IELTS Reading: Vai Trò Của Chính Phủ Trong Việc Quản Lý Ngành Công Nghiệp - Đề Thi Mẫu Có đáp án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Vai trò của chính phủ trong việc quản lý các ngành công nghiệp là một chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt ở Passage 2 và 3 với độ khó từ trung bình đến cao. Chủ đề này liên quan đến kinh tế, chính sách công và phát triển bền vững – những lĩnh vực được IELTS ưa chuộng vì tính học thuật và thực tiễn cao.

Mục lục nội dung

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng format thi thật, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng các dạng bài phổ biến nhất. Passage 1 (Easy) giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản về sự can thiệp của chính phủ; Passage 2 (Medium) phân tích các phương pháp quản lý cụ thể; và Passage 3 (Hard) đào sâu vào các tranh luận học thuật phức tạp. Mỗi passage đi kèm đáp án chi tiết, giải thích cặn kẽ vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase, cùng bảng từ vựng quan trọng giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ học thuật. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band 6.5-7.5.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Đây là bài thi kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu nhanh, xác định thông tin chính xác và suy luận logic của thí sinh.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1: 15-17 phút (câu hỏi 1-13) – Độ khó Easy
Passage 2: 18-20 phút (câu hỏi 14-26) – Độ khó Medium
Passage 3: 23-25 phút (câu hỏi 27-40) – Độ khó Hard

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án vào answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và ghi đáp án ngay trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Government Regulation: The Foundation of Industrial Control

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Government regulation of industry has become an integral part of modern economic systems worldwide. From the early days of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, when factories operated with minimal oversight, to today’s complex regulatory frameworks, the role of government in controlling industrial activities has evolved dramatically. This evolution reflects society’s growing understanding of the need to balance economic growth with public welfare and environmental protection.

The primary purpose of industrial regulation is to protect consumers from harmful products and unfair business practices. Before government intervention became widespread, companies often prioritized profit over safety, leading to dangerous working conditions, contaminated food products, and defective goods. The establishment of regulatory bodies in the early 20th century marked a turning point. Agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, founded in 1906, began setting mandatory standards for product safety and quality.

Environmental protection represents another crucial area where government regulation plays a vital role. Industrial activities can cause significant pollution through the release of toxic chemicals, greenhouse gases, and other harmful substances. Without proper regulation, companies might choose cheaper but environmentally damaging production methods. Government agencies enforce limits on emissions, require environmental impact assessments, and impose penalties on violators. The Clean Air Act, passed in many countries during the 1970s, exemplifies how legislation can drive industries toward cleaner technologies.

Market competition is also maintained through government regulation. When left unregulated, industries can develop monopolies or oligopolies where a few companies control the entire market, leading to higher prices and reduced innovation. Antitrust laws and competition regulations prevent companies from engaging in practices that eliminate competition, such as price fixing or predatory pricing. These laws ensure that smaller businesses have opportunities to enter markets and compete fairly.

Worker safety constitutes another important regulatory focus. During the Industrial Revolution, factory workers often faced hazardous conditions, including long hours, dangerous machinery, and exposure to harmful materials. Today, government occupational safety regulations require employers to provide safe working environments, protective equipment, and adequate training. Organizations like the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States conduct inspections and enforce safety standards across industries.

However, government regulation must be carefully balanced. Excessive regulation can stifle innovation, increase costs for businesses, and ultimately harm economic growth. Small businesses, in particular, may struggle to comply with complex regulatory requirements, potentially limiting their ability to compete with larger corporations. This concern has led to ongoing debates about the appropriate level of government intervention in different industries.

The regulatory approach varies significantly across countries and industries. Some nations favor strict government control, while others prefer lighter-touch regulation that gives businesses more freedom. The pharmaceutical industry typically faces stringent regulations due to the potential health risks of medications, whereas the technology sector often operates with more flexibility to encourage innovation. These differences reflect varying cultural attitudes toward the role of government and different assessments of risk.

Modern regulatory systems increasingly incorporate feedback from multiple stakeholders, including industry representatives, consumer groups, and environmental organizations. This collaborative approach aims to create regulations that effectively protect public interests while remaining practical for businesses to implement. Public consultation processes allow citizens to voice concerns and suggest improvements to proposed regulations.

The globalization of industry has created new regulatory challenges. Companies now operate across multiple countries, each with different regulatory standards. This situation has led to efforts to harmonize regulations internationally, making it easier for businesses to comply while maintaining protective standards. International organizations like the World Trade Organization work to establish common rules and resolve disputes related to regulatory differences.

Looking forward, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and biotechnology present novel regulatory dilemmas. Governments must develop frameworks to address risks that didn’t exist previously while avoiding overregulation that could hinder beneficial innovations. This requires regulators to stay informed about technological developments and adapt quickly to changing circumstances.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, what was the main characteristic of factories during the Industrial Revolution?
A) They had strict safety regulations
B) They operated with very little government control
C) They prioritized worker welfare
D) They were environmentally friendly
The Food and Drug Administration was established to:
A) Increase company profits
B) Reduce government spending
C) Set mandatory standards for products
D) Eliminate all regulations
What is the main purpose of antitrust laws?
A) To create monopolies
B) To increase prices
C) To prevent unfair competition practices
D) To reduce innovation
According to the passage, excessive regulation can:
A) Always benefit small businesses
B) Stifle innovation and increase business costs
C) Eliminate all workplace hazards
D) Make companies more competitive
The pharmaceutical industry faces strict regulations because:
A) It makes too much profit
B) Medications can pose health risks
C) It operates internationally
D) Technology develops too quickly

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, or NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

Government regulation of industry has remained unchanged since the 18th century.
The Clean Air Act encouraged industries to adopt cleaner technologies.
All countries use exactly the same regulatory approach for all industries.
International organizations are working to create common regulatory standards across countries.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Before government intervention, companies often sold products that were __ or defective.
Government agencies require companies to conduct __ before starting industrial projects.
Modern regulatory systems involve feedback from various __ including industry and consumer groups.
New technologies like artificial intelligence create __ for government regulators.

PASSAGE 2 – Regulatory Mechanisms and Their Implementation

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The implementation of government regulation in industrial sectors involves a sophisticated array of mechanisms, each designed to address specific market failures and societal concerns. Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into how governments exert control over industry while attempting to maintain economic efficiency. The regulatory toolkit has expanded considerably over recent decades, moving beyond simple command-and-control approaches to include market-based instruments and co-regulatory frameworks.

Command-and-control regulation represents the traditional approach, where governments establish explicit rules that businesses must follow, accompanied by sanctions for non-compliance. This method involves setting specific standards—such as emission limits, safety requirements, or product specifications—and conducting inspections to ensure adherence. The nuclear power industry operates almost entirely under this regulatory model due to the catastrophic risks associated with operational failures. While this approach provides certainty and clear accountability, critics argue it can be inflexible and economically inefficient, as it doesn’t account for variations in compliance costs across different businesses.

An alternative approach, performance-based regulation, focuses on outcomes rather than prescriptive methods. Instead of dictating exactly how companies must achieve regulatory goals, this system sets targets and allows businesses flexibility in meeting them. For instance, rather than mandating specific pollution control technologies, regulators might establish emission reduction targets and permit companies to choose the most cost-effective methods for achieving them. This approach incentivizes innovation and can reduce overall compliance costs while still protecting public interests.

Market-based regulatory instruments have gained prominence since the 1990s, leveraging economic incentives to achieve regulatory objectives. Cap-and-trade systems for carbon emissions exemplify this approach. Governments allocate a limited number of emission permits to companies, which can then trade these permits among themselves. Companies that reduce emissions below their allocated limit can sell excess permits, while those struggling to comply must purchase additional permits. This system creates a financial incentive for emission reduction while maintaining overall environmental goals. The European Union’s Emissions Trading System, launched in 2005, has become the world’s largest carbon market, covering approximately 11,000 installations.

Taxation serves as another market-based tool for industrial regulation. Pigovian taxes, named after economist Arthur Pigou, impose charges on activities that generate negative externalities—costs borne by society rather than the producer. Taxes on industrial pollution, for example, make environmentally harmful activities more expensive, encouraging companies to adopt cleaner alternatives. The effectiveness of this approach depends on setting tax rates at appropriate levels—too low and they fail to modify behavior; too high and they might drive industries to relocate to jurisdictions with lower taxes, a phenomenon known as carbon leakage.

Licensing and certification systems provide governments with gatekeeping control over who can operate in specific industries. Businesses must demonstrate compliance with regulatory standards before receiving permission to operate. The financial services sector operates extensively under this model, with banks and investment firms requiring licenses that can be revoked if they breach regulations. This approach allows preventative control but requires substantial administrative resources for processing applications and monitoring ongoing compliance.

Co-regulation and self-regulation represent approaches where industry itself plays a more active role in developing and enforcing standards. In co-regulatory models, governments establish broad frameworks and oversee industry-developed detailed rules. The advertising industry in many countries operates under such systems, where advertising standards authorities comprise industry representatives who investigate complaints and enforce codes of conduct, subject to government oversight. Pure self-regulation, where industry operates without government involvement, has become less common due to concerns about conflicts of interest and insufficient enforcement.

The regulatory state has also embraced information-based regulation, requiring companies to disclose specific information to consumers, investors, or the public. Nutritional labeling on food products, financial disclosure requirements for public companies, and environmental reporting obligations all exemplify this approach. The underlying theory suggests that informed stakeholders will make decisions that pressure companies toward socially beneficial behavior. This lighter-touch intervention respects market mechanisms while addressing information asymmetries between businesses and other parties.

Technological advancement has transformed regulatory implementation. Digital monitoring systems enable real-time surveillance of industrial activities, making violations easier to detect. The financial sector now employs sophisticated algorithms to identify potential money laundering or market manipulation. However, technology also creates regulatory challenges. The rise of platform economies and cryptocurrency has exposed gaps in existing regulatory frameworks, forcing policymakers to adapt rapidly to new business models.

Regulatory capture represents a significant concern in implementing industrial regulation. This occurs when regulatory agencies become dominated by the industries they’re supposed to regulate, resulting in rules that favor industry interests over public welfare. The revolving door between regulatory positions and industry employment can facilitate this problem. Preventing capture requires maintaining regulatory independence, ensuring transparent decision-making processes, and providing adequate funding for regulatory bodies.

International dimensions add complexity to regulatory implementation. Multinational corporations can exploit differences in national regulations through regulatory arbitrage, locating polluting or hazardous operations in countries with weaker standards. This has driven efforts toward regulatory harmonization through international treaties and agreements. The Basel Accords for banking regulation and international chemical safety protocols demonstrate attempts to create level playing fields while respecting national sovereignty.

Questions 14-18: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. Traditional methods with clear rules and penalties
ii. The problem of industries influencing their regulators
iii. Using economic principles to change company behavior
iv. International challenges in applying regulations
v. Companies helping to create their own rules
vi. Goals-focused rather than method-specific regulation
vii. Technology’s impact on monitoring industries
viii. Requiring businesses to share information publicly

Paragraph B (Command-and-control regulation…)
Paragraph C (An alternative approach, performance-based regulation…)
Paragraph F (Co-regulation and self-regulation…)
Paragraph J (Regulatory capture represents…)
Paragraph K (International dimensions add complexity…)

Questions 19-23: Yes/No/Not Given

Write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer, NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer, or NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

Command-and-control regulation is always more effective than other regulatory approaches.
Cap-and-trade systems can create financial benefits for companies that reduce emissions.
Information-based regulation completely eliminates the need for other regulatory approaches.
The regulatory toolkit has become more diverse over the past few decades.
All countries have successfully prevented regulatory capture.

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Market-based regulatory instruments use economic incentives to achieve goals. One example is the (24) __ system, where companies can buy and sell emission permits. Another tool is (25) __ taxes, which charge companies for activities that create costs for society. However, if these taxes are set too high, they might cause (26) __, where industries move to locations with lower taxes.

PASSAGE 3 – Theoretical Perspectives and Contemporary Debates on Industrial Regulation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The theoretical underpinnings of government regulation in industrial sectors have been subject to extensive scholarly debate, reflecting fundamental philosophical divisions about the appropriate relationship between state authority and economic activity. These debates transcend purely technical questions of regulatory design, engaging with normative issues concerning justice, efficiency, and the legitimate scope of governmental power. Understanding these theoretical perspectives is essential for comprehending why regulatory approaches vary so markedly across jurisdictions and time periods, and for evaluating competing claims about regulatory efficacy.

Welfare economics provides the dominant theoretical framework for justifying government intervention in markets. According to this perspective, perfectly competitive markets achieve Pareto efficiency, where no individual can be made better off without making someone else worse off. However, real-world markets deviate from these idealized conditions through various market failures: externalities, information asymmetries, public goods, and natural monopolies. Industrial regulation represents the government’s response to these failures. For instance, negative externalities occur when industrial production imposes costs on third parties who have no voice in the transaction—classic examples include pollution or occupational health hazards. The Coasean solution, proposed by economist Ronald Coase, suggests that clearly defined property rights and costless bargaining could resolve externality problems without regulation. However, in practice, transaction costs often render such private solutions infeasible, providing a rationale for regulatory intervention.

The public choice school offers a more skeptical view of government regulation, applying economic analysis to political decision-making itself. Scholars such as James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock argued that regulatory agencies are not benevolent actors seeking to maximize social welfare but rather respond to the incentives and constraints of the political environment. This perspective highlights the risk of regulatory capture, where concentrated industry interests exert disproportionate influence over diffuse public interests. George Stigler’s economic theory of regulation goes further, suggesting that regulation is often designed and operated primarily for the benefit of the regulated industry itself. This cynical assessment finds support in numerous empirical studies documenting pro-industry bias in regulatory outcomes, though critics argue it overstates the uniformity of capture across regulatory contexts.

Neo-institutional economics has enriched our understanding of regulation by emphasizing the importance of institutional design and governance structures. This approach recognizes that regulatory effectiveness depends not merely on identifying market failures but on creating institutions capable of responding appropriately while minimizing their own failures. Concepts such as regulatory independence, accountability mechanisms, and stakeholder participation emerge as crucial variables affecting regulatory performance. The work of Elinor Ostrom on governing the commons demonstrates how carefully designed institutions can sometimes achieve sustainable resource management without either pure market mechanisms or centralized government control, suggesting possibilities for hybrid governance arrangements.

The rise of risk regulation as a distinct field reflects contemporary society’s preoccupation with technological hazards and uncertain threats. Unlike traditional regulation focused on observable harms, risk regulation must address probabilistic risks and potential catastrophes. This creates epistemological challenges: how should regulators respond when scientific knowledge is incomplete or contested? The precautionary principle, enshrined in European environmental law, suggests that lack of scientific certainty should not postpone measures to prevent serious or irreversible environmental damage. However, critics argue this principle can stifle beneficial innovation and lead to inconsistent or excessive regulation. The contrasting approach in American jurisprudence, which typically requires more concrete evidence of harm before imposing restrictions, reflects different normative judgments about balancing innovation against safety.

Responsive regulation, a theory developed by John Braithwaite and Ian Ayres, proposes a pyramid-shaped enforcement strategy. At the base, regulators use persuasion and dialogue with regulated entities, escalating to increasingly punitive measures only when cooperation fails. This approach recognizes that most businesses prefer to comply with regulations when compliance costs are reasonable and requirements are clear, but that credible threats of enforcement are necessary to prevent opportunistic non-compliance. Empirical studies have found that this approach can achieve better outcomes than either purely cooperative or consistently adversarial stances, though its effectiveness varies across industry contexts and regulatory cultures.

The concept of regulatory space has emerged as a useful heuristic for analyzing how regulation actually functions in practice. Rather than viewing regulation as a simple matter of government dictating terms to industry, this perspective recognizes that multiple actors—industry associations, professional bodies, consumer advocates, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations—all occupy and contest regulatory space. Effective regulation often involves negotiation and coordination among these diverse actors, each bringing different expertise, legitimacy, and resources to the regulatory process. This pluralistic vision helps explain why formally identical regulatory frameworks can produce markedly different outcomes in different contexts.

Regulatory capitalism, a term coined by David Levi-Faur, describes the contemporary proliferation of regulation even as direct state ownership of industry has declined through privatization. This paradoxical development—the simultaneous retreat of the state as producer and its expansion as regulator—reflects a reconfiguration rather than reduction of state power. Privatized utilities, for instance, often face more extensive regulation than when they were state-owned, as governments attempt to replicate through regulation the public interest obligations previously achieved through ownership. This trend raises questions about the relative efficiency of regulation versus public ownership as means of controlling industry.

The regulatory state faces unprecedented challenges in the 21st century from globalization and technological change. Transnational corporations can exploit regulatory differences through jurisdiction shopping, locating different aspects of their operations to take advantage of favorable regulatory environments. Digital technologies enable business models that blur traditional regulatory categories—are ride-sharing platforms transportation companies subject to taxi regulations, or technology companies providing an information service? Algorithmic decision-making and artificial intelligence raise novel questions about accountability and transparency that existing regulatory frameworks struggle to address. Some scholars argue for regulatory experimentation and adaptive governance approaches that can evolve more rapidly than traditional legislative processes. Others warn that excessive flexibility might undermine regulatory consistency and predictability, which are themselves important for business planning and equal treatment.

Legitimacy constitutes a perennial concern for industrial regulation. In democratic societies, regulation must derive authority from democratic processes while simultaneously requiring technical expertise that most citizens lack. This creates a tension between technocratic and democratic modes of decision-making. Regulatory impact assessments, public consultation processes, and transparency requirements represent attempts to enhance regulatory legitimacy by ensuring that diverse perspectives are incorporated into decision-making and that regulatory rationales are publicly articulated. However, critics note that these processes can become perfunctory or be dominated by well-resourced interests, questioning whether they genuinely enhance democratic accountability.

The future trajectory of industrial regulation remains contested terrain. Deregulatory advocates continue to argue that excessive regulation stifles entrepreneurship and economic growth, pointing to examples where regulatory reform has unleashed innovation and competition. Pro-regulation voices emphasize ongoing market failures, rising inequality, and existential threats such as climate change that require stronger government intervention. Empirical evidence regarding regulatory effects remains complex and context-dependent, rarely providing unambiguous support for either position. What seems clear is that simplistic ideological positions—that government regulation is either invariably beneficial or necessarily harmful—fail to grapple with the multifaceted reality of how regulation actually functions in diverse industrial and institutional contexts.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to welfare economics, government intervention in markets is justified when:
A) Markets achieve perfect competition
B) Market failures exist
C) All industries request regulation
D) Property rights are clearly defined
The public choice school’s view of regulatory agencies is that they:
A) Always maximize social welfare
B) Are completely benevolent actors
C) Respond to political incentives and constraints
D) Never face regulatory capture
The precautionary principle suggests that regulators should:
A) Wait for complete scientific certainty before acting
B) Prioritize innovation over all safety concerns
C) Take preventive action despite scientific uncertainty
D) Always follow American jurisprudence
Responsive regulation recommends that enforcement should:
A) Always use maximum punishment
B) Start with persuasion and escalate if needed
C) Avoid any punitive measures
D) Be consistently adversarial
The concept of “regulatory capitalism” describes:
A) The elimination of all government regulation
B) Increased state ownership of industries
C) More regulation despite reduced state ownership
D) The end of privatization

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each theory or concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Theories/Concepts:
32. Coasean solution
33. Regulatory capture
34. Neo-institutional economics
35. Regulatory space
36. Regulatory impact assessments

Descriptions:
A) Multiple actors contest and occupy areas of regulation
B) Industries exert excessive influence over their regulators
C) Property rights and negotiation could solve externality problems
D) Attempts to enhance democratic legitimacy through public processes
E) Focus on designing effective governance structures
F) Complete elimination of all regulations
G) State ownership of all industries
H) Purely mathematical modeling of markets

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

What type of costs does the Coasean solution assume do not exist for private solutions to work?
What shape does the responsive regulation enforcement strategy resemble?
What term describes when corporations locate operations in different places to benefit from favorable regulations?
According to the passage, what two modes of decision-making create tension in democratic regulation?

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

B
C
C
B
B
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
contaminated
environmental impact assessments / impact assessments
stakeholders
novel regulatory dilemmas / regulatory dilemmas

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

i
vi
v
ii
iv
NO
YES
NO
YES
NOT GIVEN
cap-and-trade
Pigovian
carbon leakage

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

B
C
C
B
C
C
B
E
A
D
transaction costs
pyramid-shaped / pyramid
jurisdiction shopping
technocratic and democratic / democratic and technocratic

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: factories, Industrial Revolution, main characteristic
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “factories operated with minimal oversight” (các nhà máy hoạt động với sự giám sát tối thiểu), paraphrase thành “very little government control”. Các đáp án khác mâu thuẫn với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Food and Drug Administration, established, purpose
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: Câu “Agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)…began setting mandatory standards for product safety and quality” cho thấy FDA được thành lập để đặt ra các tiêu chuẩn bắt buộc.

Câu 6: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Government regulation, unchanged, 18th century
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the role of government…has evolved dramatically”, trái ngược hoàn toàn với việc “remained unchanged”.

Câu 7: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Clean Air Act, cleaner technologies
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “The Clean Air Act…exemplifies how legislation can drive industries toward cleaner technologies” khẳng định chính xác thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 10: contaminated

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: before government intervention, companies sold products
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “contaminated food products and defective goods” – đáp án lấy trực tiếp từ văn bản, paraphrase “contaminated” với nghĩa sản phẩm bị nhiễm độc.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: i (Traditional methods with clear rules and penalties)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Vị trí: Đoạn B về Command-and-control regulation
Giải thích: Đoạn văn mô tả “establish explicit rules” và “sanctions for non-compliance”, đúng với heading về phương pháp truyền thống có quy tắc rõ ràng và hình phạt.

Câu 15: vi (Goals-focused rather than method-specific regulation)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Vị trí: Đoạn C về Performance-based regulation
Giải thích: “focuses on outcomes rather than prescriptive methods” và “sets targets and allows businesses flexibility” thể hiện rõ ràng việc tập trung vào mục tiêu thay vì phương pháp cụ thể.

Câu 19: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí: Đoạn B
Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ ra command-and-control có cả ưu và nhược điểm (“provides certainty” nhưng “can be inflexible”), không khẳng định nó “always more effective”.

Câu 20: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí: Đoạn D
Giải thích: “Companies that reduce emissions below their allocated limit can sell excess permits” rõ ràng cho thấy lợi ích tài chính cho các công ty giảm phát thải.

Câu 24: cap-and-trade

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí: Đoạn D, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: “Cap-and-trade systems” được mô tả cụ thể với việc mua bán emission permits, khớp chính xác với context của câu summary.

Câu 25: Pigovian

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí: Đoạn E, dòng 2
Giải thích: “Pigovian taxes, named after economist Arthur Pigou, impose charges on activities that generate negative externalities” – đây là loại thuế đánh vào các hoạt động tạo ra chi phí cho xã hội.

Câu 26: carbon leakage

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí: Đoạn E, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “too high and they might drive industries to relocate to jurisdictions with lower taxes, a phenomenon known as carbon leakage” – khái niệm này mô tả chính xác việc các ngành công nghiệp di chuyển đến nơi có thuế thấp hơn.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: welfare economics, government intervention, justified
Vị trí: Đoạn B, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: “real-world markets deviate from these idealized conditions through various market failures” – welfare economics biện minh cho sự can thiệp của chính phủ khi có market failures.

Câu 28: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: public choice school, regulatory agencies
Vị trí: Đoạn C, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “regulatory agencies…respond to the incentives and constraints of the political environment” – quan điểm này khác với việc tối đa hóa phúc lợi xã hội một cách nhân từ.

Câu 29: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: precautionary principle, regulators should
Vị trí: Đoạn E, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “lack of scientific certainty should not postpone measures to prevent serious…damage” – nguyên tắc này ủng hộ hành động phòng ngừa bất chấp sự không chắc chắn khoa học.

Câu 32: C (Property rights and negotiation could solve externality problems)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí: Đoạn B, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “The Coasean solution…suggests that clearly defined property rights and costless bargaining could resolve externality problems” – mô tả chính xác lý thuyết của Coase.

Câu 33: B (Industries exert excessive influence over their regulators)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí: Đoạn C và J
Giải thích: “regulatory capture, where concentrated industry interests exert disproportionate influence over diffuse public interests” – định nghĩa rõ ràng regulatory capture.

Câu 37: transaction costs

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí: Đoạn B, dòng 7-8
Giải thích: “The Coasean solution…costless bargaining” và “transaction costs often render such private solutions infeasible” cho thấy transaction costs là yếu tố mà Coasean solution giả định không tồn tại.

Câu 38: pyramid-shaped / pyramid

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí: Đoạn F, dòng 1
Giải thích: “Responsive regulation…proposes a pyramid-shaped enforcement strategy” – mô tả trực tiếp hình dạng của chiến lược này.

Câu 39: jurisdiction shopping

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí: Đoạn I, dòng 2
Giải thích: “Transnational corporations can exploit regulatory differences through jurisdiction shopping” – thuật ngữ chính xác cho việc các tập đoàn tìm kiếm môi trường pháp lý có lợi.

Câu 40: technocratic and democratic / democratic and technocratic

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí: Đoạn J, dòng 3
Giải thích: “This creates a tension between technocratic and democratic modes of decision-making” – hai chế độ ra quyết định tạo ra căng thẳng trong quy định dân chủ.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
regulation	n	/ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/	sự quản lý, quy định	Government regulation of industry	government/industrial regulation
integral part	phrase	/ˈɪntɪɡrəl pɑːrt/	phần không thể thiếu	has become an integral part	integral part of something
oversight	n	/ˈəʊvəsaɪt/	sự giám sát	operated with minimal oversight	regulatory oversight
balance	v	/ˈbæləns/	cân bằng	need to balance economic growth	balance between/with
contaminated	adj	/kənˈtæmɪneɪtɪd/	bị nhiễm độc, ô nhiễm	contaminated food products	contaminated with
enforce	v	/ɪnˈfɔːrs/	thi hành, thực thi	enforce limits on emissions	enforce laws/regulations
monopoly	n	/məˈnɒpəli/	sự độc quyền	develop monopolies or oligopolies	have/hold a monopoly
constitute	v	/ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/	tạo thành, cấu thành	Worker safety constitutes	constitute a threat/problem
comply with	phrase	/kəmˈplaɪ wɪð/	tuân thủ	comply with complex requirements	comply with regulations
stringent	adj	/ˈstrɪndʒənt/	nghiêm ngặt	stringent regulations	stringent controls/standards
stakeholder	n	/ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r)/	bên liên quan	feedback from multiple stakeholders	key stakeholders
harmonize	v	/ˈhɑːmənaɪz/	hài hòa hóa, thống nhất	harmonize regulations internationally	harmonize with/across

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
implementation	n	/ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/	sự thực hiện	implementation of government regulation	policy implementation
sophisticated array	phrase	/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd əˈreɪ/	hệ thống phức tạp	sophisticated array of mechanisms	sophisticated approach
exert control	phrase	/ɪɡˈzɜːrt kənˈtrəʊl/	thực hiện kiểm soát	how governments exert control	exert influence/power
sanctions	n	/ˈsæŋkʃnz/	các hình phạt	accompanied by sanctions	impose sanctions
inflexible	adj	/ɪnˈfleksəbl/	không linh hoạt	can be inflexible	inflexible rules/system
mandate	v	/mænˈdeɪt/	ra lệnh, bắt buộc	rather than mandating specific	mandate that/to do
incentivize	v	/ɪnˈsentɪvaɪz/	tạo động lực	incentivizes innovation	incentivize behavior
prominence	n	/ˈprɒmɪnəns/	sự nổi bật	gained prominence since	come to prominence
leverage	v	/ˈliːvərɪdʒ/	tận dụng	leveraging economic incentives	leverage resources
exemplify	v	/ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ/	minh họa	Cap-and-trade systems exemplify	exemplify how/what
allocate	v	/ˈæləkeɪt/	phân bổ	Governments allocate permits	allocate resources/funds
revoke	v	/rɪˈvəʊk/	thu hồi	licenses that can be revoked	revoke permission/license
disclose	v	/dɪsˈkləʊz/	công bố, tiết lộ	requiring companies to disclose	disclose information
facilitate	v	/fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/	tạo điều kiện	can facilitate this problem	facilitate process/change
exploit	v	/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/	lợi dụng, khai thác	exploit differences in regulations	exploit opportunities/weakness

Các loại hình quản lý công nghiệp trong IELTS Reading

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
theoretical underpinnings	phrase	/ˌθɪəˈretɪkl ˌʌndəˈpɪnɪŋz/	nền tảng lý thuyết	theoretical underpinnings of regulation	theoretical framework
normative issues	phrase	/ˈnɔːmətɪv ˈɪʃuːz/	các vấn đề chuẩn mực	engaging with normative issues	normative approach
legitimate scope	phrase	/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət skəʊp/	phạm vi hợp pháp	legitimate scope of governmental power	within the scope of
efficacy	n	/ˈefɪkəsi/	hiệu quả	evaluating regulatory efficacy	demonstrate efficacy
deviate	v	/ˈdiːvieɪt/	lệch khỏi	markets deviate from conditions	deviate from norms
externalities	n	/ˌekstɜːˈnælətiz/	các tác động bên ngoài	negative externalities occur	positive/negative externalities
infeasible	adj	/ɪnˈfiːzəbl/	không khả thi	render solutions infeasible	economically infeasible
rationale	n	/ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/	cơ sở lý luận	providing a rationale for intervention	underlying rationale
skeptical	adj	/ˈskeptɪkl/	hoài nghi	more skeptical view	skeptical of/about
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân xứng	exert disproportionate influence	disproportionate impact
enriched	v	/ɪnˈrɪtʃt/	làm phong phú	has enriched our understanding	enriched by/with
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc nhận thức luận	epistemological challenges	epistemological questions
enshrined	v	/ɪnˈʃraɪnd/	được ghi vào	enshrined in European law	enshrined in/by
heuristic	n	/hjʊˈrɪstɪk/	phương pháp khám phá	useful heuristic for analyzing	heuristic approach
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/	sự gia tăng nhanh	proliferation of regulation	nuclear proliferation
paradoxical	adj	/ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/	nghịch lý	paradoxical development	paradoxical situation
reconfiguration	n	/ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/	sự tái cấu hình	reconfiguration of state power	undergo reconfiguration
perennial	adj	/pəˈreniəl/	lâu dài, vĩnh viễn	perennial concern	perennial problem/issue
contested terrain	phrase	/kənˈtestɪd təˈreɪn/	lĩnh vực tranh cãi	remains contested terrain	hotly contested

Chiến Lược Làm Bài Hiệu Quả

Kỹ Thuật Skimming và Scanning

Skimming (đọc lướt) giúp bạn nắm ý chính của passage trong 2-3 phút. Hãy tập trung vào:

Tiêu đề và câu đầu tiên của mỗi đoạn
Các từ được in đậm hoặc in nghiêng
Câu kết luận của đoạn cuối

Scanning (đọc tìm kiếm) giúp định vị thông tin cụ thể nhanh chóng. Kỹ thuật này đặc biệt hữu ích cho dạng câu hỏi điền từ và xác định thông tin đúng/sai.

Phân Tích Paraphrase

IELTS Reading thường paraphrase thông tin giữa câu hỏi và passage. Ví dụ trong đề này:

“minimal oversight” → “very little government control”
“contaminated food products” → “harmful products”
“exert control” → “regulate”

Việc nhận diện paraphrase giúp bạn tìm đáp án chính xác nhanh hơn. Khi gặp chủ đề như vai trò của chính phủ trong quản lý ngành công nghiệp, bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về Impact of automation on the global construction industry để hiểu rõ hơn về sự tương tác giữa công nghệ và quản lý.

Quản Lý Thời Gian

Một chiến lược quan trọng là phân bổ thời gian hợp lý:

Dành 2-3 phút đọc lướt passage
1 phút đọc và phân tích câu hỏi
10-15 phút làm bài và định vị đáp án
2 phút kiểm tra lại

Đừng dành quá nhiều thời gian cho một câu hỏi khó. Đánh dấu và quay lại sau khi hoàn thành các câu dễ hơn.

Kỹ thuật làm bài IELTS Reading hiệu quả với chủ đề quản lý ngành công nghiệp

Lời Khuyên Từ Giảng Viên

Sau hơn 20 năm giảng dạy IELTS, tôi nhận thấy học viên Việt Nam thường gặp khó khăn với các passage dài và học thuật như Passage 3 trong đề này. Đừng lo lắng nếu bạn không hiểu 100% nội dung – mục tiêu là tìm được thông tin cần thiết để trả lời câu hỏi.

Đối với chủ đề về vai trò của chính phủ và quản lý, việc xây dựng vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành là then chốt. Hãy học các collocations như “exert control”, “enforce regulations”, “regulatory frameworks” thay vì học từ đơn lẻ. Điều này không chỉ giúp bạn trong Reading mà còn trong Writing Task 2 khi gặp các đề bài tương tự.

Một tips quan trọng: với dạng True/False/Not Given và Yes/No/Not Given, hãy chú ý phân biệt giữa “False/No” (thông tin mâu thuẫn) và “Not Given” (không có thông tin). Nhiều học viên mất điểm vì nhầm lẫn hai trường hợp này.

Cuối cùng, thực hành đều đặn với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng cao là cách tốt nhất để cải thiện band điểm Reading. Đề thi này cung cấp trải nghiệm sát thực với kỳ thi thật, giúp bạn làm quen với format, độ khó và áp lực thời gian. Để mở rộng kiến thức về các chủ đề liên quan, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm về How to practice responsible consumerism và How is blockchain technology influencing digital identity management? – những chủ đề cũng thường xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading với tính chất học thuật tương tự.

Chúc các bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Hãy nhớ rằng, sự kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn là chìa khóa để thành công!

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