Biến đổi khí hậu không chỉ là một thách thức môi trường toàn cầu mà còn là một vấn đề về công bằng xã hội sâu sắc. Chủ đề “What Are The Challenges Of Achieving Climate Justice?” đã và đang xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều trong các đề thi IELTS Reading thực tế, phản ánh tầm quan trọng cấp thiết của vấn đề này trên phạm vi toàn thế giới.
Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Đề thi này không chỉ giúp bạn làm quen với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion mà còn trang bị cho bạn vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường và khoa học xã hội – những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS.
Bài luyện tập này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể giúp bạn hiểu rõ phương pháp làm bài và cải thiện kỹ năng đọc hiểu một cách bài bản và hiệu quả.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi quan trọng, đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh học thuật của bạn thông qua ba passages với độ dài và độ khó tăng dần. Hiểu rõ cấu trúc và phân bổ thời gian hợp lý là chìa khóa để đạt band điểm cao.
Cấu trúc bài thi:
- Thời gian: 60 phút cho cả 3 passages (không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet)
- Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
- Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút
Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn nên viết đáp án trực tiếp vào Answer Sheet trong khi làm bài để tránh mất thời gian. Đừng quên kiểm tra chính tả vì lỗi sai chính tả sẽ bị tính là sai hoàn toàn.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn A, B, C, D
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài đọc
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với từ từ bài đọc
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Climate Justice: Understanding the Basics
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Climate justice is a concept that links human rights and sustainable development to achieve a fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of climate change and its impacts. While climate change affects everyone on the planet, it does not affect everyone equally. Some of the world’s poorest communities, who have contributed the least to greenhouse gas emissions, are disproportionately affected by rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise.
The fundamental principle of climate justice recognizes that those who have contributed most to causing climate change have a greater responsibility to address it. Developed nations have historically been the largest emitters of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases through industrialization over the past two centuries. Meanwhile, developing countries in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands face the most severe consequences despite their minimal contribution to the problem. This imbalance creates a moral and ethical question: how can we ensure that the vulnerable populations are protected and that the costs of addressing climate change are shared fairly?
Climate justice also encompasses intergenerational equity – the idea that current generations have a responsibility not to compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Children born today will inherit a world significantly warmer than the one their grandparents knew. Young people around the world have increasingly become vocal advocates for climate action, arguing that their futures are being jeopardized by the inaction of previous generations. The youth-led climate movement has brought attention to the urgent need for transformative change in how societies produce and consume energy.
Access to resources is another crucial aspect of climate justice. Clean water, food security, and energy are becoming increasingly scarce in climate-vulnerable regions. Women in many developing countries, for example, bear the primary responsibility for collecting water and fuel for their families. As droughts intensify and water sources dry up, they must travel longer distances, often at great personal risk. This gender dimension of climate injustice highlights how climate change can exacerbate existing inequalities within societies.
The concept of climate justice extends beyond national borders to include questions of displacement and migration. As certain regions become uninhabitable due to rising seas or extreme heat, millions of people may be forced to leave their homes. These “climate refugees” often lack legal protection under international law, which currently only recognizes those fleeing persecution, not environmental degradation. The international community is grappling with how to provide support and protection for these displaced populations while addressing the root causes of climate-induced migration.
Indigenous peoples have emerged as important voices in the climate justice movement. Many indigenous communities have lived in harmony with nature for centuries, developing sustainable practices that modern societies are only now beginning to appreciate. Their traditional knowledge about ecosystems and climate patterns can contribute valuable insights to climate adaptation strategies. However, indigenous peoples often face threats to their lands from deforestation, mining, and other extractive industries that contribute to climate change. Protecting their rights and territories is increasingly seen as essential to both climate justice and effective climate action.
Financial support from wealthy nations to help poorer countries adapt to climate change and transition to clean energy is a key demand of climate justice advocates. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” acknowledges that while climate change is a shared global challenge, countries have different capabilities and historical responsibilities. Climate finance mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, aim to channel resources from developed to developing nations, but the amounts committed have often fallen short of what is needed. Many developing countries argue that the financial assistance provided is inadequate given the scale of the challenge they face.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. According to the passage, climate justice is primarily concerned with:
A. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions globally
B. Ensuring fair distribution of climate change impacts and solutions
C. Protecting only the poorest communities
D. Stopping all industrial development
2. Developed nations have a greater responsibility for climate action because:
A. They have more financial resources
B. They were the main contributors to historical emissions
C. They have better technology
D. Their populations are larger
3. The concept of intergenerational equity means:
A. All generations should emit the same amount of carbon
B. Young people should lead climate movements
C. Current generations should not harm future generations’ prospects
D. Future generations will solve climate problems
4. The passage suggests that women in developing countries are particularly affected by climate change because:
A. They work in agriculture more than men
B. They are responsible for collecting water and fuel
C. They have less education
D. They cannot migrate to other regions
5. Indigenous peoples are important to climate justice because:
A. They produce the most greenhouse gases
B. They have sustainable knowledge about ecosystems
C. They control large areas of land
D. They receive the most climate finance
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Sub-Saharan Africa has contributed more to climate change than developed nations.
7. Climate refugees are currently protected under international law.
8. The Green Climate Fund has provided sufficient financial support to developing countries.
9. Young people have become more active in demanding climate action.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. Climate change can make existing __ within societies worse, particularly affecting women.
11. Many regions may become __ due to rising sea levels and extreme temperatures.
12. Indigenous communities have developed __ that can help with climate adaptation.
13. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” recognizes that countries have different __ and historical responsibilities.
PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Political Barriers to Climate Justice
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
Achieving climate justice faces formidable obstacles rooted in the complex interplay of economic systems, political structures, and deeply entrenched interests. While the science of climate change is increasingly clear and the moral arguments for climate justice are compelling, translating these imperatives into concrete action has proven extraordinarily difficult. Understanding these barriers is essential for developing effective strategies to overcome them.
A. The Economic Growth Paradigm
The modern global economy is built on a model of continuous growth that has historically been inextricably linked to increasing energy consumption and carbon emissions. Most nations measure success through Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which prioritizes economic expansion over environmental sustainability or social equity. This growth imperative creates a fundamental tension with climate goals, as reducing emissions often requires restructuring economies in ways that may temporarily slow growth or disrupt established industries. Developing countries argue that they should be allowed to pursue economic development through fossil fuel-based industrialization, just as wealthy nations did, even as the climate crisis demands a rapid shift away from carbon-intensive growth models. This developmental dilemma lies at the heart of many climate justice debates.
B. The Political Economy of Fossil Fuels
The fossil fuel industry wields enormous political influence through lobbying, campaign contributions, and the revolving door between industry and government. Oil, gas, and coal companies have spent decades building political relationships and economic dependencies that make rapid decarbonization politically challenging. Entire regions and communities have built their economies around fossil fuel extraction and processing, creating powerful constituencies that resist climate policies perceived as threatening their livelihoods. This is not limited to producer nations; countries that import fossil fuels have also developed complex supply chains and infrastructure designed around these energy sources. The sunk costs in existing fossil fuel infrastructure – power plants, refineries, pipelines – create economic pressures to continue operating these facilities despite their climate impact.
C. International Cooperation Challenges
Climate justice requires unprecedented levels of international cooperation, yet the global political system remains organized around sovereign nation-states pursuing their individual interests. The principle of national sovereignty means that no country can be forced to adopt climate policies, even when their emissions harm others. International climate negotiations, such as those under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), operate on a consensus basis, giving each country effective veto power over global agreements. This structure has led to lowest-common-denominator outcomes that reflect political feasibility rather than scientific necessity. Geopolitical rivalries between major powers further complicate cooperation, as countries are reluctant to take actions that might disadvantage them relative to competitors.
D. The Challenge of Climate Finance
Developed countries committed to providing $100 billion annually in climate finance to developing nations by 2020, a target they failed to meet. Even this amount represents a fraction of the estimated trillions of dollars needed for climate adaptation and mitigation in vulnerable countries. The architecture of climate finance is fragmented and complex, involving multiple bilateral and multilateral channels that are difficult for recipient countries to navigate. Much of what is counted as climate finance consists of loans rather than grants, adding to the debt burdens of countries already struggling economically. Additionally, there are ongoing disputes about what should count as climate finance, with some developed countries including general development assistance in their calculations. The inadequacy and unpredictability of climate finance flows undermine trust between developed and developing nations and limit the ability of vulnerable countries to plan and implement adaptation measures.
E. Short-term Political Cycles Versus Long-term Climate Needs
Democratic political systems typically operate on short election cycles – two to six years in most countries. Politicians face strong incentives to prioritize immediate concerns that affect voters’ daily lives over long-term issues like climate change, whose worst impacts may not be felt for decades. Climate policies that impose costs today for benefits in the future are politically risky, particularly when those costs are concentrated (such as job losses in fossil fuel industries) while the benefits are diffuse (such as avoided climate damages spread across the entire population). This temporal mismatch between political incentives and climate imperatives creates a systematic bias toward inadequate action. Populist political movements in various countries have successfully framed climate policies as elite impositions that hurt ordinary workers, further complicating the political landscape for climate action.
F. Knowledge Gaps and Uncertainty
While climate science has advanced dramatically, significant uncertainties remain about precisely how climate impacts will manifest at local and regional levels. This uncertainty is particularly problematic for climate justice because the communities most vulnerable to climate change often have the least scientific capacity to understand and plan for future risks. Risk assessment requires sophisticated climate modeling and local knowledge that many developing countries lack. Furthermore, the economic costs of climate change and the benefits of different policy responses remain subject to considerable debate, allowing opponents of climate action to exploit uncertainty to justify inaction. The uneven distribution of climate research capacity – with most expertise concentrated in wealthy countries – means that the specific challenges facing vulnerable regions are often understudied.
The barriers to climate justice are interconnected and mutually reinforcing, creating a complex system that resists change. Overcoming them will require coordinated action across multiple fronts: reforming economic systems to decouple growth from emissions, building political coalitions that can overcome fossil fuel interests, strengthening international institutions, mobilizing adequate finance, developing political narratives that make climate action popular, and democratizing access to climate knowledge and technology. The magnitude of these challenges explains why progress on climate justice has been so limited despite growing awareness and concern.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-19: Matching Headings
The passage has six sections, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix.
List of Headings:
i. The difficulty of coordinating global climate action
ii. Problems with funding climate solutions in poor countries
iii. How economic models conflict with environmental goals
iv. The challenge of predicting local climate impacts
v. The power and influence of carbon-intensive industries
vi. Why politicians avoid long-term climate policies
vii. The role of renewable energy in development
viii. Cultural barriers to accepting climate science
ix. Trade policies and climate justice
14. Section A
15. Section B
16. Section C
17. Section D
18. Section E
19. Section F
Questions 20-23: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
20. Measuring economic success through GDP is compatible with climate justice goals.
21. The fossil fuel industry has deliberately built political relationships to protect its interests.
22. International climate negotiations have produced agreements based on scientific requirements.
23. Most climate finance provided to developing countries consists of grants rather than loans.
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Climate justice faces multiple interconnected barriers. The global economy’s focus on 24. __ makes it difficult to reduce emissions. Fossil fuel companies have created economic dependencies and have significant 25. __ that resists change. At the international level, the principle of 26. __ prevents countries from being forced to adopt climate policies, even when necessary.
PASSAGE 3 – Pathways to Climate Justice: Transformation and Resistance
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The pursuit of climate justice necessitates a fundamental reconfiguration of the relationships between humans and nature, between the Global North and Global South, and between present and future generations. This transformation extends beyond technical solutions or policy adjustments to encompass epistemological shifts in how societies conceptualize development, progress, and human flourishing. The challenges are not merely logistical or financial but deeply ontological, requiring a reconception of humanity’s place within planetary ecological systems. Contemporary scholarship has increasingly recognized that achieving climate justice demands attention to the structural dimensions of inequality and power that have produced both climate change and differential vulnerability to its impacts.
The Limitations of Market-Based Approaches
Much of the international climate policy architecture has been constructed around market mechanisms designed to price carbon emissions and create economic incentives for reduction. Cap-and-trade systems, carbon taxes, and offset markets represent attempts to harness market forces for environmental ends. Proponents argue these approaches offer economically efficient pathways to decarbonization while allowing flexibility in how and where emissions reductions occur. However, critics from climate justice perspectives contend that such mechanisms perpetuate the commodification of nature, treating the atmosphere as property that can be bought and sold rather than a common resource that must be preserved. Carbon offset schemes, in particular, have been criticized for allowing wealthy individuals and corporations in developed nations to continue polluting while purchasing credits from projects in developing countries – a practice some characterize as a form of “carbon colonialism.”
Moreover, market-based approaches often fail to address the distributional consequences of climate policy. Carbon pricing, for instance, can disproportionately burden lower-income households that spend a larger proportion of their income on energy and transportation. Without carefully designed compensatory mechanisms, climate policies intended to address one form of injustice may exacerbate economic inequality. The regressive impacts of carbon pricing have fueled political backlash in several countries, demonstrating the political fragility of climate policies that neglect justice considerations. Climate justice advocates argue for alternative approaches that decouple environmental protection from market logic, emphasizing public investment, regulatory standards, and democratic planning as means to achieve both ecological sustainability and social equity.
Decolonizing Climate Action
The contemporary climate crisis has its roots in colonial histories of extraction and exploitation. European colonialism established global patterns of resource flow from peripheral regions to metropolitan centers, patterns that persist in neocolonial forms today. The ecological debt accumulated through centuries of appropriating resources and dumping waste in colonized territories remains largely unacknowledged in international climate negotiations. Climate justice movements, particularly those led by indigenous and formerly colonized peoples, demand recognition of this historical context and reparative action that addresses past harms while building more equitable futures.
Decolonization in the climate context involves multiple dimensions: recognizing indigenous sovereignty over territories and resources; incorporating non-Western epistemologies and cosmologies that offer alternative frameworks for human-nature relationships; challenging the universalization of Western development models; and redistributing power in global climate governance to center voices from the Global South. Scholars such as Malm and Patel have argued that the concept of the “Anthropocene” – the proposed geological epoch defined by human impacts on Earth systems – obscures crucial distinctions of responsibility by implying that all humans are equally culpable for climate change. They advocate instead for terms like “Capitalocene” that locate responsibility more precisely in specific economic systems and social classes rather than humanity in general.
Indigenous climate justice movements have articulated visions of ecological relationality that contrast sharply with the subject-object dualism characteristic of Western modernity, wherein nature is viewed as passive resource to be managed and exploited. Concepts like sumak kawsay (good living) from Andean indigenous traditions or ubuntu from Southern African philosophy offer frameworks for organizing societies around reciprocity, community wellbeing, and ecological harmony rather than endless accumulation. These alternative ontologies challenge the assumption that industrial development represents universal progress and open space for pluralistic pathways to human flourishing that do not require replicating the carbon-intensive trajectories of today’s wealthy nations.
The Politics of Adaptation and Loss and Damage
As certain degrees of climate change are now inevitable given historical emissions and policy inertia, adaptation to climate impacts has become unavoidable. However, adaptation itself raises profound justice questions: Who adapts, to what extent, using what resources, and at whose expense? The capacity to adapt is radically unequal, creating scenarios where wealthy communities fortify themselves against climate impacts while vulnerable populations face displacement or decimation. This “adaptation apartheid” reproduces and intensifies existing inequalities through climate-related processes.
The concept of “loss and damage” has emerged in international climate negotiations to address climate impacts that exceed adaptive capacity – situations where communities face losses that cannot be adapted away. Small island developing states facing territorial erasure due to sea-level rise represent the most extreme case, but loss and damage extends to irreversible biodiversity loss, cultural heritage destruction, and lives lost to climate-related disasters. Developing countries have demanded that wealthy nations provide dedicated financing for loss and damage, separate from adaptation and mitigation funding. This demand was partially realized at COP27 in 2022 with the establishment of a loss and damage fund, though contentious questions remain about funding levels, governance structures, and liability.
The concept of loss and damage implicitly raises questions of climate liability and compensation that developed countries have assiduously avoided. Acknowledging financial responsibility for loss and damage could open pathways for legal claims against high-emitting nations and corporations, a Pandora’s box that wealthy countries have been reluctant to open. This impasse reflects deeper conflicts over whether climate change should be framed primarily as a technical challenge requiring coordinated management or as a justice issue demanding accountability and restitution for harms caused. Climate justice movements insist on the latter framing, arguing that technocratic approaches that ignore questions of historical responsibility and structural inequality cannot achieve just outcomes.
Building Transformative Movements
Ultimately, achieving climate justice will require mobilization of broad-based social movements capable of contesting entrenched power structures and advancing alternative visions of socio-ecological organization. Historical analysis suggests that significant social transformations – the abolition of slavery, decolonization, civil rights, women’s suffrage – have resulted from sustained popular movements rather than elite benevolence or institutional incrementalism. The multifaceted nature of climate injustice requires intersectional movements that connect climate with issues of racial justice, economic inequality, gender equity, indigenous rights, and anti-imperialism.
Youth climate movements, indigenous-led resistance to extractive industries, divestment campaigns targeting fossil fuel investments, and rights-of-nature legal strategies represent diverse tactical approaches within a broader climate justice constellation. The success of these movements will depend on their ability to build coalitions across differences, develop compelling narratives that resonate with mass publics, and create political crises that force institutional responses. The challenge lies in sustaining mobilization over the multi-decadal timescales necessary for systemic transformation while achieving incremental victories that maintain movement momentum and demonstrate tangible benefits to participants and communities.
Climate justice, understood in this expansive sense, represents not merely an adjustment to existing systems but a revolutionary reimagining of how human societies are organized. It demands nothing less than the creation of new institutions, relationships, and subjectivities adequate to the unprecedented challenge of building democratic, egalitarian, and ecologically sustainable societies within planetary boundaries. Whether humanity can achieve this transformation rapidly enough to prevent catastrophic climate change remains the defining question of the twenty-first century.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27. According to the passage, achieving climate justice primarily requires:
A. Better technology for renewable energy
B. More international conferences
C. A fundamental change in how societies understand development
D. Additional financial resources from wealthy nations
28. The author’s view of market-based climate mechanisms is that they:
A. Represent the most efficient solution to climate change
B. Should be expanded to all countries
C. Fail to address justice and equity concerns adequately
D. Are more effective than regulatory approaches
29. The concept of “carbon colonialism” refers to:
A. Colonial powers extracting carbon resources
B. Wealthy polluters buying credits from developing countries
C. Corporations investing in renewable energy abroad
D. Historical emissions from colonial industries
30. The term “Capitalocene” is preferred by some scholars because it:
A. Is easier to pronounce than Anthropocene
B. Better identifies which economic system caused climate change
C. Includes a longer time period
D. Focuses on geological rather than social factors
31. The establishment of the loss and damage fund at COP27 was:
A. A complete solution to climate compensation
B. Rejected by developing countries
C. A partial achievement with unresolved issues
D. Fully funded by developed nations
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement (32-36) with the correct concept (A-G).
Write the correct letter, A-G.
Concepts:
A. Adaptation apartheid
B. Ecological debt
C. Carbon offset schemes
D. Sumak kawsay
E. Loss and damage
F. Decolonization
G. Carbon taxation
32. Historical harm from colonial resource extraction that remains unaddressed
33. Wealthy communities protecting themselves while vulnerable populations suffer
34. Climate impacts that cannot be adapted to or prevented
35. An indigenous framework based on reciprocity and ecological harmony
36. Allowing continued pollution through purchasing reduction credits elsewhere
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of shifts does achieving climate justice require beyond technical solutions?
38. What three mechanisms does the passage mention as alternatives to market logic for achieving sustainability?
39. What kind of movements does the passage suggest are necessary for significant social transformations?
40. Within what constraints must sustainable societies be built according to the passage?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- B
- C
- B
- B
- FALSE
- FALSE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- inequalities
- uninhabitable
- sustainable practices / traditional knowledge
- capabilities
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- iii
- v
- i
- ii
- vi
- iv
- NO
- YES
- NO
- NO
- continuous growth / economic growth
- political influence
- national sovereignty
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- C
- B
- B
- C
- B
- A
- E
- D
- C
- epistemological shifts
- public investment, regulatory standards, democratic planning (any combination)
- broad-based social movements
- planetary boundaries
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: climate justice, primarily concerned
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Câu mở đầu định nghĩa rõ ràng: “Climate justice is a concept that links human rights and sustainable development to achieve a fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of climate change.” Từ “fair distribution” được paraphrase thành “ensuring fair distribution” trong đáp án B. Các đáp án khác chỉ đề cập đến một khía cạnh nhỏ, không phải mục tiêu chính.
Câu 2: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: developed nations, greater responsibility
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ: “Developed nations have historically been the largest emitters of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases through industrialization over the past two centuries.” Đây là lý do tại sao họ có trách nhiệm lớn hơn – vì họ là những người đóng góp chính vào lượng khí thải lịch sử.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Sub-Saharan Africa, contributed more
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định: “developing countries in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa…face the most severe consequences despite their minimal contribution to the problem.” Từ “minimal contribution” mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với “contributed more” trong câu hỏi.
Câu 10: inequalities
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: make existing, worse
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “This gender dimension of climate injustice highlights how climate change can exacerbate existing inequalities within societies.” Từ “exacerbate” được paraphrase thành “make…worse” trong câu hỏi.
Học viên đang luyện tập đề thi IELTS Reading về công bằng khí hậu với tài liệu và máy tính
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: iii
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Section A
- Giải thích: Section A thảo luận về “The Economic Growth Paradigm” và cách mô hình tăng trưởng kinh tế liên tục gắn với tiêu thụ năng lượng tạo ra “fundamental tension with climate goals.” Heading iii “How economic models conflict with environmental goals” tóm tắt chính xác nội dung này. Các từ khóa matching: “growth paradigm” = “economic models”, “tension with climate goals” = “conflict with environmental goals”.
Câu 20: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: GDP, compatible with climate justice
- Vị trí trong bài: Section A, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Tác giả viết: “Most nations measure success through Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which prioritizes economic expansion over environmental sustainability or social equity. This growth imperative creates a fundamental tension with climate goals.” Việc GDP ưu tiên mở rộng kinh tế HƠN (over) tính bền vững môi trường và tạo ra “căng thẳng cơ bản” cho thấy GDP KHÔNG tương thích (not compatible) với các mục tiêu công bằng khí hậu.
Câu 21: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: fossil fuel industry, deliberately built political relationships
- Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết: “Oil, gas, and coal companies have spent decades building political relationships and economic dependencies.” Từ “spent decades building” cho thấy hành động có chủ đích (deliberately) xây dựng mối quan hệ chính trị để bảo vệ lợi ích của họ.
Câu 24: continuous growth / economic growth
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: global economy’s focus
- Vị trí trong bài: Section A, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The modern global economy is built on a model of continuous growth” – đây là điều mà nền kinh tế toàn cầu tập trung vào, tạo ra khó khăn cho việc giảm phát thải.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: achieving climate justice primarily requires
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: Câu mở đầu passage 3 nhấn mạnh: “The pursuit of climate justice necessitates a fundamental reconfiguration…This transformation extends beyond technical solutions or policy adjustments to encompass epistemological shifts in how societies conceptualize development, progress, and human flourishing.” Từ “epistemological shifts in how societies conceptualize development” được paraphrase thành “fundamental change in how societies understand development” ở đáp án C.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: author’s view, market-based climate mechanisms
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2 “The Limitations of Market-Based Approaches”
- Giải thích: Tác giả trình bày quan điểm phê phán: “critics from climate justice perspectives contend that such mechanisms perpetuate the commodification of nature” và “market-based approaches often fail to address the distributional consequences of climate policy.” Điều này phù hợp với đáp án C về việc không giải quyết thỏa đáng các vấn đề công bằng và bình đẳng.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Capitalocene, preferred
- Vị trí trong bài: Section “Decolonizing Climate Action”, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: “They advocate instead for terms like ‘Capitalocene’ that locate responsibility more precisely in specific economic systems and social classes rather than humanity in general.” Thuật ngữ này được ưa chuộng vì nó xác định chính xác hệ thống kinh tế nào (chủ nghĩa tư bản) gây ra biến đổi khí hậu.
Câu 32: B (Ecological debt)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Section “Decolonizing Climate Action”, đoạn 1
- Giải thích: “The ecological debt accumulated through centuries of appropriating resources and dumping waste in colonized territories remains largely unacknowledged in international climate negotiations.” Khái niệm này mô tả chính xác về thiệt hại lịch sử từ khai thác tài nguyên thuộc địa.
Câu 37: epistemological shifts
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: beyond technical solutions, require
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “This transformation extends beyond technical solutions or policy adjustments to encompass epistemological shifts in how societies conceptualize development.” Câu trả lời chính xác là “epistemological shifts” – những thay đổi về nhận thức luận.
Câu 40: planetary boundaries
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: sustainable societies, built, constraints
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, câu cuối
- Giải thích: “…building democratic, egalitarian, and ecologically sustainable societies within planetary boundaries.” Các xã hội bền vững phải được xây dựng trong giới hạn hành tinh (planetary boundaries).
Giảng viên IELTS đang giải thích chi tiết đáp án bài đọc về công bằng khí hậu
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| disproportionately | adv | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/ | Một cách không cân xứng, không tương xứng | “Some of the world’s poorest communities…are disproportionately affected by rising temperatures” | disproportionately affected/impacted |
| burden | n | /ˈbɜːdn/ | Gánh nặng, trách nhiệm | “fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of climate change” | bear the burden, burden of proof |
| greenhouse gas emissions | n phrase | /ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃnz/ | Khí thải nhà kính | “contributed the least to greenhouse gas emissions“ | reduce emissions, carbon emissions |
| intergenerational equity | n phrase | /ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl ˈekwəti/ | Công bằng giữa các thế hệ | “Climate justice also encompasses intergenerational equity“ | promote intergenerational equity |
| jeopardize | v | /ˈdʒepədaɪz/ | Gây nguy hiểm, đe dọa | “their futures are being jeopardized by the inaction” | jeopardize future/safety/health |
| exacerbate | v | /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ | Làm trầm trọng thêm, làm tệ hơn | “climate change can exacerbate existing inequalities“ | exacerbate problems/tensions |
| displacement | n | /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ | Sự di dời, dịch chuyển | “questions of displacement and migration“ | forced displacement, population displacement |
| uninhabitable | adj | /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbl/ | Không thể sinh sống được | “certain regions become uninhabitable due to rising seas” | uninhabitable areas/conditions |
| indigenous peoples | n phrase | /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ˈpiːplz/ | Cư dân bản địa | “Indigenous peoples have emerged as important voices” | indigenous rights/knowledge/communities |
| sustainable practices | n phrase | /səˈsteɪnəbl ˈpræktɪsɪz/ | Các hoạt động bền vững | “developing sustainable practices“ | adopt sustainable practices |
| extractive industries | n phrase | /ɪkˈstræktɪv ˈɪndəstriz/ | Các ngành công nghiệp khai thác | “threats from extractive industries“ | regulate extractive industries |
| differentiated responsibilities | n phrase | /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪtɪd rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlətiz/ | Trách nhiệm có sự phân biệt | “common but differentiated responsibilities“ | principle of differentiated responsibilities |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| formidable | adj | /fɔːˈmɪdəbl/ | Ghê gớm, đáng gờm | “faces formidable obstacles“ | formidable challenge/opponent |
| inextricably | adv | /ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbli/ | Một cách không thể tách rời | “has historically been inextricably linked to increasing energy consumption” | inextricably linked/connected |
| paradigm | n | /ˈpærədaɪm/ | Mô hình, khuôn mẫu | “The Economic Growth Paradigm“ | paradigm shift, new paradigm |
| decarbonization | n | /diːˌkɑːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | Sự giảm carbon, khử carbon | “rapid decarbonization politically challenging” | energy decarbonization, path to decarbonization |
| constituency | n | /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/ | Nhóm cử tri, nhóm lợi ích | “creating powerful constituencies that resist climate policies” | political constituency, key constituency |
| sunk costs | n phrase | /sʌŋk kɒsts/ | Chi phí chìm (đã bỏ ra không thể thu hồi) | “The sunk costs in existing fossil fuel infrastructure” | sunk cost fallacy |
| sovereignty | n | /ˈsɒvrənti/ | Chủ quyền | “The principle of national sovereignty“ | national sovereignty, sovereignty rights |
| veto power | n phrase | /ˈviːtəʊ ˈpaʊə/ | Quyền phủ quyết | “giving each country effective veto power“ | exercise veto power |
| fragmented | adj | /ˈfræɡmentɪd/ | Bị phân mảnh, manh mún | “The architecture of climate finance is fragmented and complex“ | fragmented system/approach |
| bilateral and multilateral | adj phrase | /baɪˈlætərəl ənd ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ | Song phương và đa phương | “involving multiple bilateral and multilateral channels” | bilateral agreement, multilateral cooperation |
| undermine trust | v phrase | /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn trʌst/ | Phá hoại lòng tin | “undermine trust between developed and developing nations” | undermine confidence/credibility |
| temporal mismatch | n phrase | /ˈtempərəl ˈmɪsmætʃ/ | Sự không khớp về thời gian | “This temporal mismatch between political incentives and climate imperatives” | temporal dimension/aspect |
| exploit uncertainty | v phrase | /ɪkˈsplɔɪt ʌnˈsɜːtnti/ | Lợi dụng sự không chắc chắn | “allowing opponents to exploit uncertainty to justify inaction” | exploit loopholes/vulnerabilities |
| mutually reinforcing | adj phrase | /ˈmjuːtʃuəli ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsɪŋ/ | Tương hỗ, củng cố lẫn nhau | “barriers are interconnected and mutually reinforcing“ | mutually reinforcing factors/processes |
| democratizing access | v phrase | /dɪˈmɒkrətaɪzɪŋ ˈækses/ | Dân chủ hóa sự tiếp cận | “democratizing access to climate knowledge and technology” | democratize education/information |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconfiguration | n | /ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/ | Sự cấu hình lại, tái cấu trúc | “necessitates a fundamental reconfiguration of relationships” | structural reconfiguration |
| epistemological | adj | /ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/ | Thuộc nhận thức luận | “epistemological shifts in how societies conceptualize” | epistemological framework/perspective |
| ontological | adj | /ˌɒntəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ | Thuộc bản thể luận | “not merely logistical or financial but deeply ontological“ | ontological assumptions/questions |
| differential vulnerability | n phrase | /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ | Tính dễ bị tổn thương khác biệt | “produced both climate change and differential vulnerability“ | differential impact/exposure |
| commodification | n | /kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | Sự thương mại hóa | “perpetuate the commodification of nature” | commodification of labor/culture |
| carbon colonialism | n phrase | /ˈkɑːbən kəˈləʊniəlɪzəm/ | Chủ nghĩa thực dân carbon | “some characterize as a form of ‘carbon colonialism‘” | environmental colonialism |
| regressive impacts | n phrase | /rɪˈɡresɪv ˈɪmpækts/ | Tác động thoái hóa, bất lợi | “The regressive impacts of carbon pricing” | regressive taxation/policies |
| decouple | v | /diːˈkʌpl/ | Tách rời, không liên kết | “alternative approaches that decouple environmental protection from market logic” | decouple growth from emissions |
| ecological debt | n phrase | /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl det/ | Nợ sinh thái | “The ecological debt accumulated through centuries” | repay ecological debt |
| reparative action | n phrase | /rɪˈpærətɪv ˈækʃn/ | Hành động khắc phục, bồi thường | “demand recognition…and reparative action“ | reparative justice/measures |
| epistemologies | n | /ɪˌpɪstɪˈmɒlədʒiz/ | Các hệ thống nhận thức | “incorporating non-Western epistemologies and cosmologies” | indigenous epistemologies, alternative epistemologies |
| subject-object dualism | n phrase | /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt ˈɒbdʒɪkt ˈdjuːəlɪzəm/ | Chủ nghĩa nhị nguyên chủ thể-khách thể | “contrast with the subject-object dualism characteristic of Western modernity” | dualistic thinking |
| ecological relationality | n phrase | /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl rɪˌleɪʃəˈnæləti/ | Tính quan hệ sinh thái | “articulated visions of ecological relationality“ | relational ontology |
| adaptation apartheid | n phrase | /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn əˈpɑːtaɪt/ | Sự phân biệt đối xử trong thích ứng | “This ‘adaptation apartheid‘ reproduces and intensifies existing inequalities” | climate apartheid |
| territorial erasure | n phrase | /ˌterəˈtɔːriəl ɪˈreɪʒə/ | Sự xóa bỏ lãnh thổ | “Small island states facing territorial erasure due to sea-level rise” | cultural erasure, identity erasure |
| climate liability | n phrase | /ˈklaɪmət ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ | Trách nhiệm pháp lý về khí hậu | “implicitly raises questions of climate liability and compensation” | legal liability, corporate liability |
| assiduously | adv | /əˈsɪdjuəsli/ | Một cách cần mẫn, kiên trì | “that developed countries have assiduously avoided“ | assiduously cultivate/pursue |
| intersectional movements | n phrase | /ˌɪntəˈsekʃənl ˈmuːvmənts/ | Các phong trào liên ngành | “requires intersectional movements that connect climate with issues of racial justice” | intersectional approach/analysis |
| revolutionary reimagining | n phrase | /ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri ˌriːɪˈmædʒɪnɪŋ/ | Sự tái tưởng tượng mang tính cách mạng | “represents not merely an adjustment…but a revolutionary reimagining“ | radical reimagining, transformative reimagining |
Bảng tổng hợp từ vựng chủ đề công bằng khí hậu cho IELTS Reading
Kết Luận
Chủ đề “What are the challenges of achieving climate justice?” không chỉ là một trong những topic quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề cấp bách nhất của thế giới đương đại. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được làm quen với đầy đủ các khía cạnh của công bằng khí hậu – từ khái niệm cơ bản, các rào cản kinh tế và chính trị, cho đến những con đường chuyển đổi sâu sắc cần thiết để đạt được công bằng khí hậu thực sự.
Đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng, bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Matching Features, Summary Completion, Sentence Completion và Short-answer Questions. Việc luyện tập với đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi thực tế.
Phần đáp án chi tiết với giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách phân tích câu hỏi sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng mà còn hiểu TẠI SAO đó là đáp án đúng – đây chính là chìa khóa để cải thiện kỹ năng đọc hiểu của bạn một cách bền vững. Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp kèm theo phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocation sẽ làm phong phú vốn từ vựng học thuật của bạn, đặc biệt trong lĩnh vực môi trường và khoa học xã hội.
Hãy nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading không đến từ việc học thuộc lòng mà từ việc rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu, phân tích và quản lý thời gian một cách khoa học. Đề thi này là một công cụ quý giá giúp bạn thực hành những kỹ năng đó trong điều kiện gần giống thi thật nhất. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm IELTS Reading như mong muốn!
