IELTS Reading: Di Cư Do Biến Đổi Khí Hậu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tạo ra những làn sóng di cư quy mô lớn trên toàn cầu, trở thành một trong những thách thức nhân đạo và chính trị phức tạp nhất của thế kỷ 21. Chủ đề “What Are The Challenges Of Managing Climate Change-induced Migration?” không chỉ xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề thực tế đang diễn ra trên khắp thế giới.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Mỗi passage đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết, giải thích cặn kẽ và bộ từ vựng quan trọng giúp bạn không chỉ luyện tập hiệu quả mà còn nâng cao kiến thức học thuật về một chủ đề toàn cầu.

Đề thi này phù hợp với học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format chuẩn Cambridge, rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian và phát triển chiến lược làm bài bài bản để đạt điểm cao trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Điểm số sau đó được quy đổi thành thang band từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó dễ, band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý rằng bạn phải tự chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet trong 60 phút, không có thời gian bổ sung như phần Listening. Vì vậy, quản lý thời gian là kỹ năng then chốt để đạt band điểm cao.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn A, B, C, D
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ từ bài đọc
5. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với giới hạn từ

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đòi hỏi chiến lược làm bài khác nhau. Hãy đọc kỹ instructions trước khi bắt đầu mỗi phần câu hỏi.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Refugees: A Growing Global Concern

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The phenomenon of climate-induced migration is becoming increasingly prominent in the 21st century. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, millions of people around the world are being forced to leave their homes in search of safer and more sustainable living conditions. Unlike traditional refugees who flee conflict or persecution, climate migrants face a unique set of circumstances that challenge existing international frameworks and legal definitions.

Rising sea levels represent one of the most visible drivers of climate migration. Small island nations in the Pacific Ocean, such as Tuvalu and Kiribati, are experiencing existential threats as ocean waters gradually submerge their territories. The residents of these islands face an impossible choice: remain in their ancestral homelands until they become completely uninhabitable, or relocate to foreign countries where they may struggle with cultural adaptation and loss of identity. According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, approximately 24 million people were displaced by weather-related events in 2020 alone, a figure that is expected to increase significantly in the coming decades.

Desertification and prolonged droughts also contribute substantially to migration flows, particularly in regions of sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. When agricultural land becomes barren and water sources dry up, rural communities lose their primary means of livelihood. Farmers and pastoralists who have lived in these areas for generations find themselves with no alternative but to move to urban centres or across international borders. This rural-to-urban migration places enormous pressure on cities that are often already struggling with inadequate infrastructure and limited resources. The situation creates a cascading effect where environmental degradation leads to economic hardship, which in turn fuels social tensions and sometimes even conflict.

The legal status of climate migrants remains ambiguous under current international law. The 1951 Refugee Convention, which forms the basis of refugee protection worldwide, does not recognize environmental factors as grounds for refugee status. This legislative gap means that people fleeing climate disasters often lack the legal protections and assistance available to conventional refugees. Several countries and international organizations have begun advocating for new frameworks that would explicitly address climate-induced displacement, but progress has been slow due to political disagreements and concerns about the potential scale of such recognition.

Coastal erosion and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons, and floods are forcing entire communities to relocate permanently. In Bangladesh, one of the world’s most climate-vulnerable nations, thousands of people are displaced each year by cyclones and river erosion. Many move to the capital city, Dhaka, where they live in overcrowded slums with poor sanitation and limited access to basic services. Similar patterns are observed in other vulnerable regions, from the hurricane-prone Caribbean to the flood-affected areas of Southeast Asia. These movements are often not one-time events but rather gradual processes that unfold over years or decades.

The economic implications of climate migration are substantial and multifaceted. Remittances sent by migrants to their families back home can provide crucial financial support to communities affected by climate change. However, the loss of working-age population from origin areas can also undermine local economies and reduce the capacity of communities to adapt to environmental changes. Destination communities, meanwhile, face challenges in providing employment, housing, education, and healthcare to newcomers, particularly when arrivals are sudden and large-scale. The impact of The impact of climate change on the global economy extends far beyond immediate disaster costs, affecting labour markets, agricultural productivity, and long-term development prospects.

Adaptation strategies are essential to managing climate-induced migration effectively. Some experts advocate for planned relocation programmes that move vulnerable populations before disasters strike, allowing for better preparation and integration in destination areas. Others emphasize the need for climate resilience measures that enable people to remain in their homes by strengthening infrastructure, developing drought-resistant crops, and improving water management systems. International cooperation is crucial, as climate change is a global problem that requires coordinated responses. Wealthy nations that have historically contributed most to greenhouse gas emissions bear particular responsibility to assist vulnerable countries in both mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Người di cư khí hậu tìm kiếm nơi ở mới do biến đổi môi trường IELTS Reading

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Climate migrants face the same legal recognition as refugees fleeing from war.
2. Tuvalu and Kiribati are experiencing threats to their existence due to rising sea levels.
3. In 2020, more than 20 million people were displaced by weather-related disasters.
4. The 1951 Refugee Convention includes provisions for people displaced by environmental factors.
5. Bangladesh experiences thousands of displacements annually due to coastal and river erosion.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. When agricultural land becomes unproductive and water sources disappear, __ lose their main source of income.
7. The movement of people from rural areas to cities places strain on __ that may already be insufficient.
8. Money sent home by migrants, known as __, can provide important financial help to affected communities.
9. Some experts recommend __ programmes that move people before disasters occur.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, what makes climate migrants different from traditional refugees?

• A. They move to different countries
• B. They face unique circumstances not covered by existing laws
• C. They leave their homes voluntarily
• D. They receive more international support

11. What effect does desertification have on rural communities?

• A. It improves agricultural productivity
• B. It creates new employment opportunities
• C. It forces people to abandon farming and move elsewhere
• D. It attracts investment in the region

12. Why has progress been slow in creating new legal frameworks for climate migrants?

• A. Due to lack of evidence of climate change
• B. Because of political disagreements and concerns about scale
• C. Countries refuse to cooperate internationally
• D. Environmental organizations oppose such changes

13. What does the passage suggest about wealthy nations?

• A. They should close their borders to climate migrants
• B. They have a special responsibility to help vulnerable countries
• C. They are most affected by climate migration
• D. They have already done enough to address the problem

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PASSAGE 2 – Managing the Complexities of Environmental Displacement

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The governance of climate-induced migration presents multifaceted challenges that transcend traditional boundaries of national sovereignty, humanitarian assistance, and environmental policy. As the scale and frequency of climate-related displacement increase, policymakers and international organizations are grappling with questions that have no precedent in human history. The complexity arises not merely from the magnitude of potential movements but from the intricate interplay between environmental factors, socioeconomic vulnerabilities, political dynamics, and human rights considerations.

One fundamental challenge lies in attribution and causality. Unlike sudden-onset disasters such as hurricanes or floods, whose immediate impacts are readily apparent, many climate change effects unfold gradually over years or decades. Distinguishing between migration driven purely by environmental degradation and movement influenced by economic opportunities, social networks, or political instability becomes increasingly difficult. This ambiguity has profound implications for policy development. If we cannot clearly identify who qualifies as a climate migrant, how can we design targeted interventions or allocate resources effectively? Research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute suggests that climate change often acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities rather than serving as a standalone driver of displacement. This finding, similar to patterns observed in studies on Impact of climate change on global economic stability, underscores the need for holistic approaches that address both environmental and socioeconomic dimensions simultaneously.

The jurisdictional vacuum surrounding climate migrants creates significant protection gaps. Current international law distinguishes clearly between refugees, who enjoy specific protections under the 1951 Convention, and economic migrants, who generally do not. Climate migrants fall awkwardly between these categories. While some advocates argue for expanding the refugee definition to include environmental factors, others worry that such expansion could dilute protection for those fleeing persecution. Moreover, many climate-induced movements occur within national borders rather than across them, placing displaced populations outside the purview of international refugee law entirely. Internal displacement, while often involving similar hardships to international migration, is primarily governed by national authorities who may lack capacity or political will to provide adequate protection.

Data collection and monitoring systems present another substantial obstacle. Reliable statistics on climate migration are surprisingly scarce, partly because of the definitional ambiguities mentioned earlier and partly due to methodological challenges in tracking population movements. Without robust data, evidence-based policymaking becomes virtually impossible. How many people are currently displaced by climate factors? Where are they moving from and to? What are their specific needs and vulnerabilities? These basic questions often lack clear answers. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and similar organizations have made significant strides in improving data collection, but substantial gaps remain, particularly in regions with weak institutional capacity or ongoing conflicts that make monitoring difficult.

The burden-sharing conundrum represents perhaps the most politically sensitive aspect of managing climate migration. Who should bear responsibility for hosting and supporting climate migrants? Should this burden fall primarily on neighbouring countries where migrants naturally move first, often fellow developing nations with limited resources? Or should wealthy industrialized countries, whose historical greenhouse gas emissions have disproportionately contributed to climate change, accept greater responsibility? The Nansen Initiative, launched in 2012, sought to build consensus on protecting people displaced across borders by disasters, but translating principles into binding commitments has proven exceedingly difficult. National governments remain wary of obligations that might require accepting large numbers of migrants or providing financial resources during times of domestic economic pressure.

Integration challenges in destination areas demand careful consideration and substantial resources. Even when climate migrants successfully reach safer locations, they often face discrimination, language barriers, livelihood insecurity, and cultural displacement. Urban areas receiving large influxes of displaced populations may experience increased competition for jobs, housing, and public services, potentially generating resentment among established residents. Research from climate migration hotspots indicates that social cohesion suffers when newcomers and host communities lack opportunities for meaningful interaction and when resources are perceived as unfairly distributed. Successful integration requires not only material assistance but also programmes that facilitate mutual understanding, protect migrants’ rights, and create economic opportunities for both displaced populations and receiving communities.

The temporal dimensions of climate migration add further complexity. Some movements are cyclical and temporary—for instance, agricultural workers who migrate seasonally when droughts affect crop yields but return home when conditions improve. Others represent permanent relocations from which return is impossible or impractical, as when entire islands become uninhabitable. Still others fall into a grey area of protracted displacement, where people live for years in temporary arrangements, unable to return home but not fully settled elsewhere. Each pattern requires different policy responses, yet current frameworks rarely differentiate adequately between these distinct situations. Similar challenges regarding long-term adaptation can be seen when examining How clean energy is driving job creation, where transitions require sustained policy commitment over decades.

Proactive versus reactive approaches represent a critical strategic choice. Should international efforts focus primarily on responding to displacement after it occurs, providing humanitarian assistance and facilitating resettlement? Or should priority go to prevention and adaptation measures that enable vulnerable populations to remain in their homes? The reality, of course, requires both approaches simultaneously, but resource limitations force difficult trade-offs. Investment in resilient infrastructure, sustainable agriculture, and early warning systems in vulnerable regions might prevent future displacement, but such measures require substantial upfront costs and may not yield visible results for years. Meanwhile, people are being displaced now and require immediate assistance.

Chuyên gia quốc tế thảo luận chính sách quản lý di cư khí hậu tại hội nghị

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. What does the passage identify as a fundamental challenge in managing climate migration?

• A. The high cost of resettlement programmes
• B. Difficulty in distinguishing climate factors from other migration causes
• C. Lack of international organizations
• D. Insufficient transportation infrastructure

15. According to the passage, climate change often functions as a:

• A. Primary cause of all migration
• B. Temporary influence on population movement
• C. Factor that worsens existing problems
• D. Solution to overpopulation

16. Why are reliable statistics on climate migration scarce?

• A. Governments refuse to collect data
• B. Climate migrants avoid being counted
• C. There are definitional and methodological challenges
• D. International organizations lack funding

17. The Nansen Initiative aimed to:

• A. Close borders to climate migrants
• B. Build agreement on protecting disaster-displaced people
• C. Establish new refugee camps
• D. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

18. What do successful integration programmes require?

• A. Only financial assistance
• B. Strict segregation of communities
• C. Material help plus opportunities for mutual understanding
• D. Temporary housing solutions only

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The governance of climate migration involves numerous complex challenges. One major issue concerns 19. __, as it is difficult to separate environmental causes from economic and social factors influencing migration decisions. This creates problems for developing 20. __ interventions and allocating resources effectively. Another problem is the 21. __ vacuum in international law, as climate migrants don’t fit neatly into existing legal categories. The question of 22. __ is politically sensitive, as it involves deciding which countries should accept responsibility for hosting migrants. Furthermore, 23. __ challenges in destination areas require substantial resources and programmes to facilitate mutual understanding between displaced populations and host communities.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Expanding the refugee definition to include climate factors might weaken protections for persecution victims.
25. Most climate-induced displacement involves movement across international borders rather than within countries.
26. Both prevention measures and humanitarian responses are necessary but resource limitations create difficult choices.

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PASSAGE 3 – Toward Comprehensive Frameworks for Climate Mobility Governance

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The dialectical tension between state sovereignty and humanitarian imperatives lies at the heart of efforts to construct robust governance mechanisms for climate-induced human mobility. Contemporary international relations remain fundamentally predicated on the Westphalian principle of territorial integrity, which grants nation-states supreme authority over border control and admission policies. This principle, while foundational to international order since 1648, increasingly collides with the transboundary exigencies of climate change and its attendant displacement crises. The resulting normative dissonance challenges scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to reconceptualize protection frameworks in ways that balance legitimate sovereignty concerns with emerging cosmopolitan obligations toward those rendered vulnerable by anthropogenic climate disruption.

Theoretical frameworks for understanding climate mobility have evolved considerably over the past two decades. Early conceptualizations tended toward alarmist projections of massive, chaotic population movements—environmental determinism that posited direct, linear causation between climate impacts and migration. Contemporary scholarship, informed by extensive empirical research, has largely abandoned such reductionist models in favour of more nuanced perspectives that recognize human mobility as a multidimensional adaptive strategy. The “maximalist” versus “minimalist” debate in migration studies—concerning whether climate change will produce hundreds of millions of migrants or far fewer—reflects deeper epistemological disagreements about causation, threshold definitions, and the role of human agency in migration decisions. Recent work by Black, Adger, and Arnell (2011) emphasizes migration as one among several adaptation strategies, challenging the implicit assumption that mobility necessarily represents adaptation failure rather than potentially rational, anticipatory responses to environmental change.

The fragmentation of institutional mandates governing climate mobility creates significant operational inefficiencies and protection gaps. The United Nations system comprises multiple agencies with partial, overlapping responsibilities: the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) addresses cross-border refugees but lacks clear mandate for climate-displaced persons; the International Organization for Migration (IOM) works on migration management but is not a UN agency with corresponding resources; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) addresses climate change but treats human mobility as peripheral rather than central. This institutional fragmentation results in what some scholars term “orphaned responsibilities“—critical protection needs that fall between agency mandates or jurisdictional boundaries. The 2018 Global Compact on Refugees and Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration represent significant steps toward more integrated approaches, yet neither compact possesses binding legal force, and their implementation relies on voluntary state cooperation, which remains inconsistent and inadequate.

Regional governance initiatives have demonstrated both the potential and limitations of subsidiary approaches to climate mobility. The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (Kampala Convention), which entered into force in 2012, explicitly recognizes disasters and climate change as displacement causes and establishes state obligations for protection. Similarly, the Nansen Initiative, subsequently institutionalized as the Platform on Disaster Displacement, has built normative consensus around a “protection agenda” for disaster-displaced persons through state-led consultations. These initiatives embody principles of subsidiarity—addressing issues at the most appropriate governance level—and state ownership. However, their effectiveness remains constrained by limited enforcement mechanisms and resource mobilization challenges. The tension between normative progress at global and regional levels and implementation deficits at national levels represents perhaps the most significant gap in current governance architecture. This challenge parallels broader debates about climate action commitments, as seen in discussions surrounding Impact of green energy on global economies, where international agreements often struggle to translate into concrete national policies.

Rights-based approaches to climate mobility governance have gained traction but face substantial conceptual and practical obstacles. Some legal scholars argue for recognizing climate mobility as a human rights issue, invoking rights to life, adequate standard of living, and freedom of movement established in various international human rights instruments. The Advisory Opinion requested from the International Court of Justice regarding climate change and human rights obligations could potentially establish important jurisprudential foundations for such approaches. However, rights-based frameworks confront thorny questions: Do individuals possess a right to migrate when climate change threatens their livelihoods? Conversely, do they have a right to remain in their homes, implying correlative obligations on states and international community to facilitate such permanence through adaptation assistance? How can we operationalize such rights when states maintain prerogatives to control admission and when resources for adaptation are finite?

The financialization of climate mobility governance introduces market mechanisms and actuarial logics into humanitarian domains traditionally governed by solidarity principles. Proposals for climate insurance schemes, catastrophe bonds, and migration as adaptation policies funded through climate finance mechanisms represent efforts to create predictable, scalable funding streams for addressing displacement. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, established under the UNFCCC in 2013, potentially provides an institutional home for such approaches, though developed countries have resisted any implications of legal liability or compensation. Critics worry that financialization may commodify human suffering, reduce complex protection needs to calculable risk metrics, and shift responsibility from polluters to markets. Moreover, insurance-based approaches inherently favour quantifiable, sudden-onset disasters over slow-onset degradation that characterizes much climate-induced displacement, potentially creating two-tiered protection systems based on the assessability of causation and damages.

Knowledge production and epistemic communities play crucial but often underexamined roles in shaping governance responses. Scientific bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) produce authoritative assessments that frame policy debates, yet their treatment of human mobility has evolved from minimal attention in early reports to dedicated chapters in recent Assessment Reports. Epistemic uncertainties—regarding climate projection scales, population vulnerability assessments, and migration forecasting—inevitably influence political decisions about resource allocation and institutional design. The social construction of climate migration as either security threat or humanitarian crisis profoundly affects policy responses: securitization tends to favour restrictive border policies and emphasis on preventing movement, while humanitarian framing prioritizes protection and assistance. Recent scholarship examining Electric cars and global oil demand demonstrates similar patterns where framing determines policy priorities and resource allocation.

Transformative adaptation and planned relocation represent potentially paradigmatic shifts from reactive crisis management toward anticipatory, strategic approaches to climate mobility. Rather than viewing migration as a last resort indicating adaptation failure, these frameworks conceptualize planned, facilitated movement as a legitimate adaptation strategy when in-situ adaptation proves insufficient or unsustainable. The Fiji government’s planned relocation of dozens of coastal communities exemplifies such approaches, incorporating community participation, cultural preservation measures, and livelihood support into relocation planning. However, planned relocations raise profound ethical dilemmas: How can we ensure genuine voluntariness when climate threats make remaining untenable? Who decides when communities should relocate, and based on what criteria? How can planning processes respect community self-determination while addressing intra-community power dynamics that may silence marginalized voices? The cognitive dissonance between celebrating indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge and environmental stewardship while simultaneously planning their displacement from ancestral lands represents one of the more troubling contradictions in climate adaptation discourse.

Questions 27-32

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

27. The principle of __ grants nation-states complete authority over their borders and admission policies.

28. Early theories about climate migration were characterized by __ that assumed direct relationships between climate impacts and population movements.

29. Recent research emphasizes migration as one of several __ rather than necessarily representing failure.

30. The __ explicitly recognizes disasters and climate change as causes of displacement in Africa.

31. Some scholars argue for treating climate mobility as a __ issue, invoking established international protections.

32. Critics worry that insurance-based approaches may __ human suffering by reducing complex needs to risk calculations.

Questions 33-36

Choose FOUR letters, A-H.

Which FOUR of the following challenges in climate mobility governance are mentioned in the passage?

A. Conflicts between state sovereignty and humanitarian needs
B. Disagreements about the total number of climate migrants
C. Excessive funding available for adaptation programmes
D. Fragmentation of responsibilities across multiple UN agencies
E. Universal acceptance of climate migrants as refugees
F. Difficulties in enforcing regional agreements at national level
G. Complete absence of legal frameworks addressing displacement
H. Ethical dilemmas in planned relocation programmes

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Contemporary migration scholarship has moved away from simplistic cause-and-effect models of climate migration.

38. The Global Compact on Refugees and Global Compact for Migration are legally binding international treaties.

39. Developed countries have enthusiastically supported compensation mechanisms for climate-related displacement through the Warsaw International Mechanism.

40. Planned relocations completely eliminate the ethical concerns associated with climate-induced displacement.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. rural communities / farmers / pastoralists
7. urban infrastructure / infrastructure
8. remittances
9. planned relocation
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. attribution and causality / causality
20. targeted
21. jurisdictional
22. burden-sharing
23. integration
24. YES
25. NO
26. YES

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. territorial integrity / Westphalian principle
28. environmental determinism / alarmist projections
29. adaptation strategies / adaptive strategy
30. Kampala Convention
31. human rights
32. commodify
33. A, B, D, H (in any order)
34. (included in 33)
35. (included in 33)
36. (included in 33)
37. YES
38. NO
39. NO
40. NO

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate migrants, legal recognition, refugees fleeing from war
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “The legal status of climate migrants remains ambiguous under current international law” và “people fleeing climate disasters often lack the legal protections and assistance available to conventional refugees”. Điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với phát biểu rằng họ có cùng sự công nhận pháp lý.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Tuvalu, Kiribati, threats to existence, rising sea levels
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Small island nations in the Pacific Ocean, such as Tuvalu and Kiribati, are experiencing existential threats as ocean waters gradually submerge their territories”. Từ “existential threats” đồng nghĩa với “threats to their existence”.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Bangladesh, thousands of displacements, coastal and river erosion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “In Bangladesh… thousands of people are displaced each year by cyclones and river erosion”, khớp chính xác với phát biểu.

Câu 8: remittances

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: money sent home by migrants
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Remittances sent by migrants to their families back home can provide crucial financial support” – từ “remittances” được định nghĩa trực tiếp trong câu này.

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate migrants different from traditional refugees
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Unlike traditional refugees who flee conflict or persecution, climate migrants face a unique set of circumstances that challenge existing international frameworks and legal definitions” – đáp án B paraphrase chính xác ý này.

Học viên IELTS luyện tập Reading với đáp án chi tiết và từ vựng quan trọng

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: fundamental challenge
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, tiêu đề và dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn bắt đầu với “One fundamental challenge lies in attribution and causality” và giải thích “Distinguishing between migration driven purely by environmental degradation and movement influenced by economic opportunities… becomes increasingly difficult”.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate change functions as
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 8-9
• Giải thích: “climate change often acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities” – đáp án C “Factor that worsens existing problems” paraphrase chính xác.

Câu 19: attribution and causality

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: major issue concerns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “One fundamental challenge lies in attribution and causality” – cụm từ này xuất hiện nguyên văn là tiêu đề của vấn đề được mô tả.

Câu 24: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: expanding refugee definition, weaken protections
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “others worry that such expansion could dilute protection for those fleeing persecution” – “dilute” đồng nghĩa với “weaken”, thể hiện quan điểm của tác giả về mối lo ngại này.

Câu 25: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: most climate-induced displacement, across international borders
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “many climate-induced movements occur within national borders rather than across them” – câu này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với phát biểu, do đó đáp án là NO.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: territorial integrity / Westphalian principle

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: grants nation-states, authority over borders
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “the Westphalian principle of territorial integrity, which grants nation-states supreme authority over border control” – có thể dùng cả hai cụm từ.

Câu 33-36: A, B, D, H

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Selection
• Giải thích từng đáp án:
  • A (ĐÚNG): Đoạn 1 nói về “dialectical tension between state sovereignty and humanitarian imperatives”
  • B (ĐÚNG): Đoạn 2 đề cập “maximalist versus minimalist debate… concerning whether climate change will produce hundreds of millions of migrants or far fewer”
  • D (ĐÚNG): Đoạn 3 mô tả chi tiết “fragmentation of institutional mandates” với UNHCR, IOM, UNFCCC
  • H (ĐÚNG): Đoạn cuối thảo luận “profound ethical dilemmas” trong planned relocations

Câu 38: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Global Compact, legally binding
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “yet neither compact possesses binding legal force” – mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với phát biểu về tính ràng buộc pháp lý.

Câu 40: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: planned relocations, completely eliminate, ethical concerns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn nêu rõ “planned relocations raise profound ethical dilemmas” và liệt kê nhiều vấn đề đạo đức, mâu thuẫn với việc “hoàn toàn loại bỏ” lo ngại đạo đức.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
climate-induced	adj	/ˈklaɪmət ɪnˈdjuːst/	do khí hậu gây ra	climate-induced migration is becoming increasingly prominent	climate-induced disasters, climate-induced displacement
unpredictable	adj	/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/	không thể dự đoán	weather patterns become more unpredictable	unpredictable weather, unpredictable consequences
persecution	n	/ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃn/	sự ngược đãi, bức hại	refugees who flee conflict or persecution	flee persecution, victims of persecution
existential threat	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/	mối đe dọa hiện hữu	experiencing existential threats	pose an existential threat, face existential threats
submerge	v	/səbˈmɜːdʒ/	nhấn chìm, ngập nước	ocean waters gradually submerge their territories	submerge land, become submerged
desertification	n	/dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sa mạc hóa	desertification and prolonged droughts	combat desertification, desertification process
barren	adj	/ˈbærən/	cằn cỗi,척박한	agricultural land becomes barren	barren land, barren soil
livelihood	n	/ˈlaɪvlihʊd/	kế sinh nhai	lose their primary means of livelihood	earn a livelihood, sustainable livelihood
pastoralist	n	/ˈpæstərəlɪst/	người chăn nuôi du mục	farmers and pastoralists who have lived in these areas	nomadic pastoralists, pastoralist communities
cascading effect	n phrase	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền	creates a cascading effect	trigger a cascading effect, cascading effects of climate change
ambiguous	adj	/æmˈbɪɡjuəs/	mơ hồ, không rõ ràng	legal status remains ambiguous	ambiguous definition, ambiguous terms
legislative gap	n phrase	/ˈledʒɪsleɪtɪv ɡæp/	khoảng trống pháp lý	this legislative gap means	fill the legislative gap, address legislative gaps

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều khía cạnh	multifaceted challenges	multifaceted problem, multifaceted approach
transcend	v	/trænˈsend/	vượt qua, siêu việt	challenges that transcend traditional boundaries	transcend borders, transcend limitations
precedent	n	/ˈpresɪdənt/	tiền lệ	questions that have no precedent	set a precedent, without precedent
magnitude	n	/ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/	quy mô, độ lớn	the magnitude of potential movements	magnitude of the problem, of considerable magnitude
intricate interplay	n phrase	/ˈɪntrɪkət ˈɪntəpleɪ/	sự tương tác phức tạp	intricate interplay between environmental factors	intricate interplay of forces
attribution	n	/ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃn/	sự quy cho, gán cho	challenge lies in attribution and causality	climate attribution, attribution of responsibility
ambiguity	n	/ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/	tính mơ hồ	this ambiguity has profound implications	remove ambiguity, legal ambiguity
targeted intervention	n phrase	/ˈtɑːɡɪtɪd ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/	can thiệp có mục tiêu	design targeted interventions	targeted interventions and policies
threat multiplier	n phrase	/θret ˈmʌltɪplaɪə/	yếu tố nhân rộng mối đe dọa	acts as a threat multiplier	climate change as threat multiplier
holistic approach	n phrase	/həʊˈlɪstɪk əˈprəʊtʃ/	cách tiếp cận toàn diện	need for holistic approaches	adopt a holistic approach
jurisdictional vacuum	n phrase	/ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃənl ˈvækjuəm/	khoảng trống thẩm quyền	jurisdictional vacuum surrounding climate migrants	fill the jurisdictional vacuum
dilute	v	/daɪˈluːt/	làm loãng, làm yếu đi	could dilute protection	dilute protection, diluted version
purview	n	/ˈpɜːvjuː/	phạm vi, quyền hạn	outside the purview of international refugee law	within the purview of, fall under the purview
methodological challenge	n phrase	/ˌmeθədəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈtʃælɪndʒ/	thách thức về phương pháp	due to methodological challenges	methodological challenges in research
burden-sharing	n	/ˈbɜːdn ʃeərɪŋ/	chia sẻ gánh nặng	burden-sharing conundrum	equitable burden-sharing, burden-sharing mechanism

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
dialectical tension	n phrase	/ˌdaɪəˈlektɪkl ˈtenʃn/	căng thẳng biện chứng	dialectical tension between state sovereignty	dialectical tension in theory
robust governance	n phrase	/rəʊˈbʌst ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị mạnh mẽ	construct robust governance mechanisms	robust governance structures
Westphalian principle	n phrase	/westˈfeɪliən ˈprɪnsəpl/	nguyên tắc Westphalia	predicated on the Westphalian principle	Westphalian principle of sovereignty
transboundary	adj	/trænzˈbaʊndəri/	xuyên biên giới	transboundary exigencies of climate change	transboundary issues, transboundary cooperation
normative dissonance	n phrase	/ˈnɔːmətɪv ˈdɪsənəns/	bất hòa về chuẩn mực	resulting normative dissonance	create normative dissonance
cosmopolitan obligation	n phrase	/ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn/	nghĩa vụ toàn cầu	cosmopolitan obligations toward those vulnerable	cosmopolitan obligations and responsibilities
alarmist projection	n phrase	/əˈlɑːmɪst prəˈdʒekʃn/	dự báo báo động	characterized by alarmist projections	alarmist projections about climate
reductionist model	n phrase	/rɪˈdʌkʃənɪst ˈmɒdl/	mô hình giản lược	abandoned such reductionist models	reductionist models of causation
epistemological disagreement	n phrase	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt/	bất đồng về nhận thức luận	reflects deeper epistemological disagreements	epistemological disagreements in research
institutional fragmentation	n phrase	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/	sự phân mảnh thể chế	fragmentation of institutional mandates	institutional fragmentation creates inefficiency
orphaned responsibility	n phrase	/ˈɔːfənd rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/	trách nhiệm mồ côi	results in orphaned responsibilities	orphaned responsibilities in governance
subsidiarity	n	/səbˌsɪdiˈærəti/	nguyên tắc phụ trợ	embody principles of subsidiarity	principle of subsidiarity, subsidiarity in governance
jurisprudential foundation	n phrase	/ˌdʒʊərɪsprʊˈdenʃl faʊnˈdeɪʃn/	nền tảng luật học	establish jurisprudential foundations	strong jurisprudential foundations
operationalize	v	/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənəlaɪz/	vận hành hóa	how can we operationalize such rights	operationalize concepts, operationalize policies
financialization	n	/faɪˌnænʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tài chính hóa	financialization of climate mobility governance	financialization of humanitarian aid
actuarial logic	n phrase	/ˌæktʃuˈeəriəl ˈlɒdʒɪk/	logic bảo hiểm	introduces actuarial logics	based on actuarial logic
epistemic community	n phrase	/ˌepɪˈstiːmɪk kəˈmjuːnəti/	cộng đồng tri thức	epistemic communities play crucial roles	epistemic communities in policy
transformative adaptation	n phrase	/trænsˈfɔːmətɪv ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/	thích ứng chuyển đổi	transformative adaptation and planned relocation	transformative adaptation strategies
cognitive dissonance	n phrase	/ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈdɪsənəns/	bất hòa nhận thức	cognitive dissonance between celebrating	experience cognitive dissonance

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “What are the challenges of managing climate change-induced migration?” không chỉ mang tính thời sự cao mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề phức tạp đang diễn ra trên toàn cầu. Qua bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh này với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi từ cơ bản đến nâng cao, giúp làm quen với format chuẩn Cambridge.

Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm nền tảng về di cư khí hậu với từ vựng dễ tiếp cận, phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đi sâu vào phân tích các thách thức quản lý với độ phức tạp tăng lên, phù hợp band 6.0-7.5. Passage 3 mang tính học thuật cao với các lý thuyết chuyên sâu, thách thức những học viên hướng đến band 7.0-9.0.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí cụ thể và cách paraphrase giúp bạn không chỉ kiểm tra kết quả mà còn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng loại câu hỏi. Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage cung cấp nền tảng vững chắc cho cả kỹ năng đọc lẫn viết.

Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ từng câu hỏi sai, và áp dụng các kỹ thuật quản lý thời gian đã chia sẻ. Với sự kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế.