Mở Bài
Chủ đề về vai trò của các sáng kiến y tế công cộng trong phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (The Role Of Public Health Initiatives In Disease Prevention) là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến và quan trọng thường xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Với bối cảnh toàn cầu hóa và những thách thức sức khỏe cộng đồng ngày càng phức tạp, chủ đề này không chỉ có tính thời sự cao mà còn đòi hỏi người học hiểu biết về từ vựng y tế, khoa học xã hội và chính sách công.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng format thi thật, từ mức độ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng các dạng bài phổ biến, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cặn kẽ. Ngoài ra, bài viết còn tổng hợp từ vựng quan trọng theo từng passage và chia sẻ các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó tăng dần, rèn luyện khả năng quản lý thời gian và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Đây là bài thi yêu cầu khả năng quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và kỹ năng đọc hiểu đa dạng.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút
Lưu ý nên dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet và kiểm tra lại.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến:
- Multiple Choice: Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
- True/False/Not Given: Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given: Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
- Matching Headings: Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion: Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
- Summary Completion: Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features: Nối thông tin với người/tổ chức/thời điểm tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions: Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The History and Impact of Vaccination Programs
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Vaccination has been one of humanity’s most significant achievements in the field of public health. The practice of immunization dates back to the late 18th century when Edward Jenner, an English physician, developed the first successful vaccine against smallpox in 1796. This groundbreaking discovery laid the foundation for modern vaccination programs and revolutionized the way societies approached disease prevention.
The concept behind vaccination is relatively simple yet remarkably effective. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or inactive form of a disease-causing organism into the body. This exposure allows the immune system to recognize and remember the pathogen without causing the actual disease. When the person is later exposed to the real disease, their immune system can quickly produce antibodies to fight it off, preventing illness or reducing its severity.
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, scientists developed vaccines for many life-threatening diseases. The polio vaccine, created by Jonas Salk in 1955, became a milestone in medical history. Before its introduction, polio caused paralysis and death in thousands of children annually. The vaccine’s success led to the near eradication of polio in most parts of the world. Similarly, vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella have saved countless lives and prevented serious complications associated with these diseases.
Public health initiatives promoting vaccination have played a crucial role in disease prevention globally. Governments and international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) have implemented comprehensive immunization programs to ensure widespread vaccine coverage. These programs typically target children, as early vaccination provides long-lasting protection and helps establish herd immunity within communities. When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, even those who cannot receive vaccines due to medical reasons benefit from reduced disease transmission.
The success of vaccination programs can be measured through several indicators. Smallpox, once a devastating disease that killed millions, was officially declared eradicated in 1980 following a coordinated global vaccination campaign. This achievement demonstrated what could be accomplished through sustained public health efforts. Other diseases, such as diphtheria and tetanus, which were once common causes of childhood mortality, are now rare in countries with strong immunization programs.
However, vaccination programs face various challenges. In some regions, limited access to healthcare facilities makes it difficult to reach all populations. Geographic barriers, such as remote mountainous areas or isolated islands, can prevent timely vaccine delivery. Additionally, the need for proper vaccine storage, particularly maintaining the cold chain to keep vaccines at the correct temperature, presents logistical challenges in areas with unreliable electricity supplies.
Another significant challenge is vaccine hesitancy, which the WHO has identified as one of the top ten threats to global health. Some parents choose not to vaccinate their children due to misinformation about vaccine safety, despite overwhelming scientific evidence supporting vaccine benefits. This hesitancy can lead to outbreaks of preventable diseases. For example, measles cases increased in several developed countries between 2018 and 2019, primarily in communities with low vaccination rates.
Public health authorities have responded to these challenges through various strategies. Educational campaigns aim to provide accurate information about vaccine safety and effectiveness. Community health workers visit remote areas to deliver vaccines and educate families about immunization benefits. Many countries have also implemented school entry requirements that mandate certain vaccinations, ensuring high coverage rates among school-aged children.
The development of new vaccines continues to advance. Scientists are working on vaccines for diseases that currently have no preventive measures, including certain types of cancer and chronic infections. Recent advances in vaccine technology, such as mRNA vaccines, have shown promising results and may revolutionize vaccine development in the coming years. These innovations demonstrate the ongoing commitment of the medical community to expand the protective benefits of vaccination.
Looking forward, maintaining and improving vaccination programs remains a priority for global health. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted both the importance of vaccines in controlling disease spread and the challenges of implementing rapid vaccination campaigns on a global scale. The lessons learned from this experience will likely shape future public health initiatives and strengthen international cooperation in disease prevention.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, Edward Jenner is known for:
- A. Discovering antibiotics
- B. Creating the first smallpox vaccine
- C. Founding the World Health Organization
- D. Developing the polio vaccine
-
Vaccines work by:
- A. Killing all bacteria in the body
- B. Strengthening muscles and bones
- C. Training the immune system to recognize pathogens
- D. Providing permanent immunity to all diseases
-
The polio vaccine was significant because it:
- A. Was the first vaccine ever created
- B. Led to the near elimination of polio worldwide
- C. Could be taken orally without injections
- D. Was cheaper than other vaccines
-
Herd immunity is achieved when:
- A. Animals are vaccinated against diseases
- B. Only elderly people receive vaccines
- C. A large portion of the population is vaccinated
- D. Diseases mutate into less dangerous forms
-
Vaccine hesitancy is described as:
- A. A minor concern for health authorities
- B. A problem only in developing countries
- C. One of the top ten threats to global health
- D. A natural response to new vaccines
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Smallpox was completely eliminated worldwide in 1980.
- All vaccines require multiple doses to be effective.
- Geographic barriers can prevent vaccines from reaching some populations.
- mRNA vaccines were developed before traditional vaccines.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.
-
The __ is essential for keeping vaccines at the proper temperature during storage and transport.
-
Educational campaigns provide accurate information to combat __ about vaccine safety.
-
Many countries require certain vaccinations as __ to ensure high coverage among students.
-
The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the need for stronger __ in global disease prevention efforts.
PASSAGE 2 – Water Sanitation and Infectious Disease Control
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
Access to clean water and adequate sanitation represents one of the most fundamental determinants of public health. Throughout history, the relationship between water quality and disease has been well documented, yet billions of people worldwide still lack access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities. Public health initiatives focused on improving water and sanitation infrastructure have proven to be among the most cost-effective interventions for preventing infectious diseases, particularly in low-income regions where such diseases remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality.
The connection between contaminated water and disease transmission was first scientifically established in the mid-19th century by Dr. John Snow, a London physician who traced a cholera outbreak to a contaminated public water pump. His pioneering epidemiological work demonstrated that cholera spread through water rather than air, as previously believed. This discovery catalyzed significant improvements in urban water systems and sewage treatment across Europe and North America. The subsequent decline in waterborne diseases in these regions provided compelling evidence that investment in water infrastructure yields substantial public health benefits.
Waterborne pathogens cause various infectious diseases, including cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and hepatitis A. These diseases disproportionately affect children under five years old, who are more vulnerable to dehydration and malnutrition resulting from gastrointestinal infections. According to WHO estimates, diarrheal diseases alone cause approximately 485,000 deaths annually among children, with the majority occurring in regions lacking adequate water and sanitation facilities. What are the effects of urbanization on public health? đã chỉ ra mối liên hệ chặt chẽ giữa đô thị hóa nhanh và những thách thức về vệ sinh môi trường, đặc biệt trong các khu vực thiếu cơ sở hạ tầng.
Modern public health strategies for water sanitation encompass multiple approaches. The first priority involves ensuring access to improved water sources, which are defined as sources protected from external contamination, particularly fecal matter. Examples include piped water systems, protected wells, and rainwater collection systems. The second component focuses on sanitation facilities that safely separate human waste from human contact, such as flush toilets connected to sewage systems or improved pit latrines. The third element emphasizes hygiene practices, particularly handwashing with soap at critical times, such as after using the toilet and before preparing food.
Large-scale infrastructure projects have transformed public health outcomes in many countries. In the early 20th century, cities in developed nations invested heavily in centralized water treatment and sewage systems. These systems typically include multiple stages of water purification: coagulation and flocculation remove suspended particles, sedimentation allows particles to settle, filtration removes remaining impurities, and disinfection (usually with chlorine) kills remaining microorganisms. Such comprehensive treatment dramatically reduces pathogen levels, making water safe for human consumption.
However, implementing similar infrastructure in developing regions presents considerable challenges. The capital investment required for centralized systems often exceeds available resources in low-income countries. Additionally, maintaining and operating such systems requires technical expertise and reliable electricity supplies, which may be lacking in many areas. As a result, public health initiatives have increasingly focused on decentralized solutions that can be implemented at the community or household level.
Point-of-use water treatment methods offer practical alternatives where centralized systems are not feasible. These approaches include solar disinfection, where water in clear plastic bottles is exposed to sunlight for several hours, killing most pathogens. Ceramic filters can remove bacteria and protozoa, though not viruses. Chemical disinfection with chlorine tablets provides effective pathogen reduction and is particularly useful during emergencies or disease outbreaks. Each method has advantages and limitations regarding effectiveness, cost, and user acceptance.
Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) has emerged as an innovative approach to improving sanitation in rural areas. Rather than providing subsidies for toilet construction, CLTS uses participatory methods to raise awareness about the health impacts of open defecation and mobilize communities to construct and use toilets. This approach addresses the behavioral and social dimensions of sanitation, recognizing that infrastructure alone is insufficient without behavior change. Studies have shown that CLTS can significantly reduce open defecation rates and improve health outcomes when implemented effectively.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015, include specific targets for water and sanitation. SDG 6 aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. Achieving this goal requires accelerating progress significantly, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where access gaps are largest. International partnerships between governments, NGOs, and multilateral organizations are working to mobilize resources and expertise to expand coverage.
Research continues to identify new challenges and opportunities in water sanitation. Climate change is affecting water availability and quality in many regions, requiring adaptive strategies. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), partly driven by antibiotic residues in water systems, poses an emerging threat. Conversely, technological advances offer promise: nanotechnology is being explored for water purification, while smart monitoring systems can detect contamination more rapidly. One interesting parallel can be seen in How is AI transforming the global healthcare industry?, where similar technological innovations are revolutionizing disease detection and prevention.
The economic benefits of water and sanitation improvements extend beyond health. Studies estimate that every dollar invested in water and sanitation yields approximately four dollars in economic returns through reduced healthcare costs, increased productivity, and prevented deaths. For children, access to improved sanitation is associated with better educational outcomes, as students miss fewer school days due to illness. These multiplier effects underscore why water and sanitation initiatives represent strategic investments in human development.
Moving forward, addressing water and sanitation challenges requires integrated approaches that consider technical, social, economic, and environmental factors. Success depends on sustained political commitment, adequate financing, capacity building, and meaningful community participation. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the critical importance of water and hygiene, particularly handwashing, in preventing disease transmission. This renewed attention may provide momentum for accelerating progress toward universal access to safe water and sanitation.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Water sanitation initiatives are among the most economical ways to prevent infectious diseases.
- Dr. John Snow’s discovery about cholera transmission led to immediate improvements in all European cities.
- Children under five are especially susceptible to diseases caused by contaminated water.
- Centralized water treatment systems are always superior to decentralized solutions.
- Climate change has no significant impact on water quality and availability.
Questions 19-22: Matching Headings
The passage has twelve paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 4-7 from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
- i. Economic returns from sanitation investments
- ii. Historical discovery linking water to disease
- iii. Three-pronged approach to water sanitation
- iv. Challenges of implementing centralized systems
- v. The role of international organizations
- vi. Traditional water treatment methods
- vii. Alternative water treatment for households
- viii. Climate change and water resources
- Paragraph 4
- Paragraph 5
- Paragraph 6
- Paragraph 7
Questions 23-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
Word Box:
behavior, subsidies, toilets, awareness, rural, urban, construction, disease, participation, facilities
Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) represents an innovative strategy for improving sanitation in (23) __ areas. Instead of providing (24) __ for building facilities, this method uses participatory techniques to increase (25) __ about health consequences of open defecation. CLTS recognizes that infrastructure must be accompanied by (26) __ change to be truly effective.
PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic Dimensions of Public Health Interventions
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The efficacy of public health initiatives in disease prevention cannot be adequately assessed without examining the complex interplay between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes. Contemporary public health scholarship increasingly recognizes that disease prevention transcends purely biomedical interventions, requiring comprehensive strategies that address the social determinants of health—the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These determinants, which include factors such as income, education, employment, social support networks, and environmental conditions, exert profound influences on population health and shape the success or failure of disease prevention programs.
The concept of health equity has become paramount in public health discourse, referring to the absence of systematic disparities in health outcomes between social groups. Research consistently demonstrates that disadvantaged populations experience disproportionately high rates of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. This health gradient reflects not merely differences in individual behaviors but rather the cumulative effects of structural inequalities that limit access to health-promoting resources and expose certain populations to health-damaging conditions. For instance, individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) face heightened risks for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases, with these disparities persisting even in countries with universal healthcare systems.
The fundamental causes theory, articulated by Link and Phelan, posits that socioeconomic status functions as a fundamental cause of health inequalities because it embodies access to resources that can be used to avoid risks and adopt protective strategies regardless of the specific disease mechanisms prevalent in a given era. This theory helps explain why health disparities have remained remarkably stable over time despite dramatic changes in disease patterns and medical knowledge. Those with greater resources can leverage new health information and technologies more effectively, thereby maintaining or even widening health gaps. This theoretical framework has important implications for public health initiatives, suggesting that interventions targeting only immediate disease risk factors may have limited impact on overall health equity unless they also address underlying social conditions.
Educational attainment represents one of the most robust predictors of health outcomes across diverse populations and contexts. The relationship between education and health operates through multiple pathways. Education enhances health literacy—the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions. Individuals with higher education levels demonstrate greater capacity to navigate complex healthcare systems, critically evaluate health information, and implement preventive health behaviors. Moreover, education facilitates access to better-paying occupations with safer working conditions and more comprehensive health benefits. The transgenerational effects of parental education on children’s health further amplify these advantages, creating self-reinforcing patterns of health inequality.
Public health initiatives must therefore consider how educational barriers may impede program effectiveness. Nghiên cứu về How to support mental health in older adults đã chứng minh rằng các yếu tố xã hội như trình độ học vấn và mạng lưới hỗ trợ cộng đồng đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc duy trì sức khỏe lâu dài. Health communication strategies that fail to account for varying literacy levels may inadvertently exclude those most in need of intervention. This recognition has spurred development of culturally tailored health education materials and programs that employ plain language principles, visual aids, and community health workers who can serve as trusted intermediaries between healthcare systems and underserved populations.
Income and economic security profoundly shape health trajectories through multiple mechanisms. Financial resources determine access to adequate nutrition, safe housing, and healthcare services. Economic instability generates chronic stress, which has been linked to dysregulation of physiological systems, including immune function and inflammatory responses. The allostatic load hypothesis suggests that repeated exposure to stressors associated with socioeconomic adversity leads to cumulative physiological wear and tear that increases disease susceptibility. Consequently, public health initiatives implemented in economically disadvantaged communities may demonstrate diminished effectiveness if they do not incorporate complementary strategies to ameliorate economic hardship.
Cash transfer programs and economic empowerment initiatives have emerged as innovative approaches to disease prevention that operate by addressing underlying economic determinants. For example, conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America, which provide financial assistance to low-income families contingent on meeting health-related requirements such as childhood vaccinations and prenatal care visits, have demonstrated significant improvements in various health indicators. Similarly, microfinance programs targeted at women in developing countries have been associated with improved child nutrition and reduced infectious disease rates. These interventions illustrate how public health and economic development objectives can be synergistically integrated.
Social capital—the networks, norms, and trust that enable cooperation and collective action among community members—represents another critical dimension influencing public health outcomes. Communities with strong social capital demonstrate greater resilience in responding to health threats, more effective dissemination of health information, and enhanced capacity for collective disease prevention efforts. The importance of social capital became particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, where communities with stronger social networks exhibited better compliance with public health measures and more effective mutual support systems. Public health initiatives that strengthen social capital through community engagement and participatory approaches may thus yield benefits that extend beyond immediate program objectives.
However, social capital’s relationship with health is complex and sometimes paradoxical. While bonding social capital—strong ties within homogeneous groups—can provide important support, it may also reinforce health-damaging behaviors and perpetuate misinformation if group norms oppose evidence-based health practices. Bridging social capital, which connects diverse groups, may be more conducive to positive health outcomes by facilitating access to varied resources and perspectives. Tương tự như những thách thức trong How biodiversity loss affects ecosystem services, where loss of diversity weakens entire systems, homogeneous social networks without broader connections may prove less adaptive to new health challenges.
Environmental justice concerns intersect significantly with public health initiatives. Disadvantaged communities disproportionately experience exposure to environmental hazards such as air pollution, contaminated water, toxic waste sites, and inadequate green space. These environmental inequities contribute substantially to health disparities, causing elevated rates of asthma, lead poisoning, certain cancers, and other conditions. Public health initiatives that fail to address these environmental determinants may achieve only limited success. Conversely, interventions that combine disease prevention with environmental remediation can produce synergistic benefits, improving both immediate health outcomes and longer-term community well-being.
The life course perspective offers valuable insights for designing public health initiatives that acknowledge how exposures and experiences during critical periods of development shape disease risk across the lifespan. In utero and early childhood represent particularly sensitive periods where adverse conditions can have lasting effects on health. The concept of developmental origins of health and disease posits that environmental factors during early development can program physiological systems in ways that influence disease susceptibility decades later. This understanding supports public health investments in maternal and child health as foundational disease prevention strategies with long-term population health dividends.
Implementation science, an emerging discipline, examines factors that influence successful translation of evidence-based interventions into diverse real-world settings. Research in this field reveals that interventions proving effective in controlled research environments often produce disappointing results when implemented broadly, partly due to insufficient attention to contextual factors, including socioeconomic conditions. Adaptability and contextual tailoring while maintaining intervention fidelity represent key challenges. Public health initiatives must balance standardization, which facilitates quality assurance and scalability, with flexibility to accommodate local socioeconomic realities and community preferences.
The political economy of health further illuminates how power relations and economic structures shape both disease patterns and public health responses. Policy decisions regarding resource allocation, labor regulations, environmental protections, and social safety nets profoundly influence population health, often with differential impacts across social groups. Public health advocacy increasingly recognizes the necessity of addressing upstream policy determinants through multi-sectoral collaboration and Health in All Policies approaches that consider health implications of decisions across government sectors. Such systemic interventions acknowledge that sustainable disease prevention requires transforming the socioeconomic contexts that generate health inequalities.
As global health challenges evolve, incorporating socioeconomic perspectives into public health initiatives becomes increasingly imperative. The syndemic framework, which examines how social conditions facilitate adverse disease interactions, offers particularly relevant insights for addressing contemporary health challenges where multiple co-occurring epidemics disproportionately affect disadvantaged populations. Effective disease prevention in the 21st century demands holistic approaches that integrate biomedical, behavioral, social, economic, and environmental strategies, implemented through processes that ensure equitable distribution of benefits and meaningful participation of affected communities in program design and implementation.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, the social determinants of health include:
- A. Only income and education levels
- B. Biological and genetic factors exclusively
- C. Conditions throughout people’s lives affecting their health
- D. Medical treatments and interventions
-
The fundamental causes theory suggests that:
- A. Health disparities will naturally disappear over time
- B. Socioeconomic status provides resources to avoid risks across different eras
- C. Medical advances will eliminate all health inequalities
- D. Individual behaviors are the primary cause of health disparities
-
Education affects health through:
- A. Only improving health literacy
- B. Exclusively providing better job opportunities
- C. Multiple interconnected pathways
- D. Reducing the need for medical care
-
Conditional cash transfer programs work by:
- A. Replacing all public health interventions
- B. Providing money without any requirements
- C. Linking financial assistance to health-related behaviors
- D. Only targeting wealthy families
-
According to the passage, bonding social capital:
- A. Is always beneficial for health outcomes
- B. Can sometimes reinforce harmful behaviors
- C. Only exists in wealthy communities
- D. Has no relationship with health
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).
Concepts:
32. Allostatic load hypothesis
33. Life course perspective
34. Implementation science
35. Syndemic framework
36. Health in All Policies
Descriptions:
- A. Studies how to successfully implement interventions in real-world settings
- B. Examines how social conditions cause diseases to interact negatively
- C. Suggests chronic stress causes cumulative physiological damage
- D. Focuses only on genetic factors in disease
- E. Considers how experiences during development affect lifelong health
- F. Proposes considering health impacts in all government decisions
- G. Ignores socioeconomic factors in health
- H. Only addresses immediate disease symptoms
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
-
What type of social capital connects diverse groups and may lead to better health outcomes?
-
What communities experience disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards like pollution and toxic waste?
-
Which sensitive period can have lasting effects on health outcomes decades later?
-
What type of approaches integrate strategies across biomedical, social, and environmental dimensions?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- B
- C
- C
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- FALSE
- cold chain
- misinformation
- school entry requirements
- international cooperation
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- NO
- NO
- iii
- vi
- iv
- vii
- rural
- subsidies
- awareness
- behavior
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- B
- C
- C
- B
- C
- E
- A
- B
- F
- Bridging social capital
- Disadvantaged communities
- Early childhood / In utero
- Holistic approaches
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Edward Jenner, known for
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Edward Jenner, an English physician, developed the first successful vaccine against smallpox in 1796”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B “Creating the first smallpox vaccine”.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Vaccines work by
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-5
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or inactive form of a disease-causing organism into the body. This exposure allows the immune system to recognize and remember the pathogen”. Điều này tương ứng với đáp án C về việc huấn luyện hệ miễn dịch nhận diện mầm bệnh.
Câu 3: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: polio vaccine, significant
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nhấn mạnh “The vaccine’s success led to the near eradication of polio in most parts of the world”, nghĩa là vaccine bại liệt dẫn đến việc gần như loại bỏ bệnh này trên toàn thế giới.
Câu 6: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Smallpox, completely eliminated, 1980
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Câu “Smallpox…was officially declared eradicated in 1980” khớp chính xác với thông tin trong câu hỏi.
Câu 7: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: All vaccines, multiple doses
- Giải thích: Bài đọc không đề cập đến việc tất cả vaccine đều cần nhiều liều để có hiệu quả. Thông tin này không được đề cập trong passage.
Câu 10: cold chain
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: keeping vaccines, proper temperature
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Câu trong bài viết “maintaining the cold chain to keep vaccines at the correct temperature” chứa từ cần điền.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Water sanitation initiatives, most economical
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “Public health initiatives focused on improving water and sanitation infrastructure have proven to be among the most cost-effective interventions”. Đây là quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả, khớp với câu hỏi.
Câu 15: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Dr. John Snow’s discovery, immediate improvements, all European cities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói khám phá của ông “catalyzed significant improvements” ở châu Âu và Bắc Mỹ, nhưng không nói là “immediate” hay ở “all European cities”.
Câu 19: iii – Three-pronged approach to water sanitation
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: Đoạn này mô tả ba cách tiếp cận: “The first priority involves ensuring access to improved water sources”, “The second component focuses on sanitation facilities”, và “The third element emphasizes hygiene practices”.
Câu 23-26: Summary Completion
- Từ cần điền: rural, subsidies, awareness, behavior
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn về CLTS chứa tất cả các từ này: “improving sanitation in rural areas”, “Rather than providing subsidies”, “raise awareness”, và “addresses the behavioral…dimensions”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: social determinants of health, include
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa rõ “the social determinants of health—the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age”, tức là các điều kiện trong suốt cuộc đời con người.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: fundamental causes theory, suggests
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: Lý thuyết này “posits that socioeconomic status functions as a fundamental cause…because it embodies access to resources that can be used to avoid risks…regardless of the specific disease mechanisms prevalent in a given era”.
Câu 31: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: bonding social capital
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ ra “bonding social capital…can provide important support, it may also reinforce health-damaging behaviors and perpetuate misinformation”, cho thấy nó có thể củng cố các hành vi có hại.
Câu 32: C – Allostatic load hypothesis
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “The allostatic load hypothesis suggests that repeated exposure to stressors…leads to cumulative physiological wear and tear”, khớp với mô tả C về thiệt hại sinh lý tích lũy từ stress mãn tính.
Câu 37: Bridging social capital
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: connects diverse groups, better health outcomes
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “Bridging social capital, which connects diverse groups, may be more conducive to positive health outcomes”.
Câu 40: Holistic approaches
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: integrate strategies, biomedical, social, environmental
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Effective disease prevention…demands holistic approaches that integrate biomedical, behavioral, social, economic, and environmental strategies”.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vaccination | n | /ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃn/ | tiêm chúng, chủng ngừa | Vaccination has been one of humanity’s most significant achievements | vaccination program, vaccination campaign |
| immunization | n | /ˌɪmjunaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | miễn dịch, chủng ngừa | The practice of immunization dates back to the late 18th century | immunization schedule, mass immunization |
| groundbreaking | adj | /ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ/ | mang tính đột phá, mở đường | This groundbreaking discovery laid the foundation | groundbreaking research, groundbreaking innovation |
| immune system | n | /ɪˈmjuːn ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ miễn dịch | This exposure allows the immune system to recognize pathogens | strengthen immune system, immune system response |
| antibodies | n | /ˈæntɪbɒdiz/ | kháng thể | The immune system can quickly produce antibodies | antibody production, antibody response |
| eradication | n | /ɪˌrædɪˈkeɪʃn/ | xóa bỏ, tiêu diệt hoàn toàn | The vaccine’s success led to the near eradication of polio | disease eradication, eradication campaign |
| herd immunity | n | /hɜːd ɪˈmjuːnəti/ | miễn dịch cộng đồng | These programs help establish herd immunity | achieve herd immunity, herd immunity threshold |
| outbreak | n | /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ | sự bùng phát (dịch bệnh) | This hesitancy can lead to outbreaks of preventable diseases | disease outbreak, outbreak control |
| misinformation | n | /ˌmɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/ | thông tin sai lệch | Some parents choose not to vaccinate due to misinformation | spread misinformation, combat misinformation |
| logistics | n | /ləˈdʒɪstɪks/ | hậu cần, công tác tổ chức | The need for proper vaccine storage presents logistical challenges | logistical support, logistical barriers |
| hesitancy | n | /ˈhezɪtənsi/ | sự do dự, ngần ngại | Vaccine hesitancy has been identified as a top threat | vaccine hesitancy, hesitancy rates |
| mortality | n | /mɔːˈtæləti/ | tỷ lệ tử vong | Diphtheria was once a common cause of childhood mortality | infant mortality, mortality rate |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sanitation | n | /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ | vệ sinh, điều kiện vệ sinh | Water sanitation represents a fundamental determinant of public health | sanitation facilities, improved sanitation |
| fundamental | adj | /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ | cơ bản, căn bản | Access to clean water represents one of the most fundamental determinants | fundamental rights, fundamental principles |
| cost-effective | adj | /kɒst ɪˈfektɪv/ | hiệu quả về chi phí | Public health initiatives have proven to be cost-effective interventions | cost-effective solution, cost-effective approach |
| pioneering | adj | /ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ/ | tiên phong, mở đường | His pioneering epidemiological work demonstrated that cholera spread through water | pioneering research, pioneering work |
| waterborne | adj | /ˈwɔːtəbɔːn/ | lây truyền qua nước | The subsequent decline in waterborne diseases provided compelling evidence | waterborne pathogens, waterborne illnesses |
| pathogen | n | /ˈpæθədʒən/ | mầm bệnh, tác nhân gây bệnh | Waterborne pathogens cause various infectious diseases | pathogen transmission, pathogen reduction |
| vulnerable | adj | /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ | dễ bị tổn thương, yếu ớt | Children under five are more vulnerable to dehydration | vulnerable populations, vulnerable groups |
| encompass | v | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | bao gồm, bao trùm | Modern strategies encompass multiple approaches | encompass a range of, encompass various aspects |
| disinfection | n | /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekʃn/ | khử trùng | Disinfection usually with chlorine kills remaining microorganisms | water disinfection, disinfection methods |
| decentralized | adj | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/ | phi tập trung | Public health initiatives have focused on decentralized solutions | decentralized systems, decentralized approach |
| point-of-use | adj | /pɔɪnt əv juːs/ | tại điểm sử dụng | Point-of-use water treatment methods offer practical alternatives | point-of-use treatment, point-of-use technology |
| participatory | adj | /pɑːˈtɪsɪpətəri/ | có sự tham gia | CLTS uses participatory methods to raise awareness | participatory approach, participatory methods |
| behavioral | adj | /bɪˈheɪvjərəl/ | thuộc về hành vi | This approach addresses the behavioral dimensions of sanitation | behavioral change, behavioral factors |
| multilateral | adj | /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ | đa phương | International partnerships between governments and multilateral organizations | multilateral cooperation, multilateral agreements |
| antimicrobial resistance | n | /ˌæntɪmaɪˈkrəʊbiəl rɪˈzɪstəns/ | kháng kháng sinh | Antimicrobial resistance poses an emerging threat | antimicrobial resistance crisis, combat antimicrobial resistance |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| interplay | n | /ˈɪntəpleɪ/ | sự tương tác | The complex interplay between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes | interplay between, interplay of factors |
| biomedical | adj | /ˌbaɪəʊˈmedɪkl/ | y sinh học | Disease prevention transcends purely biomedical interventions | biomedical research, biomedical science |
| determinants | n | /dɪˈtɜːmɪnənts/ | yếu tố quyết định | The social determinants of health include income and education | health determinants, key determinants |
| exert | v | /ɪɡˈzɜːt/ | gây ra, tác động | These determinants exert profound influences on population health | exert influence, exert pressure |
| paramount | adj | /ˈpærəmaʊnt/ | tối quan trọng, tối thượng | Health equity has become paramount in public health discourse | of paramount importance, paramount concern |
| disparities | n | /dɪˈspærətiz/ | sự chênh lệch, bất bình đẳng | The absence of systematic disparities in health outcomes | health disparities, reduce disparities |
| cumulative | adj | /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/ | tích lũy | The health gradient reflects cumulative effects of structural inequalities | cumulative effect, cumulative impact |
| articulated | v | /ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪtɪd/ | trình bày, phát biểu | The fundamental causes theory articulated by Link and Phelan | clearly articulated, well-articulated |
| embodies | v | /ɪmˈbɒdiz/ | thể hiện, tượng trưng cho | Socioeconomic status embodies access to resources | embodies the principle, embodies values |
| prevalent | adj | /ˈprevələnt/ | phổ biến, thịnh hành | Regardless of disease mechanisms prevalent in a given era | prevalent diseases, prevalent conditions |
| leverage | v | /ˈliːvərɪdʒ/ | tận dụng, khai thác | Those with greater resources can leverage new health information | leverage resources, leverage technology |
| robust | adj | /rəʊˈbʌst/ | mạnh mẽ, vững chắc | Educational attainment represents one of the most robust predictors | robust evidence, robust system |
| transgenerational | adj | /ˌtrænzdʒenəˈreɪʃənl/ | xuyên thế hệ | The transgenerational effects of parental education | transgenerational effects, transgenerational transmission |
| amplify | v | /ˈæmplɪfaɪ/ | khuếch đại, tăng cường | These advantages further amplify health inequality patterns | amplify effects, amplify differences |
| dysregulation | n | /dɪsˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/ | rối loạn điều hòa | Economic instability leads to dysregulation of physiological systems | immune dysregulation, metabolic dysregulation |
| ameliorate | v | /əˈmiːliəreɪt/ | cải thiện, làm dịu bớt | Strategies to ameliorate economic hardship | ameliorate conditions, ameliorate problems |
| synergistically | adv | /ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪkli/ | một cách hiệp đồng | How public health and economic objectives can be synergistically integrated | work synergistically, synergistically combined |
| resilience | n | /rɪˈzɪliəns/ | khả năng phục hồi | Communities with strong social capital demonstrate greater resilience | build resilience, resilience capacity |
| paradoxical | adj | /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/ | nghịch lý | Social capital’s relationship with health is sometimes paradoxical | paradoxical effect, paradoxical situation |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề về vai trò của các sáng kiến y tế công cộng trong phòng ngừa dịch bệnh không chỉ là nội dung quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề sức khỏe cộng đồng cấp thiết trên toàn cầu. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ lịch sử và tác động của các chương trình tiêm chủng, đến vệ sinh nước và kiểm soát bệnh truyền nhiễm, rồi đến những khía cạnh xã hội kinh tế phức tạp của các can thiệp y tế công cộng.
Bộ 40 câu hỏi đa dạng trong đề thi này đã giúp bạn làm quen với tất cả các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading, từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, đến Matching Headings và Summary Completion. Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và chiến lược tìm đáp án, giúp bạn tự đánh giá và cải thiện kỹ năng làm bài.
Từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ là nguồn tài liệu quý giá cho việc học từ vựng chuyên ngành y tế và khoa học xã hội, những lĩnh vực thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Hãy dành thời gian học kỹ các collocations và cách sử dụng từ trong ngữ cảnh để nâng cao band điểm.
Để đạt kết quả tốt trong IELTS Reading, hãy thực hành đều đặn với các đề thi có cấu trúc tương tự, chú ý quản lý thời gian và áp dụng các kỹ thuật skimming, scanning hiệu quả. Chúc bạn ôn tập tốt và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi sắp tới!
