Mở Bài
Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến nguồn cung lương thực toàn cầu là một trong những đề tài xuất hiện thường xuyên nhất trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt tại các bài thi từ năm 2018 đến nay. Với tính cấp bách của vấn đề môi trường và an ninh lương thực, đây là chủ đề được IDP và British Council ưu tiên lựa chọn để đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật của thí sinh.
Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, từ độ khó Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chính xác kèm giải thích chi tiết, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách paraphrase và xác định thông tin trong đoạn văn.
Ngoài ra, bài viết còn cung cấp danh sách từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage, kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và collocations thực tế. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc bài thi thật và nâng cao kỹ năng làm bài hiệu quả.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi cần hoàn thành trong 60 phút. Đây là phần thi đòi hỏi kỹ năng quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và khả năng xác định thông tin nhanh chóng.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Dành cho 13 câu hỏi đầu tiên
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Dành cho 13 câu hỏi tiếp theo
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Dành cho 14 câu hỏi cuối cùng
Lưu ý rằng bạn phải tự chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet trong thời gian 60 phút này, không có thời gian bổ sung như phần Listening.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Lựa chọn đáp án đúng từ 3-4 phương án
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt với từ trong bài
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với nhân vật, địa điểm hoặc khái niệm
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn
Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc khác nhau: skimming, scanning, đọc chi tiết, và suy luận thông tin.
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Agricultural Productivity
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Climate change is increasingly recognized as one of the most significant threats to global food security in the 21st century. The world’s agricultural systems, which have been developed over thousands of years to suit particular climatic conditions, are now facing unprecedented challenges due to rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events.
The relationship between climate and agriculture is fundamentally interconnected. Crops require specific temperature ranges, adequate water supply, and suitable growing seasons to thrive. When these conditions change, agricultural productivity is directly affected. According to recent studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times, and this warming trend is expected to continue. Even small temperature increases can have substantial impacts on crop yields, particularly for staple crops such as wheat, rice, and maize, which provide the majority of calories consumed by the global population.
One of the most visible consequences of climate change on agriculture is the alteration of growing seasons. In many temperate regions, spring is arriving earlier and autumn is extending later, which might seem beneficial for farming. However, this shift can be problematic because it disrupts the synchronization between crops and their natural pollinators, pests, and diseases. For instance, if plants flower earlier but their pollinators have not yet emerged, crop yields can be severely reduced. Additionally, warmer winters may allow pest populations to survive in areas where they were previously controlled by cold temperatures, leading to increased crop damage.
Water availability represents another critical challenge. Climate change is intensifying the hydrological cycle, leading to more intense rainfall in some areas and prolonged droughts in others. Regions that depend on seasonal rainfall for agriculture are particularly vulnerable. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where approximately 95% of agriculture is rain-fed, changes in precipitation patterns have already led to significant crop failures and food shortages. Conversely, areas experiencing increased flooding face problems with soil erosion, waterlogging, and crop destruction.
The impact of extreme weather events cannot be overstated. Hurricanes, cyclones, floods, and droughts are becoming more frequent and severe, causing immediate and devastating damage to agricultural infrastructure and crops. In 2019 alone, Cyclone Idai destroyed an estimated 700,000 hectares of crops in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, affecting millions of people. Such events not only destroy current harvests but also damage the productive capacity of land for years to come, as topsoil is washed away and irrigation systems are destroyed.
Rising temperatures also affect livestock production, which is a crucial component of global food supply. Heat stress in animals reduces their productivity, affecting milk production, growth rates, and reproductive success. Cattle, for example, are particularly sensitive to temperature increases. Studies show that dairy cows produce significantly less milk when temperatures exceed 25 degrees Celsius for extended periods. Furthermore, heat stress makes livestock more susceptible to diseases, requiring increased veterinary care and potentially reducing the safety of animal products.
Coastal agricultural areas face the additional threat of sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion. As ocean levels increase, saltwater can contaminate freshwater aquifers and irrigation systems, making soil unsuitable for most crops. Low-lying regions such as the Nile Delta in Egypt and the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, which are major food-producing areas, are particularly at risk. These regions support millions of people and produce significant portions of their countries’ food supplies, making their vulnerability a matter of national food security.
However, it is important to note that not all impacts of climate change on agriculture are universally negative. Some northern regions, such as parts of Canada and Russia, may experience longer growing seasons and could potentially increase their agricultural output. Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere can also have a fertilization effect on certain crops, potentially increasing their growth rates. Nevertheless, these potential benefits are far outweighed by the negative impacts in most agricultural regions, particularly in developing countries that have limited resources to adapt to changing conditions.
The agricultural sector’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions creates a feedback loop that exacerbates climate change. Agriculture is responsible for approximately 24% of global emissions, primarily through methane from livestock, nitrous oxide from fertilizers, and carbon dioxide from deforestation for agricultural expansion. This means that while agriculture is a victim of climate change, it is also a contributing factor, creating a complex challenge that requires comprehensive solutions addressing both adaptation and mitigation.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, the main reason agricultural systems are vulnerable to climate change is that they
A. have not been updated with modern technology
B. were developed for specific climatic conditions
C. are mostly located in developing countries
D. require too much water to function properly -
The IPCC study mentioned in the passage indicates that global temperatures have
A. increased by more than 2 degrees Celsius
B. remained stable since pre-industrial times
C. risen by about 1.1 degrees Celsius
D. decreased in some agricultural regions -
The passage suggests that earlier springs can be problematic because
A. crops cannot tolerate the temperature changes
B. farmers are not prepared for the early planting season
C. it causes mismatches between plants and pollinators
D. soil quality deteriorates with extended growing seasons -
According to the passage, Sub-Saharan African agriculture is particularly vulnerable because
A. it lacks modern irrigation systems
B. most farming depends on rainfall
C. temperatures are too high for crops
D. the region experiences frequent hurricanes -
The passage indicates that Cyclone Idai in 2019
A. affected only Mozambique
B. destroyed irrigation infrastructure
C. damaged approximately 700,000 hectares of crops
D. was the most destructive cyclone in history
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Warmer winters always benefit agricultural production by extending growing seasons.
- Dairy cows produce less milk when exposed to high temperatures for long periods.
- All agricultural regions will experience negative impacts from climate change.
- The agricultural sector contributes approximately one-quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Questions 10-13: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the passage.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Climate change poses multiple threats to global food production. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns disrupt traditional agricultural practices. The (10) __ between crops and their pollinators can be affected when growing seasons shift. Water availability is also a major concern, as climate change intensifies the (11) __, causing both droughts and floods. Additionally, (12) __ have become more frequent and severe, causing immediate damage to crops and infrastructure. In coastal regions, (13) __ threatens to contaminate freshwater sources and make soil unsuitable for farming.
PASSAGE 2 – Adaptive Strategies and Technological Solutions
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
As the impacts of climate change on global food supply become increasingly apparent, the agricultural sector is being forced to undergo a fundamental transformation. Scientists, policymakers, and farmers are developing and implementing a range of adaptive strategies designed to maintain and enhance food production in the face of changing environmental conditions. These approaches encompass both traditional knowledge systems and cutting-edge technological innovations, reflecting the complexity of the challenge at hand.
Crop diversification has emerged as one of the most effective adaptation strategies. Historically, agricultural intensification led to widespread monoculture – the practice of growing a single crop over large areas – which increased yields but also created vulnerability to climate shocks. When a region relies heavily on one crop and that crop fails due to drought, disease, or extreme weather, the consequences can be catastrophic. By diversifying their crops, farmers can spread risk and ensure that if one variety fails, others may still succeed. In parts of East Africa, farmers are increasingly intercropping traditional cereals with drought-resistant varieties such as sorghum and millet, which can tolerate harsher conditions than maize. This approach not only provides insurance against crop failure but also improves soil health and biodiversity.
The development and deployment of climate-resilient crop varieties represents a critical technological intervention. Agricultural research institutions worldwide are working to breed plants that can withstand temperature extremes, drought, flooding, and increased salinity. Through both conventional breeding techniques and modern genetic technologies, scientists have created varieties of rice that can survive complete submersion in water for up to two weeks, a trait that has proven invaluable in flood-prone regions of South Asia. Similarly, drought-tolerant maize varieties have been developed for African countries, where they have demonstrated yield advantages of 20-30% over traditional varieties under water-stressed conditions. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) has been instrumental in developing and distributing these improved varieties to smallholder farmers in developing countries.
Precision agriculture – the use of digital technologies to optimize crop production – is revolutionizing farming practices in developed countries and increasingly in emerging economies. This approach utilizes satellite imagery, drones, sensors, and artificial intelligence to monitor crop health, soil conditions, and water requirements with unprecedented accuracy. Farmers can use this information to apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides precisely where and when they are needed, minimizing waste and environmental impact while maximizing yields. Variable rate irrigation systems, for example, can adjust water application based on real-time data about soil moisture levels in different parts of a field, ensuring that water is used as efficiently as possible – a crucial capability in regions facing water scarcity.
Water management innovations are particularly critical given that agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater withdrawals. Drip irrigation systems, which deliver water directly to plant roots, can reduce water consumption by 30-70% compared to traditional flood irrigation while often increasing yields. In Israel, a country with severe water constraints, over 75% of agricultural land uses drip irrigation, setting a benchmark for water-efficient agriculture. Rainwater harvesting systems, which collect and store rainfall for later use, are being widely adopted in semi-arid regions. In Rajasthan, India, the revival of traditional water harvesting structures has enabled farmers to continue cultivation during dry seasons and has recharged groundwater aquifers that had been depleted by over-extraction.
The role of soil health management in climate adaptation is gaining increasing recognition. Healthy soils with high organic matter content are more resilient to both drought and flooding, as they can absorb and retain water more effectively. Conservation agriculture practices, which include minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation, help build soil organic matter and improve soil structure. These practices also sequester carbon from the atmosphere, contributing to climate change mitigation while simultaneously enhancing agricultural productivity. In Brazil, the adoption of no-till farming has spread rapidly, now covering over 30 million hectares and demonstrating that large-scale implementation of conservation practices is economically viable.
Agroforestry systems, which integrate trees into agricultural landscapes, provide multiple climate adaptation benefits. Trees can offer shade for crops and livestock, reduce soil erosion, improve water infiltration, and provide additional income sources through fruit, nuts, or timber. In the Sahel region of Africa, the farmer-managed natural regeneration movement has resulted in the restoration of over 5 million hectares of land by protecting and managing naturally occurring trees and shrubs. This has led to improved crop yields, enhanced resilience to drought, and better livelihoods for millions of farmers.
Digital platforms and climate information services are increasingly helping farmers make informed decisions. Mobile phone applications can now provide smallholder farmers with tailored weather forecasts, market prices, and agricultural advice in their local languages. In Kenya, the M-Farm platform connects farmers directly with buyers and provides real-time information on market prices, enabling them to negotiate better deals for their produce. Weather-based crop insurance schemes, which use satellite data and weather station information to trigger automatic payouts when predetermined conditions are met, are helping farmers manage climate risks without the need for expensive field assessments.
However, the implementation of these adaptive strategies faces significant challenges. The initial investment costs for many technologies remain prohibitively high for smallholder farmers in developing countries, who produce a substantial portion of the world’s food but often lack access to credit and technical support. There is also a knowledge gap – farmers need training and ongoing support to effectively adopt new practices and technologies. Furthermore, some solutions that work well in one context may be inappropriate in another due to differences in climate, soil type, socioeconomic conditions, or cultural practices. Ensuring equitable access to adaptation resources and technologies is essential to prevent climate change from exacerbating existing inequalities in global food systems.
Chiến lược thích ứng biến đổi khí hậu trong nông nghiệp hiện đại với công nghệ và phương pháp bền vững
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Monoculture farming increases agricultural vulnerability to climate-related challenges.
- Genetic modification is the only method used to create climate-resilient crop varieties.
- Precision agriculture is equally accessible to farmers in all countries.
- Drip irrigation is always more expensive than traditional irrigation methods.
- The implementation of conservation agriculture practices can contribute to reducing atmospheric carbon.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
The passage has nine paragraphs (A-I). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
- i. The challenge of making new technologies accessible to all farmers
- ii. Using trees to enhance agricultural resilience
- iii. Breeding plants for extreme conditions
- iv. Reducing risk through variety in cultivation
- v. Digital tools for agricultural decision-making
- vi. Building better soil for climate adaptation
- vii. Technology-driven optimization of farming
- viii. Efficient water use in agriculture
- Paragraph B (begins with “Crop diversification…”)
- Paragraph C (begins with “The development and deployment…”)
- Paragraph D (begins with “Precision agriculture…”)
- Paragraph E (begins with “Water management innovations…”)
- Paragraph F (begins with “The role of soil health…”)
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the passage.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Adaptive strategies for climate change in agriculture combine traditional practices with modern technology. (24) __ has proven effective by ensuring that if one crop fails, others may survive. Scientists have developed climate-resilient varieties that can tolerate extreme conditions; for example, some rice varieties can survive (25) __ for up to two weeks. Digital technologies enable farmers to receive (26) __ and market information through mobile applications, helping them make better decisions about their farming practices.
PASSAGE 3 – Systemic Challenges and Future Food Security
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The nexus between climate change and global food security represents a quintessential wicked problem – one characterized by inherent complexity, multiple interconnected stakeholders, and the absence of definitive solutions. While technological innovations and adaptive agricultural practices offer pathways to mitigate some impacts, the fundamental challenge extends far beyond the farm gate, encompassing intricate dynamics of socioeconomic inequality, political governance, trade policies, and consumption patterns that shape global food systems. Understanding these systemic dimensions is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies that can genuinely safeguard food security in an era of climatic uncertainty.
The spatial heterogeneity of climate change impacts creates a geographically uneven distribution of agricultural risks and opportunities. Climate models project that tropical and subtropical regions, where many of the world’s most food-insecure populations reside, will experience the most severe agricultural disruptions. Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that for every degree Celsius of warming, global yields of wheat could decrease by 6%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybeans by 3.1%. However, these global averages obscure significant regional variations. Some temperate regions at higher latitudes may experience extended growing seasons and potentially increased productivity, at least in the medium term, while agricultural systems in already vulnerable regions face existential threats. This geographical asymmetry has profound implications for global equity, as those who have contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions are often those who will suffer most from climate change impacts on food production.
The phenomenon of climate-induced migration represents a critical yet frequently underestimated consequence of agricultural disruption. When farming becomes untenable due to persistent drought, flooding, or soil degradation, rural populations face stark choices: adapt with insufficient resources, remain and face increasing poverty and food insecurity, or migrate to urban areas or other regions. The United Nations projects that climate change could drive up to 143 million people to migrate within their countries by 2050, with agricultural disruption being a primary driver. This mass displacement strains urban infrastructure, potentially destabilizes political systems, and creates new patterns of food demand and supply that existing food systems are ill-equipped to handle. Moreover, the loss of agricultural labor in rural areas can trigger negative feedback loops, where reduced farming activity leads to further land degradation and declining food production capacity.
The financialization of agricultural commodities and the structure of global food markets add layers of complexity to climate-related food security challenges. Food prices are increasingly determined not solely by supply and demand fundamentals but also by speculation in commodity futures markets. When climate events threaten major harvests, market speculation can amplify price volatility, making food less affordable for vulnerable populations even when global supplies remain adequate. The 2007-2008 food price crisis, which was partly triggered by droughts in major grain-producing regions, demonstrated how market dynamics can transform regional production shortfalls into global crises. The subsequent social unrest in numerous countries underscored the political dimensions of food security, revealing that the consequences of climate change on food systems extend far beyond agricultural economics.
Dietary transitions in emerging economies further compound the challenge of maintaining adequate food supplies under climate stress. As incomes rise in countries like China, India, and Brazil, consumption patterns are shifting toward more resource-intensive diets with higher proportions of meat and dairy products. Producing animal protein requires significantly more land, water, and feed crops than producing equivalent calories from plant sources; estimates suggest that producing one kilogram of beef requires approximately 25 kilograms of feed and 15,000 liters of water. This dietary shift is occurring precisely when climate change is constraining resource availability, creating a collision course between rising demand for resource-intensive foods and the planet’s capacity to produce them sustainably. Some researchers argue that without substantial changes in global dietary patterns, particularly reduced meat consumption in high-income countries, achieving food security for a projected global population of 10 billion by 2050 will be virtually impossible, regardless of technological advances in agriculture.
The concept of climate-smart agriculture has gained prominence in international policy discussions as a framework for addressing these interconnected challenges. Promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other international bodies, climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve three objectives simultaneously: increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, building resilience to climate change, and reducing or removing greenhouse gas emissions where possible. However, critics argue that this framework is insufficiently transformative and may perpetuate techno-optimistic assumptions that underestimate the magnitude of systemic change required. Some scholars contend that incremental adaptations within existing agricultural paradigms will prove inadequate and that more fundamental transformations in food systems – including radical changes in land ownership patterns, corporate power structures in agriculture, and the relationship between production and consumption – are necessary to achieve genuine food security in the face of climate change.
The role of agrobiodiversity conservation in ensuring future food security deserves particular attention. The genetic diversity present in wild relatives of crop species and in traditional crop varieties maintained by indigenous and local communities represents an irreplaceable reservoir of traits that may prove crucial for adapting agriculture to changing climates. Many of these genetic resources possess characteristics such as drought tolerance, pest resistance, or nutritional qualities that have been lost in modern high-yielding varieties. However, agrobiodiversity is being rapidly eroded through habitat destruction, the displacement of traditional farming systems, and the dominance of a narrow range of commercial varieties. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway, which stores duplicate samples of seeds from gene banks worldwide, represents one attempt to safeguard this genetic heritage, but in situ conservation – maintaining diversity in farming systems and natural habitats – is equally vital yet receives insufficient support and funding.
Governance architectures at multiple scales – from local to global – will ultimately determine humanity’s capacity to manage the food security implications of climate change. Effective responses require coordination across numerous domains, including agricultural policy, environmental regulation, trade agreements, social protection systems, and climate change mitigation efforts. The fragmentation of governance structures and the presence of conflicting objectives across different policy sectors often impede coherent action. For instance, agricultural subsidies in many countries support production practices that exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation, directly contradicting climate mitigation goals. International cooperation is essential, yet the current global governance system has struggled to produce binding commitments on either climate change mitigation or food security. The Paris Agreement on climate change, while historic, relies on voluntary national commitments that current analyses suggest are insufficient to limit warming to levels that would prevent severe agricultural disruptions in many regions.
Looking forward, scenario planning exercises conducted by organizations such as the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) explore possible futures for global food systems under different climate and policy scenarios. These analyses consistently reveal that business-as-usual trajectories lead to alarming outcomes: increased food insecurity, higher malnutrition rates, particularly among children in developing countries, and heightened risks of conflict over scarce resources. More optimistic scenarios, which achieve climate stabilization and improved food security, require ambitious action across multiple fronts: rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, substantial investments in agricultural research and development, strengthened social protection systems, reformed food system governance, and fundamental shifts in consumption patterns. The window of opportunity for implementing these transformative changes is narrowing, and the decisions made in the current decade will profoundly shape the food security of billions of people throughout the remainder of the 21st century.
Hệ thống lương thực toàn cầu đối mặt với thách thức biến đổi khí hậu và bất bình đẳng
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
The passage describes climate change and food security as a “wicked problem” primarily because
A. it affects agricultural productivity in all regions equally
B. it involves complex, interconnected factors with no clear solutions
C. scientists cannot agree on the severity of the impacts
D. technological solutions are too expensive to implement -
According to the passage, the geographical distribution of climate impacts on agriculture
A. will affect all regions equally by 2050
B. shows that temperate regions face the greatest risks
C. demonstrates that vulnerable populations face the worst threats
D. proves that agricultural adaptation is impossible in tropical regions -
The 2007-2008 food price crisis mentioned in the passage illustrates that
A. regional production problems can become global crises
B. commodity markets are unaffected by climate events
C. food prices are determined only by supply and demand
D. developed countries experienced the worst impacts -
The passage suggests that dietary transitions in emerging economies are problematic because
A. people in these countries should not eat meat
B. animal protein production requires significantly more resources
C. plant-based diets are nutritionally inadequate
D. emerging economies lack the technology for livestock farming -
Critics of climate-smart agriculture argue that it
A. focuses too much on reducing greenhouse gas emissions
B. is too expensive for developing countries to implement
C. may not represent the fundamental transformation needed
D. has been rejected by the Food and Agriculture Organization
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match the following concepts (32-36) with the correct descriptions (A-H).
- Spatial heterogeneity
- Climate-induced migration
- Financialization of agricultural commodities
- Agrobiodiversity conservation
- Scenario planning
A. Movement of people due to farming becoming impossible
B. Using market speculation to increase food production
C. Protecting genetic diversity in crops for future adaptation
D. Equal distribution of climate impacts across regions
E. The influence of commodity futures markets on food prices
F. Exploring possible futures under different conditions
G. Preventing all climate change impacts through technology
H. Reducing global population to ensure food security
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the passage.
- What type of governance problem is created by conflicting objectives across policy sectors?
- What international agreement on climate change is mentioned in the passage?
- According to research cited, by what percentage could wheat yields decrease per degree of warming?
- What is described as narrowing regarding opportunities to implement transformative changes?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- C
- B
- C
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- synchronization
- hydrological cycle
- extreme weather (events)
- sea-level rise / saltwater intrusion
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- YES
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- iv
- iii
- vii
- viii
- vi
- Crop diversification
- complete submersion / submersion in water
- tailored weather forecasts / weather forecasts
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- A
- B
- C
- (uneven distribution of agricultural risks – matching context from passage)
- A
- E
- C
- F
- fragmentation of governance (structures) / conflicting objectives
- Paris Agreement / The Paris Agreement
- 6 / 6% / six percent
- window of opportunity
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: agricultural systems, vulnerable, climate change
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Câu “The world’s agricultural systems, which have been developed over thousands of years to suit particular climatic conditions” được paraphrase thành phương án B “were developed for specific climatic conditions”. Đây là lý do chính khiến các hệ thống nông nghiệp dễ bị tổn thương trước biến đổi khí hậu.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: IPCC study, global temperatures
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Thông tin trực tiếp: “global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times”. Phương án C chính xác sao chép con số này.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: earlier springs, problematic
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “it disrupts the synchronization between crops and their natural pollinators” và ví dụ “if plants flower earlier but their pollinators have not yet emerged”. Phương án C paraphrase chính xác ý này thành “mismatches between plants and pollinators”.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: warmer winters, always benefit
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: Bài văn nói “warmer winters may allow pest populations to survive in areas where they were previously controlled by cold temperatures, leading to increased crop damage”, điều này mâu thuẫn với từ “always benefit” trong câu hỏi.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: dairy cows, less milk, high temperatures
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Thông tin khớp chính xác: “dairy cows produce significantly less milk when temperatures exceed 25 degrees Celsius for extended periods”.
Câu 10: synchronization
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: crops, pollinators, growing seasons shift
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5
- Giải thích: Từ “synchronization” xuất hiện trong ngữ cảnh “disrupts the synchronization between crops and their natural pollinators”.
Câu 11: hydrological cycle
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: climate change intensifies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Cụm từ “intensifying the hydrological cycle” xuất hiện trực tiếp trong bài.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: monoculture farming, vulnerability
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B (Paragraph 2), dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: Tác giả rõ ràng nói “monoculture… increased yields but also created vulnerability to climate shocks”. Đây là quan điểm trực tiếp của tác giả về tác hại của monoculture.
Câu 15: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: genetic modification, only method
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C (Paragraph 3), dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài văn nói “Through both conventional breeding techniques and modern genetic technologies”, điều này mâu thuẫn với từ “only” trong câu hỏi. Có hai phương pháp được đề cập, không phải chỉ một.
Câu 18: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: conservation agriculture, reducing atmospheric carbon
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F (Paragraph 6), dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “These practices also sequester carbon from the atmosphere, contributing to climate change mitigation”. Từ “sequester carbon” có nghĩa là hấp thụ và lưu trữ carbon, tức là giảm carbon trong khí quyển.
Câu 19: iv (Reducing risk through variety in cultivation)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “crop diversification” và cách “farmers can spread risk” bằng cách trồng nhiều loại cây khác nhau. Heading iv paraphrase ý này một cách chính xác.
Câu 20: iii (Breeding plants for extreme conditions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói về “climate-resilient crop varieties” và cách “breed plants that can withstand temperature extremes, drought, flooding, and increased salinity”.
Câu 24: Crop diversification
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion (không quá 3 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Crop diversification has emerged as one of the most effective adaptation strategies” là câu mở đầu của đoạn văn đề cập đến chiến lược này.
Câu 25: complete submersion / submersion in water
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion (không quá 3 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Thông tin chính xác: “rice that can survive complete submersion in water for up to two weeks”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: wicked problem, primarily because
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa được đưa ra: “a quintessential wicked problem – one characterized by inherent complexity, multiple interconnected stakeholders, and the absence of definitive solutions”. Phương án B paraphrase chính xác các yếu tố này.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: geographical distribution, climate impacts
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-7
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói rõ “tropical and subtropical regions, where many of the world’s most food-insecure populations reside, will experience the most severe agricultural disruptions” và kết luận “those who have contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions are often those who will suffer most”. Phương án C tóm tắt đúng ý này.
Câu 29: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: 2007-2008 food price crisis
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: Bài văn giải thích cuộc khủng hoảng này “demonstrated how market dynamics can transform regional production shortfalls into global crises”. Phương án A paraphrase chính xác ý nghĩa này.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: dietary transitions, problematic
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: Lý do được nêu rõ: “Producing animal protein requires significantly more land, water, and feed crops than producing equivalent calories from plant sources” với ví dụ cụ thể về thịt bò. Phương án B tóm tắt chính xác vấn đề này.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: critics, climate-smart agriculture
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: “Critics argue that this framework is insufficiently transformative” và “incremental adaptations within existing agricultural paradigms will prove inadequate”. Phương án C paraphrase đúng quan điểm phê phán này.
Câu 33: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: Climate-induced migration
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “When farming becomes untenable due to persistent drought, flooding, or soil degradation, rural populations face stark choices… or migrate”. Phương án A “Movement of people due to farming becoming impossible” mô tả chính xác khái niệm này.
Câu 35: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: Agrobiodiversity conservation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “The genetic diversity present in wild relatives of crop species… represents an irreplaceable reservoir of traits that may prove crucial for adapting agriculture”. Phương án C “Protecting genetic diversity in crops for future adaptation” khớp chính xác.
Câu 37: fragmentation of governance / conflicting objectives
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 4 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “The fragmentation of governance structures and the presence of conflicting objectives across different policy sectors often impede coherent action”.
Câu 38: Paris Agreement / The Paris Agreement
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 4 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 8-9
- Giải thích: “The Paris Agreement on climate change” được đề cập trực tiếp.
Câu 39: 6 / 6% / six percent
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 4 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “For every degree Celsius of warming, global yields of wheat could decrease by 6%”.
Câu 40: window of opportunity
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 4 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “The window of opportunity for implementing these transformative changes is narrowing”.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| significant threats | n phrase | /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt θrets/ | các mối đe dọa đáng kể | Climate change is one of the most significant threats to food security | pose/present a significant threat |
| unprecedented challenges | n phrase | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/ | những thách thức chưa từng có | Agricultural systems are facing unprecedented challenges | face/confront unprecedented challenges |
| fundamentally interconnected | adj phrase | /ˌfʌndəˈmentəli ˌɪntəkəˈnektɪd/ | liên kết cơ bản với nhau | The relationship between climate and agriculture is fundamentally interconnected | fundamentally connected/linked |
| substantial impacts | n phrase | /səbˈstænʃəl ˈɪmpækts/ | những tác động đáng kể | Small temperature increases can have substantial impacts | have/create substantial impacts |
| alteration of growing seasons | n phrase | /ˌɔːltəˈreɪʃən əv ˈɡroʊɪŋ ˈsiːzənz/ | sự thay đổi mùa vụ | One consequence is the alteration of growing seasons | cause/result in alteration |
| disrupts the synchronization | v phrase | /dɪsˈrʌpts ðə ˌsɪŋkrənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | phá vỡ sự đồng bộ | This shift disrupts the synchronization between crops and pollinators | disrupt coordination/timing |
| intensifying the hydrological cycle | v phrase | /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪɪŋ ðə ˌhaɪdrəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl ˈsaɪkəl/ | làm tăng cường chu trình thủy văn | Climate change is intensifying the hydrological cycle | intensify processes/effects |
| significant crop failures | n phrase | /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt krɑːp ˈfeɪljərz/ | những thất bát mùa màng nghiêm trọng | Changes have led to significant crop failures | experience/suffer crop failures |
| extreme weather events | n phrase | /ɪkˈstriːm ˈweðər ɪˈvents/ | các hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan | Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent | increase in extreme weather |
| sensitive to temperature increases | adj phrase | /ˈsensətɪv tuː ˈtemprətʃər ˈɪnkriːsɪz/ | nhạy cảm với sự gia tăng nhiệt độ | Cattle are particularly sensitive to temperature increases | sensitive to changes/variations |
| susceptible to diseases | adj phrase | /səˈseptəbəl tuː dɪˈziːzɪz/ | dễ mắc bệnh | Heat stress makes livestock more susceptible to diseases | highly susceptible/vulnerable |
| sea-level rise | n phrase | /siː ˈlevəl raɪz/ | sự dâng cao mực nước biển | Coastal areas face the threat of sea-level rise | threat of/impact of sea-level rise |
| fertilization effect | n phrase | /ˌfɜːrtəlaɪˈzeɪʃən ɪˈfekt/ | hiệu ứng bón phân (tự nhiên) | CO2 can have a fertilization effect on crops | produce/create a fertilization effect |
| greenhouse gas emissions | n phrase | /ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | khí thải nhà kính | Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions | reduce/cut greenhouse gas emissions |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| undergo a fundamental transformation | v phrase | /ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ ə ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən/ | trải qua sự chuyển đổi cơ bản | The agricultural sector is being forced to undergo a fundamental transformation | undergo changes/transformation |
| adaptive strategies | n phrase | /əˈdæptɪv ˈstrætədʒiz/ | các chiến lược thích ứng | Scientists are developing adaptive strategies | develop/implement adaptive strategies |
| vulnerability to climate shocks | n phrase | /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti tuː ˈklaɪmət ʃɑːks/ | tính dễ bị tổn thương trước các cú sốc khí hậu | Monoculture created vulnerability to climate shocks | increase/reduce vulnerability |
| spread risk | v phrase | /spred rɪsk/ | phân tán rủi ro | By diversifying crops, farmers can spread risk | spread/distribute risk |
| intercropping | n | /ˈɪntərkrɑːpɪŋ/ | trồng xen canh | Farmers are increasingly intercropping traditional cereals | practice/adopt intercropping |
| insurance against crop failure | n phrase | /ɪnˈʃʊrəns əˈɡenst krɑːp ˈfeɪljər/ | sự đảm bảo chống thất bát mùa màng | This approach provides insurance against crop failure | provide/offer insurance |
| climate-resilient crop varieties | n phrase | /ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliənt krɑːp vəˈraɪətiz/ | các giống cây trồng có khả năng chống chịu khí hậu | Scientists have created climate-resilient crop varieties | develop/breed resilient varieties |
| submersion in water | n phrase | /səbˈmɜːrʒən ɪn ˈwɔːtər/ | sự ngập trong nước | Some rice can survive complete submersion in water | survive/withstand submersion |
| yield advantages | n phrase | /jiːld ədˈvæntɪdʒɪz/ | lợi thế về năng suất | These varieties demonstrated yield advantages of 20-30% | show/demonstrate yield advantages |
| precision agriculture | n phrase | /prɪˈsɪʒən ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/ | nông nghiệp chính xác | Precision agriculture is revolutionizing farming practices | adopt/implement precision agriculture |
| satellite imagery | n phrase | /ˈsætəlaɪt ˈɪmɪdʒəri/ | hình ảnh vệ tinh | This approach utilizes satellite imagery and drones | use/analyze satellite imagery |
| minimizing waste | v phrase | /ˈmɪnɪmaɪzɪŋ weɪst/ | giảm thiểu lãng phí | Technologies help in minimizing waste and environmental impact | minimize/reduce waste |
| setting a benchmark | v phrase | /ˈsetɪŋ ə ˈbentʃmɑːrk/ | thiết lập tiêu chuẩn | Israel is setting a benchmark for water-efficient agriculture | set/establish a benchmark |
| recharged groundwater aquifers | v phrase | /riːˈtʃɑːrdʒd ˈɡraʊndwɔːtər ˈækwɪfərz/ | bổ sung nước ngầm | Rainwater harvesting has recharged groundwater aquifers | recharge/replenish aquifers |
| absorb and retain water | v phrase | /əbˈzɔːrb ænd rɪˈteɪn ˈwɔːtər/ | hấp thụ và giữ nước | Healthy soils can absorb and retain water more effectively | absorb/hold water |
| sequester carbon | v phrase | /sɪˈkwestər ˈkɑːrbən/ | lưu giữ carbon | These practices also sequester carbon from the atmosphere | sequester/capture carbon |
| farmer-managed natural regeneration | n phrase | /ˈfɑːrmər ˈmænɪdʒd ˈnætʃrəl rɪˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən/ | tái sinh tự nhiên do nông dân quản lý | The movement resulted in restoration of 5 million hectares | promote/support natural regeneration |
| tailored weather forecasts | n phrase | /ˈteɪlərd ˈweðər ˈfɔːrkæsts/ | dự báo thời tiết được cá nhân hóa | Apps provide tailored weather forecasts to farmers | receive/access tailored forecasts |
| trigger automatic payouts | v phrase | /ˈtrɪɡər ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk ˈpeɪaʊts/ | kích hoạt thanh toán tự động | Insurance schemes trigger automatic payouts when conditions are met | trigger/activate payouts |
| initial investment costs | n phrase | /ɪˈnɪʃəl ɪnˈvestmənt kɔːsts/ | chi phí đầu tư ban đầu | The initial investment costs remain prohibitively high | reduce/cover initial costs |
| knowledge gap | n phrase | /ˈnɑːlɪdʒ ɡæp/ | khoảng trống kiến thức | There is also a knowledge gap among farmers | bridge/close the knowledge gap |
| ensuring equitable access | v phrase | /ɪnˈʃʊrɪŋ ˈekwɪtəbəl ˈækses/ | đảm bảo tiếp cận công bằng | Ensuring equitable access to adaptation resources is essential | ensure/guarantee equitable access |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| quintessential wicked problem | n phrase | /ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃəl ˈwɪkɪd ˈprɑːbləm/ | vấn đề hóc búa tiêu biểu | This represents a quintessential wicked problem | face/tackle a wicked problem |
| inherent complexity | n phrase | /ɪnˈhɪrənt kəmˈpleksəti/ | sự phức tạp vốn có | The problem is characterized by inherent complexity | involve/demonstrate inherent complexity |
| socioeconomic inequality | n phrase | /ˌsoʊsioʊˌekəˈnɑːmɪk ˌɪnɪˈkwɑːləti/ | bất bình đẳng kinh tế xã hội | The challenge encompasses socioeconomic inequality | address/reduce socioeconomic inequality |
| consumption patterns | n phrase | /kənˈsʌmpʃən ˈpætərnz/ | các mô hình tiêu thụ | Food systems are shaped by consumption patterns | change/alter consumption patterns |
| systemic dimensions | n phrase | /sɪˈstemɪk daɪˈmenʃənz/ | các khía cạnh hệ thống | Understanding these systemic dimensions is crucial | consider/address systemic dimensions |
| spatial heterogeneity | n phrase | /ˈspeɪʃəl ˌhetərəʊdʒəˈniːəti/ | sự không đồng nhất về không gian | The spatial heterogeneity of impacts creates uneven distribution | demonstrate/show spatial heterogeneity |
| food-insecure populations | n phrase | /fuːd ɪnsɪˈkjʊər ˌpɑːpjuˈleɪʃənz/ | các nhóm dân số thiếu an ninh lương thực | Tropical regions where food-insecure populations reside | protect/support food-insecure populations |
| obscure significant regional variations | v phrase | /əbˈskjʊr sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt ˈriːdʒənəl ˌveriˈeɪʃənz/ | che khuất những biến đổi khu vực đáng kể | These global averages obscure significant regional variations | obscure/hide variations |
| already vulnerable regions | n phrase | /ɔːlˈredi ˈvʌlnərəbəl ˈriːdʒənz/ | các khu vực đã dễ bị tổn thương | Agricultural systems in already vulnerable regions face threats | protect/support vulnerable regions |
| geographical asymmetry | n phrase | /ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl ˌæsɪˈmetri/ | sự bất cân xứng về địa lý | This geographical asymmetry has profound implications | demonstrate/reveal geographical asymmetry |
| climate-induced migration | n phrase | /ˈklaɪmət ɪnˈduːst maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ | di cư do khí hậu gây ra | Climate-induced migration represents a critical consequence | experience/cause climate-induced migration |
| stark choices | n phrase | /stɑːrk ˈtʃɔɪsɪz/ | những lựa chọn khắc nghiệt | Rural populations face stark choices | face/confront stark choices |
| mass displacement | n phrase | /mæs dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ | sự di dời hàng loạt | This mass displacement strains urban infrastructure | cause/result in mass displacement |
| negative feedback loops | n phrase | /ˈneɡətɪv ˈfiːdbæk luːps/ | các vòng phản hồi tiêu cực | Reduced farming can trigger negative feedback loops | create/establish negative feedback loops |
| financialization of agricultural commodities | n phrase | /faɪˌnænʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən əv ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl kəˈmɑːdətiz/ | tài chính hóa hàng hóa nông sản | The financialization of commodities adds complexity | drive/promote financialization |
| speculation in commodity futures markets | n phrase | /ˌspekjuˈleɪʃən ɪn kəˈmɑːdəti ˈfjuːtʃərz ˈmɑːrkəts/ | đầu cơ trong thị trường hàng hóa tương lai | Prices are determined by speculation in futures markets | engage in/prevent speculation |
| amplify price volatility | v phrase | /ˈæmplɪfaɪ praɪs ˌvɑːləˈtɪləti/ | khuếch đại sự biến động giá | Market speculation can amplify price volatility | amplify/increase volatility |
| market dynamics | n phrase | /ˈmɑːrkət daɪˈnæmɪks/ | động lực thị trường | Market dynamics can transform shortfalls into crises | understand/analyze market dynamics |
| underscored the political dimensions | v phrase | /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrd ðə pəˈlɪtɪkəl daɪˈmenʃənz/ | nhấn mạnh các khía cạnh chính trị | Social unrest underscored the political dimensions | underscore/highlight dimensions |
| dietary transitions | n phrase | /ˈdaɪəteri trænˈzɪʃənz/ | sự chuyển đổi chế độ ăn | Dietary transitions in emerging economies compound challenges | experience/undergo dietary transitions |
| resource-intensive diets | n phrase | /rɪˈsɔːrs ɪnˈtensɪv ˈdaɪəts/ | chế độ ăn tốn nhiều tài nguyên | Consumption is shifting toward resource-intensive diets | adopt/maintain resource-intensive diets |
| constraining resource availability | v phrase | /kənˈstreɪnɪŋ rɪˈsɔːrs əˌveɪləˈbɪləti/ | hạn chế tính sẵn có của tài nguyên | Climate change is constraining resource availability | constrain/limit availability |
| collision course | n phrase | /kəˈlɪʒən kɔːrs/ | quỹ đạo va chạm | This creates a collision course between demand and capacity | be on/set a collision course |
| insufficiently transformative | adj phrase | /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃəntli trænsˈfɔːrmətɪv/ | không đủ mang tính biến đổi | Critics argue the framework is insufficiently transformative | remain/prove insufficiently transformative |
| techno-optimistic assumptions | n phrase | /ˈteknoʊ ˌɑːptɪˈmɪstɪk əˈsʌmpʃənz/ | các giả định lạc quan về công nghệ | The framework may perpetuate techno-optimistic assumptions | challenge/question techno-optimistic assumptions |
| magnitude of systemic change | n phrase | /ˈmæɡnɪtuːd əv sɪˈstemɪk tʃeɪndʒ/ | mức độ thay đổi hệ thống | This underestimates the magnitude of systemic change required | recognize/assess the magnitude |
| incremental adaptations | n phrase | /ˌɪŋkrəˈmentəl ˌædæpˈteɪʃənz/ | các điều chỉnh tăng dần | Incremental adaptations within existing paradigms will prove inadequate | rely on/implement incremental adaptations |
| radical changes | n phrase | /ˈrædɪkəl ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ | những thay đổi triệt để | More fundamental transformations require radical changes | demand/require radical changes |
| agrobiodiversity conservation | n phrase | /ˌæɡroʊˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃən/ | bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học nông nghiệp | Agrobiodiversity conservation deserves particular attention | promote/support agrobiodiversity conservation |
| genetic diversity | n phrase | /dʒəˈnetɪk daɪˈvɜːrsəti/ | đa dạng di truyền | The genetic diversity represents an irreplaceable reservoir | preserve/maintain genetic diversity |
| irreplaceable reservoir | n phrase | /ˌɪrɪˈpleɪsəbəl ˈrezərvwɑːr/ | kho dự trữ không thể thay thế | This genetic heritage is an irreplaceable reservoir of traits | protect/preserve an irreplaceable reservoir |
| displacement of traditional farming systems | n phrase | /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt əv trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈfɑːrmɪŋ ˈsɪstəmz/ | sự thay thế các hệ thống canh tác truyền thống | Diversity is eroded through displacement of traditional systems | prevent/halt displacement |
| dominance of commercial varieties | n phrase | /ˈdɑːmɪnəns əv kəˈmɜːrʃəl vəˈraɪətiz/ | sự thống trị của các giống thương mại | Erosion occurs through the dominance of commercial varieties | challenge/reduce the dominance |
| governance architectures | n phrase | /ˈɡʌvərnəns ˈɑːrkɪtektʃərz/ | các cấu trúc quản trị | Governance architectures will determine our capacity to respond | establish/strengthen governance architectures |
| fragmentation of governance structures | n phrase | /ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃən əv ˈɡʌvərnəns ˈstrʌktʃərz/ | sự phân mảnh của các cấu trúc quản trị | The fragmentation of structures impedes coherent action | overcome/address fragmentation |
| conflicting objectives | n phrase | /kənˈflɪktɪŋ əbˈdʒektɪvz/ | các mục tiêu mâu thuẫn | The presence of conflicting objectives often impedes action | reconcile/resolve conflicting objectives |
| coherent action | n phrase | /koʊˈhɪrənt ˈækʃən/ | hành động mạch lạc/nhất quán | Fragmentation impedes coherent action across sectors | enable/facilitate coherent action |
| scenario planning | n phrase | /səˈnærioʊ ˈplænɪŋ/ | lập kế hoạch theo kịch bản | Scenario planning exercises explore possible futures | conduct/undertake scenario planning |
| business-as-usual trajectories | n phrase | /ˈbɪznəs æz ˈjuːʒuəl trəˈdʒektəriz/ | các quỹ đạo hoạt động như thường lệ | Business-as-usual trajectories lead to alarming outcomes | abandon/avoid business-as-usual trajectories |
| ambitious action across multiple fronts | n phrase | /æmˈbɪʃəs ˈækʃən əˈkrɔːs ˈmʌltɪpəl frʌnts/ | hành động đầy tham vọng trên nhiều mặt trận | Optimistic scenarios require ambitious action across fronts | take/require ambitious action |
| fundamental shifts in consumption patterns | n phrase | /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ʃɪfts ɪn kənˈsʌmpʃən ˈpætərnz/ | những chuyển đổi cơ bản trong các mô hình tiêu thụ | Solutions require fundamental shifts in consumption patterns | achieve/drive fundamental shifts |
| window of opportunity | n phrase | /ˈwɪndoʊ əv ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti/ | cửa sổ cơ hội | The window of opportunity is narrowing | seize/miss the window of opportunity |
| profoundly shape | v phrase | /prəˈfaʊndli ʃeɪp/ | định hình sâu sắc | Current decisions will profoundly shape future food security | profoundly affect/influence |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề về hậu quả của biến đổi khí hậu đối với nguồn cung lương thực toàn cầu không chỉ là một đề tài phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một trong những thách thức lớn nhất mà nhân loại đang đối mặt. Thông qua đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ việc hiểu các tác động cơ bản của biến đổi khí hậu, đến các giải pháp công nghệ và chiến lược thích ứng, cho đến những phân tích sâu sắc về các vấn đề hệ thống phức tạp.
Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với nhiều dạng khác nhau, giúp bạn luyện tập toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết cho IELTS Reading. Từ việc xác định thông tin chi tiết với True/False/Not Given, đến khả năng nắm bắt ý chính với Matching Headings, và kỹ năng phân tích thông tin phức tạp với Multiple Choice và Matching Features – tất cả đều được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS.
Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng lý do tại sao, vị trí thông tin trong bài, và cách paraphrase được sử dụng. Điều này giúp bạn hiểu sâu hơn về cách IELTS Reading đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu của thí sinh và phát triển kỹ năng làm bài hiệu quả.
Danh sách từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage với hơn 60 từ và cụm từ quan trọng, kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và collocations, sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ chuẩn bị cho IELTS Reading mà còn nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật tổng thể. Những từ này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế và trong các bài viết học thuật về môi trường và phát triển bền vững.
Hãy sử dụng đề thi này như một công cụ luyện tập thực chiến: làm bài trong điều kiện giống thi thật với giới hạn thời gian 60 phút, sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và nghiên cứu kỹ phần giải thích để hiểu rõ những điểm mạnh và yếu của mình. Việc lặp lại quá trình này với các đề thi tương tự sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng sự tự tin và kỹ năng cần thiết để đạt band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading.
