Chủ đề giám sát hàng loạt (mass surveillance) và hậu quả của nó đối với các quyền tự do công dân đang trở thành một trong những vấn đề nóng hổi được thảo luận rộng rãi trong xã hội hiện đại. Đây cũng là một chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các đề thi từ năm 2018 đến nay, với tần suất khoảng 3-4 lần mỗi năm. Chủ đề này thường được khai thác dưới góc độ công nghệ, quyền riêng tư, an ninh quốc gia và các vấn đề xã hội liên quan.
Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, hoàn toàn giống với cấu trúc đề thi thật. Mỗi passage đi kèm với các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cặn kẽ về cách tìm thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có mục tiêu từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với văn phong học thuật, mở rộng vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành về công nghệ và xã hội, đồng thời rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian và phân tích thông tin – những yếu tố then chốt để đạt điểm cao trong phần thi Reading.
Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi kéo dài 60 phút, trong đó thí sinh phải hoàn thành 40 câu hỏi dựa trên 3 passages (đoạn văn) có độ dài khoảng 2000-2750 từ tổng cộng. Mỗi passage đi kèm với 13-14 câu hỏi với nhiều dạng khác nhau.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Đây là passage dễ nhất, giúp bạn khởi động tốt và tự tin hơn.
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Độ khó trung bình, yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu và phân tích cao hơn.
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Passage khó nhất với từ vựng học thuật và câu hỏi phức tạp, cần thời gian suy luận nhiều hơn.
Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn nên điền đáp án trực tiếp hoặc dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án cẩn thận.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm với 3-4 lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đối tượng tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời ngắn với giới hạn từ
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Evolution of Surveillance Technology
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Throughout human history, surveillance has been an integral part of maintaining social order and security. From ancient watchmen patrolling city walls to modern-day closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems, the methods of monitoring populations have evolved dramatically. However, the digital age has ushered in an unprecedented era of surveillance capabilities that our ancestors could never have imagined.
In the early 20th century, surveillance was primarily a manual process requiring significant human resources. Police officers walked beats, security guards monitored buildings, and government agencies employed large teams to physically observe suspected criminals or threats to national security. The introduction of photography in the late 1800s represented the first major technological advancement in surveillance, allowing authorities to create permanent records of individuals and events. This was followed by telephone wiretapping in the early 1900s, which enabled law enforcement to intercept private conversations.
The real transformation began in the 1960s and 1970s with the development of electronic surveillance technologies. CCTV cameras, initially used in commercial settings to prevent theft, gradually expanded into public spaces. The United Kingdom became a pioneer in this field, installing cameras in city centers to deter crime and monitor public behavior. By the 1990s, British cities had thousands of CCTV cameras, earning the UK the nickname “the most surveilled nation” in the world. Studies from this period showed mixed results: while some areas experienced a reduction in property crimes, the cameras had little impact on violent offenses.
The internet revolution of the 1990s and early 2000s opened entirely new dimensions for surveillance. Digital communications could be monitored, stored, and analyzed on an unprecedented scale. Email messages, website visits, and online purchases created digital footprints that governments and corporations began collecting systematically. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, marked a crucial turning point. In response, governments worldwide expanded their surveillance powers dramatically, arguing that enhanced monitoring was essential for national security and preventing future attacks.
Smartphone technology, which became widespread after 2007, transformed every citizen into a potential surveillance node. These devices constantly transmit location data, record communications, and track user behavior. Modern smartphones contain numerous sensors – GPS, accelerometers, cameras, microphones – that can reveal intimate details about a person’s daily life. Applications installed on these devices often request extensive permissions to access this information, creating vast databases of personal data.
Today’s surveillance ecosystem extends far beyond government agencies. Private corporations have become major players in data collection, gathering information about consumers’ purchasing habits, preferences, and behaviors. Social media platforms track not only what users post but also their connections, interests, and even the content they view but don’t share. This information is used to create detailed psychological profiles that can predict behavior and influence decisions.
Facial recognition technology represents one of the most controversial recent developments. Using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, these systems can identify individuals in crowds, track their movements across multiple cameras, and build comprehensive records of their activities. Some cities have installed these systems at traffic intersections, shopping districts, and public transportation hubs. Proponents argue that facial recognition helps solve crimes and find missing persons, while critics warn about the potential for abuse and the erosion of anonymity in public spaces.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has further expanded surveillance capabilities. Smart home devices, wearable fitness trackers, and connected vehicles continuously collect data about our private lives. These devices, while offering convenience and functionality, create new vulnerabilities and surveillance opportunities. A smart television might record conversations in your living room, a fitness tracker reveals your daily routines and health data, and a connected car knows everywhere you travel.
Biometric surveillance technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Beyond facial recognition, systems can now identify individuals through iris scans, fingerprints, voice patterns, and even gait analysis – the unique way a person walks. Airports and border crossings routinely collect this biometric data, and some countries are building national databases containing biometric information on all citizens.
The technical capabilities for mass surveillance have grown exponentially, but the legal frameworks and ethical guidelines governing their use have struggled to keep pace. Different countries have adopted vastly different approaches, ranging from strict privacy protections to virtually unrestricted government surveillance powers. This regulatory gap creates serious concerns about how surveillance technologies might be misused and what safeguards exist to protect individual rights.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, what was the first major technological advancement in surveillance?
A. Telephone wiretapping
B. CCTV cameras
C. Photography
D. Electronic monitoring
2. The passage suggests that CCTV cameras in the UK during the 1990s were most effective at reducing:
A. violent crimes
B. property crimes
C. organized crime
D. terrorist activities
3. What event is identified as a turning point for government surveillance expansion?
A. The internet revolution
B. The invention of smartphones
C. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
D. The development of facial recognition
4. According to the passage, modern smartphones function as surveillance tools because they:
A. are manufactured by large corporations
B. contain multiple sensors that track user behavior
C. require internet connections
D. are expensive to purchase
5. The passage indicates that the Internet of Things creates surveillance opportunities through:
A. government mandates
B. corporate partnerships
C. continuous data collection from connected devices
D. social media integration
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Early 20th-century surveillance required large numbers of people to conduct monitoring activities.
7. The United Kingdom installed more CCTV cameras than any other European country in the 1990s.
8. All smartphone applications that collect user data are required to request permission first.
9. Legal frameworks governing surveillance technology have developed as quickly as the technology itself.
Questions 10-13: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Surveillance has evolved from manual methods to sophisticated digital systems. The introduction of (10) ___ in the late 1800s allowed authorities to create permanent records. Modern surveillance includes (11) ___ technology that can identify people in crowds using artificial intelligence. Companies collect data about consumer behavior through (12) ___, creating detailed psychological profiles. Additionally, (13) ___ technologies can identify individuals through various physical characteristics including iris scans and fingerprints.
PASSAGE 2 – Civil Liberties Under Surveillance
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The tension between security and liberty represents one of the fundamental dilemmas of modern democratic societies. While governments assert that extensive surveillance capabilities are necessary to protect citizens from terrorism, crime, and other threats, civil liberties advocates warn that unchecked monitoring poses profound risks to the foundational freedoms that define democratic governance. The consequences of mass surveillance on civil liberties are complex, multifaceted, and increasingly urgent as technological capabilities continue to advance.
Privacy, often described as the “right to be let alone,” stands as the most immediately threatened civil liberty in the age of mass surveillance. The concept of privacy encompasses not merely the protection of sensitive personal information but also the psychological space necessary for autonomous thought and self-development. Legal scholar Daniel Solove argues that privacy violations through surveillance create a “digital dossier” effect, where fragments of personal information are assembled into comprehensive profiles that reveal intimate details about individuals’ lives, beliefs, and associations. This aggregation transforms innocuous individual data points into invasive portraits that can be used to predict, influence, and control behavior.
The chilling effect represents perhaps the most insidious consequence of pervasive surveillance. This phenomenon occurs when individuals, aware they are being monitored, self-censor their behavior, communications, and associations to avoid potential negative consequences. Research conducted by the PEN American Center following Edward Snowden’s revelations about NSA surveillance programs found that writers increasingly avoided exploring certain topics or communicating with specific sources due to surveillance concerns. This self-imposed limitation on intellectual exploration and free expression undermines the vibrant exchange of ideas essential to democratic society and cultural innovation.
Freedom of association, a cornerstone of democratic participation, faces significant threats from surveillance systems that track and record interpersonal connections. When governments maintain records of who communicates with whom, who attends which meetings, and who associates with which organizations, they create powerful deterrents to political organizing and civic engagement. Historical examples demonstrate how surveillance of associations has been weaponized against dissenting groups. During the COINTELPRO operations of the 1960s and 1970s, the FBI extensively monitored civil rights activists, anti-war protesters, and other political groups, using the information gathered to disrupt and discredit legitimate political movements.
The presumption of innocence – the principle that individuals are innocent until proven guilty – is fundamentally challenged by mass surveillance systems. Traditional law enforcement operated on a targeted model: when authorities had reasonable suspicion that someone had committed a crime, they could seek judicial authorization to conduct surveillance. Mass surveillance inverts this model, treating entire populations as potential suspects subject to continuous monitoring. This shift represents a profound change in the relationship between citizens and the state, moving from a posture of trust to one of suspicion.
Due process protections, which ensure fair treatment through the judicial system, are significantly weakened when surveillance occurs in secret. Many modern surveillance programs operate with minimal judicial oversight, relying instead on executive authority or secretive courts that function without public scrutiny. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) in the United States, for example, operates almost entirely in classified proceedings, making it impossible for the public or even most legislators to assess whether it provides meaningful checks on surveillance powers. When individuals cannot know they have been subjected to surveillance, they cannot challenge its legality or appropriateness.
Minority communities and vulnerable populations face disproportionate impacts from surveillance systems. Research has consistently shown that surveillance technologies are deployed more intensively in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of racial minorities and low-income residents. Algorithmic bias in surveillance systems can amplify existing social inequalities. Facial recognition systems, for instance, have been documented to have significantly higher error rates when identifying people of color, potentially leading to false accusations and wrongful arrests. This discriminatory impact transforms surveillance into a tool for reinforcing rather than mitigating social disparities.
The concentration of surveillance power creates opportunities for abuse that extend beyond government overreach. When vast databases of personal information exist, they become attractive targets for hackers, corporate exploitation, and political manipulation. The 2018 Cambridge Analytica scandal revealed how personal data collected through social media surveillance could be weaponized for political propaganda and electoral manipulation. As data breaches become increasingly common, the personal information collected through surveillance systems creates lasting vulnerabilities for individuals who have no control over how their data is secured or used.
Whistleblower protections and investigative journalism face particular challenges in heavily surveilled societies. Journalists require the ability to communicate confidentially with sources who may possess sensitive information about government or corporate wrongdoing. When surveillance systems can track these communications, potential sources face significant risks, leading many to remain silent rather than expose misconduct. Several studies have documented a measurable decline in anonymous tips to journalists following revelations about government surveillance capabilities.
The normalization of surveillance represents a subtle but potentially irreversible shift in social expectations and behaviors. Sociologist David Lyon warns of “surveillance culture,” where constant monitoring becomes so ubiquitous that people cease to recognize it as exceptional or concerning. This normalization is particularly evident among younger generations who have grown up with pervasive digital tracking and may view privacy invasion as an inevitable cost of modern life rather than a negotiable trade-off deserving critical examination.
International human rights frameworks have increasingly recognized privacy as a fundamental right that governments must protect. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights explicitly states that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with privacy. However, enforcement mechanisms remain weak, and many nations implement surveillance systems that clearly violate these principles. The extraterritorial nature of digital surveillance complicates jurisdictional questions, as data often flows across borders, making it unclear which laws apply and who bears responsibility for protecting individual rights.
The consequences of mass surveillance extend beyond individual liberty to affect the structural features of democratic governance itself. When governments possess comprehensive surveillance capabilities, the balance of power between citizens and the state fundamentally shifts. Government accountability depends on the ability of citizens, journalists, and civil society organizations to monitor and challenge state actions. Mass surveillance inverts this accountability relationship, enabling states to monitor their citizens while operating surveillance systems with minimal transparency or oversight.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-17: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. The protection of privacy is essential for individual psychological development.
15. The chilling effect on free expression is an intentional goal of surveillance programs.
16. Mass surveillance systems treat all citizens as if they are suspects.
17. Younger people are more concerned about privacy violations than older generations.
Questions 18-22: Matching Headings
The passage has eleven paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs indicated below from the list of headings.
List of Headings:
i. The targeting of vulnerable social groups
ii. Historical misuse of association tracking
iii. Threats to confidential news gathering
iv. The fundamental privacy challenge
v. Corporate and criminal exploitation risks
vi. Weakening of legal safeguards
vii. Self-censorship in creative communities
viii. Shifting societal acceptance of monitoring
ix. International legal standards and enforcement gaps
x. Reversing traditional law enforcement principles
18. Paragraph 2 (begins with “Privacy, often described…”)
19. Paragraph 3 (begins with “The chilling effect…”)
20. Paragraph 5 (begins with “The presumption of innocence…”)
21. Paragraph 7 (begins with “Minority communities…”)
22. Paragraph 9 (begins with “Whistleblower protections…”)
Questions 23-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Mass surveillance creates multiple threats to civil liberties. The concept of the (23) ___, where personal information is compiled into detailed profiles, demonstrates how privacy is compromised. Surveillance systems particularly harm (24) ___ and vulnerable populations, who face more intensive monitoring. The Cambridge Analytica case showed how collected data could be used for (25) ___ purposes. Additionally, the lack of (26) ___ over surveillance programs prevents meaningful checks on government power.
PASSAGE 3 – Balancing Security Imperatives with Democratic Values
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The epistemological challenge confronting contemporary democratic societies centers on an ostensibly irreconcilable contradiction: the imperative to maintain robust security infrastructure capable of detecting and preventing existential threats, while simultaneously preserving the constellation of civil liberties that constitute the normative foundation of liberal democracy. This tension is not merely a practical problem of balancing competing interests but represents a fundamental philosophical question about the nature of freedom, the legitimate scope of state power, and the threshold at which security measures become so comprehensive that they negate the very liberties they purport to protect.
Contemporary threat landscapes have evolved in ways that challenge traditional conceptual frameworks for understanding security. Asymmetric warfare, decentralized terrorist networks, cyber-attacks, and transnational organized crime present dangers that transcend conventional territorial boundaries and operate with unprecedented speed and anonymity. Proponents of expansive surveillance argue that these emergent threats necessitate commensurate responses – that the diffuse and technologically sophisticated nature of modern security challenges demands equally sophisticated and pervasive monitoring capabilities. This argument possesses superficial plausibility: if threats can materialize anywhere from anyone, the logic suggests that security services must maintain the capacity to observe everyone, everywhere.
However, this technocratic rationale for ubiquitous surveillance embodies what political philosopher Philip Pettit terms “domination” – a condition where individuals exist at the mercy of arbitrary power, regardless of whether that power is actually exercised. The mere capacity for comprehensive surveillance creates a relationship of subordination between state and citizen that is fundamentally incompatible with republican conceptions of freedom. Freedom, in this framework, consists not simply in the absence of actual interference but in the security from potential arbitrary interference. A surveillance state that possesses the capability to monitor any citizen at any time, even if it does not always exercise this capability, establishes a hierarchical relationship that contradicts the egalitarian premises of democratic governance.
The panopticon effect, drawn from Jeremy Bentham’s architectural design for a prison in which inmates could be observed at any time without knowing when observation occurred, provides a powerful metaphor for understanding the psychological mechanisms through which surveillance shapes behavior. Michel Foucault’s analysis extended this concept, arguing that modern disciplinary societies function through internalized surveillance, where individuals regulate their own behavior based on the possibility of observation. This self-disciplining occurs not through overt coercion but through the ambient awareness of potential monitoring, creating what Foucault termed “docile bodies” – citizens who conform to expected norms not from conviction but from the internalized fear of surveillance.
Empirical assessments of surveillance effectiveness reveal a far more ambiguous picture than proponents typically acknowledge. Extensive research on CCTV systems, one of the most widespread surveillance technologies, shows limited impact on crime rates. A comprehensive meta-analysis published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology found that surveillance cameras reduced crime in car parks but had negligible effects in other public spaces. More significantly, studies of mass surveillance programs have failed to demonstrate that indiscriminate data collection provides meaningful security benefits over targeted investigations. A review by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board examining NSA surveillance programs found that the bulk collection of telephone metadata “was not essential” to preventing terrorist attacks and that traditional investigative methods would have yielded the same results.
The opacity characteristic of modern surveillance operations generates what legal scholar Jack Balkin identifies as the “national surveillance state” – a configuration where surveillance powers expand through executive assertion rather than legislative deliberation, operate behind classifications that preclude public scrutiny, and resist meaningful judicial review. This institutional architecture creates systematic accountability deficits. When surveillance programs are classified, citizens cannot know what information is being collected about them, eliminating the possibility of informed consent or democratic deliberation about the appropriateness of such monitoring. The secrecy surrounding surveillance programs creates information asymmetries that fundamentally undermine democratic governance by preventing citizens from evaluating or challenging government actions.
The differential impact of surveillance on marginalized populations transforms it from a universal security measure into a mechanism for social control that reinforces existing power hierarchies. Critical surveillance scholars like Simone Browne have documented how surveillance technologies have historically served to maintain racial hierarchies, from slave passes to modern predictive policing algorithms. Contemporary surveillance systems perpetuate these patterns through what Ruha Benjamin terms the “New Jim Code” – ostensibly neutral technologies that encode and amplify racial bias. When algorithmic systems trained on historical data that reflects discriminatory policing practices are deployed to guide future law enforcement decisions, they create feedback loops that intensify surveillance of minority communities while presenting this discrimination as the objective output of neutral technical systems.
Fourth Amendment jurisprudence in the United States illustrates the conceptual inadequacy of existing legal frameworks for addressing mass digital surveillance. The third-party doctrine, established in Supreme Court decisions like Smith v. Maryland, holds that individuals have no reasonable expectation of privacy in information they voluntarily disclose to third parties. This doctrine, formulated in an era when sharing information with third parties was a discrete and conscious action, becomes untenable in a digital ecosystem where nearly all activities generate data held by intermediaries. The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Carpenter v. United States, which required warrants for accessing historical cell-site location data, acknowledged this problem but left fundamental questions about digital privacy unresolved.
The economic incentives structuring contemporary surveillance extend beyond government security concerns to encompass what Shoshana Zuboff terms “surveillance capitalism” – an economic system premised on the commodification of personal data and the asymmetric monitoring of individuals to predict and influence behavior. Technology companies have constructed business models dependent on extensive user surveillance, collecting granular data about behavior, preferences, and social connections. This corporate surveillance infrastructure creates dual vulnerabilities: the aggregated data represents an attractive target for government requisition or hacking, and the normalization of corporate monitoring reduces social resistance to government surveillance by establishing pervasive monitoring as a taken-for-granted feature of contemporary life.
Encryption and privacy-preserving technologies represent potential technical safeguards against surveillance overreach, but they have become contested terrain in debates about security and liberty. Governments have consistently pressed for “backdoors” in encrypted communications, arguing that “warrant-proof” encryption creates spaces where criminals and terrorists can operate beyond the reach of law enforcement. However, cryptographic experts nearly universally reject this argument, pointing out that creating intentional vulnerabilities in encryption systems inevitably makes them vulnerable to exploitation by malicious actors. The technical reality is that secure encryption cannot selectively exclude government access while remaining secure against adversarial attacks.
Regulatory frameworks attempting to govern surveillance have proven persistently inadequate, struggling to address technologies that evolve faster than legislative or judicial processes can adapt. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) represents the most comprehensive attempt to establish enforceable privacy protections, including provisions for data minimization, purpose limitation, and individual rights to access and delete personal information. However, even this robust framework contains national security exceptions that permit extensive government surveillance, and enforcement remains inconsistent. In jurisdictions with weaker privacy protections, surveillance capabilities expand with virtually no legal constraints.
The long-term societal implications of normalized mass surveillance extend beyond immediate civil liberties concerns to encompass questions about the kind of society being constructed. Political theorist Jürgen Habermas’s concept of the “public sphere” – a domain of social life where private citizens can deliberate about common concerns free from state control – depends on spaces insulated from surveillance. The colonization of previously private spheres by surveillance technologies threatens to eliminate the preconditions for democratic deliberation. When all communications and associations are subject to monitoring, the possibility of autonomous political organizing and genuine dissent becomes structurally compromised. The result may be societies that retain the formal institutions of democracy – elections, legislatures, courts – while losing the substantive conditions that make democratic self-governance possible.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, the main challenge facing democracies regarding surveillance is:
A. the high cost of implementing security systems
B. public resistance to monitoring programs
C. reconciling security needs with fundamental freedoms
D. technological limitations of current systems
28. Philip Pettit’s concept of “domination” suggests that freedom is threatened when:
A. governments actively monitor all citizen activities
B. the state possesses the capacity for arbitrary surveillance
C. citizens are unaware they are being watched
D. surveillance technologies become too expensive
29. What does empirical research suggest about CCTV surveillance effectiveness?
A. It significantly reduces all types of crime
B. It is most effective in car parks but has limited impact elsewhere
C. It has been proven to prevent terrorist attacks
D. It works better than traditional policing methods
30. The “third-party doctrine” is described as inadequate because:
A. it was created by the Supreme Court
B. it requires warrants for all surveillance
C. it was formulated before the digital age
D. it applies only to telephone records
31. According to the passage, what is the primary concern about encryption backdoors?
A. They are too expensive to implement
B. They would make systems vulnerable to all attackers
C. They are technically impossible to create
D. They violate international law
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each concept with the correct description. Write the correct letter, A-H.
Concepts:
32. Panopticon effect
33. National surveillance state
34. New Jim Code
35. Surveillance capitalism
36. GDPR
Descriptions:
A. Technologies that encode racial bias while appearing neutral
B. Business models based on commodifying personal data
C. Self-regulation of behavior due to potential observation
D. European privacy protection legislation
E. Expansion of surveillance through executive power without public scrutiny
F. International cooperation on security matters
G. Encryption technology
H. Historical surveillance methods
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of groups does the passage say have historically been monitored to maintain social hierarchies?
38. According to Habermas, what kind of sphere must be free from state control for democratic deliberation?
39. What term describes the systems that use historical biased data to guide law enforcement decisions?
40. What does the passage say societies might retain while losing democratic substance?
Hình ảnh minh họa hệ thống giám sát đô thị hiện đại với camera an ninh và công nghệ nhận diện khuôn mặt ảnh hưởng đến quyền tự do công dân
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- C
- B
- C
- B
- C
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- photography
- facial recognition
- social media platforms
- biometric (surveillance)
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- NO
- iv
- vii
- x
- i
- iii
- digital dossier
- minority communities
- political manipulation / electoral manipulation
- judicial oversight / public scrutiny
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- B
- B
- C
- B
- C
- E
- A
- B
- D
- marginalized populations
- public sphere
- predictive policing algorithms
- formal institutions
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: first major technological advancement in surveillance
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ: “The introduction of photography in the late 1800s represented the first major technological advancement in surveillance.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp từ câu hỏi, xác nhận photography là tiến bộ công nghệ đầu tiên quan trọng. Telephone wiretapping được đề cập sau đó (“This was followed by telephone wiretapping”).
Câu 2: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: CCTV cameras, UK, 1990s, most effective, reducing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Câu “Studies from this period showed mixed results: while some areas experienced a reduction in property crimes, the cameras had little impact on violent offenses” cho thấy CCTV có hiệu quả với property crimes (tội phạm về tài sản) nhưng không hiệu quả với violent offenses (tội phạm bạo lực). Đáp án B là chính xác.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: turning point, government surveillance expansion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ: “The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, marked a crucial turning point. In response, governments worldwide expanded their surveillance powers dramatically.” “Crucial turning point” trong bài tương ứng với “turning point” trong câu hỏi.
Câu 4: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: smartphones, surveillance tools
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Đoạn 5 giải thích: “Modern smartphones contain numerous sensors – GPS, accelerometers, cameras, microphones – that can reveal intimate details about a person’s daily life.” Điều này paraphrase với đáp án B về việc smartphones chứa nhiều sensors theo dõi hành vi người dùng.
Câu 5: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Internet of Things, surveillance opportunities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu đầu
- Giải thích: “The Internet of Things (IoT) has further expanded surveillance capabilities. Smart home devices, wearable fitness trackers, and connected vehicles continuously collect data about our private lives.” Từ “continuously collect data” paraphrase với “continuous data collection” trong đáp án C.
Câu 6: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Early 20th century, surveillance, large numbers of people
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu
- Giải thích: Câu “In the early 20th century, surveillance was primarily a manual process requiring significant human resources” xác nhận rằng giám sát cần nhiều nguồn nhân lực (human resources = large numbers of people).
Câu 7: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: UK, more CCTV cameras, other European countries
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói UK là “the most surveilled nation” và có “thousands of CCTV cameras” nhưng không so sánh cụ thể với các nước châu Âu khác. Thông tin này không được đề cập.
Câu 8: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: smartphone applications, collect user data, required, request permission
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Bài nói “Applications installed on these devices often request extensive permissions” – từ “often” (thường xuyên) không có nghĩa là “all” (tất cả) ứng dụng. Không có thông tin xác nhận tất cả đều phải xin phép.
Câu 9: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: legal frameworks, developed as quickly as technology
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
- Giải thích: Câu “The technical capabilities for mass surveillance have grown exponentially, but the legal frameworks and ethical guidelines governing their use have struggled to keep pace” cho thấy luật pháp không theo kịp công nghệ (“struggled to keep pace” = not as quickly).
Câu 10: photography
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: late 1800s, permanent records
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: “The introduction of photography in the late 1800s represented the first major technological advancement in surveillance, allowing authorities to create permanent records.”
Câu 11: facial recognition
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: identify people in crowds, artificial intelligence
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: “Facial recognition technology represents one of the most controversial recent developments. Using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, these systems can identify individuals in crowds.”
Câu 12: social media platforms
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: companies, consumer behavior, psychological profiles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: “Social media platforms track not only what users post but also their connections, interests… This information is used to create detailed psychological profiles.”
Câu 13: biometric (surveillance)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: identify individuals, iris scans, fingerprints
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
- Giải thích: “Biometric surveillance technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Beyond facial recognition, systems can now identify individuals through iris scans, fingerprints, voice patterns…”
Chiến lược làm bài IELTS Reading hiệu quả với kỹ thuật skimming scanning và quản lý thời gian cho học viên Việt Nam
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: privacy, essential, psychological development
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 2
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói: “The concept of privacy encompasses not merely the protection of sensitive personal information but also the psychological space necessary for autonomous thought and self-development.” Câu này thể hiện quan điểm của tác giả rằng privacy cần thiết cho sự phát triển tâm lý (psychological development).
Câu 15: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: chilling effect, intentional goal
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc mô tả chilling effect như một hậu quả (“consequence”, “occurs when”) chứ không đề cập đến việc đây có phải là mục đích cố ý của các chương trình giám sát hay không.
Câu 16: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: mass surveillance, treat citizens as suspects
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Tác giả viết: “Mass surveillance inverts this model, treating entire populations as potential suspects subject to continuous monitoring.” Đây là quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả về việc giám sát hàng loạt đối xử với mọi người như nghi phạm.
Câu 17: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: younger people, more concerned, privacy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói: “This normalization is particularly evident among younger generations who have grown up with pervasive digital tracking and may view privacy invasion as an inevitable cost of modern life.” Điều này cho thấy thế hệ trẻ ít quan tâm hơn (view it as inevitable), trái ngược với câu hỏi.
Câu 18: iv (The fundamental privacy challenge)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào khái niệm privacy và các thách thức cơ bản đối với quyền riêng tư (“Privacy… stands as the most immediately threatened civil liberty”, “digital dossier effect”). Tiêu đề iv phù hợp nhất.
Câu 19: vii (Self-censorship in creative communities)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về “chilling effect” và cách các nhà văn tự kiểm duyệt (“writers increasingly avoided exploring certain topics”, “self-imposed limitation on intellectual exploration”). Tiêu đề vii về self-censorship phù hợp.
Câu 20: x (Reversing traditional law enforcement principles)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về “presumption of innocence” và cách mass surveillance “inverts this model”, chuyển từ “targeted model” sang monitoring toàn bộ dân số. Đây là sự đảo ngược nguyên tắc truyền thống (reversing traditional principles).
Câu 21: i (The targeting of vulnerable social groups)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: Đoạn bắt đầu với “Minority communities and vulnerable populations face disproportionate impacts” và thảo luận về cách giám sát ảnh hưởng không cân đối đến các nhóm dễ bị tổn thương.
Câu 22: iii (Threats to confidential news gathering)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “Whistleblower protections” và “investigative journalism”, nói về việc journalists cần “communicate confidentially with sources” và surveillance systems đe dọa khả năng này.
Câu 23: digital dossier
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: personal information compiled into profiles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: “Daniel Solove argues that privacy violations through surveillance create a ‘digital dossier’ effect, where fragments of personal information are assembled into comprehensive profiles.”
Câu 24: minority communities
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: vulnerable populations, intensive monitoring
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: “Minority communities and vulnerable populations face disproportionate impacts from surveillance systems. Research has consistently shown that surveillance technologies are deployed more intensively in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of racial minorities.”
Câu 25: political manipulation / electoral manipulation
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Cambridge Analytica, collected data
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: “The 2018 Cambridge Analytica scandal revealed how personal data collected through social media surveillance could be weaponized for political propaganda and electoral manipulation.” Cả hai đáp án đều được chấp nhận.
Câu 26: judicial oversight / public scrutiny
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: lack of, prevents checks on government power
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: “Many modern surveillance programs operate with minimal judicial oversight… making it impossible for the public or even most legislators to assess whether it provides meaningful checks on surveillance powers.” Cả hai từ đều phù hợp ngữ cảnh.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main challenge, democracies, surveillance
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu
- Giải thích: Câu mở đầu nói rõ: “The epistemological challenge confronting contemporary democratic societies centers on an ostensibly irreconcilable contradiction: the imperative to maintain robust security infrastructure… while simultaneously preserving the constellation of civil liberties.” Đây chính là việc cân bằng giữa an ninh và tự do (reconciling security needs with fundamental freedoms).
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Philip Pettit, domination, freedom threatened
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích: “political philosopher Philip Pettit terms ‘domination’ – a condition where individuals exist at the mercy of arbitrary power… The mere capacity for comprehensive surveillance creates a relationship of subordination.” Từ “mere capacity” (chỉ khả năng) cho thấy không cần thực sự giám sát, chỉ cần có khả năng đã đủ để tạo ra domination.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: empirical research, CCTV, effectiveness
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: “A comprehensive meta-analysis published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology found that surveillance cameras reduced crime in car parks but had negligible effects in other public spaces.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp cho đáp án B.
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: third-party doctrine, inadequate
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: “This doctrine, formulated in an era when sharing information with third parties was a discrete and conscious action, becomes untenable in a digital ecosystem.” Cụm “formulated in an era” cho thấy nó được tạo ra trước thời đại kỹ thuật số (before the digital age).
Câu 31: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: encryption backdoors, primary concern
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
- Giải thích: “However, cryptographic experts nearly universally reject this argument, pointing out that creating intentional vulnerabilities in encryption systems inevitably makes them vulnerable to exploitation by malicious actors.” Đây chính là mối lo về việc backdoors làm hệ thống dễ bị tấn công bởi tất cả kẻ xấu.
Câu 32: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: Panopticon effect
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: “The panopticon effect… individuals regulate their own behavior based on the possibility of observation. This self-disciplining occurs… through the ambient awareness of potential monitoring.” Đáp án C về self-regulation due to potential observation phù hợp.
Câu 33: E
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: National surveillance state
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: “Jack Balkin identifies as the ‘national surveillance state’ – a configuration where surveillance powers expand through executive assertion rather than legislative deliberation, operate behind classifications that preclude public scrutiny.” Đáp án E về expansion through executive power without public scrutiny phù hợp.
Câu 34: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: New Jim Code
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: “Ruha Benjamin terms the ‘New Jim Code’ – ostensibly neutral technologies that encode and amplify racial bias.” Đáp án A về technologies encoding racial bias while appearing neutral chính xác.
Câu 35: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: Surveillance capitalism
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
- Giải thích: “Shoshana Zuboff terms ‘surveillance capitalism’ – an economic system premised on the commodification of personal data.” Đáp án B về business models based on commodifying personal data phù hợp.
Câu 36: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Khái niệm: GDPR
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11
- Giải thích: “The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) represents the most comprehensive attempt to establish enforceable privacy protections.” Đáp án D về European privacy protection legislation chính xác.
Câu 37: marginalized populations
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: historically monitored, maintain social hierarchies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: “The differential impact of surveillance on marginalized populations transforms it from a universal security measure into a mechanism for social control that reinforces existing power hierarchies.”
Câu 38: public sphere
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: Habermas, free from state control, democratic deliberation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 12
- Giải thích: “Jürgen Habermas’s concept of the ‘public sphere’ – a domain of social life where private citizens can deliberate about common concerns free from state control.”
Câu 39: predictive policing algorithms
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: historical biased data, guide law enforcement
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: “When algorithmic systems trained on historical data that reflects discriminatory policing practices are deployed to guide future law enforcement decisions, they create feedback loops.” Đây chính là predictive policing algorithms.
Câu 40: formal institutions
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: societies retain, losing democratic substance
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 12, câu cuối
- Giải thích: “The result may be societies that retain the formal institutions of democracy – elections, legislatures, courts – while losing the substantive conditions that make democratic self-governance possible.”
Bảng từ vựng IELTS Reading chủ đề giám sát và tự do dân sự với phiên âm nghĩa tiếng Việt và collocation
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| surveillance | n | /səˈveɪləns/ | sự giám sát, theo dõi | “surveillance has been an integral part of maintaining social order” | mass surveillance, electronic surveillance, government surveillance |
| closed-circuit television (CCTV) | n | /kləʊzd ˈsɜːkɪt ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ | tivi mạch kín, camera an ninh | “modern-day CCTV systems” | CCTV camera, CCTV footage, install CCTV |
| deter | v | /dɪˈtɜː(r)/ | ngăn chặn, răn đe | “installing cameras in city centers to deter crime” | deter crime, deter criminals, deter threats |
| digital footprint | n | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | dấu vết kỹ thuật số | “online purchases created digital footprints” | leave digital footprints, track digital footprints |
| facial recognition | n | /ˈfeɪʃl ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/ | nhận dạng khuôn mặt | “Facial recognition technology represents one of the most controversial developments” | facial recognition system, facial recognition software |
| artificial intelligence | n | /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ | trí tuệ nhân tạo | “Using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms” | AI technology, AI systems, develop AI |
| biometric | adj | /ˌbaɪəʊˈmetrɪk/ | sinh trắc học | “Biometric surveillance technologies are becoming sophisticated” | biometric data, biometric identification, biometric security |
| vulnerability | n | /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ | lỗ hổng, điểm yếu | “create new vulnerabilities and surveillance opportunities” | security vulnerability, exploit vulnerabilities |
| anonymity | n | /ˌænəˈnɪməti/ | tính ẩn danh | “the erosion of anonymity in public spaces” | preserve anonymity, lose anonymity, online anonymity |
| regulatory gap | n | /ˈreɡjələtəri ɡæp/ | khoảng trống pháp lý | “This regulatory gap creates serious concerns” | close regulatory gap, address regulatory gap |
| abuse | n/v | /əˈbjuːs/ | lạm dụng | “concerns about how surveillance technologies might be misused” | abuse of power, prevent abuse, potential for abuse |
| safeguard | n | /ˈseɪfɡɑːd/ | biện pháp bảo vệ | “what safeguards exist to protect individual rights” | legal safeguard, security safeguard, implement safeguards |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| civil liberties | n | /ˈsɪvl ˈlɪbətiz/ | các quyền tự do dân sự | “consequences of mass surveillance on civil liberties” | protect civil liberties, defend civil liberties, erosion of civil liberties |
| fundamental dilemma | n | /ˌfʌndəˈmentl dɪˈlemə/ | tiến thoái lưỡng nan cơ bản | “one of the fundamental dilemmas of modern democratic societies” | face a dilemma, resolve a dilemma |
| unchecked | adj | /ʌnˈtʃekt/ | không kiểm soát được | “unchecked monitoring poses profound risks” | unchecked power, unchecked growth |
| autonomous | adj | /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/ | tự chủ | “psychological space necessary for autonomous thought” | autonomous decision, autonomous system |
| chilling effect | n | /ˈtʃɪlɪŋ ɪˈfekt/ | hiệu ứng làm nản lòng | “The chilling effect represents the most insidious consequence” | have a chilling effect, create chilling effect |
| self-censor | v | /self ˈsensə(r)/ | tự kiểm duyệt | “individuals self-censor their behavior and communications” | self-censor speech, self-censor content |
| deterrent | n | /dɪˈterənt/ | yếu tố ngăn chặn | “create powerful deterrents to political organizing” | act as deterrent, strong deterrent |
| dissident | n/adj | /ˈdɪsɪdənt/ | người bất đồng chính kiến | “monitoring dissenting groups” | political dissident, dissident movement |
| presumption of innocence | n | /prɪˈzʌmpʃn əv ˈɪnəsns/ | sự suy đoán vô tội | “The presumption of innocence is fundamentally challenged” | uphold presumption of innocence |
| judicial oversight | n | /dʒuːˈdɪʃl ˈəʊvəsaɪt/ | sự giám sát tư pháp | “operate with minimal judicial oversight” | require judicial oversight, lack judicial oversight |
| disproportionate | adj | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/ | không cân đối, quá mức | “face disproportionate impacts from surveillance” | disproportionate effect, disproportionate response |
| algorithmic bias | n | /ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˈbaɪəs/ | thiên kiến thuật toán | “Algorithmic bias in surveillance systems” | address algorithmic bias, algorithmic bias problem |
| data breach | n | /ˈdeɪtə briːtʃ/ | vi phạm dữ liệu, rò rỉ dữ liệu | “As data breaches become increasingly common” | suffer data breach, prevent data breach |
| whistleblower | n | /ˈwɪslbləʊə(r)/ | người tố giác | “Whistleblower protections face particular challenges” | protect whistleblowers, whistleblower protection |
| normalization | n | /ˌnɔːməlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | sự thường hóa | “The normalization of surveillance represents a subtle shift” | normalization process, gradual normalization |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| epistemological | adj | /ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/ | thuộc về nhận thức luận | “The epistemological challenge confronting contemporary democratic societies” | epistemological question, epistemological framework |
| ostensibly | adv | /ɒˈstensəbli/ | có vẻ như, tỏ ra | “an ostensibly irreconcilable contradiction” | ostensibly neutral, ostensibly independent |
| commensurate | adj | /kəˈmenʃərət/ | tương xứng | “necessitate commensurate responses” | commensurate with, commensurate response |
| pervasive | adj | /pəˈveɪsɪv/ | lan rộng, phổ biến | “pervasive monitoring capabilities” | pervasive influence, pervasive technology |
| domination | n | /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃn/ | sự thống trị | “Philip Pettit terms domination” | political domination, avoid domination |
| subordination | n | /səˌbɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/ | sự lệ thuộc | “creates a relationship of subordination” | relationship of subordination, economic subordination |
| egalitarian | adj | /ɪˌɡælɪˈteəriən/ | bình đẳng | “contradicts the egalitarian premises of democratic governance” | egalitarian society, egalitarian principles |
| panopticon | n | /pæˈnɒptɪkɒn/ | nhà tù toàn cảnh | “The panopticon effect provides a powerful metaphor” | panopticon effect, panopticon model |
| internalized | adj | /ɪnˈtɜːnəlaɪzd/ | nội tâm hóa | “modern disciplinary societies function through internalized surveillance” | internalized control, internalized norms |
| ambient | adj | /ˈæmbiənt/ | xung quanh | “through the ambient awareness of potential monitoring” | ambient environment, ambient surveillance |
| negligible | adj | /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/ | không đáng kể | “had negligible effects in other public spaces” | negligible impact, negligible difference |
| opacity | n | /əʊˈpæsəti/ | sự mờ đục, không minh bạch | “The opacity characteristic of modern surveillance operations” | government opacity, lack of opacity |
| extraterritorial | adj | /ˌekstrəˌterɪˈtɔːriəl/ | ngoài lãnh thổ | “The extraterritorial nature of digital surveillance” | extraterritorial jurisdiction, extraterritorial application |
| marginalized | adj | /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd/ | bị gạt ra lề | “The differential impact of surveillance on marginalized populations” | marginalized communities, marginalized groups |
| perpetuate | v | /pəˈpetʃueɪt/ | làm lâu dài, duy trì | “Contemporary surveillance systems perpetuate these patterns” | perpetuate inequality, perpetuate discrimination |
| feedback loop | n | /ˈfiːdbæk luːp/ | vòng phản hồi | “create feedback loops that intensify surveillance” | create feedback loop, positive feedback loop |
| commodification | n | /kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | sự hàng hóa hóa | “premised on the commodification of personal data” | commodification of data, prevent commodification |
| insulated | adj | /ˈɪnsjuleɪtɪd/ | được cách ly, bảo vệ | “depends on spaces insulated from surveillance” | insulated from influence, insulated environment |
Kỹ thuật làm bài IELTS Reading đạt band cao với phương pháp xác định từ khóa và paraphrase hiệu quả
Kết bài
Chủ đề “What Are The Consequences Of Mass Surveillance On Civil Liberties?” không chỉ mang tính thời sự cao mà còn phản ánh một trong những cuộc tranh luận quan trọng nhất của xã hội hiện đại. Qua bài thi IELTS Reading mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, từ cái nhìn tổng quan về sự phát triển của công nghệ giám sát (Passage 1), đến phân tích sâu về các hậu quả đối với quyền tự do công dân (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là những thảo luận học thuật phức tạp về việc cân bằng giữa an ninh và dân chủ (Passage 3).
Ba passages này đã cung cấp cho bạn không chỉ kiến thức về một chủ đề quan trọng mà còn giúp bạn làm quen với đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi trong IELTS Reading: Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion, Matching Features và Short-answer Questions. Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đều yêu cầu những kỹ năng đọc hiểu và chiến lược làm bài khác nhau, từ việc tìm thông tin cụ thể, hiểu ý chính của đoạn văn, đến việc phân tích quan điểm của tác giả.
Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách xác định từ khóa, tìm vị trí thông tin trong bài, và hiểu cách IELTS sử dụng paraphrase để kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu của thí sinh. Đây chính là những kỹ năng then chốt giúp bạn không chỉ làm tốt đề thi này mà còn áp dụng được cho bất kỳ bài đọc IELTS nào khác.
Bảng từ vựng tổng hợp hơn 40 từ và cụm từ quan trọng kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocation sẽ là tài liệu quý giá để bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt trong các lĩnh vực công nghệ, xã hội và chính trị – những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading. Hãy dành thời gian học thuộc các từ này và thực hành sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh phù hợp.
Để tận dụng tối đa đề thi mẫu này, bạn nên làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút không bị gián đoạn), sau đó đối chiếu đáp án, đọc kỹ phần giải thích, và rút ra bài học cho bản thân về những dạng câu hỏi nào còn yếu. Hãy nhớ rằng, việc hiểu tại sao một đáp án đúng quan trọng hơn nhiều so với việc chỉ biết đáp án đó là gì. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
