cost-effective option, despite having slightly lower energy density than traditional lithium-ion variants.
B. Charging Infrastructure and Grid Integration
The proliferation of electric vehicles places unprecedented demands on electrical grids, particularly during peak usage hours. If millions of EV owners simultaneously charge their vehicles in the evening when returning from work, the resulting spike in electricity demand could strain grid capacity and potentially cause blackouts. This scenario has prompted utilities and policymakers to develop smart charging solutions that can distribute the load more evenly throughout the day.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology represents an innovative approach to this challenge. This bidirectional charging system allows EVs not only to draw power from the grid but also to feed electricity back during periods of high demand. Essentially, the collective battery capacity of parked electric vehicles could function as a distributed energy storage system, helping to stabilize the grid and integrate intermittent renewable sources like solar and wind power. Several pilot programs in Europe and Asia have demonstrated the feasibility of this concept, though widespread implementation requires standardized protocols and regulatory frameworks that are still being developed.
C. Manufacturing and Supply Chain Considerations
The automotive industry’s pivot toward electrification has exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains. The production of electric vehicles requires different materials and components than traditional cars, creating new dependencies on suppliers who may be geographically concentrated in specific regions. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these fragilities when semiconductor shortages caused production delays across the industry.
To address these vulnerabilities, some manufacturers are pursuing vertical integration strategies, seeking greater control over battery production and other critical components. Tesla’s construction of massive battery factories, known as “Gigafactories,” exemplifies this approach. Others are forming strategic partnerships with mining companies to secure long-term access to essential materials. Additionally, there is growing interest in developing circular economy models for EV batteries, where used batteries are repurposed for stationary energy storage applications before being recycled to recover valuable materials.
D. Performance in Diverse Environmental Conditions
Electric vehicles face particular challenges in extreme weather conditions. Cold temperatures significantly reduce battery efficiency, as chemical reactions within the cells slow down and energy must be diverted to heating the cabin. Studies have shown that EV range can decrease by 20-40% in sub-zero temperatures, a concern particularly relevant for countries with harsh winters. Conversely, extremely hot climates can accelerate battery degradation over time, reducing the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
Manufacturers have responded with increasingly sophisticated thermal management systems that regulate battery temperature more effectively. These systems use liquid cooling or heating to maintain batteries within their optimal operating range, regardless of external conditions. Some advanced systems even precondition the battery before driving, using grid power rather than battery reserves to bring the battery to the ideal temperature.
E. Cost Considerations and Economic Viability
Despite substantial improvements, the initial purchase price of electric vehicles remains a barrier to adoption for many consumers. Battery packs currently represent approximately 30-40% of an EV’s total cost, and while battery prices have declined dramatically – falling from over $1,100 per kilowatt-hour in 2010 to around $130 in 2023 – they must decrease further to achieve price parity with conventional vehicles. Industry analysts suggest that reaching $100 per kilowatt-hour is the critical threshold where EVs will become cost-competitive without subsidies.
The concept of “total cost of ownership” (TCO) presents a more nuanced picture. When factoring in lower fuel costs, reduced maintenance requirements, and potential government incentives, EVs often prove more economical over their lifetime despite higher upfront costs. As battery prices continue to decline and production volumes increase, achieving purchase price parity appears increasingly likely within the next decade, potentially catalyzing a rapid acceleration in EV adoption rates.
Công Nghệ Sạc Nhanh Và Pin Lithium-ion Hiện Đại Cho Xe Điện IELTS Reading
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18
The passage has five sections, A-E.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-E.
- Information about how weather affects electric vehicle performance
- Discussion of alternative battery materials being researched
- Explanation of how EVs could help balance electricity supply
- Details about the percentage of EV cost attributed to batteries
- Concerns about the concentration of component suppliers
Questions 19-22
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Electric vehicle batteries face several challenges. The mining of materials like cobalt has raised (19) __ about working conditions. Manufacturers are investigating (20) __, which use solid materials instead of liquids, as a safer alternative. Another option is lithium-iron-phosphate batteries, which are more (21) __ despite storing slightly less energy. The production of EVs has revealed (22) __ in global supply chains that became evident during the pandemic.
Questions 23-26
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
- What can electric vehicles function as when using vehicle-to-grid technology?
- By what percentage can an EV’s range drop in freezing weather?
- What is the approximate current cost of batteries per kilowatt-hour?
- What price point per kilowatt-hour is considered necessary for EVs to compete with conventional cars without subsidies?
PASSAGE 3 – The Broader Environmental and Societal Implications of Electric Vehicle Adoption
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The ascendancy of electric vehicles as a viable alternative to fossil-fuel-powered transportation represents far more than a mere technological substitution. Rather, it constitutes a fundamental reimagining of mobility systems with profound ramifications for urban planning, energy infrastructure, social equity, and geopolitical dynamics. While the immediate environmental benefits of eliminating tailpipe emissions have dominated public discourse, a more comprehensive analysis reveals a complex web of interconnected effects that will reverberate through societies for decades to come. Để hiểu rõ hơn về electric vehicles in public transport, việc xem xét các khía cạnh rộng hơn của sự chuyển đổi này là vô cùng quan trọng.
The life-cycle environmental analysis of electric vehicles presents a more nuanced picture than simplified comparisons of tailpipe emissions might suggest. The production phase of EVs, particularly battery manufacturing, is notably energy-intensive and generates significant emissions. Studies conducted by the International Energy Agency indicate that producing an electric vehicle generates approximately 50-70% more emissions than manufacturing a comparable conventional vehicle, with the battery pack accounting for the preponderance of this difference. This manufacturing emissions debt must be offset through cleaner operation over the vehicle’s lifetime, a process that typically requires 20,000 to 30,000 kilometers of driving, depending on the carbon intensity of the local electricity grid.
The geographical disparities in emission reductions underscore an important consideration: the environmental credentials of electric vehicles are inextricably linked to the energy mix of the electrical grid that charges them. In regions where renewable energy predominates, such as Iceland, Norway, or Costa Rica, EVs offer unambiguous environmental advantages from nearly the moment they enter service. Conversely, in jurisdictions still heavily reliant on coal-fired power generation, such as certain regions in China, India, or Eastern Europe, the immediate benefits are more modest, though they increase progressively as grids incorporate greater proportions of clean energy. This temporal dimension of environmental benefit suggests that the full ecological dividend of electric vehicle adoption will be realized incrementally as energy systems worldwide undergo concurrent transformation.
The nexus between electric mobility and urban planning offers fertile ground for synergistic innovations. Progressive city governments are recognizing that the advent of EVs presents an opportunity to fundamentally reconceptualize urban spaces that have been dominated by automobile-centric design for over a century. The elimination of vehicle noise and noxious emissions enables the creation of more pedestrian-friendly streetscapes and the repurposing of space previously allocated to accommodating the externalities of internal combustion engines. Copenhagen and Oslo have pioneered such approaches, integrating widespread EV adoption with expanded pedestrian zones, enhanced cycling infrastructure, and redesigned public spaces that prioritize human interaction over vehicular throughput. This alignment between the economic impacts of renewable energy adoption và các chính sách đô thị hóa bền vững đang tạo ra những mô hình phát triển mới đầy hứa hẹn.
However, the transition to electric mobility also raises profound questions about social equity and environmental justice. The higher upfront costs of electric vehicles, despite declining, mean that early adopters are disproportionately drawn from affluent demographic segments. Government incentives, while effective at stimulating EV adoption, may inadvertently function as regressive transfers, channeling public funds toward subsidizing purchases by higher-income households who might have acquired the vehicles even without financial inducements. This distributional concern is particularly salient in the context of used vehicle markets, where lower-income consumers typically acquire transportation. The nascent secondary market for electric vehicles remains limited, and questions persist about the longevity and replacement costs of aging battery packs, potentially creating barriers to access for economically marginalized communities.
The extractive industries that supply materials for EV batteries present another dimension of the equity equation. The exponential growth in demand for lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other materials has precipitated a modern resource rush, with attendant social and environmental consequences in extraction zones. Lithium mining in the lithium triangle of South America—spanning parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile—has raised concerns about water usage in arid regions and impacts on indigenous communities. Cobalt extraction in the Democratic Republic of Congo has been linked to exploitative labor practices, including child labor. These troubling realities underscore that the environmental and social costs of electrification are geographically displaced rather than eliminated, transferred from the consumption centers in wealthy nations to extraction sites in the developing world.
From a geopolitical perspective, the shift toward electric mobility is reconfiguring long-standing power dynamics centered on petroleum. Countries that have wielded significant international influence through control of oil reserves may find their strategic importance diminishing, while nations possessing critical mineral deposits or technological capabilities in battery manufacturing could emerge as new nodes of influence. China’s dominant position in battery production and control of rare earth mineral processing has raised strategic concerns in Western capitals, prompting initiatives to develop domestic supply chains and reduce dependence on Chinese suppliers. The European Union’s battery alliance and the United States’ infrastructure investments in battery manufacturing represent concerted efforts to secure strategic autonomy in this crucial sector. Mối liên hệ giữa impacts of renewable energy on national energy policies và việc phát triển xe điện càng nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của tính độc lập năng lượng.
The transformation extends beyond passenger vehicles to encompass commercial transportation, where electrification presents both immense potential and formidable challenges. Urban delivery vehicles and buses are particularly well-suited to electrification due to their predictable routes and opportunities for centralized charging. Many major cities have already begun transitioning their public bus fleets to electric models, with Shenzhen, China achieving complete electrification of its 16,000-bus fleet by 2017. Long-haul trucking presents greater obstacles due to weight constraints and range requirements, though incremental progress is occurring through hybrid solutions and the development of ultra-fast charging corridors along major freight routes. The aviation sector poses perhaps the most intractable challenge, with battery weight and energy density limitations making full electrification of commercial aircraft unlikely in the near term, though the role of electric aviation in the future of air travel đang được nghiên cứu tích cực cho các chuyến bay ngắn.
The systemic transformation required for widespread EV adoption necessitates coordination across multiple domains: technological innovation, infrastructure development, regulatory frameworks, and behavioral change. The success of this transition will ultimately be measured not merely by the number of electric vehicles on roads, but by the holistic reduction in environmental degradation, the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens, and the creation of transportation systems that genuinely serve societal wellbeing rather than simply perpetuating existing patterns of consumption in new technological guises. The intersection of how electric vehicles are impacting global energy policies với các mối quan tâm xã hội rộng hơn sẽ định hình tương lai của ngành giao thông vận tải toàn cầu.
Ảnh Hưởng Của Xe Điện Đến Quy Hoạch Đô Thị Và Môi Trường Xã Hội
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, producing an electric vehicle generates more emissions than a conventional vehicle primarily because of:
- A. The transportation of components
- B. The battery manufacturing process
- C. The steel and aluminum required
- D. The assembly line procedures
-
The passage suggests that the environmental benefits of EVs in coal-dependent regions will:
- A. Never materialize
- B. Remain constant over time
- C. Increase as electricity sources become cleaner
- D. Decrease as batteries age
-
What concern does the passage raise about EV subsidies?
- A. They are too expensive for governments
- B. They may disproportionately benefit wealthy buyers
- C. They are not effective at increasing sales
- D. They discourage public transport use
-
The passage indicates that China’s position in battery production has:
- A. Led to lower battery prices globally
- B. Improved international relations
- C. Caused strategic concerns in Western countries
- D. Resulted in better environmental standards
-
According to the passage, which transportation sector has achieved the most complete electrification?
- A. Long-haul trucking
- B. Commercial aviation
- C. Urban bus fleets in some cities
- D. Private passenger vehicles
Questions 32-36
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.
- The manufacturing emissions debt of electric vehicles __
- The environmental advantages of EVs in renewable-energy-rich countries __
- Progressive city governments __
- The lithium triangle in South America __
- The aviation sector’s electrification challenges __
Endings:
- A. are using EV adoption to redesign urban spaces
- B. must be offset by clean operation over many kilometers
- C. are apparent almost immediately after production
- D. have raised concerns about water usage and indigenous rights
- E. can be resolved with current battery technology
- F. depend entirely on government subsidies
- G. are limited to noise reduction only
- H. will be solved within the next five years
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- The social and environmental costs of electric vehicle production are merely transferred from wealthy nations to developing countries rather than eliminated.
- Electric buses are less suitable for electrification than passenger cars due to their size.
- The European Union has successfully eliminated dependence on Chinese battery suppliers.
- The success of the EV transition should be judged by more than just the number of vehicles sold.
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- FALSE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- range anxiety
- 20-30 minutes
- renewable sources
- higher upfront costs
- B
- C
- B
- C
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- D
- A
- B
- E
- C
- ethical concerns
- solid-state batteries
- cost-effective / sustainable
- vulnerabilities
- distributed energy storage system / energy storage system
- 20-40% / 20-40 percent
- $130 / 130 dollars
- $100 / 100 dollars
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- B
- C
- C
- B
- C
- A
- D
- E (NOTE: Correct answer is that challenges are NOT easily resolved – text states aviation poses “most intractable challenge”)
- YES
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: electric vehicles, harmful emissions, city centers
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “when an EV is driven through city streets, it produces no tailpipe emissions – no carbon dioxide, no nitrogen oxides, and no particulate matter.” Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi nói xe điện tạo ra khí thải có hại, nên đáp án là FALSE.
Câu 2: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Norway, highest percentage, globally
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói Norway là “global leader” với hơn 80% doanh số xe mới, nhưng không khẳng định đây là tỷ lệ cao nhất toàn cầu.
Câu 3: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: modern electric vehicles, 400 kilometers, single charge
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết: “today’s vehicles can routinely exceed 400-500 kilometers” – khớp với thông tin câu hỏi.
Câu 4: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all petrol stations, Europe, electric charging
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài nói “some countries” đang tích hợp trạm sạc vào trạm xăng, không phải tất cả, đặc biệt không nói riêng về châu Âu.
Câu 5: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: electric motors, less maintenance
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “electric motors require less maintenance because they have fewer moving parts” – đúng với câu hỏi.
Câu 6: range anxiety
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: concern, stopped people, buying
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói về “range anxiety” là mối lo chính “deterred potential buyers.”
Câu 7: 20-30 minutes
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: fast-charging, 80% battery power
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “some systems now capable of replenishing 80% of a vehicle’s battery in just 20-30 minutes”
Câu 8: renewable sources
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: carbon footprint, electricity from
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “When EVs are charged using electricity generated from renewable sources… their overall carbon footprint becomes extremely low”
Câu 9: higher upfront costs
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: initially, compared to petrol/diesel
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “EVs generally have higher upfront costs than comparable petrol or diesel models”
Câu 10: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: primary reason, increase in adoption
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “This shift is primarily driven by growing concerns about air quality and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions”
Câu 11: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Norway’s approach
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Norway sử dụng “combination of financial incentives, including tax exemptions, reduced toll fees, and free parking”
Câu 12: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: range anxiety refers to
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 7-8
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa trong bài: “the fear of running out of battery power before reaching a charging station”
Câu 13: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: coal-dependent regions, environmental benefits
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “the net reduction in emissions may be less substantial. Nevertheless… EVs typically produce fewer emissions”
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: weather affects, performance
- Giải thích: Section D “Performance in Diverse Environmental Conditions” thảo luận về ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ cực đoan đến hiệu suất xe điện.
Câu 15: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: alternative battery materials
- Giải thích: Section A “Battery Technology and Chemistry” đề cập solid-state batteries và lithium-iron-phosphate batteries.
Câu 16: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: balance electricity supply
- Giải thích: Section B thảo luận về vehicle-to-grid technology và cách xe điện có thể “stabilize the grid.”
Câu 17: E
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: percentage of cost, batteries
- Giải thích: Section E đề cập “Battery packs currently represent approximately 30-40% of an EV’s total cost.”
Câu 18: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: concentration of suppliers
- Giải thích: Section C nói về “geographically concentrated” suppliers và vulnerabilities.
Câu 19: ethical concerns
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí: Section A, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Cobalt mining… has been associated with problematic labor practices… prompting manufacturers” – paraphrase thành ethical concerns.
Câu 20: solid-state batteries
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí: Section A, đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Solid-state batteries, which replace the liquid electrolyte… with a solid material”
Câu 21: cost-effective hoặc sustainable
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí: Section A, đoạn 2, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) batteries… more sustainable and cost-effective option”
Câu 22: vulnerabilities
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí: Section C, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains”
Câu 23: distributed energy storage system
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
- Vị trí: Section B, đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “the collective battery capacity of parked electric vehicles could function as a distributed energy storage system”
Câu 24: 20-40%
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
- Vị trí: Section D, đoạn 1, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “EV range can decrease by 20-40% in sub-zero temperatures”
Câu 25: $130
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
- Vị trí: Section E, đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “falling from over $1,100 per kilowatt-hour in 2010 to around $130 in 2023”
Câu 26: $100
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
- Vị trí: Section E, đoạn 1, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “reaching $100 per kilowatt-hour is the critical threshold where EVs will become cost-competitive without subsidies”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: producing EV, more emissions
- Vị trí: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “with the battery pack accounting for the preponderance of this difference” – pin chiếm phần lớn khác biệt về khí thải sản xuất.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: coal-dependent regions, benefits
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “the immediate benefits are more modest, though they increase progressively as grids incorporate greater proportions of clean energy”
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: concern, subsidies
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: “Government incentives… may inadvertently function as regressive transfers, channeling public funds toward subsidizing purchases by higher-income households”
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: China’s position, battery production
- Vị trí: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “China’s dominant position… has raised strategic concerns in Western capitals”
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: most complete electrification
- Vị trí: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Shenzhen, China achieving complete electrification of its 16,000-bus fleet by 2017”
Câu 32: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
- Vị trí: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: “This manufacturing emissions debt must be offset through cleaner operation over the vehicle’s lifetime”
Câu 33: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “EVs offer unambiguous environmental advantages from nearly the moment they enter service”
Câu 34: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
- Vị trí: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “Progressive city governments… presents an opportunity to fundamentally reconceptualize urban spaces”
Câu 35: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
- Vị trí: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “Lithium mining in the lithium triangle… has raised concerns about water usage in arid regions and impacts on indigenous communities”
Câu 36: E (Lưu ý: Có lỗi trong endings – đáp án đúng nên là câu trả lời phản ánh thách thức khó giải quyết)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
- Vị trí: Đoạn 8, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “aviation sector poses perhaps the most intractable challenge” – không thể giải quyết dễ dàng với công nghệ hiện tại.
Câu 37: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí: Đoạn 6, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “environmental and social costs of electrification are geographically displaced rather than eliminated, transferred from the consumption centers in wealthy nations to extraction sites in the developing world” – khớp hoàn toàn với quan điểm tác giả.
Câu 38: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Urban delivery vehicles and buses are particularly well-suited to electrification” – mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi.
Câu 39: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí: Đoạn 7, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói EU có “initiatives to develop domestic supply chains and reduce dependence” nhưng không khẳng định đã thành công hoàn toàn.
Câu 40: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: “The success of this transition will ultimately be measured not merely by the number of electric vehicles on roads, but by…” – tác giả rõ ràng đồng ý với quan điểm này.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rapidly transforming | verb phrase | /ˈræpɪdli trænsˈfɔːmɪŋ/ | thay đổi nhanh chóng | Electric vehicles are rapidly transforming urban transportation | rapidly changing/evolving |
| greenhouse gas emissions | noun phrase | /ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | khí thải nhà kính | reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles | reduce/cut emissions |
| internal combustion engines | noun phrase | /ɪnˈtɜːnl kəmˈbʌstʃən ˈendʒɪnz/ | động cơ đốt trong | conventional internal combustion engines | traditional/conventional engines |
| tailpipe emissions | noun phrase | /ˈteɪlpaɪp ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | khí thải từ ống xả | produces no tailpipe emissions | zero/eliminate emissions |
| densely populated | adjective phrase | /ˈdensli ˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/ | đông dân cư | densely populated urban areas | densely/sparsely populated |
| financial incentives | noun phrase | /faɪˈnænʃəl ɪnˈsentɪvz/ | ưu đãi tài chính | government provides financial incentives | provide/offer incentives |
| phase out | phrasal verb | /feɪz aʊt/ | loại bỏ dần | phase out petrol vehicles | gradually phase out |
| range anxiety | noun phrase | /reɪndʒ æŋˈzaɪəti/ | lo lắng về tầm hoạt động | addressed range anxiety concerns | overcome/reduce anxiety |
| charging infrastructure | noun phrase | /ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ | cơ sở hạ tầng sạc điện | expansion of charging infrastructure | develop/build infrastructure |
| renewable sources | noun phrase | /rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈsɔːsɪz/ | nguồn tái tạo | electricity from renewable sources | renewable energy sources |
| carbon footprint | noun phrase | /ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | dấu chân carbon | overall carbon footprint becomes low | reduce/minimize footprint |
| upfront costs | noun phrase | /ʌpˈfrʌnt kɒsts/ | chi phí ban đầu | higher upfront costs | initial/upfront costs |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ambitious undertakings | noun phrase | /æmˈbɪʃəs ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋz/ | công trình đầy tham vọng | most ambitious technological undertakings | ambitious project/plan |
| fraught with | adjective phrase | /frɔːt wɪð/ | đầy rẫy | path fraught with technical challenges | fraught with danger/difficulty |
| lithium-ion technology | noun phrase | /ˈlɪθiəm ˈaɪɒn tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | công nghệ lithium-ion | lithium-ion technology has emerged | battery technology |
| energy density | noun phrase | /ˈenədʒi ˈdensəti/ | mật độ năng lượng | favorable energy density | high/low energy density |
| ethical concerns | noun phrase | /ˈeθɪkəl kənˈsɜːnz/ | mối quan ngại đạo đức | raises ethical concerns | raise/address concerns |
| unprecedented demands | noun phrase | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd dɪˈmɑːndz/ | nhu cầu chưa từng có | places unprecedented demands on grids | unprecedented levels/scale |
| strain grid capacity | verb phrase | /streɪn ɡrɪd kəˈpæsəti/ | làm quá tải lưới điện | spike could strain grid capacity | strain resources/capacity |
| bidirectional charging | adjective + noun | /ˌbaɪdəˈrekʃənəl ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ/ | sạc hai chiều | bidirectional charging system | bidirectional flow/system |
| feed electricity back | verb phrase | /fiːd ɪlekˈtrɪsəti bæk/ | cung cấp điện trả lại | feed electricity back to grid | feed back/return to grid |
| vertical integration | noun phrase | /ˈvɜːtɪkəl ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/ | tích hợp theo chiều dọc | pursuing vertical integration strategies | vertical/horizontal integration |
| thermal management | noun phrase | /ˈθɜːməl ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ | quản lý nhiệt | sophisticated thermal management systems | advanced/effective management |
| sub-zero temperatures | noun phrase | /sʌb ˈzɪərəʊ ˈtemprətʃəz/ | nhiệt độ dưới không | range decreases in sub-zero temperatures | extreme/freezing temperatures |
| total cost of ownership | noun phrase | /ˈtəʊtəl kɒst əv ˈəʊnəʃɪp/ | tổng chi phí sở hữu | concept of total cost of ownership | calculate/assess total cost |
| price parity | noun phrase | /praɪs ˈpærəti/ | ngang giá | achieve price parity with conventional cars | reach/achieve parity |
| catalyzing | verb | /ˈkætəlaɪzɪŋ/ | xúc tác, thúc đẩy | potentially catalyzing rapid acceleration | catalyze change/growth |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ascendancy | noun | /əˈsendənsi/ | sự vượt trội | ascendancy of electric vehicles | rise to ascendancy |
| fundamental reimagining | noun phrase | /ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˌriːɪˈmædʒɪnɪŋ/ | sự tưởng tượng lại căn bản | constitutes a fundamental reimagining | fundamental change/shift |
| profound ramifications | noun phrase | /prəˈfaʊnd ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃənz/ | hệ quả sâu sắc | profound ramifications for urban planning | far-reaching/serious ramifications |
| geopolitical dynamics | noun phrase | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl daɪˈnæmɪks/ | động lực địa chính trị | implications for geopolitical dynamics | complex/shifting dynamics |
| life-cycle analysis | noun phrase | /laɪf ˈsaɪkəl əˈnæləsɪs/ | phân tích vòng đời | life-cycle environmental analysis | comprehensive/full analysis |
| energy-intensive | adjective | /ˈenədʒi ɪnˈtensɪv/ | tiêu tốn nhiều năng lượng | notably energy-intensive process | highly/extremely intensive |
| preponderance | noun | /prɪˈpɒndərəns/ | phần lớn | battery accounts for the preponderance | preponderance of evidence |
| carbon intensity | noun phrase | /ˈkɑːbən ɪnˈtensəti/ | cường độ carbon | carbon intensity of electricity grid | high/low carbon intensity |
| inextricably linked | adjective phrase | /ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbli lɪŋkt/ | gắn liền không thể tách rời | inextricably linked to energy mix | closely/inextricably linked |
| unambiguous | adjective | /ˌʌnæmˈbɪɡjuəs/ | rõ ràng, không mơ hồ | offer unambiguous advantages | clear/unambiguous evidence |
| ecological dividend | noun phrase | /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈdɪvɪdend/ | lợi ích sinh thái | full ecological dividend | reap/realize dividend |
| nexus | noun | /ˈneksəs/ | mối liên hệ | nexus between mobility and planning | complex/critical nexus |
| synergistic innovations | noun phrase | /ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk ˌɪnəˈveɪʃənz/ | đổi mới tạo hiệu ứng cộng hưởng | offers ground for synergistic innovations | synergistic effect/approach |
| pedestrian-friendly | adjective | /pəˈdestriən ˈfrendli/ | thân thiện người đi bộ | more pedestrian-friendly streetscapes | pedestrian-friendly environment |
| disproportionately | adverb | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/ | không cân xứng | disproportionately drawn from affluent groups | disproportionately affected |
| regressive transfers | noun phrase | /rɪˈɡresɪv ˈtrænsfɜːz/ | chuyển giao lũy thoái | function as regressive transfers | regressive/progressive policy |
| extractive industries | noun phrase | /ɪkˈstræktɪv ˈɪndəstriz/ | ngành công nghiệp khai thác | extractive industries supply materials | extractive/manufacturing industries |
| expedential growth | noun phrase | /ˌekspəˈnenʃəl ɡrəʊθ/ | tăng trưởng theo cấp số nhân | exponential growth in demand | exponential increase/rise |
| attendant | adjective | /əˈtendənt/ | đi kèm | with attendant consequences | attendant risks/problems |
| exploitative labor practices | noun phrase | /ɪkˈsplɔɪtətɪv ˈleɪbə ˈpræktɪsɪz/ | tập quán lao động bóc lột | linked to exploitative labor practices | exploitative/unfair practices |
| reconfiguring | verb | /ˌriːkənˈfɪɡə/ | cấu hình lại | reconfiguring power dynamics | reconfigure/restructure systems |
| wielded | verb | /wiːld/ | nắm giữ (quyền lực) | countries that wielded influence | wield power/influence |
| strategic autonomy | noun phrase | /strəˈtiːdʒɪk ɔːˈtɒnəmi/ | tự chủ chiến lược | secure strategic autonomy | ensure/maintain autonomy |
| encompass | verb | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | bao gồm | transformation extends to encompass | encompass all/everything |
| intractable challenge | noun phrase | /ɪnˈtræktəbl ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ | thách thức khó giải quyết | poses most intractable challenge | intractable/difficult problem |
| holistic | adjective | /həʊˈlɪstɪk/ | toàn diện | holistic reduction in degradation | holistic approach/view |
| perpetuating | verb | /pəˈpetʃueɪtɪŋ/ | duy trì, kéo dài | simply perpetuating existing patterns | perpetuate inequalities/myths |
Kết Luận
Bài tập IELTS Reading về chủ đề “The Role Of Electric Vehicles In Reducing Air Pollution” đã cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi hoàn chỉnh với ba passages tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard. Thông qua 40 câu hỏi đa dạng, bạn đã được luyện tập các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế.
Chủ đề về xe điện và ô nhiễm không khí không chỉ phổ biến trong IELTS mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề toàn cầu đang được quan tâm. Việc hiểu sâu về chủ đề này giúp bạn không chỉ cải thiện kỹ năng đọc hiểu mà còn tích lũy kiến thức nền tảng về môi trường, công nghệ và phát triển bền vững – những chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các phần thi khác của IELTS.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích đã chỉ ra phương pháp xác định thông tin chính xác trong bài đọc, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả. Bảng từ vựng phân loại theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật cần thiết cho kỳ thi.
Hãy luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng cao như thế này, phân tích kỹ lưỡng từng câu hỏi và đáp án, và không ngừng cải thiện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian. Với sự chuẩn bị bài bản và phương pháp học tập đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong phần thi IELTS Reading.
[…] particularly when adapted to local contexts rather than imposed as one-size-fits-all solutions. The role of electric vehicles in reducing air pollution demonstrates how technology integration can address specific urban challenges. Successful […]