IELTS Reading: Hậu Quả Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đối Với Các Quốc Đảo Nhỏ – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đối với các quốc đảo nhỏ là một chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các đề thi từ năm 2018 đến nay. Chủ đề này không chỉ có tính thời sự cao mà còn liên quan đến nhiều khía cạnh như môi trường, khoa học, chính sách xã hội và kinh tế – những lĩnh vực mà IELTS thường tập trung đánh giá.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được luyện tập với một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Đề thi bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng theo đúng format thi thật, giúp bạn làm quen với nhiều dạng câu hỏi khác nhau như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác.

Mỗi passage đều đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết, giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Bên cạnh đó, bạn sẽ được trang bị một kho từ vựng học thuật quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và cách sử dụng thực tế.

Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thực tế và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản và hiệu quả.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không trừ điểm cho câu sai. Điểm số thô sau đó được chuyển đổi thành band score từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút
• Thời gian chuyển đáp án: 2-3 phút (không có thời gian bổ sung như Listening)

Lưu ý quan trọng:

• Đọc kỹ instructions để biết số từ giới hạn khi điền đáp án
• Viết đúng chính tả, đáp án sai chính tả sẽ bị tính sai
• Câu trả lời phải lấy từ bài đọc, không được thay đổi dạng từ (trừ khi yêu cầu)
• Không để câu nào trống, đoán nếu không chắc chắn

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng nhất từ các phương án cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được nhắc đến
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt bằng từ trong bài
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu bằng thông tin từ bài đọc
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Rising Seas and Sinking Islands

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Small island nations scattered across the world’s oceans are facing an existential threat from climate change that could see some of them disappear entirely within the next century. These vulnerable territories, home to millions of people, are experiencing the impacts of global warming more severely than almost any other regions on Earth. The primary concern for these island communities is the steady rise in sea levels, which threatens to submerge low-lying areas and render entire nations uninhabitable.

The physical geography of small island nations makes them particularly susceptible to climate-related changes. Many of these islands rise only a few meters above sea level, with some atolls in the Pacific having an average elevation of less than two meters. The Maldives in the Indian Ocean, for example, has an average ground level of just 1.5 meters above sea level, making it the lowest country on Earth. As ocean temperatures rise and polar ice caps melt, sea levels are increasing at an accelerating rate. Scientists predict that global sea levels could rise by up to one meter by the year 2100, though some projections suggest the increase could be even greater if current emission trends continue.

Coastal erosion represents one of the most visible impacts of rising seas. Beaches that once provided natural protection against storms are disappearing, while saltwater intrusion is contaminating freshwater sources that island communities depend upon for drinking water and agriculture. In Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of approximately 11,000 people, high tides now regularly flood homes and roads, forcing residents to relocate to higher ground. The country’s leaders have warned that their nation could become uninhabitable within the next 50 to 100 years.

Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense, posing another major threat to small island nations. Tropical cyclones, which draw their energy from warm ocean waters, are increasing in strength as sea temperatures rise. These powerful storms bring destructive winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges that can overwhelm the limited infrastructure of island nations. In 2015, Cyclone Pam devastated Vanuatu, destroying homes, schools, and hospitals while causing damage estimated at nearly half the country’s GDP. Such events not only cause immediate destruction but also set back development efforts by years or even decades.

The economic consequences of climate change for small island nations are profound and far-reaching. Tourism, which serves as a major source of income for many island economies, is under threat as beaches erode and coral reefs die off due to ocean acidification and rising temperatures. The fishing industry, another vital economic sector, faces challenges as fish populations migrate to cooler waters or decline due to habitat degradation. Agriculture is becoming increasingly difficult as soil salinization makes land unsuitable for growing crops, while unpredictable weather patterns disrupt traditional farming cycles. These economic pressures create additional financial burdens for governments that must invest heavily in adaptation measures such as sea walls, improved drainage systems, and climate-resilient infrastructure.

Health impacts associated with climate change are also mounting. The spread of vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria is expanding as warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying mosquitoes to thrive in areas where they were previously uncommon. Water scarcity and contamination increase the risk of waterborne illnesses, while heat stress affects vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly and young children. Mental health issues are emerging as communities face the stress of displacement, loss of livelihoods, and uncertainty about their future.

The cultural implications of climate change for island nations cannot be overstated. These communities have developed unique cultures, languages, and traditions over thousands of years, deeply connected to their land and surrounding seas. The prospect of forced migration raises profound questions about cultural preservation and national identity. If an entire nation must relocate, what happens to its sovereignty, its seat at the United Nations, and its exclusive economic zone in the ocean? Leaders of threatened island nations argue that climate change represents not just an environmental crisis but a threat to their very existence as distinct peoples and cultures.

Despite their minimal contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, small island nations find themselves on the frontlines of climate change. The average Pacific island nation produces less than 0.01% of global emissions, yet these countries are paying the highest price for the industrial activities of larger, wealthier nations. This inequality has become a central theme in international climate negotiations, with island nation representatives calling for urgent action on emissions reductions, financial assistance for adaptation, and recognition of climate change as a matter of global justice.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Some small island nations may completely disappear before the end of this century.
2. The Maldives has the highest average elevation of any island nation.
3. Tuvalu’s population has already begun permanent relocation to other countries.
4. Cyclone Pam caused economic damage equivalent to approximately 50% of Vanuatu’s GDP.
5. Ocean acidification is causing all fish species to migrate away from island nations.
6. Pacific island nations collectively produce less than one percent of global emissions.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Many small islands have an average height of less than __ above sea level.
8. The contamination of freshwater sources by seawater is known as __.
9. Rising sea temperatures cause tropical cyclones to become more __.
10. Climate change threatens the __ industry as beaches disappear and coral reefs are damaged.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, what makes small island nations particularly vulnerable to climate change?

    • A. Their large populations
    • B. Their limited economic resources
    • C. Their low elevation above sea level
    • D. Their distance from continental landmasses

12. The passage suggests that forced migration of island populations raises concerns about:

    • A. Economic development opportunities
    • B. Cultural identity and national sovereignty
    • C. International tourism revenues
    • D. Agricultural productivity

13. The main argument made by island nation leaders in climate negotiations is that:

    • A. They need more time to adapt to changes
    • B. Climate change represents an issue of global justice
    • C. Larger nations should relocate their populations
    • D. Technology can solve all climate-related problems

---

PASSAGE 2 – Adaptation Strategies and Resilience Building

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

While the challenges facing small island developing states (SIDS) are formidable, these nations are not simply passive victims of climate change. Governments, communities, and international organizations are implementing innovative adaptation strategies designed to enhance resilience and ensure the survival of island populations. These approaches range from traditional engineering solutions to nature-based interventions, and from policy reforms to community-led initiatives that draw upon indigenous knowledge accumulated over generations.

Hard infrastructure projects represent the most visible form of climate adaptation in many island nations. Coastal defense systems, including seawalls, breakwaters, and revetments, are being constructed to protect vulnerable shorelines from erosion and storm surges. The Maldives has invested millions of dollars in building artificial islands and raising ground levels in inhabited areas, creating elevated platforms that offer protection against rising seas. Kiribati has undertaken similar projects, constructing causeways and raising roads above projected flood levels. However, these engineering approaches come with significant challenges. The financial costs are often prohibitive for small nations with limited budgets, and the construction itself can sometimes cause environmental damage, disrupting marine ecosystems and accelerating coastal erosion in adjacent areas.

Recognizing the limitations of hard infrastructure, many island nations are increasingly turning to nature-based solutions that work with natural processes rather than against them. Mangrove restoration projects are being implemented across tropical island regions, as these coastal forests provide multiple benefits. Mangroves act as natural barriers against storm surges and waves, reducing coastal erosion while simultaneously serving as nursery habitats for fish and other marine life. In Fiji, community-led mangrove planting initiatives have restored thousands of hectares of degraded coastline, improving both coastal protection and food security. Similarly, coral reef restoration programs are underway in numerous locations, recognizing that healthy reefs can reduce wave energy by up to 97% before it reaches the shore. Scientists and communities are working together to identify and cultivate heat-tolerant coral species that can survive in warming oceans, offering hope for maintaining these critical natural defenses.

Water security has emerged as a paramount concern requiring multifaceted solutions. As freshwater resources become increasingly compromised by saltwater contamination and irregular rainfall patterns, island nations are investing in alternative water sources. Rainwater harvesting systems are being expanded and improved, with governments providing subsidies and technical assistance for household and community storage facilities. Desalination technology, once considered too expensive for small island nations, is becoming more accessible as costs decrease and renewable energy sources such as solar power make the process more economically viable. Tonga has successfully implemented solar-powered desalination plants in several outer islands, providing reliable freshwater supplies to communities that previously faced chronic shortages. Additionally, agricultural practices are being adapted to cope with water scarcity, including the introduction of drought-resistant crop varieties and water-efficient irrigation methods.

The role of ecosystem-based adaptation extends beyond coastal protection to encompass holistic land management strategies. Agroforestry systems that combine trees with crops and livestock are being promoted as ways to increase agricultural productivity while reducing vulnerability to extreme weather. These diverse farming systems provide multiple products, reducing dependence on single crops that might fail during droughts or floods. Traditional food preservation techniques are being revived and combined with modern food security strategies, ensuring that communities can maintain adequate nutrition even when fresh food supplies are disrupted by climate events.

Policy and governance frameworks are evolving to mainstream climate adaptation into all aspects of national planning. Many island nations have developed comprehensive climate change policies that integrate adaptation into economic development strategies, disaster risk reduction, and land use planning. Building codes are being updated to require climate-resilient construction standards, ensuring that new infrastructure can withstand intensified storms and flooding. Early warning systems for extreme weather events are being enhanced through regional cooperation and technology investments, giving communities crucial time to prepare for approaching cyclones or tsunamis. Insurance schemes specifically designed for climate-related disasters are being developed, including the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance, which provides rapid financial assistance following major climate events.

International cooperation and financial mechanisms play crucial roles in supporting adaptation efforts. The Green Climate Fund, established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, provides grants for adaptation projects in developing countries, with small island nations receiving priority access. Bilateral partnerships connect island nations with developed countries that provide technical expertise, capacity building, and financial support. However, accessing these funds often proves challenging due to bureaucratic requirements and the limited administrative capacity of small nations. There is growing recognition that climate finance needs to be delivered more efficiently and in ways that respect the priorities and decision-making processes of island communities themselves.

Knowledge sharing and regional collaboration have become increasingly important as island nations recognize their common challenges. The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), formed in 1990, provides a unified voice for SIDS in international climate negotiations and facilitates the exchange of experiences and best practices. Regional organizations such as the Pacific Islands Forum and the Caribbean Community coordinate adaptation efforts, conduct climate research relevant to their regions, and develop regional strategies that individual nations can adapt to their specific circumstances. This collective approach amplifies the influence of small nations in global discussions while enabling resource sharing and economies of scale in implementing adaptation measures.

Despite these efforts, island nations emphasize that adaptation has limits. Beyond certain levels of warming and sea-level rise, some islands will become uninhabitable regardless of the measures taken. This reality underscores the critical importance of global emissions reductions to prevent catastrophic climate change. Island leaders argue that while they will do everything possible to adapt and survive, the ultimate responsibility lies with the global community to address the root causes of climate change through rapid decarbonization of the world economy.

Chiến lược thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu của các quốc đảo nhỏ với công trình phòng thủ bờ biển

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to the passage, what is a major disadvantage of hard infrastructure projects?

    • A. They are ineffective against climate change
    • B. They require too much maintenance
    • C. They are too expensive for many island nations
    • D. They cannot be built quickly enough

15. Mangrove restoration projects provide benefits by:

    • A. Reducing coastal erosion and supporting marine life
    • B. Increasing tourism revenue for local communities
    • C. Preventing all forms of climate change impacts
    • D. Eliminating the need for other adaptation measures

16. Desalination technology is becoming more practical for island nations because:

    • A. Islands have abundant energy resources
    • B. The technology is simpler than before
    • C. Costs are decreasing and renewable energy can power it
    • D. International organizations provide free equipment

17. The Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance scheme:

    • A. Prevents natural disasters from occurring
    • B. Provides rapid financial help after disasters
    • C. Covers only cyclone damage
    • D. Is available to all developing countries

18. The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) primarily serves to:

    • A. Provide direct financial assistance to member nations
    • B. Build infrastructure projects across islands
    • C. Give island nations a unified voice in climate negotiations
    • D. Replace individual national governments

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Small island nations are implementing various strategies to adapt to climate change. While 19. __ such as seawalls offer protection, they are often too expensive and may cause environmental harm. Nature-based solutions like 20. __ and coral reef restoration work with natural processes to protect coastlines. To address water shortages, islands are expanding 21. __ and installing desalination plants powered by renewable energy. Agricultural adaptation includes introducing 22. __ that can survive with less water. These efforts are supported by international funding mechanisms like the 23. __, which prioritizes assistance to island nations.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Traditional indigenous knowledge is valuable for developing climate adaptation strategies.
25. All island nations have sufficient administrative capacity to access international climate funds easily.
26. Adaptation measures alone cannot save islands if global warming reaches certain levels.

---

PASSAGE 3 – The Geopolitical and Ethical Dimensions of Climate-Induced Migration

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The prospect of entire nations becoming uninhabitable due to climate change presents unprecedented challenges to international law, geopolitical stability, and fundamental concepts of sovereignty and statehood. As rising seas threaten to submerge low-lying island nations, questions that once belonged to the realm of theoretical speculation are becoming urgent practical concerns demanding immediate attention from the international community. The potential displacement of entire populations raises profound ethical dilemmas about responsibility, human rights, and the very nature of citizenship in an era of anthropogenic environmental change.

The legal status of climate refugees remains one of the most contentious and unresolved issues in international discourse. The 1951 Refugee Convention, which forms the cornerstone of international refugee protection, defines refugees as persons fleeing persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Notably absent from this definition is any mention of environmental or climate-related displacement. Attempts to expand the definition to include those fleeing climate impacts have encountered significant resistance from some nations concerned about the potential implications for their immigration policies and resource commitments. This definitional gap leaves climate-displaced persons in a legal limbo, without the protections and rights afforded to conventionally recognized refugees.

The question of state continuity under conditions of territorial loss presents particularly vexing philosophical and legal challenges. Traditional international law has operated on the premise that statehood requires a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states – the so-called Montevideo criteria. What happens, then, when a state loses its territory to rising seas? Does it cease to exist as a legal entity? The implications of state extinction extend far beyond abstract legal theory. They encompass maritime rights to exclusive economic zones that can extend 200 nautical miles from a nation’s shores, potentially containing valuable mineral deposits and fishing stocks. They involve seats in international organizations, including the United Nations, and the diplomatic recognition that confers legitimacy and voice in global affairs. Perhaps most profoundly, they touch upon questions of collective identity and cultural survival – what does it mean to be Tuvaluan or Kiribatian if Tuvalu and Kiribati no longer exist as places?

Some island nations are pursuing innovative legal strategies to maintain their statehood and maritime rights even if their physical territories become uninhabitable. The Pacific Islands Forum has proposed declaratory approaches to maritime zones, arguing that once established, baseline points and maritime boundaries should remain fixed regardless of sea-level rise. This position, while not yet universally accepted in international law, seeks to prevent the additional injustice of island nations losing their ocean territories along with their land. Simultaneously, some nations are exploring the possibility of maintaining sovereignty through government-in-exile arrangements or by purchasing land in other countries that would remain under their jurisdiction. Kiribati, for instance, has purchased land in Fiji with the stated purpose of ensuring food security, though the acquisition also provides a potential location for future population relocation while theoretically maintaining Kiribatian sovereignty.

The ethical dimensions of climate-induced displacement raise fundamental questions about historical responsibility and distributive justice. Island nations, which have contributed negligibly to the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change, face existential consequences from actions primarily undertaken by industrialized nations during and after the Industrial Revolution. This radical asymmetry between contribution and impact has led to increasingly vocal demands for what some scholars term “climate reparations” or “loss and damage” compensation. The 2022 COP27 climate summit saw a historic agreement to establish a loss and damage fund, though details regarding funding sources, distribution mechanisms, and eligibility criteria remain subjects of intense negotiation and disagreement. Critics of compensatory frameworks raise concerns about determining causality in complex climate systems, quantifying damages, and the precedent-setting nature of such arrangements. Nevertheless, island nation advocates argue that moral responsibility demands that those who have primarily caused the problem contribute substantially to addressing its consequences.

Migration patterns resulting from climate change will likely be complex and varied rather than following simple exodus models. Research suggests that climate migration typically occurs in stages, with initial movements being internal – from outer islands to main population centers, or from coastal areas to inland regions. International migration, when it occurs, often involves relatively short distances to neighboring countries with existing cultural or kinship ties. New Zealand’s Pacific Access Category and Seasonal Worker programs, for example, provide migration pathways for citizens of Pacific island nations, though these are framed primarily in terms of labor mobility rather than climate displacement. Australia’s approach has been more controversial, with critics arguing that despite being a major regional power and significant emitter, Australia has failed to establish adequate humanitarian pathways for its Pacific neighbors facing climate threats.

The psychological and social impacts of anticipatory loss and potential displacement deserve greater attention in policy discussions. Communities facing the possibility of leaving their homelands experience what researchers term “solastalgia” – distress caused by environmental change in one’s home environment. The erosion of place-based identity, the dissolution of communities with deep historical roots, and the trauma of losing connection to ancestral lands represent forms of loss that are difficult to quantify but profoundly real. Mental health professionals working in threatened island communities report increasing rates of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms, even before actual displacement occurs. These intangible losses are typically absent from economic assessments of climate impacts, yet they represent genuine and significant harms to human wellbeing.

The concept of “migration with dignity” has emerged in recent years as a framework for approaching climate-related displacement in ways that respect the agency and autonomy of affected populations. Rather than viewing island populations as helpless victims awaiting rescue, this approach emphasizes their capacity to make informed choices about their futures, provided they are given appropriate support and opportunities. It involves creating migration pathways that allow people to move before crisis strikes, bringing skills and establishing themselves in new locations while maintaining connections to their homelands if they choose. It requires receiving countries to recognize and value the contributions that migrants bring, rather than treating them as burdens. Importantly, it acknowledges that some individuals and communities may choose to remain in their traditional territories despite risks, a decision that should be respected while ensuring they have access to adaptation resources and emergency assistance when needed.

Vấn đề pháp lý và đạo đức của di cư khí hậu cho các quốc đảo nhỏ trên thế giới

The international community’s response to the challenges facing small island nations will serve as a critical test of global climate governance and collective responsibility. The choices made in coming years – regarding emissions reductions, financial support for adaptation, migration frameworks, and legal protections – will determine not only the fate of small island nations but will establish precedents that will shape responses to climate displacement worldwide. As climate impacts intensify and affect larger populations, the principles and mechanisms developed now will influence how humanity addresses one of the defining challenges of the 21st century. Island nations, despite their small size and limited geopolitical power, have taken leadership roles in climate advocacy, demonstrating moral authority that transcends their limited economic or military capabilities. Their voices, representing those most vulnerable to climate change, deserve central consideration in global decision-making processes that will shape our collective future.

Questions 27-31

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.

27. The 1951 Refugee Convention
28. The Montevideo criteria
29. The Pacific Islands Forum
30. The concept of “migration with dignity”
31. Climate reparations

A. establish traditional requirements for statehood including territory and population.
B. emphasizes the autonomy of affected populations in making decisions about their futures.
C. does not include environmental factors as grounds for refugee status.
D. provides immediate financial assistance to all displaced persons.
E. proposes that maritime boundaries should remain fixed despite sea-level rise.
F. requires nations to accept unlimited numbers of climate migrants.
G. involve compensation for nations suffering from climate impacts they didn’t cause.
H. guarantees permanent residency in developed countries.

Questions 32-36

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32. International law currently provides comprehensive protection for people displaced by climate change.
33. The loss of territory raises questions about whether an island nation can continue to exist as a legal entity.
34. All industrialized nations have agreed to provide financial compensation to island nations affected by climate change.
35. Climate migration typically begins with people moving within their own country before moving internationally.
36. Australia has established the most generous humanitarian programs for Pacific island populations.

Questions 37-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the distress people feel when their home environment changes due to environmental factors?
38. What type of rights could island nations lose along with their territory, extending 200 nautical miles from their shores?
39. Which 2022 international summit resulted in an agreement to create a fund for loss and damage?
40. According to the passage, what quality do island nations demonstrate that exceeds their limited economic capabilities?

---

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. TRUE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. TRUE
7. two meters / 2 meters
8. saltwater intrusion
9. powerful / intense / strong
10. tourism
11. C
12. B
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. C
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. hard infrastructure / engineering approaches
20. mangrove restoration
21. rainwater harvesting (systems)
22. drought-resistant crop varieties / drought-resistant crops
23. Green Climate Fund
24. YES
25. NO
26. YES

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. A
29. E
30. B
31. G
32. NO
33. YES
34. NO
35. YES
36. NOT GIVEN
37. solastalgia
38. maritime rights
39. COP27 (climate summit)
40. moral authority

---

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: disappear completely, before the end of this century
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “could see some of them disappear entirely within the next century” – phù hợp với câu hỏi nói về việc các quốc đảo có thể biến mất hoàn toàn trước cuối thế kỷ này. “Within the next century” được paraphrase thành “before the end of this century”.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Maldives, highest average elevation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói Maldives có “average ground level of just 1.5 meters above sea level, making it the lowest country on Earth” – điều này trái ngược với câu hỏi nói Maldives có độ cao trung bình cao nhất.

Câu 3: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Tuvalu’s population, permanent relocation, other countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “forcing residents to relocate to higher ground” trong cùng quốc đảo, không đề cập đến việc di cư vĩnh viễn sang các nước khác.

Câu 4: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Cyclone Pam, 50% GDP
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Bài viết “causing damage estimated at nearly half the country’s GDP” – “nearly half” = “approximately 50%”.

Câu 5: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: ocean acidification, all fish species migrate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “fish populations migrate to cooler waters” nhưng không khẳng định TẤT CẢ các loài cá đều di cư.

Câu 7: two meters / 2 meters

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: average height, less than
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “some atolls in the Pacific having an average elevation of less than two meters”

Câu 8: saltwater intrusion

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: contamination of freshwater sources, seawater
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “saltwater intrusion is contaminating freshwater sources” – đây là thuật ngữ chính xác được sử dụng trong bài.

Câu 11: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: particularly vulnerable
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: “The physical geography of small island nations makes them particularly susceptible to climate-related changes. Many of these islands rise only a few meters above sea level” – độ cao thấp là yếu tố chính khiến các đảo này dễ bị tổn thương.

Câu 12: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: forced migration, concerns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: “The prospect of forced migration raises profound questions about cultural preservation and national identity” – câu hỏi về văn hóa và chủ quyền quốc gia.

Hướng dẫn giải chi tiết đáp án IELTS Reading về biến đổi khí hậu và quốc đảo nhỏ

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: major disadvantage, hard infrastructure
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “The financial costs are often prohibitive for small nations with limited budgets” – chi phí quá cao là bất lợi chính được nhấn mạnh.

Câu 15: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: mangrove restoration, benefits
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “Mangroves act as natural barriers against storm surges and waves, reducing coastal erosion while simultaneously serving as nursery habitats for fish and other marine life” – giảm xói mòn bờ biển và hỗ trợ sinh vật biển.

Câu 19: hard infrastructure / engineering approaches

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: seawalls, expensive, environmental harm
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Câu tóm tắt nói về seawalls (một loại hard infrastructure), đoạn 2 đề cập “hard infrastructure projects” và “engineering approaches”.

Câu 24: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: traditional indigenous knowledge, valuable
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1
• Giải thích: “community-led initiatives that draw upon indigenous knowledge accumulated over generations” – tác giả ủng hộ việc sử dụng kiến thức bản địa.

Câu 25: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: administrative capacity, access climate funds easily
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: “accessing these funds often proves challenging due to bureaucratic requirements and the limited administrative capacity of small nations” – trái ngược với câu khẳng định tất cả đều có đủ năng lực.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Từ khóa: 1951 Refugee Convention
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: “Notably absent from this definition is any mention of environmental or climate-related displacement” – Công ước không bao gồm yếu tố môi trường.

Câu 32: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: international law, comprehensive protection, climate change displacement
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: “This definitional gap leaves climate-displaced persons in a legal limbo, without the protections and rights afforded to conventionally recognized refugees” – rõ ràng là KHÔNG có sự bảo vệ toàn diện.

Câu 33: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: loss of territory, continue to exist, legal entity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “What happens, then, when a state loses its territory to rising seas? Does it cease to exist as a legal entity?” – tác giả đặt câu hỏi này, cho thấy sự mất lãnh thổ đặt ra câu hỏi về sự tồn tại pháp lý.

Câu 37: solastalgia

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: distress, home environment changes, environmental factors
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: “Communities facing the possibility of leaving their homelands experience what researchers term ‘solastalgia’ – distress caused by environmental change in one’s home environment.”

Câu 38: maritime rights

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: lose with territory, 200 nautical miles
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “They encompass maritime rights to exclusive economic zones that can extend 200 nautical miles from a nation’s shores.”

Câu 40: moral authority

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: quality, exceeds limited economic capabilities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối
• Giải thích: “demonstrating moral authority that transcends their limited economic or military capabilities.”

---

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
existential threat	noun phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃəl θret/	mối đe dọa hiện hữu, nguy cơ tồn vong	facing an existential threat from climate change	pose an existential threat
vulnerable	adjective	/ˈvʌlnərəbəl/	dễ bị tổn thương, yếu ớt	These vulnerable territories, home to millions	vulnerable to, particularly vulnerable
susceptible	adjective	/səˈseptəbəl/	dễ bị ảnh hưởng	particularly susceptible to climate-related changes	susceptible to, highly susceptible
accelerating rate	noun phrase	/əkˈseləreɪtɪŋ reɪt/	tốc độ gia tăng nhanh	sea levels are increasing at an accelerating rate	at an accelerating rate
coastal erosion	noun phrase	/ˈkəʊstəl ɪˈrəʊʒən/	xói mòn bờ biển	Coastal erosion represents one of the most visible impacts	suffer from coastal erosion
saltwater intrusion	noun phrase	/ˈsɔːltwɔːtər ɪnˈtruːʒən/	xâm nhập mặn	saltwater intrusion is contaminating freshwater sources	prevent saltwater intrusion
storm surge	noun phrase	/stɔːm sɜːdʒ/	nước dâng do bão	bring destructive winds and storm surges	devastating storm surge
infrastructure	noun	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/	cơ sở hạ tầng	can overwhelm the limited infrastructure	basic infrastructure, critical infrastructure
ocean acidification	noun phrase	/ˈəʊʃən əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	axit hóa đại dương	coral reefs die off due to ocean acidification	effects of ocean acidification
habitat degradation	noun phrase	/ˈhæbɪtæt ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/	suy thoái môi trường sống	decline due to habitat degradation	cause habitat degradation
adaptation measures	noun phrase	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən ˈmeʒəz/	các biện pháp thích ứng	invest heavily in adaptation measures	implement adaptation measures
forced migration	noun phrase	/fɔːst maɪˈɡreɪʃən/	di cư cưỡng bức	The prospect of forced migration	prevent forced migration

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
passive victims	noun phrase	/ˈpæsɪv ˈvɪktɪmz/	nạn nhân thụ động	not simply passive victims of climate change	avoid being passive victims
innovative	adjective	/ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/	sáng tạo, đổi mới	implementing innovative adaptation strategies	innovative approach, innovative solutions
indigenous knowledge	noun phrase	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ˈnɒlɪdʒ/	kiến thức bản địa	draw upon indigenous knowledge	preserve indigenous knowledge
prohibitive	adjective	/prəˈhɪbɪtɪv/	cấm đoán, quá đắt đỏ	financial costs are often prohibitive	prohibitive costs, prohibitively expensive
mangrove restoration	noun phrase	/ˈmæŋɡrəʊv ˌrestəˈreɪʃən/	phục hồi rừng ngập mặn	Mangrove restoration projects are being implemented	support mangrove restoration
nursery habitat	noun phrase	/ˈnɜːsəri ˈhæbɪtæt/	môi trường sống ấu trùng	serving as nursery habitats for fish	provide nursery habitat
heat-tolerant	adjective	/hiːt ˈtɒlərənt/	chịu nhiệt	cultivate heat-tolerant coral species	heat-tolerant crops, heat-tolerant varieties
multifaceted	adjective	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	đa diện, nhiều khía cạnh	requiring multifaceted solutions	multifaceted approach, multifaceted problem
desalination	noun	/diːˌsælɪˈneɪʃən/	khử muối (làm ngọt nước biển)	Desalination technology is becoming more accessible	desalination plant, desalination process
economically viable	adjective phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkli ˈvaɪəbəl/	khả thi về mặt kinh tế	make the process more economically viable	economically viable solution
drought-resistant	adjective	/draʊt rɪˈzɪstənt/	chống chịu hạn hán	introduction of drought-resistant crop varieties	drought-resistant crops
ecosystem-based adaptation	noun phrase	/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm beɪst ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/	thích ứng dựa vào hệ sinh thái	The role of ecosystem-based adaptation	promote ecosystem-based adaptation
agroforestry	noun	/ˌæɡrəʊˈfɒrɪstri/	nông lâm kết hợp	Agroforestry systems that combine trees with crops	agroforestry practices
comprehensive	adjective	/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/	toàn diện	developed comprehensive climate change policies	comprehensive approach, comprehensive strategy
early warning system	noun phrase	/ˈɜːli ˈwɔːnɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống cảnh báo sớm	Early warning systems for extreme weather events	establish early warning system

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adjective	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	presents unprecedented challenges	unprecedented scale, unprecedented situation
geopolitical	adjective	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl/	địa chính trị	challenges to geopolitical stability	geopolitical tensions, geopolitical power
sovereignty	noun	/ˈsɒvrənti/	chủ quyền	fundamental concepts of sovereignty and statehood	national sovereignty, territorial sovereignty
anthropogenic	adjective	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	era of anthropogenic environmental change	anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impacts
contentious	adjective	/kənˈtenʃəs/	gây tranh cãi	one of the most contentious and unresolved issues	contentious issue, highly contentious
cornerstone	noun	/ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/	nền tảng, yếu tố cốt lõi	forms the cornerstone of international refugee protection	cornerstone of policy
legal limbo	noun phrase	/ˈliːɡəl ˈlɪmbəʊ/	tình trạng pháp lý không rõ ràng	leaves climate-displaced persons in a legal limbo	stuck in legal limbo
vexing	adjective	/ˈveksɪŋ/	phức tạp, khó giải quyết	particularly vexing philosophical challenges	vexing question, vexing problem
exclusive economic zone	noun phrase	/ɪkˈskluːsɪv ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk zəʊn/	vùng đặc quyền kinh tế	maritime rights to exclusive economic zones	claim exclusive economic zone
collective identity	noun phrase	/kəˈlektɪv aɪˈdentəti/	bản sắc tập thể	questions of collective identity and cultural survival	preserve collective identity
declaratory approach	noun phrase	/dɪˈklærətəri əˈprəʊtʃ/	cách tiếp cận tuyên bố	proposed declaratory approaches to maritime zones	adopt declaratory approach
government-in-exile	noun phrase	/ˈɡʌvənmənt ɪn ˈeɡzaɪl/	chính phủ lưu vong	government-in-exile arrangements	establish government-in-exile
distributive justice	noun phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjʊtɪv ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công lý phân phối	questions about distributive justice	principles of distributive justice
cumulative emissions	noun phrase	/ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv ɪˈmɪʃənz/	lượng phát thải tích lũy	cumulative greenhouse gas emissions	reduce cumulative emissions
radical asymmetry	noun phrase	/ˈrædɪkəl eɪˈsɪmətri/	sự bất đối xứng triệt để	This radical asymmetry between contribution and impact	address radical asymmetry
loss and damage	noun phrase	/lɒs ənd ˈdæmɪdʒ/	mất mát và thiệt hại	loss and damage compensation	loss and damage fund
solastalgia	noun	/ˌsɒləˈstældʒə/	nỗi buồn do môi trường sống thay đổi	experience what researchers term solastalgia	suffer from solastalgia
migration with dignity	noun phrase	/maɪˈɡreɪʃən wɪð ˈdɪɡnəti/	di cư một cách có phẩm giá	concept of migration with dignity	ensure migration with dignity
moral authority	noun phrase	/ˈmɒrəl ɔːˈθɒrəti/	thẩm quyền đạo đức	demonstrating moral authority	exercise moral authority

---

Kết Bài

Chủ đề về hậu quả của biến đổi khí hậu đối với các quốc đảo nhỏ không chỉ là một vấn đề môi trường đơn thuần mà còn liên quan đến nhiều khía cạnh phức tạp như chính trị, kinh tế, xã hội, pháp lý và nhân văn. Đây là lý do tại sao chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading với nhiều góc độ tiếp cận khác nhau.

Bộ đề thi hoàn chỉnh này đã cung cấp cho bạn ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, từ mức Easy phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5, qua mức Medium cho band 6.0-7.5, đến mức Hard dành cho band 7.0-9.0. Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu của bạn mà còn giúp bạn làm quen với từ vựng học thuật chuyên ngành và cấu trúc câu phức tạp thường gặp trong kỳ thi IELTS thực tế.

40 câu hỏi được thiết kế với 7 dạng khác nhau đã giúp bạn luyện tập toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết: xác định thông tin chi tiết, hiểu ý chính, phân biệt giữa thông tin đúng-sai-không được đề cập, nối thông tin, hoàn thành câu và đoạn văn. Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án chính xác mà còn giải thích rõ ràng cách tìm thông tin, nhận biết paraphrase và áp dụng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.

Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp trong các bảng từ vựng sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt là các collocations và cách sử dụng từ trong ngữ cảnh thực tế. Đây là những từ vựng có khả năng cao xuất hiện không chỉ trong IELTS Reading mà còn trong các phần Writing và Speaking khi thảo luận về các chủ đề môi trường và xã hội.

Hãy dành thời gian làm lại đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ những câu bạn làm sai, và học thuộc các từ vựng quan trọng. Việc luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi chất lượng như thế này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới.