IELTS Reading: The Use of Storytelling in Environmental Awareness – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề “The Use Of Storytelling In Environmental Awareness” (Ứng dụng kể chuyện trong nâng cao nhận thức môi trường) đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Đây là sự kết hợp độc đáo giữa nghệ thuật kể chuyện truyền thống và các vấn đề môi trường đương đại – hai lĩnh vực thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic.

Với hơn 20 năm kinh nghiệm giảng dạy IELTS, tôi nhận thấy các chủ đề kết hợp giữa văn hóa, truyền thông và môi trường xuất hiện với tần suất khoảng 15-20% trong phần thi Reading. Chủ đề này không chỉ đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu mà còn kiểm tra vốn từ vựng học thuật về truyền thông, tâm lý học và khoa học môi trường của thí sinh.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được thực hành với một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages theo đúng format thi thật, từ mức độ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ làm quen với 7 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau, được cung cấp đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích, và học được hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng theo từng cấp độ. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó thực tế và rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian hiệu quả.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút cho tổng cộng 3 passages với 40 câu hỏi. Điểm đặc biệt là bạn không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy cần viết đáp án trực tiếp trong lúc làm bài.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất, cần tận dụng tối đa điểm số)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần đọc kỹ hơn)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, cần thời gian suy luận nhiều hơn)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra lại các câu trả lời, đặc biệt là chính tả và số lượng từ trong câu trả lời dạng gap-filling.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Đồng ý/không đồng ý với quan điểm tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đều có chiến lược riêng, và bạn sẽ học được cách xử lý từng dạng thông qua đáp án chi tiết ở phần sau.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Power of Environmental Narratives

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Throughout human history, storytelling has served as a fundamental means of transmitting knowledge, values, and cultural practices from one generation to the next. Today, environmental educators and activists are rediscovering this ancient art as a powerful tool for raising awareness about ecological issues. Unlike dry statistics or scientific reports, stories have the unique ability to engage emotions, create personal connections, and inspire action on environmental matters.

The effectiveness of storytelling in environmental communication stems from several psychological factors. First, narratives activate multiple regions of the brain simultaneously, making information more memorable than facts presented in isolation. When we hear a story about a struggling polar bear on melting ice, our brains process not just the information but also the emotional context, creating a more lasting impression than simply reading that Arctic ice is decreasing by a certain percentage each year.

Conservation organizations worldwide have begun incorporating storytelling into their campaigns and educational programs. The World Wildlife Fund, for instance, regularly features stories of individual animals and the people working to protect them. These narratives put a face to abstract environmental problems, making issues like habitat destruction or species extinction feel more immediate and personal to audiences. Research has shown that people who engage with these narrative-based campaigns are significantly more likely to donate money, volunteer time, or change their personal behaviors compared to those who only see traditional advertisements.

In educational settings, environmental storytelling takes various forms. Some teachers use fictional narratives to illustrate ecological concepts, while others invite students to interview community members about local environmental changes they’ve witnessed over their lifetimes. This intergenerational storytelling serves a dual purpose: it preserves valuable historical ecological knowledge while simultaneously helping young people understand that environmental change is not an abstract future threat but an ongoing process affecting their own communities.

Indigenous communities have long recognized the value of storytelling in maintaining ecological wisdom. Many traditional stories contain sophisticated understandings of local ecosystems, seasonal patterns, and sustainable resource management practices encoded in memorable narratives. As modern society grapples with environmental challenges, there is growing appreciation for these traditional ecological narratives and efforts to incorporate them into contemporary conservation education.

The digital age has opened new possibilities for environmental storytelling. Social media platforms, podcasts, and video sharing sites allow stories to reach global audiences instantly. Short documentary films about environmental issues regularly go viral, reaching millions of people who might never read a scientific paper or attend an environmental lecture. Environmental bloggers and influencers share personal stories about adopting sustainable lifestyles, making these choices seem more accessible and attractive to their followers.

However, experts caution that environmental storytelling must be handled carefully. Stories that are too emotional might overwhelm audiences, leading to feelings of helplessness rather than empowerment. Similarly, narratives that oversimplify complex environmental problems can spread misconceptions. The most effective environmental stories balance emotional appeal with accurate information, and they always include clear pathways for how individuals can make a positive difference.

Scientists are also beginning to recognize the limitations of purely data-driven environmental communication. Climate scientists, in particular, have found that presenting endless graphs and statistics about rising temperatures often fails to motivate action. In response, many are now partnering with communicators and artists to transform their research findings into compelling narratives that resonate with public audiences. These collaborations represent a growing recognition that effective environmental communication requires both scientific accuracy and storytelling skill.

Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the main advantage of using stories over statistics in environmental education?
A. Stories are always more accurate than numbers
B. Stories create emotional connections and are more memorable
C. Stories are easier to understand for scientists
D. Stories require less research to produce

2. The World Wildlife Fund uses storytelling primarily to:
A. replace scientific research
B. train conservation workers
C. make environmental issues feel personal
D. entertain young children

3. What dual purpose does intergenerational storytelling serve?
A. It entertains students and saves money
B. It preserves historical knowledge and shows ongoing environmental change
C. It replaces textbooks and reduces paper use
D. It creates jobs and improves communities

4. According to the passage, indigenous stories often contain:
A. fictional characters with no real meaning
B. simple entertainment for children
C. sophisticated ecological knowledge
D. modern scientific terminology

5. What risk do experts identify with overly emotional environmental stories?
A. They become too popular
B. They cost too much money
C. They might lead to feelings of helplessness
D. They take too long to tell

6. Climate scientists are now partnering with communicators because:
A. they need help collecting data
B. graphs and statistics alone don’t motivate action
C. they want to become famous
D. scientific research is no longer important

Questions 7-13: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7. Storytelling activates only one specific region of the human brain.

8. People who engage with narrative-based environmental campaigns are more likely to take action than those who see traditional advertisements.

9. All environmental teachers prefer fictional narratives over real-life interviews.

10. Social media has enabled environmental stories to reach audiences worldwide.

11. Environmental bloggers receive government funding for their work.

12. Stories that oversimplify environmental problems can spread incorrect information.

13. All scientists have now stopped using graphs and statistics in their presentations.

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PASSAGE 2 – Narrative Techniques in Environmental Advocacy

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The strategic deployment of narrative frameworks in environmental advocacy represents a sophisticated evolution in conservation communication. While early environmental movements relied heavily on apocalyptic warnings and catastrophic predictions, contemporary practitioners have developed more nuanced approaches that harness the psychological power of storytelling while avoiding the paralysing effects of doom-laden messages. This shift reflects a growing body of research into narrative persuasion and its application to pro-environmental behaviour change.

A. Central to effective environmental storytelling is the concept of narrative transportation – a phenomenon whereby audiences become so cognitively and emotionally immersed in a story that they temporarily lose awareness of their surroundings. During this transported state, individuals are less likely to counter-argue with the message being presented, making them more receptive to new perspectives on environmental issues. Studies employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have demonstrated that narrative transportation activates the brain’s simulation mechanisms, causing listeners to mentally experience the events being described as if they were personally involved.

B. The structure of environmental narratives significantly influences their impact. Researchers have identified several key elements that enhance effectiveness. The protagonist-centered approach, where stories follow an individual character facing environmental challenges, proves particularly powerful. This technique allows audiences to develop parasocial relationships with the character, experiencing their struggles and triumphs vicariously. When the protagonist successfully overcomes obstacles through environmental action, audiences are more likely to model similar behaviours in their own lives.

C. Plot trajectories also matter considerably. Environmental stories that follow a transformational arc – where characters evolve from environmental ignorance or indifference to awareness and action – provide audiences with a psychological roadmap for their own potential development. This narrative pattern, sometimes called the “conversion narrative,” has proven especially effective in campaigns targeting people who don’t already identify as environmentalists. By depicting ordinary individuals discovering their capacity to make a difference, these stories challenge the perception that environmental activism is only for dedicated experts or radical activists.

D. The emotional palette of environmental narratives requires careful calibration. While fear-based messaging can capture attention, research consistently shows that it often produces defensive reactions and information avoidance when presented without viable solutions. More effective stories strategically combine emotional elements: concern about environmental problems is balanced with hope generated by presenting concrete actions and showing evidence of positive change. This approach, termed “constructive journalism” in media studies, acknowledges challenges while emphasizing agency and solutions.

E. Cultural context profoundly shapes narrative reception. Environmental stories that succeed in one cultural setting may fail in another if they conflict with local values, beliefs, or narrative traditions. Indigenous communities in Australia, for instance, respond differently to environmental messages framed through Western scientific narratives versus those presented through traditional Dreamtime stories. Recognition of this cultural variability has sparked interest in co-creating environmental narratives with local communities rather than imposing externally developed stories.

F. The medium through which stories are delivered significantly affects their impact. Immersive formats – including virtual reality experiences that place users in threatened ecosystems or interactive documentaries allowing audience choice-making – have shown promise in generating stronger emotional responses and behavioural intentions than traditional linear narratives. However, the resources required for such productions often limit their scalability. Meanwhile, simpler formats like podcast series and Instagram story threads demonstrate that compelling environmental narratives need not require sophisticated technology or massive budgets.

G. An emerging challenge in environmental storytelling concerns authenticity and trust. As corporations increasingly employ narrative marketing to promote their environmental credentials – a practice critics term “storywashing” – audiences have become more sceptical of environmental narratives, particularly those produced or funded by entities with potential conflicts of interest. This erosion of trust underscores the importance of transparent sourcing, diverse perspectives, and independent verification in environmental communication.

H. Looking forward, experts anticipate that artificial intelligence and machine learning will increasingly enable personalized environmental narratives tailored to individual values, interests, and psychological profiles. While such targeting could enhance relevance and impact, it also raises ethical questions about manipulation and the potential for creating echo chambers that reinforce existing beliefs rather than fostering genuine dialogue. Balancing narrative persuasion with ethical communication practices remains an ongoing challenge for environmental advocates.

Questions 14-20: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for sections A-G from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The role of technology in modern storytelling
ii. How cultural differences affect story effectiveness
iii. The science behind emotional engagement with stories
iv. Trust issues in corporate environmental messaging
v. Character development strategies in environmental narratives
vi. The importance of hope in environmental communication
vii. Moving away from fear-based environmental messages
viii. Future challenges in personalized narratives
ix. How story structure influences behaviour change

14. Section A
15. Section B
16. Section C
17. Section D
18. Section E
19. Section F
20. Section G

Questions 21-26: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

21. Early environmental movements used more sophisticated communication strategies than modern ones.

22. Narrative transportation makes people more open to environmental messages.

23. Stories following a transformational arc are particularly effective for people who don’t consider themselves environmentalists.

24. Fear-based messaging is always the most effective way to communicate environmental problems.

25. The same environmental story will be equally effective in all cultural contexts.

26. Virtual reality environmental experiences always produce better results than simpler formats like podcasts.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Environmental Narrative Persuasion

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The burgeoning field of environmental narrative persuasion sits at the intersection of multiple disciplines – cognitive neuroscience, environmental psychology, communication studies, and conservation science – yielding insights that are fundamentally reshaping our understanding of how humans process and respond to information about ecological crises. While the intuitive appeal of storytelling in environmental communication has long been recognized by practitioners, only recently have researchers begun to elucidate the precise neurocognitive mechanisms through which narratives exert their influence on environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours.

At the neural level, exposure to environmental narratives engages a substantially different constellation of brain regions compared to exposition-based communication. Functional neuroimaging studies have revealed that narrative processing activates what neuroscientists term the “default mode network” (DMN) – a collection of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporo-parietal junction – which is associated with self-referential thinking, autobiographical memory retrieval, and theory of mind (the capacity to attribute mental states to others). This widespread activation stands in stark contrast to the more localized frontal-temporal processing characteristic of factual information processing, suggesting that narratives are fundamentally more integrative and personally resonant than non-narrative forms of communication.

The phenomenon of narrative transportation – previously discussed primarily in terms of subjective experience – has begun to yield its neurobiological correlates. Research utilizing real-time fMRI during story comprehension has demonstrated that transported readers exhibit heightened activity in the anterior temporal lobe and middle temporal gyrus, regions implicated in semantic processing and situation model construction. Crucially, this neural signature is accompanied by decreased activity in regions associated with critical evaluation and counter-argumentation, providing a mechanistic explanation for the persuasive efficacy of narrative formats. The transported state appears to temporarily suspend the audience’s skeptical faculties, creating what communication theorists describe as a “window of vulnerability” to attitude change.

However, the relationship between narrative engagement and persuasion proves more complex than initially theorized. Individual differences in transportability – the propensity to become absorbed in narratives – significantly moderate persuasive outcomes, with high-transportability individuals showing greater attitude-behaviour consistency following narrative exposure. Moreover, prior beliefs and cultural schemas function as interpretive filters that can either facilitate or impede narrative persuasion. When environmental narratives conflict with deeply held worldviews – such as free-market ideology or religious beliefs about human dominion over nature – audiences may engage in what psychologists term “motivated reasoning,” selectively processing narrative elements to preserve pre-existing belief structures.

The affective dimensions of environmental narratives warrant particular attention, as emotions play a dual and sometimes contradictory role in facilitating pro-environmental engagement. On one hand, emotions serve as motivational amplifiers, with discrete emotional states such as empathy, moral outrage, or anticipatory hope activating behavioural intentions more effectively than purely cognitive arguments. Neurochemical evidence suggests that emotionally resonant narratives trigger the release of oxytocin – often called the “prosocial neuropeptide” – which enhances interpersonal trust and cooperative behaviour, potentially explaining why character-driven environmental stories can motivate collective action.

Conversely, excessive negative emotional arousal can produce counterproductive outcomes. The concept of “psychic numbing” describes a phenomenon whereby individuals exposed to overwhelming environmental catastrophe narratives experience a diminished emotional response and decreased motivation to act – a kind of psychological self-protection mechanism against unbearable realities. This effect appears particularly pronounced when narratives emphasize large-scale destruction and aggregate suffering (e.g., “thousands of species face extinction”) rather than individualized impacts (e.g., “this particular orangutan lost her habitat”). The “identifiable victim effect,” well-documented in charitable giving research, suggests that humans are neurologically wired to respond more intensely to single, concrete examples than to statistical representations of mass suffering.

Recent advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing have enabled researchers to systematically analyze which specific narrative features – plot structures, character archetypes, metaphorical framings, temporal orientations – most effectively drive environmental concern and action across diverse populations. Machine learning algorithms trained on large corpora of environmental narratives can now predict with reasonable accuracy which stories will generate viral spread on social media platforms, though the ethical implications of such predictive capacity remain contested. Should environmental advocates deliberately engineer narratives for maximum persuasive impact, or does such strategic construction constitute a form of manipulation that violates principles of autonomous decision-making?

This ethical quandary intensifies as emerging technologies enable unprecedented narrative personalization. Algorithmic curation systems can theoretically deliver customized environmental stories optimized for each individual’s psychological profile, value system, and cognitive biases. While such targeting could enhance message relevance and impact, critics warn of “narrative micro-targeting” creating fragmented public spheres where citizens inhabit fundamentally different information ecosystems, undermining the shared reality necessary for democratic deliberation about collective environmental challenges. The tension between persuasive efficacy and democratic values represents one of the central normative challenges confronting environmental communication in the digital age.

Furthermore, the question of narrative authenticity has assumed new urgency in an era of synthetic media and deepfake technology. As artificial intelligence systems become capable of generating photorealistic imagery and convincing synthetic narratives, the potential for both beneficial applications (e.g., creating immersive educational experiences about extinct ecosystems) and malicious misuse (e.g., fabricating false evidence of environmental destruction or recovery) becomes apparent. Establishing verification frameworks and digital authentication protocols for environmental narratives will likely emerge as a critical priority for researchers and practitioners alike.

The cross-cultural portability of environmental narrative frameworks presents another frontier for investigation. While certain narrative structures – such as the hero’s journey – appear to possess near-universal appeal, the cultural specificity of environmental values, cosmological beliefs, and human-nature relationships means that narrative resonance cannot be assumed to transfer seamlessly across cultural boundaries. Post-colonial scholars have critiqued the implicit Western centrism in much environmental storytelling, arguing that narrative imperialism – imposing Western conservation narratives on non-Western contexts – risks marginalizing indigenous knowledge systems and reproducing colonial power dynamics. The co-creation of culturally grounded environmental narratives, emerging from authentic community engagement rather than external imposition, offers a potential pathway forward, though implementing such collaborative processes at scale presents formidable practical challenges.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the default mode network is associated with:
A. processing mathematical information
B. self-referential thinking and theory of mind
C. motor control and physical movement
D. basic sensory perception

28. What does research suggest about the “transported state” during narrative engagement?
A. It strengthens critical thinking abilities
B. It activates regions associated with counter-argumentation
C. It temporarily reduces skeptical faculties
D. It has no effect on persuasion

29. The term “psychic numbing” refers to:
A. increased emotional response to environmental narratives
B. improved ability to process statistical information
C. diminished emotional response to overwhelming catastrophe narratives
D. enhanced motivation to take environmental action

30. According to the passage, the “identifiable victim effect” suggests that people:
A. respond more strongly to statistical data than individual cases
B. respond more intensely to single, concrete examples than mass statistics
C. cannot distinguish between individual and collective suffering
D. prefer to hear about large-scale environmental destruction

31. Post-colonial scholars criticize some environmental storytelling for:
A. being too scientifically accurate
B. not using enough technology
C. imposing Western narratives on non-Western contexts
D. focusing too much on indigenous knowledge

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each researcher or group (A-G) with the correct finding or concern (Questions 32-36).

A. Neuroscientists studying the default mode network
B. Researchers using real-time fMRI
C. Psychologists studying motivated reasoning
D. Researchers in computational linguistics
E. Critics of narrative micro-targeting
F. Post-colonial scholars
G. Researchers studying oxytocin

32. Found that narratives activate regions associated with self-referential thinking

33. Discovered that transported readers show decreased activity in critical evaluation regions

34. Can predict which environmental stories will spread on social media

35. Warn about fragmented public spheres undermining shared reality

36. Critique the Western centrism in environmental storytelling

Questions 37-40: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Word Box:
A. emotions
B. statistics
C. individual
D. collective
E. authentic
F. synthetic
G. universal
H. cultural
I. decrease
J. increase

Environmental narratives engage different brain regions than factual communication, making them more personally resonant. While (37) ___ serve as motivational amplifiers in environmental stories, excessive negative arousal can produce counterproductive outcomes. Research shows that humans respond more strongly to (38) ___ examples rather than aggregate statistics.

The rise of (39) ___ media and deepfake technology raises concerns about narrative authenticity, while the (40) ___ specificity of environmental values means that narrative frameworks cannot always transfer seamlessly across different societies.

Giáo viên sử dụng kỹ thuật kể chuyện môi trường để giáo dục học sinh về bảo vệ thiên nhiên

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. TRUE
11. NOT GIVEN
12. TRUE
13. FALSE

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. iii
15. v
16. ix
17. vi
18. ii
19. i
20. iv
21. NO
22. YES
23. YES
24. NO
25. NO
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. A
33. B
34. D
35. E
36. F
37. A
38. C
39. F
40. H

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main advantage, stories over statistics
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng cuối và đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “stories have the unique ability to engage emotions, create personal connections” và “making information more memorable than facts”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B “create emotional connections and are more memorable”. Đáp án A sai vì bài không nói stories chính xác hơn. Đáp án C và D không được đề cập.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: World Wildlife Fund, storytelling, primarily
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “These narratives put a face to abstract environmental problems, making issues… feel more immediate and personal to audiences”. Cụm “feel more immediate and personal” được paraphrase thành “make environmental issues feel personal” trong đáp án C.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: dual purpose, intergenerational storytelling
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài nói rõ: “This intergenerational storytelling serves a dual purpose: it preserves valuable historical ecological knowledge while simultaneously helping young people understand that environmental change is… an ongoing process”. Đây chính xác là đáp án B.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: storytelling, one specific region, brain
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “narratives activate multiple regions of the brain simultaneously”, điều này trái ngược với câu phát biểu “only one specific region”, do đó đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 8: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: narrative-based campaigns, more likely to take action
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “people who engage with these narrative-based campaigns are significantly more likely to donate money, volunteer time, or change their personal behaviors compared to those who only see traditional advertisements”, hoàn toàn khớp với câu phát biểu.

Câu 9: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all environmental teachers, prefer fictional narratives
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “Some teachers use fictional narratives… while others invite students to interview”, không có thông tin về việc giáo viên nào thích cái gì hơn, nên đáp án là NOT GIVEN.

Câu 12: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: oversimplify, spread misconceptions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “narratives that oversimplify complex environmental problems can spread misconceptions”, từ “misconceptions” đồng nghĩa với “incorrect information”.

Người thổ dân sử dụng phương pháp kể chuyện truyền thống để truyền đạt kiến thức sinh thái

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: iii (Section A)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Từ khóa: narrative transportation, cognitively and emotionally immersed, brain’s simulation mechanisms
• Giải thích: Section A tập trung vào “narrative transportation” và nghiên cứu fMRI về cách não bộ phản ứng với câu chuyện, khớp với heading iii “The science behind emotional engagement with stories”.

Câu 15: v (Section B)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Từ khóa: protagonist-centered approach, character, parasocial relationships
• Giải thích: Section B thảo luận về “protagonist-centered approach” và cách xây dựng nhân vật để tạo mối quan hệ với khán giả, phù hợp với heading v “Character development strategies”.

Câu 16: ix (Section C)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Từ khóa: plot trajectories, transformational arc, conversion narrative
• Giải thích: Section C phân tích các “plot trajectories” và “transformational arc” ảnh hưởng đến hành vi, tương ứng với heading ix “How story structure influences behaviour change”.

Câu 21: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: early environmental movements, more sophisticated
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn đầu
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “contemporary practitioners have developed more nuanced approaches” so với “early environmental movements”, nghĩa là phương pháp hiện đại tinh vi hơn, trái ngược với phát biểu.

Câu 22: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: narrative transportation, more open, environmental messages
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “individuals are less likely to counter-argue with the message being presented, making them more receptive to new perspectives”, “more receptive” đồng nghĩa với “more open”.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fear-based messaging, always most effective
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D
• Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ ra “fear-based messaging… often produces defensive reactions and information avoidance”, nghĩa là không phải lúc nào cũng hiệu quả nhất.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: default mode network, associated with
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê rõ default mode network “is associated with self-referential thinking, autobiographical memory retrieval, and theory of mind”, chính xác là đáp án B.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: transported state, research suggest
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài nói “decreased activity in regions associated with critical evaluation… temporarily suspend the audience’s skeptical faculties”, paraphrase của “temporarily reduces skeptical faculties” trong đáp án C.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: psychic numbing, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “psychic numbing describes a phenomenon whereby individuals… experience a diminished emotional response and decreased motivation” khi tiếp xúc với “overwhelming environmental catastrophe narratives”.

Câu 32: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: narratives activate regions, self-referential thinking
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: “Neuroscientists” được đề cập khi nói về default mode network và “self-referential thinking”, khớp với A.

Câu 33: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: transported readers, decreased activity, critical evaluation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “Research utilizing real-time fMRI” phát hiện ra “decreased activity in regions associated with critical evaluation”, đây là nghiên cứu của nhóm B.

Câu 37: A (emotions)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: motivational amplifiers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “emotions serve as motivational amplifiers”, do đó từ cần điền là “emotions”.

Câu 38: C (individual)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: respond more strongly, examples
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, cuối
• Giải thích: Bài đề cập “humans are neurologically wired to respond more intensely to single, concrete examples”, paraphrase là “individual examples”.

Ứng dụng công nghệ thực tế ảo trong giáo dục môi trường và tạo trải nghiệm kể chuyện nhập vai

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
storytelling	n	/ˈstɔːritɛlɪŋ/	nghệ thuật kể chuyện	“storytelling has served as a fundamental means”	environmental storytelling, traditional storytelling
awareness	n	/əˈwɛrnəs/	nhận thức, sự hiểu biết	“raising awareness about ecological issues”	raise awareness, environmental awareness
engage	v	/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/	thu hút, lôi cuốn	“stories… engage emotions”	engage emotions, engage audiences
memorable	adj	/ˈmɛmərəbl/	đáng nhớ, dễ ghi nhớ	“making information more memorable”	more memorable, highly memorable
conservation	n	/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	sự bảo tồn	“conservation organizations worldwide”	conservation organization, wildlife conservation
habitat destruction	n phrase	/ˈhæbɪtæt dɪˈstrʌkʃn/	sự phá hủy môi trường sống	“issues like habitat destruction”	prevent habitat destruction, cause habitat destruction
campaign	n	/kæmˈpeɪn/	chiến dịch	“narrative-based campaigns”	awareness campaign, environmental campaign
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntəˌdʒɛnəˈreɪʃənl/	liên thế hệ	“intergenerational storytelling”	intergenerational knowledge, intergenerational dialogue
indigenous	adj	/ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs/	bản địa, thổ dân	“indigenous communities”	indigenous people, indigenous knowledge
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	bền vững	“sustainable resource management”	sustainable development, sustainable practices
empowerment	n	/ɪmˈpaʊəmənt/	sự trao quyền	“leading to… empowerment”	community empowerment, personal empowerment
resonate	v	/ˈrɛzəneɪt/	gây tiếng vang, có sự đồng cảm	“resonate with public audiences”	resonate with, deeply resonate

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
advocacy	n	/ˈædvəkəsi/	vận động, ủng hộ	“environmental advocacy”	environmental advocacy, climate advocacy
deployment	n	/dɪˈplɔɪmənt/	sự triển khai	“strategic deployment of narrative frameworks”	strategic deployment, effective deployment
apocalyptic	adj	/əˌpɒkəˈlɪptɪk/	ngày tận thế	“apocalyptic warnings”	apocalyptic scenario, apocalyptic predictions
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, tế nhị	“more nuanced approaches”	nuanced approach, nuanced understanding
cognitive	adj	/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/	thuộc nhận thức	“cognitively and emotionally immersed”	cognitive process, cognitive ability
protagonist	n	/prəˈtæɡənɪst/	nhân vật chính	“protagonist-centered approach”	main protagonist, story protagonist
parasocial	adj	/ˌpærəˈsəʊʃl/	giả xã hội	“parasocial relationships”	parasocial interaction, parasocial bonds
transformational	adj	/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃənl/	mang tính chuyển đổi	“transformational arc”	transformational change, transformational journey
calibration	n	/ˌkælɪˈbreɪʃn/	sự hiệu chỉnh	“requires careful calibration”	careful calibration, precise calibration
defensive	adj	/dɪˈfɛnsɪv/	phòng thủ, thái độ bảo vệ	“defensive reactions”	defensive mechanism, defensive response
immersive	adj	/ɪˈmɜːsɪv/	đắm chìm, nhập vai	“immersive formats”	immersive experience, immersive technology
authenticity	n	/ˌɔːθɛnˈtɪsəti/	tính xác thực	“concerns authenticity and trust”	narrative authenticity, brand authenticity
erosion	n	/ɪˈrəʊʒn/	sự xói mòn	“erosion of trust”	trust erosion, gradual erosion
scalability	n	/ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/	khả năng mở rộng	“limit their scalability”	commercial scalability, limited scalability

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
burgeoning	adj	/ˈbɜːdʒənɪŋ/	đang phát triển nhanh	“burgeoning field”	burgeoning industry, burgeoning interest
elucidate	v	/ɪˈluːsɪdeɪt/	làm sáng tỏ	“elucidate the precise mechanisms”	elucidate concepts, elucidate principles
constellation	n	/ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/	chòm sao, tập hợp	“constellation of brain regions”	constellation of factors, constellation of symptoms
exposition	n	/ˌɛkspəˈzɪʃn/	sự trình bày	“exposition-based communication”	clear exposition, detailed exposition
neuroimaging	n	/ˈnjʊərəʊˌɪmɪdʒɪŋ/	chụp ảnh não	“functional neuroimaging studies”	neuroimaging techniques, brain neuroimaging
self-referential	adj	/ˌsɛlf rɛfəˈrɛnʃəl/	tự chiếu, liên quan đến bản thân	“self-referential thinking”	self-referential processing, self-referential behavior
correlates	n	/ˈkɒrəleɪts/	các yếu tố tương quan	“neurobiological correlates”	neural correlates, biological correlates
semantic	adj	/sɪˈmæntɪk/	thuộc ngữ nghĩa	“semantic processing”	semantic memory, semantic analysis
efficacy	n	/ˈɛfɪkəsi/	hiệu quả, hiệu lực	“persuasive efficacy”	clinical efficacy, therapeutic efficacy
moderate	v	/ˈmɒdəreɪt/	điều tiết, làm trung gian	“significantly moderate persuasive outcomes”	moderate effects, moderate influence
discrete	adj	/dɪˈskriːt/	riêng biệt, tách biệt	“discrete emotional states”	discrete categories, discrete units
empathy	n	/ˈɛmpəθi/	sự đồng cảm	“emotions such as empathy”	show empathy, feel empathy
prosocial	adj	/prəʊˈsəʊʃəl/	vì xã hội	“prosocial neuropeptide”	prosocial behavior, prosocial actions
counterproductive	adj	/ˌkaʊntəprəˈdʌktɪv/	phản tác dụng	“counterproductive outcomes”	counterproductive effect, prove counterproductive
psychic numbing	n phrase	/ˈsaɪkɪk ˈnʌmɪŋ/	tê liệt tâm lý	“the concept of psychic numbing”	experience psychic numbing, avoid psychic numbing
aggregate	adj	/ˈæɡrɪɡət/	tổng hợp	“aggregate suffering”	aggregate data, aggregate level
algorithmic	adj	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk/	thuộc thuật toán	“algorithmic curation systems”	algorithmic processing, algorithmic approach
fragmented	adj	/ˈfræɡmɛntɪd/	phân mảnh	“fragmented public spheres”	fragmented society, fragmented information
normative	adj	/ˈnɔːmətɪv/	mang tính chuẩn mực	“normative challenges”	normative framework, normative principles
synthetic	adj	/sɪnˈθɛtɪk/	tổng hợp, nhân tạo	“synthetic media”	synthetic materials, synthetic content
portability	n	/ˌpɔːtəˈbɪləti/	tính di động, khả năng chuyển đổi	“cross-cultural portability”	cultural portability, concept portability
cosmological	adj	/ˌkɒzməˈlɒdʒɪkəl/	thuộc vũ trụ học	“cosmological beliefs”	cosmological theories, cosmological principles
imperialism	n	/ɪmˈpɪəriəlɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa đế quốc	“narrative imperialism”	cultural imperialism, digital imperialism

Nhà khoa học nghiên cứu tác động của kể chuyện đến nhận thức môi trường qua thiết bị quét não

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “The use of storytelling in environmental awareness” không chỉ là một đề tài thú vị mà còn phản ánh xu hướng thi IELTS hiện đại, nơi các vấn đề xã hội được kết hợp với nghiên cứu khoa học sâu sắc. Qua bài tập này, bạn đã được thực hành với một đề thi hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ band 5.0 đến 9.0.

Ba passages đã cung cấp góc nhìn đa chiều về cách kể chuyện được ứng dụng trong giáo dục môi trường: từ những ví dụ thực tiễn dễ hiểu ở Passage 1, đến phân tích kỹ thuật narrative ở Passage 2, và cuối cùng là nghiên cứu khoa học thần kinh phức tạp ở Passage 3. Sự đa dạng này giúp bạn làm quen với nhiều phong cách viết học thuật khác nhau mà bạn sẽ gặp trong kỳ thi thực tế.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cho bạn biết câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng tại sao, vị trí thông tin nằm ở đâu, và cách paraphrase được sử dụng như thế nào. Đây là kỹ năng quan trọng nhất trong IELTS Reading – khả năng nhận diện thông tin dù nó được diễn đạt khác đi. Khi so sánh các đề thi thực tế có liên quan, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm cách tiếp cận với các chủ đề tương tự như Social media influence on buying habits, một bài đọc cũng khai thác sâu về tác động của phương tiện truyền thông đến hành vi con người.

Hơn 40 từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ là tài sản quý giá cho vốn từ học thuật của bạn. Hãy chú ý đến các collocations và cách sử dụng từ trong ngữ cảnh, vì đây chính là cách từ vựng xuất hiện trong đề thi thật. Tương tự, việc tích hợp nghệ thuật và giáo dục cộng đồng cũng là một chủ đề đáng quan tâm, như trong bài The role of public art projects in community education, nơi sự sáng tạo và học tập cộng đồng được kết nối một cách ý nghĩa.

Về mặt kỹ thuật làm bài, hãy nhớ rằng thời gian là yếu tố then chốt. Thực hành với đồng hồ bấm giờ để đảm bảo bạn có thể hoàn thành mỗi passage trong khoảng thời gian đề xuất. Đừng dành quá nhiều thời gian cho một câu khó – đánh dấu và quay lại sau. Cuối cùng, luôn đọc kỹ instructions của từng dạng câu hỏi, đặc biệt chú ý đến giới hạn số từ trong các câu trả lời dạng gap-filling.

Tiếp tục luyện tập đều đặn với các đề thi đa dạng, và bạn sẽ thấy sự tiến bộ rõ rệt trong khả năng đọc hiểu cũng như tốc độ làm bài. Chúc bạn đạt band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Ngoài ra, nếu bạn quan tâm đến việc kết hợp văn hóa truyền thống với giáo dục hiện đại, bài viết về How traditional music and dance are incorporated into modern education cũng cung cấp những góc nhìn thú vị về cách bảo tồn và ứng dụng di sản văn hóa trong bối cảnh đương đại.