IELTS Reading: Vai trò Năng lượng Tái tạo trong Điện khí hóa Nông thôn – Đề thi Mẫu có Đáp án Chi tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và điện khí hóa nông thôn đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Đây là một trong những chủ đề thuộc nhóm Environment & Technology, thường xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong cả ba passages của bài thi. Việc nắm vững kiến thức về lĩnh vực này không chỉ giúp bạn làm tốt phần Reading mà còn hỗ trợ đắc lực cho các phần Writing Task 2 và Speaking Part 3.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng như trong kỳ thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất: Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.

Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc bài thi thực tế và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản và khoa học.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic, đòi hỏi thí sinh hoàn thành 40 câu hỏi trong vòng 60 phút. Bài thi gồm 3 passages với độ dài tổng cộng khoảng 2,750 từ, được sắp xếp theo thứ tự độ khó tăng dần.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi, độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi, độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi, độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian phụ để chuyển đáp án sang Answer Sheet, do đó bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice Questions – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả đồng ý/không đồng ý/không đề cập
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thiện câu
7. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
8. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đều yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau, từ scanning, skimming đến đọc hiểu chi tiết và phân tích suy luận.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Rural Electrification Through Solar Power

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Access to electricity remains one of the most fundamental challenges facing rural communities in developing countries. While urban areas have enjoyed nearly universal electricity coverage for decades, approximately 770 million people worldwide still live without access to reliable electrical power, with the majority residing in rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Traditional grid extension to these remote areas has proven both economically unfeasible and technically challenging, leading governments and international organizations to explore alternative solutions.

Solar power technology has emerged as a game-changing solution for rural electrification. Unlike conventional power plants that require extensive infrastructure and continuous fuel supply, solar panels can be installed relatively quickly and operate independently in off-grid locations. The dramatic decline in solar panel costs over the past decade – falling by more than 80% since 2010 – has made this technology increasingly accessible to low-income communities. A typical household solar system can now be purchased for less than $200, making it affordable for many rural families who previously spent similar amounts annually on kerosene lamps and battery charging.

The impact of solar electrification extends far beyond simply providing light after dark. In Bangladesh, the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) has facilitated the installation of over 6 million solar home systems since 2003, benefiting approximately 18 million people. Studies conducted in these communities reveal multiple transformative effects. Children can study for an additional 2-3 hours per evening, leading to measurably improved academic performance. Small businesses can extend their operating hours, increasing income by an average of 30%. Healthcare facilities can refrigerate vaccines and medicines, dramatically reducing preventable diseases. Women report feeling safer with adequate lighting and spend less time on fuel collection, allowing them to pursue income-generating activities or education.

However, the deployment of solar technology in rural areas is not without challenges. The initial capital cost, though declining, remains a significant barrier for the poorest households. Many families lack the savings or credit access necessary to make the upfront investment. To address this, various innovative financing models have emerged. Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems allow customers to purchase solar equipment through small, regular payments made via mobile money platforms. This approach has proven particularly successful in Kenya, where companies like M-KOPA have connected over one million homes to solar power. Customers typically pay a small deposit and then make daily payments of around $0.50 for 12-18 months, after which they own the system outright.

Another challenge involves technical capacity and maintenance support. Solar equipment, while increasingly reliable, does require occasional maintenance and repairs. In remote rural areas, the lack of trained technicians can mean extended power outages when systems malfunction. Some successful programs have addressed this by training local entrepreneurs as authorized service providers, creating employment opportunities while ensuring technical support availability. These technicians receive training not only in equipment repair but also in business management, helping them establish sustainable service enterprises.

The environmental benefits of solar rural electrification are substantial and multifaceted. By replacing kerosene lamps, which emit both harmful fumes and greenhouse gases, solar systems improve indoor air quality while reducing carbon emissions. The World Bank estimates that replacing a single kerosene lamp with a solar light prevents approximately 200 kilograms of CO₂ emissions annually. At scale, this represents a significant contribution to climate change mitigation. Additionally, solar power eliminates the need for diesel generators, which are expensive to operate, noisy, and produce local air pollution.

Looking forward, technology improvements promise to make solar rural electrification even more effective. Battery storage capacity continues to increase while costs decline, allowing households to store more energy for use during cloudy periods or at night. Smart grid technologies enable better energy management and allow surplus power to be shared within communities. Integration with other technologies, such as water pumps and refrigeration systems, multiplies the development impact of rural electrification. Governments and development agencies increasingly recognize that providing electricity access is not simply about installing technology but about enabling comprehensive rural development that addresses multiple dimensions of poverty simultaneously.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. The majority of people without electricity live in rural areas of Africa and Asia.
2. Solar panels require more infrastructure than conventional power plants.
3. The cost of solar panels has decreased by over 80% in the last ten years.
4. All rural families in Bangladesh now have access to solar power.
5. Solar home systems cost approximately the same as annual spending on kerosene and batteries.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. In Bangladesh, children can study for an extra __ each evening due to solar lighting.
7. Small businesses using solar power have increased their income by about __ on average.
8. The __ allows customers to buy solar equipment through small regular payments.
9. M-KOPA, a company in Kenya, has provided solar power to more than __ homes.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, traditional grid extension to rural areas has been:

• A) Completed in most developing countries
• B) Economically and technically difficult
• C) Preferred by rural communities
• D) Funded entirely by governments

11. What is mentioned as a benefit of training local entrepreneurs as service providers?

• A) It reduces the cost of solar panels
• B) It creates jobs and ensures technical support
• C) It eliminates the need for maintenance
• D) It increases government revenue

12. Replacing one kerosene lamp with solar light prevents approximately how much CO₂ annually?

• A) 100 kilograms
• B) 150 kilograms
• C) 200 kilograms
• D) 250 kilograms

13. According to the final paragraph, future improvements in battery technology will:

• A) Eliminate the need for solar panels
• B) Make solar power work only at night
• C) Allow more energy storage for cloudy periods
• D) Replace all other electricity sources

PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Social Dimensions of Renewable Energy in Remote Communities

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The socioeconomic transformation catalyzed by renewable energy deployment in remote rural regions represents a paradigm shift in international development strategy. Historically, rural development initiatives have operated under the assumption that centralized grid extension would eventually reach all populated areas, an assumption that has proven increasingly untenable. The International Energy Agency estimates that achieving universal electricity access through traditional grid expansion would require investments exceeding $1.2 trillion and would not be completed until after 2050. In contrast, decentralized renewable energy systems offer a pathway to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 – ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all – within a considerably shorter timeframe and at substantially lower cost.

Hệ thống năng lượng tái tạo phân tán tại khu vực nông thôn xa xôi phát triển bền vững

The economic multiplier effects of rural electrification through renewable sources extend considerably beyond the immediate provision of lighting and basic appliances. Empirical research conducted across multiple continents demonstrates that electricity access serves as a foundational enabler of economic diversification and productivity enhancement. In India’s rural entrepreneurship landscape, the proliferation of solar-powered systems has facilitated the emergence of entirely new business categories. Micro-enterprises specializing in mobile phone charging, cold storage for agricultural produce, small-scale food processing, and tailoring have flourished in previously unelectrified villages. A longitudinal study conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) tracking 500 villages over five years found that communities with reliable renewable electricity experienced a 23% increase in non-agricultural employment and a 19% rise in per capita income compared to control groups.

The gender dimension of renewable rural electrification deserves particular attention, as women disproportionately bear the burden of energy poverty and conversely gain substantial benefits from improved energy access. In the absence of electrical power, women typically shoulder responsibility for biomass fuel collection – an activity consuming 5-7 hours daily in many regions and exposing them to physical danger during collection trips. This opportunity cost prevents participation in education, income generation, and community leadership. Furthermore, the health consequences of cooking with traditional biomass fuels in poorly ventilated spaces cause approximately 3.8 million premature deaths annually, predominantly among women and children. Solar-powered cooking systems and electric cookstoves eliminate these health hazards while freeing women’s time for more productive pursuits. Research from Nepal indicates that women in solar-electrified villages are 40% more likely to participate in formal education programs and 35% more likely to engage in income-generating activities outside the household.

The educational implications of renewable rural electrification are both direct and profound. Beyond enabling extended study hours, electricity access fundamentally transforms pedagogical possibilities. Schools equipped with solar power can utilize computers, internet connectivity, and digital learning resources, helping to bridge the urban-rural educational divide. In Rwanda, the government’s initiative to provide solar power to all schools has been coupled with laptop distribution and satellite internet access, enabling students in remote villages to access world-class educational content. Preliminary assessments suggest that standardized test scores in electrified schools have improved by an average of 17% compared to their pre-electrification baselines. The impact extends to teacher recruitment and retention, as qualified educators are more willing to accept rural postings when schools possess modern amenities.

However, the successful implementation of renewable energy projects in rural contexts requires careful attention to institutional frameworks, community engagement, and sustainability considerations that extend beyond purely technical dimensions. The literature on renewable energy projects is replete with examples of well-intentioned initiatives that failed due to inadequate consideration of socio-cultural factors, inappropriate technology choices, or absence of maintenance protocols. The concept of community ownership has emerged as a critical success factor. Projects designed with meaningful local participation from conception through implementation demonstrate significantly higher success rates and long-term viability. In Tanzania, a comparative study examined two similar solar electrification projects – one implemented through a top-down approach with minimal community consultation, the other utilizing participatory design methods. After three years, 78% of systems in the participatory project remained operational, compared to only 34% in the top-down initiative.

The financial sustainability of renewable rural electrification projects represents an ongoing challenge requiring innovative solutions. While capital costs have declined dramatically, ensuring sufficient revenue streams for operational expenses, maintenance, and eventual equipment replacement remains problematic. Many rural households have limited and irregular income, making consistent tariff collection difficult. Some successful projects have adopted tiered pricing structures that cross-subsidize residential users through higher tariffs for commercial and institutional customers. Others have diversified revenue by providing ancillary services such as mobile phone charging, internet access, and equipment rental. The emergence of digital payment platforms has substantially improved revenue collection, reducing both transaction costs and opportunities for revenue leakage.

Looking beyond individual household systems, mini-grids powered by renewable sources represent the next evolutionary stage in rural electrification. These systems, typically serving 100-1,000 customers, offer higher capacity and reliability than standalone home systems while avoiding the massive infrastructure requirements of traditional grids. Hybrid mini-grids combining solar panels, wind turbines, battery storage, and backup diesel generators can provide 24-hour electricity at quality comparable to urban grid power. The scalability of mini-grids allows them to grow alongside community demand, with additional generation capacity and connections added incrementally. Ethiopia’s ambitious plan to deploy 350 solar mini-grids in remote communities by 2025 exemplifies the growing recognition that distributed renewable systems represent not merely a stopgap measure but potentially the optimal long-term solution for dispersed rural populations.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to the passage, achieving universal electricity through traditional grids would:

• A) Cost over $1.2 trillion and finish after 2050
• B) Be completed by 2030
• C) Cost less than renewable alternatives
• D) Require no international cooperation

15. The TERI study found that villages with renewable electricity experienced:

• A) A 15% increase in agricultural employment
• B) A 23% increase in non-agricultural employment
• C) A 30% increase in population
• D) A decrease in income levels

16. Women in solar-electrified Nepali villages are:

• A) 30% more likely to engage in income activities
• B) 35% more likely to participate in formal education
• C) 40% more likely to participate in education programs
• D) 50% more likely to start businesses

17. In Rwanda, electrified schools showed test score improvements of:

• A) 10% on average
• B) 15% on average
• C) 17% on average
• D) 20% on average

18. The Tanzanian comparative study found that after three years:

• A) All systems remained operational
• B) 78% of participatory project systems still worked
• C) Top-down projects performed better
• D) Both approaches had equal success rates

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The gender impact of renewable rural electrification is significant. Women traditionally spend 5-7 hours daily on (19) __, which represents a major opportunity cost. Additionally, cooking with traditional fuels causes approximately (20) __ premature deaths annually, mostly affecting women and children. When villages receive solar power, women can pursue more (21) __, with research showing increased participation in education and income activities. The (22) __ of cooking with biomass in poorly ventilated areas are eliminated by solar-powered cooking systems. This transformation enables women to engage in (23) __ and participate more fully in community development.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Mini-grids are always superior to individual household solar systems for rural electrification.
25. Community participation in project design significantly improves long-term success rates.
26. Digital payment platforms have improved revenue collection in rural electrification projects.

PASSAGE 3 – Policy Frameworks and Technological Innovation in Distributed Energy Systems

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The ascendancy of renewable energy technologies as the predominant modality for rural electrification reflects not merely technological advancement but a confluence of policy innovation, financial engineering, and evolving understanding of development economics. Contemporary discourse surrounding energy access has transcended simplistic binary distinctions between electrified and non-electrified populations to embrace more nuanced frameworks that consider energy quality, reliability, affordability, and sustainability dimensions. This conceptual evolution finds expression in the multi-tier framework developed by the World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), which categorizes electricity access along a spectrum from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (high capacity, highly reliable), acknowledging that meaningful energy access must enable productive uses beyond mere subsistence lighting.

The regulatory architectures governing distributed renewable energy systems vary considerably across jurisdictions, reflecting divergent political economies, institutional capacities, and development priorities. Progressive policy frameworks that have successfully accelerated rural electrification through renewables typically incorporate several critical elements: streamlined licensing procedures for small-scale generators, cost-reflective tariff structures that nonetheless maintain affordability safeguards for vulnerable populations, standardized power purchase agreements that provide revenue certainty to project developers, and targeted subsidies strategically deployed to address genuine market failures without distorting broader sectoral dynamics. Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) provides instructive lessons, despite its primarily urban focus, particularly regarding the importance of feed-in tariffs and grid access guarantees in stimulating distributed generation. However, the uncritical transplantation of such policy instruments to developing country contexts often proves problematic due to divergent institutional realities and financial constraints.

Khung chính sách năng lượng tái tạo phân tán thúc đẩy điện khí hóa nông thôn

The financing paradigm for rural renewable energy has undergone radical transformation over the past decade, moving from donor-dependent grant funding toward increasingly commercially oriented models that seek to mobilize private capital at scale. This transition reflects both the improving economics of renewable technologies and growing recognition that philanthropic resources alone cannot achieve universal energy access. Blended finance mechanisms – combining concessional public funding with commercial investment – have emerged as particularly efficacious in bridging the gap between developmental imperatives and investor expectations. The donor capital assumes subordinated positions in the capital structure, absorbing first losses and thereby de-risking investments for commercial participants. The Green Climate Fund and various development finance institutions have pioneered such approaches, catalyzing substantial private sector engagement in markets previously considered too risky. Nonetheless, transaction costs associated with small-scale projects remain prohibitively high, spurring innovation in aggregation mechanisms and standardized documentation to achieve economies of scale.

Examining the broader trajectory of energy-focused development policy over the past three decades is crucial for comprehending the dynamics that have led to the increased reliance on renewable solutions in underserved regions. The shift marks an important departure from earlier paradigms that were dominated by large infrastructure projects and centralized planning approaches. Early international development efforts in the 1980s and 1990s primarily focused on expanding national grid infrastructure through substantial investments in large-scale generation facilities—typically coal-fired or hydroelectric power plants—and high-voltage transmission networks intended to connect urban and peri-urban areas. While such initiatives successfully expanded access in densely populated regions, they systematically failed to reach dispersed rural populations due to the high per-capita costs of grid extension and the low revenue potential from impoverished communities. These economic realities created a persistent “last-mile problem” in which the final segment of grid extension to remote areas remained perpetually unviable under conventional cost-recovery frameworks. The growing recognition of this fundamental limitation, coupled with rapid improvements in renewable energy technologies and declining costs, has catalyzed the paradigm shift toward distributed energy solutions that bypass traditional infrastructure constraints entirely.

The technological landscape of distributed renewable systems continues to evolve rapidly, with innovation trajectories increasingly shaped by the specific constraints and opportunity structures of rural deployment contexts. Battery storage technology represents perhaps the most critical frontier, as intermittency challenges inherent in solar and wind generation necessitate robust energy storage solutions to ensure consistent power availability. Lithium-ion batteries, which have dominated recent deployments due to their superior energy density and declining costs, nonetheless face sustainability questions regarding raw material sourcing – particularly cobalt and lithium – and end-of-life disposal. Alternative chemistries including sodium-ion, zinc-air, and various flow battery designs are emerging as potentially more sustainable and cost-effective options for stationary storage applications, though most remain in early commercialization stages. Similarly, solar panel technology continues advancing beyond conventional silicon photovoltaics to include perovskite solar cells, which promise higher efficiency and lower manufacturing costs, and organic photovoltaics, which offer flexibility and lightness particularly advantageous for integration into built environments.

The relationship between renewable rural electrification and climate change mitigation presents both synergies and complexities that merit careful examination. On the most straightforward level, displacing fossil fuel-based energy sources – whether diesel generators, kerosene lamps, or grid electricity generated from coal – with renewable alternatives yields direct emissions reductions. However, quantifying these benefits proves more challenging than might initially appear. Many currently unelectrified households consume minimal energy, such that their electrification – even through renewables – may actually increase absolute emissions compared to their pre-electrification baseline, even while representing dramatically lower emissions than would result from fossil fuel-based electrification. This apparent paradox underscores the necessity of distinguishing between emissions intensity (per unit of energy consumed) and absolute emissions. From a climate justice perspective, rural communities in developing countries have contributed negligibly to historical greenhouse gas emissions and possess a legitimate development imperative to improve living standards, which inevitably requires increased energy consumption. The ethical framework thus focuses not on constraining their energy access but on ensuring that incremental energy demand is met through clean sources rather than replicating the fossil-dependent development pathways of industrialized nations.

The institutional capacity requirements for successful renewable energy deployment at scale are frequently underestimated, with technological enthusiasm often overshadowing the mundane but essential work of building regulatory frameworks, training technical personnel, establishing quality standards, and creating functional supply chains. Capacity building must occur simultaneously across multiple dimensions: government regulators require technical expertise to evaluate proposals and monitor compliance; financial institutions need capacity to assess project viability and structure appropriate financing instruments; local technicians must develop skills in installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting; and communities themselves benefit from energy literacy education enabling informed decision-making regarding energy investments. The most effective capacity development initiatives employ learning-by-doing approaches rather than purely classroom-based training, and emphasize south-south knowledge transfer that contextualizes technical knowledge within similar institutional and resource environments. Ethiopia’s establishment of a dedicated Renewable Energy Training Center that provides practical, hands-on education for technicians, engineers, and policymakers exemplifies institutional innovation supporting sectoral development.

Looking toward the medium-term future, several technological and policy trends appear likely to shape the continued evolution of renewable rural electrification. The convergence of distributed energy systems with digital technologies – encompassing smart meters, mobile payment platforms, remote monitoring systems, and artificial intelligence-enabled demand management – promises to enhance both operational efficiency and user experience while generating valuable data for system optimization. Productive use promotion – deliberately supporting income-generating applications of electricity such as irrigation, refrigeration, processing equipment, and communication technologies – increasingly features in project design, recognizing that economic returns from energy investments strengthen both household-level sustainability and broader community development outcomes. The integration of renewable electrification with other development interventions – including agricultural extension, health service delivery, education quality improvement, and small enterprise development – reflects growing appreciation that electricity access serves as an enabling factor whose development impact multiplies when coordinated with complementary initiatives addressing other binding constraints on rural prosperity.

Questions 27-31

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The World Bank’s ESMAP has developed a (27) __ that categorizes electricity access from Tier 0 to Tier 5, acknowledging that meaningful energy access must enable (28) __ beyond basic lighting. Successful policy frameworks typically include streamlined licensing, (29) __ that maintain affordability, and targeted subsidies addressing genuine market failures. The financing paradigm has shifted from donor-dependent grants toward (30) __ that seek to mobilize private capital. These mechanisms combine concessional public funding with commercial investment, with donor capital taking (31) __ in the capital structure to reduce risk for commercial investors.

Questions 32-36

Matching Features

Match each statement (32-36) with the correct technology or approach (A-H).

List of Technologies/Approaches:

• A) Lithium-ion batteries
• B) Sodium-ion batteries
• C) Perovskite solar cells
• D) Silicon photovoltaics
• E) Organic photovoltaics
• F) Flow batteries
• G) Diesel generators
• H) Grid electricity

32. Currently dominate deployments but face sustainability concerns regarding raw materials
33. Promise higher efficiency and lower manufacturing costs than conventional panels
34. Offer flexibility and lightness suitable for integration into buildings
35. Emerging as potentially more sustainable options for stationary storage
36. Being displaced by renewable alternatives in rural areas

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

37. According to the passage, the “last-mile problem” in rural electrification refers to:

• A) The difficulty of transporting equipment to remote areas
• B) The final segment of grid extension remaining economically unviable
• C) The distance between power plants and rural communities
• D) The last phase of project implementation

38. The passage suggests that rural electrification through renewables may:

• A) Always decrease absolute emissions
• B) Increase absolute emissions compared to pre-electrification levels while having lower emissions intensity
• C) Have no impact on climate change
• D) Eliminate all fossil fuel use immediately

39. According to the passage, which approach to capacity building is most effective?

• A) Purely classroom-based training
• B) Online courses only
• C) Learning-by-doing approaches with south-south knowledge transfer
• D) Training only government officials

40. The convergence of distributed energy systems with digital technologies promises to:

• A) Replace all human operators
• B) Increase costs substantially
• C) Enhance operational efficiency and generate data for optimization
• D) Eliminate the need for maintenance

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE
6. 2-3 hours
7. 30%
8. pay-as-you-go (system) / PAYG (system)
9. one million
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. A
15. B
16. C
17. C
18. B
19. biomass fuel collection
20. 3.8 million
21. productive pursuits
22. health consequences
23. community leadership
24. NOT GIVEN
25. YES
26. YES

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. multi-tier framework
28. productive uses
29. cost-reflective tariff structures
30. commercially oriented models
31. subordinated positions
32. A
33. C
34. E
35. B (hoặc F – cả hai đều chấp nhận)
36. G
37. B
38. B
39. C
40. C

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: majority, people without electricity, rural areas, Africa, Asia
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “approximately 770 million people worldwide still live without access to reliable electrical power, with the majority residing in rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.” Câu hỏi paraphrase “the majority” và các khu vực địa lý khớp với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: solar panels, require more infrastructure, conventional power plants
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “Unlike conventional power plants that require extensive infrastructure and continuous fuel supply, solar panels can be installed relatively quickly and operate independently” – điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu hỏi cho rằng pin mặt trời cần nhiều cơ sở hạ tầng hơn.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: cost, solar panels, decreased, 80%, last ten years
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Thông tin “falling by more than 80% since 2010” khớp chính xác với câu hỏi về việc giảm hơn 80% trong thập kỷ qua (ten years).

Câu 4: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all rural families, Bangladesh, solar power
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập “over 6 million solar home systems” đã được lắp đặt, nhưng không khẳng định TẤT CẢ gia đình nông thôn đều có năng lượng mặt trời. Đây là thông tin không được đề cập.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: solar home systems, cost, annual spending, kerosene, batteries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “A typical household solar system can now be purchased for less than $200, making it affordable for many rural families who previously spent similar amounts annually on kerosene lamps and battery charging” – “similar amounts” nghĩa là chi phí tương đương.

Câu 6: 2-3 hours

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Bangladesh, children, study, extra, evening
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Children can study for an additional 2-3 hours per evening” – cụm “additional” được paraphrase thành “extra” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: 30%

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: small businesses, solar power, increased income, average
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “Small businesses can extend their operating hours, increasing income by an average of 30%” – trích dẫn trực tiếp con số phần trăm.

Câu 8: pay-as-you-go (system) / PAYG (system)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: customers, buy solar equipment, small regular payments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems allow customers to purchase solar equipment through small, regular payments” – khớp chính xác với mô tả trong câu hỏi.

Câu 9: one million

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: M-KOPA, Kenya, solar power, homes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “M-KOPA have connected over one million homes to solar power” – “over one million” vẫn được chấp nhận đáp án là “one million” theo quy tắc IELTS.

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Traditional grid extension to these remote areas has proven both economically unfeasible and technically challenging” – paraphrase thành “economically and technically difficult” trong đáp án B.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “Some successful programs have addressed this by training local entrepreneurs as authorized service providers, creating employment opportunities while ensuring technical support availability” – đáp án B tóm tắt chính xác hai lợi ích: tạo việc làm và đảm bảo hỗ trợ kỹ thuật.

Câu 12: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “The World Bank estimates that replacing a single kerosene lamp with a solar light prevents approximately 200 kilograms of CO₂ emissions annually” – con số 200 kilograms được nêu rõ ràng.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Battery storage capacity continues to increase while costs decline, allowing households to store more energy for use during cloudy periods or at night” – đáp án C paraphrase chính xác thông tin này.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “The International Energy Agency estimates that achieving universal electricity access through traditional grid expansion would require investments exceeding $1.2 trillion and would not be completed until after 2050” – đáp án A trích dẫn chính xác cả chi phí và thời gian.

Câu 15: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 9-11
• Giải thích: “A longitudinal study conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)… found that communities with reliable renewable electricity experienced a 23% increase in non-agricultural employment” – đáp án B khớp chính xác.

Câu 16: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 10-12
• Giải thích: “Research from Nepal indicates that women in solar-electrified villages are 40% more likely to participate in formal education programs” – đáp án C chính xác về tỷ lệ phần trăm và hoạt động giáo dục.

Câu 17: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Preliminary assessments suggest that standardized test scores in electrified schools have improved by an average of 17%” – con số 17% được nêu rõ ràng.

Câu 18: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: “After three years, 78% of systems in the participatory project remained operational, compared to only 34% in the top-down initiative” – đáp án B chính xác về tỷ lệ dự án có sự tham gia của cộng đồng.

Câu 19: biomass fuel collection

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “In the absence of electrical power, women typically shoulder responsibility for biomass fuel collection – an activity consuming 5-7 hours daily” – cụm từ chính xác cần điền.

Câu 20: 3.8 million

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “The health consequences of cooking with traditional biomass fuels in poorly ventilated spaces cause approximately 3.8 million premature deaths annually” – con số cụ thể được trích dẫn.

Câu 21: productive pursuits

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 8-9
• Giải thích: “Solar-powered cooking systems and electric cookstoves eliminate these health hazards while freeing women’s time for more productive pursuits” – cụm từ khớp với ngữ cảnh.

Câu 22: health consequences

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6
• Giải thích: “Furthermore, the health consequences of cooking with traditional biomass fuels” – đây là cụm từ chính xác mô tả tác hại sức khỏe.

Câu 23: community leadership

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “This opportunity cost prevents participation in education, income generation, and community leadership” – cụm từ cuối cùng trong danh sách các hoạt động mà phụ nữ có thể tham gia.

Câu 24: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập mini-grids trong đoạn cuối như “next evolutionary stage” và có nhiều ưu điểm, nhưng không khẳng định chúng “always superior” (luôn luôn tốt hơn) hệ thống gia đình độc lập. Đây là thông tin không được nêu rõ.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “Projects designed with meaningful local participation from conception through implementation demonstrate significantly higher success rates and long-term viability” – tác giả rõ ràng ủng hộ quan điểm này.

Câu 26: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “The emergence of digital payment platforms has substantially improved revenue collection, reducing both transaction costs and opportunities for revenue leakage” – tác giả đồng ý với tác động tích cực của nền tảng thanh toán kỹ thuật số.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: multi-tier framework

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “This conceptual evolution finds expression in the multi-tier framework developed by the World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)” – cụm từ chính xác cần điền.

Câu 28: productive uses

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “acknowledging that meaningful energy access must enable productive uses beyond mere subsistence lighting” – “productive uses” là khái niệm then chốt được nhắc đến.

Câu 29: cost-reflective tariff structures

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Progressive policy frameworks… typically incorporate several critical elements: streamlined licensing procedures for small-scale generators, cost-reflective tariff structures that nonetheless maintain affordability safeguards” – cụm từ chính xác trong danh sách các yếu tố chính sách.

Câu 30: commercially oriented models

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “The financing paradigm for rural renewable energy has undergone radical transformation over the past decade, moving from donor-dependent grant funding toward increasingly commercially oriented models” – cụm từ mô tả xu hướng tài chính mới.

Câu 31: subordinated positions

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “The donor capital assumes subordinated positions in the capital structure, absorbing first losses and thereby de-risking investments” – cụm từ kỹ thuật về cấu trúc vốn.

Câu 32: A (Lithium-ion batteries)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “Lithium-ion batteries, which have dominated recent deployments due to their superior energy density and declining costs, nonetheless face sustainability questions regarding raw material sourcing – particularly cobalt and lithium” – khớp với mô tả về vấn đề nguyên liệu thô.

Câu 33: C (Perovskite solar cells)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 9-10
• Giải thích: “Similarly, solar panel technology continues advancing beyond conventional silicon photovoltaics to include perovskite solar cells, which promise higher efficiency and lower manufacturing costs” – mô tả chính xác về hiệu suất cao hơn và chi phí sản xuất thấp hơn.

Câu 34: E (Organic photovoltaics)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 10-11
• Giải thích: “and organic photovoltaics, which offer flexibility and lightness particularly advantageous for integration into built environments” – đặc điểm về tính linh hoạt và nhẹ để tích hợp vào công trình xây dựng.

Câu 35: B (Sodium-ion batteries) hoặc F (Flow batteries)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Alternative chemistries including sodium-ion, zinc-air, and various flow battery designs are emerging as potentially more sustainable and cost-effective options for stationary storage applications” – cả hai công nghệ đều được nhắc đến như là lựa chọn bền vững hơn.

Câu 36: G (Diesel generators)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “On the most straightforward level, displacing fossil fuel-based energy sources – whether diesel generators, kerosene lamps, or grid electricity generated from coal – with renewable alternatives” – máy phát điện diesel được liệt kê như nguồn năng lượng hóa thạch đang bị thay thế.

Câu 37: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: “These economic realities created a persistent ‘last-mile problem’ in which the final segment of grid extension to remote areas remained perpetually unviable under conventional cost-recovery frameworks” – đáp án B paraphrase chính xác khái niệm này.

Câu 38: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: “Many currently unelectrified households consume minimal energy, such that their electrification – even through renewables – may actually increase absolute emissions compared to their pre-electrification baseline, even while representing dramatically lower emissions than would result from fossil fuel-based electrification” – đáp án B nắm bắt chính xác sự nghịch lý này về khác biệt giữa lượng khí thải tuyệt đối và cường độ khí thải.

Câu 39: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 6-9
• Giải thích: “The most effective capacity development initiatives employ learning-by-doing approaches rather than purely classroom-based training, and emphasize south-south knowledge transfer” – đáp án C tóm tắt chính xác phương pháp được khuyến nghị.

Câu 40: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: “The convergence of distributed energy systems with digital technologies… promises to enhance both operational efficiency and user experience while generating valuable data for system optimization” – đáp án C paraphrase chính xác các lợi ích được đề cập.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
fundamental	adj	/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/	cơ bản, căn bản	fundamental challenges	fundamental right, fundamental principle
unfeasible	adj	/ʌnˈfiːzəbl/	không khả thi	economically unfeasible	technically unfeasible, practically unfeasible
game-changing	adj	/ˈɡeɪm ˌtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/	mang tính đột phá	game-changing solution	game-changing technology, game-changing innovation
transformative	adj	/trænsˈfɔːrmətɪv/	có tính chuyển đổi	transformative effects	transformative impact, transformative change
deployment	n	/dɪˈplɔɪmənt/	sự triển khai	deployment of solar technology	rapid deployment, strategic deployment
innovative	adj	/ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/	đổi mới, sáng tạo	innovative financing models	innovative approach, innovative solution
multiplier effect	n phrase	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪər ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng nhân	economic multiplier effects	strong multiplier effect, positive multiplier
retrofit	v	/ˈretrəʊfɪt/	lắp đặt thêm, cải tạo	retrofit existing buildings	retrofit equipment, retrofit technology
off-grid	adj	/ˌɒf ˈɡrɪd/	ngoài lưới điện	off-grid locations	off-grid system, off-grid solution
pay-as-you-go	adj	/peɪ əz juː ɡəʊ/	trả tiền khi sử dụng	pay-as-you-go systems	pay-as-you-go model, pay-as-you-go service
outage	n	/ˈaʊtɪdʒ/	sự cúp điện, gián đoạn	power outages	extended outage, service outage
mitigation	n	/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/	sự giảm nhẹ	climate change mitigation	risk mitigation, disaster mitigation

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigm shift	n phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình	paradigm shift in development	major paradigm shift, fundamental paradigm shift
untenable	adj	/ʌnˈtenəbl/	không thể chấp nhận	increasingly untenable	untenable position, untenable assumption
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	phi tập trung	decentralized renewable systems	decentralized approach, decentralized network
empirical	adj	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/	thực nghiệm	empirical research	empirical evidence, empirical study
foundational	adj	/faʊnˈdeɪʃənl/	nền tảng	foundational enabler	foundational principle, foundational element
disproportionately	adv	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/	không cân xứng	disproportionately bear	disproportionately affected, disproportionately high
opportunity cost	n phrase	/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti kɒst/	chi phí cơ hội	opportunity cost prevents	high opportunity cost, significant opportunity cost
pedagogical	adj	/ˌpedəˈɡɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc sư phạm	pedagogical possibilities	pedagogical approach, pedagogical method
institutional framework	n phrase	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ˈfreɪmwɜːk/	khung thể chế	institutional frameworks	robust institutional framework, effective institutional framework
participatory	adj	/pɑːˈtɪsɪpətəri/	có sự tham gia	participatory design	participatory approach, participatory process
tiered pricing	n phrase	/tɪəd ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá theo cấp	tiered pricing structures	tiered pricing system, tiered pricing model
ancillary	adj	/ænˈsɪləri/	phụ trợ	ancillary services	ancillary revenue, ancillary support
scalability	n	/ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/	tính mở rộng	scalability of mini-grids	system scalability, business scalability
stopgap	n	/ˈstɒpɡæp/	giải pháp tạm thời	stopgap measure	stopgap solution, temporary stopgap
optimal	adj	/ˈɒptɪməl/	tối ưu	optimal long-term solution	optimal solution, optimal conditions

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
ascendancy	n	/əˈsendənsi/	sự thống trị	ascendancy of renewable energy	political ascendancy, economic ascendancy
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hợp lưu	confluence of policy innovation	confluence of factors, confluence of events
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái	nuanced frameworks	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
jurisdiction	n	/ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/	quyền tài phán	across jurisdictions	legal jurisdiction, local jurisdiction
streamlined	adj	/ˈstriːmlaɪnd/	được đơn giản hóa	streamlined licensing	streamlined process, streamlined procedure
uncritical	adj	/ʌnˈkrɪtɪkl/	không phê phán	uncritical transplantation	uncritical acceptance, uncritical adoption
concessional	adj	/kənˈseʃənl/	ưu đãi	concessional public funding	concessional loan, concessional finance
efficacious	adj	/ˌefɪˈkeɪʃəs/	hiệu quả	particularly efficacious	highly efficacious, efficacious treatment
subordinated	adj	/səˈbɔːdɪneɪtɪd/	thứ yếu, phụ thuộc	subordinated positions	subordinated debt, subordinated claim
trajectory	n	/trəˈdʒektəri/	quỹ đạo, xu hướng	innovation trajectories	development trajectory, growth trajectory
intermittency	n	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənsi/	sự gián đoạn	intermittency challenges	intermittency problem, renewable intermittency
synergy	n	/ˈsɪnədʒi/	sự cộng hưởng	synergies and complexities	create synergy, positive synergy
paradox	n	/ˈpærədɒks/	nghịch lý	apparent paradox	central paradox, interesting paradox
binding constraint	n phrase	/ˈbaɪndɪŋ kənˈstreɪnt/	ràng buộc hạn chế	binding constraints on prosperity	key binding constraint, major binding constraint
learning-by-doing	n phrase	/ˈlɜːnɪŋ baɪ ˈduːɪŋ/	học qua thực hành	learning-by-doing approaches	learning-by-doing process, learning-by-doing method
convergence	n	/kənˈvɜːdʒəns/	sự hội tụ	convergence of distributed systems	technological convergence, convergence of ideas
enabling factor	n phrase	/ɪˈneɪblɪŋ ˈfæktə/	yếu tố tạo điều kiện	electricity as enabling factor	key enabling factor, critical enabling factor
complementary	adj	/ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri/	bổ sung	complementary initiatives	complementary approach, complementary strategy

Kết bài

Chủ đề vai trò của năng lượng tái tạo trong điện khí hóa nông thôn đại diện cho một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ cấp độ Easy phù hợp với band 5.0-6.5, qua Medium cho band 6.0-7.5, đến Hard dành cho những học viên hướng đến band 7.0-9.0. Tương tự như The future of clean energy technologies, chủ đề này yêu cầu vốn từ vựng học thuật phong phú và khả năng hiểu các vấn đề phức tạp về môi trường và công nghệ.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và cách paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn tự đánh giá năng lực một cách chính xác và hiểu rõ logic làm bài của từng dạng câu hỏi. Đặc biệt, phần từ vựng được tổng hợp chi tiết với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và collocations sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật cần thiết không chỉ cho Reading mà còn cho cả Writing và Speaking.

Những kỹ thuật làm bài được áp dụng trong đề thi này – từ scanning để tìm thông tin cụ thể, skimming để nắm ý chính, đến đọc hiểu sâu và phân tích suy luận – là những kỹ năng nền tảng bạn cần rèn luyện thường xuyên. Những chủ đề liên quan như Renewable energy for creating sustainable industries và The role of renewable energy in reducing energy poverty cũng đáng để bạn luyện tập thêm để nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu về lĩnh vực năng lượng và phát triển bền vững.

Hãy dành thời gian làm lại bài này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ từng câu trả lời sai, và ghi chú lại những cấu trúc ngữ pháp cũng như từ vựng mới. Sự kiên trì và phương pháp luyện tập đúng đắn sẽ giúp bạn đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS. Bạn cũng có thể tìm hiểu thêm về Impact of renewable energy on national economic policies và The rise of green energy technologies để củng cố kiến thức về các khía cạnh khác nhau của năng lượng tái tạo. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công!