IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu và An Ninh Lương Thực – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề “What Are The Effects Of Climate Change On Food Security?” (Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến an ninh lương thực) là một trong những đề tài xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng cao trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Đây là chủ đề thuộc nhóm Environmental Science và Global Issues, thường được các cơ quan tổ chức thi IELTS lựa chọn do tính thời sự và tầm quan trọng toàn cầu của nó.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được luyện tập với một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages theo đúng format Cambridge, bao gồm: Passage 1 dành cho band 5.0-6.5 giới thiệu những khái niệm cơ bản về mối liên hệ giữa khí hậu và lương thực; Passage 2 mức độ 6.0-7.5 phân tích sâu hơn về các tác động cụ thể; và Passage 3 mức độ 7.0-9.0 thảo luận về các giải pháp và chính sách ứng phó phức tạp.

Đề thi này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, đến Summary Completion, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cặn kẽ vị trí thông tin trong bài. Bạn cũng sẽ học được hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng liên quan đến chủ đề môi trường và nông nghiệp, được trình bày trong các bảng từ vựng có phiên âm và ví dụ cụ thể.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó thực tế của kỳ thi IELTS và xây dựng kỹ năng làm bài một cách bài bản và tự tin.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

Bài thi IELTS Reading kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không trừ điểm cho câu sai. Điểm số từ 40 câu sẽ được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian và chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet trong khung giờ 60 phút này. Không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án như phần Listening.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (Passage 1 & 3)
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai/không đề cập (Passage 1)
3. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu (Passage 1)
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả (Passage 2)
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn (Passage 2)
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành tóm tắt (Passage 2)
7. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm (Passage 3)
8. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn (Passage 3)

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Global Food Production: The Basic Connection

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The relationship between climate change and food security has become one of the most pressing concerns of the 21st century. As global temperatures continue to rise, the ability of farmers worldwide to produce sufficient food for a growing population faces increasing challenges. Understanding this connection is crucial for addressing future food shortages and developing effective strategies to ensure adequate nutrition for all.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, primarily caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. These activities release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing global temperatures to rise. Since the late 19th century, the Earth’s average temperature has increased by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius, and this warming trend shows no signs of slowing down without significant intervention.

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. It depends on four main pillars: availability, access, utilization, and stability. Climate change threatens all four of these pillars simultaneously, making it a unique and particularly dangerous challenge to global nutrition.

The most direct impact of climate change on food production comes through alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns. Many crops require specific temperature ranges to grow successfully. For instance, wheat performs best in temperatures between 15°C and 20°C during its growing season. When temperatures rise beyond this optimal range, yields can decline dramatically. Research has shown that for every degree Celsius increase in global mean temperature, wheat production could decrease by approximately 6%, rice by 3.2%, and maize by 7.4%.

Rainfall patterns are also changing in unpredictable ways. Some regions that traditionally received adequate rainfall for agriculture are experiencing prolonged droughts, while others face increased flooding. Both extremes damage crops and reduce harvests. In sub-Saharan Africa, where many communities depend on rain-fed agriculture, changes in the timing and amount of seasonal rains have already disrupted planting and harvesting schedules, leading to crop failures and food shortages.

Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. Hurricanes, heatwaves, floods, and storms can destroy entire harvests in a matter of hours. In 2019, Cyclone Idai devastated agricultural regions in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, destroying crops and livestock and pushing millions into food insecurity. Such events are predicted to become more common as the climate continues to warm.

Rising temperatures also favor the spread of agricultural pests and diseases. Insects that previously could not survive in certain regions are now expanding their ranges as winters become milder. The fall armyworm, a destructive pest that damages maize and other crops, has spread from its native Americas to Africa and Asia in recent years, partly due to changing climate conditions. Warmer temperatures also allow pests to complete more reproductive cycles each year, increasing their populations and the damage they cause.

Climate change affects not only the quantity of food produced but also its nutritional quality. Studies have demonstrated that higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can reduce the concentration of essential nutrients in crops. Research on wheat, rice, and soybeans grown under elevated CO2 conditions showed decreases in protein content, iron, and zinc. This means that even if total food production remains constant, the nutritional value of that food may decline, leading to “hidden hunger” where people consume enough calories but lack essential vitamins and minerals.

Water availability represents another critical concern. Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater use, and many agricultural regions depend on irrigation systems fed by rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers. Climate change is altering water cycles, causing some water sources to diminish while changing the seasonal availability of others. Glaciers and snowpacks that historically provided meltwater for irrigation during dry summer months are retreating, threatening water supplies for millions of farmers in regions like South Asia and South America.

The impacts of climate change on food security are not distributed equally across the world. Developing countries, particularly those in tropical and subtropical regions, are generally more vulnerable. These nations often have economies heavily dependent on agriculture, limited resources to invest in adaptation measures, and populations that are already experiencing food insecurity. Small-scale farmers, who produce much of the food in these regions, typically lack access to climate-resistant crop varieties, irrigation technology, and weather insurance that could help them cope with changing conditions.

However, it is important to note that the relationship between climate change and food security is complex and not entirely negative in all locations. Some regions at higher latitudes may experience longer growing seasons and potentially increased productivity as temperatures rise. Northern Europe, Canada, and Russia might see some agricultural benefits, at least in the short term. Nevertheless, these potential gains are unlikely to offset the losses in regions closer to the equator, and they come with their own challenges, including new pest pressures and the need to develop suitable crop varieties for newly arable land.

Addressing the threat that climate change poses to food security requires action on multiple fronts. Mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can slow the pace of climate change and limit future impacts. At the same time, adaptation strategies are essential to help farmers cope with the changes already underway. These include developing drought-resistant and heat-tolerant crop varieties, improving irrigation efficiency, diversifying crops, implementing better pest management, and providing farmers with access to weather information and climate forecasts to support decision-making.

Understanding the connection between climate change and food security is the first step toward building a more resilient global food system. As the challenges grow, so too must our efforts to protect the ability of farmers worldwide to feed a growing population in an increasingly unpredictable climate.

Biến đổi khí hậu ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến sản xuất lương thực toàn cầu và an ninh lương thực

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, climate change is primarily caused by:
A. Natural weather patterns
B. Volcanic eruptions
C. Human burning of fossil fuels
D. Changes in the Earth’s orbit

2. Food security depends on how many main pillars?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

3. For every one degree Celsius increase in global temperature, wheat production could decrease by:
A. 3.2%
B. 6%
C. 7.4%
D. 10%

4. What percentage of global freshwater use does agriculture account for?
A. 50%
B. 60%
C. 70%
D. 80%

5. Which regions might see some agricultural benefits from rising temperatures in the short term?
A. Tropical regions
B. Subtropical regions
C. Equatorial regions
D. Higher latitude regions

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. The Earth’s average temperature has increased by more than 2 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century.

7. Cyclone Idai affected agricultural regions in three African countries.

8. The fall armyworm originated in Africa before spreading to other continents.

9. Elevated CO2 levels can reduce the protein content in certain crops.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Changes in rainfall timing and amount have disrupted the __ of farming communities in sub-Saharan Africa.

11. Warmer winters allow agricultural pests to complete more __ annually.

12. Many agricultural regions rely on __ that are fed by various water sources.

13. Small-scale farmers often lack access to __ that could help them deal with climate variations.

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PASSAGE 2 – Regional Impacts and Vulnerability: How Climate Change Reshapes Agricultural Landscapes

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The effects of climate change on food security vary dramatically across different geographical regions, with certain areas facing disproportionate risks while others may experience temporary advantages. This spatial heterogeneity in climate impacts creates complex patterns of vulnerability and resilience that challenge policymakers and agricultural planners worldwide. Understanding these regional differences is essential for developing targeted interventions and allocating resources effectively to protect global food supplies.

A. Sub-Saharan Africa’s Vulnerability

Sub-Saharan Africa stands as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate-induced food insecurity. The continent’s agricultural sector, which employs approximately 60% of the workforce and contributes significantly to GDP, relies predominantly on rain-fed agriculture. This dependence makes the region acutely sensitive to changes in precipitation patterns. Climate projections indicate that by 2050, temperatures across most of Africa could rise by 2°C to 4°C, with highly variable changes in rainfall. Some models suggest that parts of southern Africa may experience up to 20% decreases in precipitation during critical growing seasons.

The Sahel region, a semi-arid zone stretching across the African continent south of the Sahara Desert, exemplifies these challenges. This area has experienced significant desertification over recent decades, with productive agricultural land gradually transforming into desert. The expansion of arid zones pushes farming communities southward, often creating conflicts over increasingly scarce arable land and water resources. Moreover, many African farmers practice subsistence agriculture with minimal technological inputs, limited access to irrigation, and few financial reserves to cushion against crop failures. This combination of environmental stress and economic vulnerability creates a precarious situation where even small climatic shifts can trigger widespread food crises.

B. South and Southeast Asia’s Complex Challenges

South and Southeast Asia, home to more than half of the world’s population, faces a different set of climate-related agricultural challenges. The region depends heavily on monsoon systems for its agricultural water supply, and these seasonal weather patterns are becoming increasingly erratic. In India, which hosts the world’s second-largest population, the summer monsoon provides approximately 80% of annual rainfall and is critical for rice, wheat, and other staple crops. However, research indicates that monsoon patterns are becoming more unpredictable, with delayed onsets, premature withdrawals, and longer dry spells during the monsoon season itself.

The Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions, faces particular threats from both water scarcity and extreme heat. This area depends on glacier-fed rivers originating in the Himalayas, but these glaciers are retreating rapidly due to rising temperatures. The Gangotri Glacier, source of the Ganges River, has retreated more than 850 meters in the past 50 years. As glaciers diminish, the rivers they feed may experience reduced flows, especially during the pre-monsoon season when irrigation demand is highest. Simultaneously, increasingly frequent heatwaves during critical crop development stages can cause catastrophic yield losses. In 2010, a severe heatwave in Russia, one of India’s major wheat suppliers, demonstrated how temperature extremes can disrupt global food markets through supply chain effects.

Southeast Asian countries face additional vulnerabilities from sea-level rise and increased storm intensity. Low-lying deltas in Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, which produce substantial quantities of rice in floodplain agriculture systems, are threatened by saltwater intrusion as sea levels rise. Even small increases in salinity can render agricultural land unsuitable for most crops. Furthermore, the region’s coastal location exposes it to tropical cyclones, which are projected to become more intense as ocean temperatures rise, though not necessarily more frequent.

C. Latin America’s Diverse Impacts

Latin America encompasses such geographic diversity that climate change impacts vary enormously within the region. The Amazon basin, often called the “lungs of the Earth,” plays a crucial role in regional and global climate regulation. However, deforestation combined with changing rainfall patterns threatens to push parts of the Amazon toward a tipping point where rainforest transitions to savanna. This transformation would have profound implications not only for regional agriculture but for global climate systems.

Meanwhile, Central America’s agricultural sector, particularly coffee production, faces direct threats from rising temperatures and altered rainfall. Coffee plants require specific temperature ranges and rainfall patterns, and studies suggest that the area suitable for growing coffee in Central America could decrease by up to 40% by mid-century. Since coffee represents a major export commodity and income source for millions of smallholder farmers, these changes carry significant economic and social implications.

The Andean region confronts challenges similar to those in the Himalayas: retreating glaciers that provide essential meltwater for agriculture. In Peru and Bolivia, where many communities depend on glacier-fed water for both irrigation and drinking, glacier retreat threatens water security. The Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru, the largest tropical ice cap in the world, has been retreating at an accelerating rate, losing approximately 30% of its area since 1976.

D. Developed Nations: Resources but Not Immunity

While developed nations generally possess greater adaptive capacity through financial resources, technology, and institutional support, they are not immune to climate impacts. Australia has experienced increasingly frequent and severe droughts, with the Millennium Drought from 1997 to 2009 significantly affecting agricultural production, particularly in the Murray-Darling Basin, the country’s most important agricultural region. Water allocation conflicts between agricultural users, urban populations, and environmental conservation have intensified as drought frequency increases.

The United States faces diverse climate challenges across its vast agricultural regions. The Midwest, the country’s breadbasket, may experience more variable precipitation patterns, with increased risks of both drought and flooding. California, which produces a significant portion of the nation’s fruits, vegetables, and nuts, has experienced severe droughts in recent years, depleting groundwater reserves and forcing difficult decisions about water allocation. Simultaneously, the Southeast faces increased hurricane intensity and sea-level rise threatening coastal agricultural areas.

Europe’s agricultural sector confronts heat stress, water scarcity in Mediterranean regions, and changing pest patterns. The 2003 heatwave, which caused an estimated 30% reduction in agricultural productivity across affected areas, provided a preview of potential future conditions. Southern European countries like Spain, Italy, and Greece face particular challenges as their Mediterranean climate zones shift northward, potentially making traditional crops like olives and grapes difficult to cultivate in their historic regions.

E. The Cascading Effects and Interconnected Vulnerabilities

Understanding regional vulnerabilities requires recognizing that agricultural systems are deeply interconnected through global food trade networks. A climate-induced crop failure in one major producing region can trigger price spikes and food insecurity in distant importing nations. The 2007-2008 global food price crisis, while not solely climate-driven, illustrated how supply disruptions can cascade through international markets, particularly affecting low-income populations in food-importing developing countries. As climate change simultaneously stresses multiple agricultural regions, the risk of such synchronized failures increases, potentially overwhelming the global food system’s capacity to compensate through trade and buffer stocks.

Bản đồ thế giới thể hiện các khu vực bị ảnh hưởng khác nhau bởi biến đổi khí hậu trong sản xuất lương thực

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Climate change affects all agricultural regions in exactly the same way.

15. African farmers’ heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture increases their vulnerability to climate change.

16. The Indian summer monsoon provides the majority of the country’s annual rainfall.

17. Tropical cyclones in Southeast Asia are expected to become both more intense and more frequent.

18. Developed nations have sufficient resources to completely protect themselves from climate change impacts on agriculture.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has five sections, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii.

List of Headings:
i. European agricultural transformation
ii. The interconnected nature of global food systems
iii. Africa’s agricultural dependence and climate exposure
iv. South American crop diversity
v. Water and heat challenges in monsoon-dependent regions
vi. Climate advantages for tropical agriculture
vii. Varied climate threats across Latin American landscapes
viii. Wealthy nations still face significant agricultural risks

19. Section A
20. Section B
21. Section C
22. Section D
23. Section E

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate change creates different challenges for various regions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the 24. __ has seen productive land turn into desert over recent decades. In South Asia, many farmers depend on water from 25. __ rivers, but the glaciers feeding these rivers are disappearing. The 2007-2008 global food price crisis showed how problems in one region can create **26. __ affecting distant countries through international trade networks.

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PASSAGE 3 – Adaptation Strategies and Policy Responses: Building Resilience in Agricultural Systems

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The magnitude and complexity of climate change impacts on food security demand equally comprehensive and sophisticated responses. While mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions remain essential for limiting long-term climate change, the agricultural sector must simultaneously pursue adaptation strategies to cope with climatic changes already underway and those locked into the system by past emissions. This dual approach requires coordinated action across multiple scales, from individual farms to international policy frameworks, integrating technological innovation, institutional reform, and fundamental shifts in agricultural practices.

Climate-Smart Agriculture: An Integrative Framework

The concept of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a holistic approach that addresses three interconnected objectives: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, building resilience to climate change through adaptation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions where possible. This framework recognizes that agriculture is simultaneously a victim of climate change, a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and a potential solution space for both adaptation and mitigation.

Implementing CSA involves deploying a diverse portfolio of practices tailored to local contexts. Conservation agriculture, which includes minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop diversification, enhances soil health and water retention while reducing erosion and improving resilience to drought. Studies in sub-Saharan Africa have demonstrated that conservation agriculture can increase yields by 20-120% in drought years compared to conventional tillage. However, adoption rates remain modest due to labor requirements, cultural preferences, and initial establishment costs, highlighting that technical solutions alone are insufficient without addressing socioeconomic barriers.

Agrobiodiversity and crop diversification represent another crucial adaptation strategy. Maintaining genetic diversity within agricultural systems provides a broader range of traits that may prove valuable under changing conditions. Traditional crop varieties, often dismissed as less productive than modern hybrids, may possess valuable traits such as drought tolerance, heat resistance, or pest resistance that become increasingly important as climate conditions shift. Seed banks and ex situ conservation programs preserve this genetic material, but efforts must extend to in situ conservation, supporting farmers who maintain traditional varieties in their fields. The international Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway, which stores over a million seed samples, exemplifies large-scale efforts to preserve agricultural biodiversity as insurance against future challenges.

Technological Innovation and Precision Agriculture

Advances in agricultural biotechnology offer potential tools for developing climate-resilient crops, though they remain controversial in many regions. Conventional plant breeding has successfully developed drought-tolerant maize varieties now grown across millions of hectares in Africa, demonstrating measurable yield improvements under water stress. More advanced techniques, including marker-assisted selection and genetic modification, can potentially accelerate the development of crops with enhanced tolerance to heat, drought, salinity, and pests. However, concerns about biosafety, corporate control of seeds, and ethical considerations regarding genetic modification necessitate careful governance frameworks and public dialogue.

Precision agriculture technologies, utilizing GPS, sensors, drones, and data analytics, enable farmers to optimize inputs and respond to spatial variation within fields, potentially reducing resource use while maintaining productivity. Variable rate irrigation systems can apply water precisely where and when needed, conserving increasingly scarce water resources. Remote sensing technologies allow early detection of crop stress, pest outbreaks, or disease, enabling timely interventions. However, these technologies require significant capital investment and technical expertise, potentially exacerbating inequalities between large commercial operations and smallholder farmers in developing countries unless explicitly designed for accessibility and affordability.

Water Management and Irrigation Innovation

Given agriculture’s dominant role in freshwater consumption and increasing water scarcity driven by climate change, improving water use efficiency is imperative. Drip irrigation and sprinkler systems can reduce water consumption by 30-70% compared to flood irrigation while maintaining or increasing yields. In regions where groundwater depletion threatens long-term agricultural sustainability, such as the North China Plain or California’s Central Valley, transitioning to more efficient irrigation is not merely beneficial but existential.

Rainwater harvesting and small-scale water storage infrastructure can help farmers capture precipitation during rainy periods for use during dry spells, buffering against increasing rainfall variability. In semi-arid regions like India’s Deccan Plateau, traditional water harvesting systems that fell into disuse are being revitalized as communities recognize their value for climate adaptation. At larger scales, watershed management approaches that consider entire hydrological systems, rather than individual farms or irrigation schemes, can optimize water use across landscapes while maintaining ecosystem functions.

Index-Based Insurance and Financial Innovations

Financial tools represent an often-overlooked but crucial component of climate adaptation. Traditional agricultural insurance, which pays out based on actual crop losses, faces high administrative costs and moral hazard problems. Index-based insurance, which pays out based on objective triggers such as rainfall measurements or satellite-derived vegetation indices, offers a more scalable approach. When rainfall or vegetation indices fall below specified thresholds, farmers automatically receive payments without need for individual loss assessment. Pilot programs in Kenya, India, and Latin America have demonstrated the potential of such schemes to protect farmers’ livelihoods and encourage investment in improved practices by reducing downside risk.

Weather index insurance can be particularly valuable for smallholder farmers, who often lack access to credit and formal financial services. However, basis risk—the mismatch between index measurements and actual farm-level losses—remains a challenge that can undermine farmers’ trust in these products. Continued refinement of indices using improved data and modeling can reduce basis risk and increase insurance effectiveness.

Knowledge Systems and Climate Services

Adaptation fundamentally depends on information and knowledge systems that connect climate science with agricultural decision-making. Seasonal climate forecasts, when sufficiently accurate and accessible, enable farmers to make informed decisions about crop selection, planting timing, and input investments. In southern Africa, farmers have successfully used seasonal forecasts to adjust planting strategies in anticipation of poor rainfall seasons, reducing crop failures.

However, translating complex climate information into actionable agricultural advice requires intermediary institutions that can interpret scientific data for local contexts. Agricultural extension services, farmer cooperatives, and increasingly, mobile technology platforms, can serve this function. In India, the government’s mKisan portal sends weather-based agricultural advisories to over 20 million farmers via SMS, demonstrating the potential of information technology to scale climate services.

Indigenous knowledge systems also contribute valuable insights for climate adaptation. Traditional practices developed through generations of experience often embody sophisticated understanding of local climate variability and ecosystem dynamics. Integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific climate information can produce hybrid knowledge systems more robust than either approach alone. In the Peruvian Andes, farmers combine traditional astronomical observation methods for rainfall prediction with modern weather forecasts, increasing the reliability of their planting decisions.

Policy Frameworks and Institutional Responses

Effective adaptation requires supportive policy environments that incentivize appropriate practices, remove barriers to adoption, and ensure that benefits reach vulnerable populations. Subsidy reform can redirect resources from supporting input-intensive agriculture toward rewarding ecosystem services and climate-resilient practices. Tenure security, ensuring farmers have clear long-term rights to their land, encourages investment in soil conservation and tree planting that pay off over years or decades.

International policy frameworks, particularly the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, recognize agriculture’s unique position. The agreement’s emphasis on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) allows countries to commit to both mitigation and adaptation actions tailored to national circumstances. Many developing countries have identified agriculture as a priority sector in their NDCs, though implementation requires technical and financial support from developed nations.

The Green Climate Fund and other international financing mechanisms aim to support climate adaptation in developing countries, though disbursement has been slower than anticipated. Ensuring that smallholder farmers—who produce much of the developing world’s food but have limited political voice—benefit from these funds requires careful design of delivery mechanisms and participatory governance structures.

Transformation Beyond Incremental Adaptation

Some climate change impacts may exceed the capacity of incremental adaptations, necessitating more fundamental transformational changes in agricultural systems. This might include shifting to entirely different crops or livestock species better suited to changed conditions, relocating agricultural production to newly suitable regions, or even transitioning away from agriculture in areas that become unviable. Such transformations carry profound social, economic, and cultural implications, particularly for communities where agricultural identity is deeply rooted.

Urban agriculture and controlled environment agriculture, including vertical farms and greenhouses, represent radical departures from traditional field-based production. While currently limited in scale and suitable primarily for high-value crops like vegetables and herbs, these systems offer near-complete climate independence and dramatic improvements in water and land use efficiency. As technology advances and energy becomes cleaner and cheaper, such systems may play larger roles in future food production, particularly for cities in climate-vulnerable regions.

Ultimately, building resilient food systems in the face of climate change requires acknowledging that agriculture operates within broader environmental, economic, and social systems. Food security depends not only on agricultural production but also on infrastructure for storage and transportation, market systems for distribution, social protection programs for vulnerable populations, and governance systems that can coordinate complex responses across sectors. Climate change adaptation in agriculture is thus inseparable from broader sustainable development efforts, requiring integrated approaches that address multiple challenges simultaneously.

Công nghệ nông nghiệp thông minh và các giải pháp thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu cho an ninh lương thực

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve:
A. Only increased productivity
B. Only reduced emissions
C. Two main objectives
D. Three interconnected objectives

28. Conservation agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa has been shown to:
A. Decrease yields in drought years
B. Increase yields by up to 120% in drought years
C. Have no effect on yields
D. Work only in wet years

29. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault primarily serves to:
A. Develop new crop varieties
B. Preserve agricultural biodiversity
C. Produce seeds for farmers
D. Conduct genetic modification research

30. Index-based insurance pays farmers based on:
A. Actual crop losses assessed by inspectors
B. Farmers’ reported losses
C. Objective measurements like rainfall data
D. Market prices of crops

31. The mKisan portal in India demonstrates the potential of:
A. Traditional agricultural methods
B. Information technology for climate services
C. Organic farming practices
D. International cooperation

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each adaptation strategy (32-36) with the correct benefit (A-H).

Adaptation Strategies:
32. Drip irrigation
33. Seasonal climate forecasts
34. Tenure security
35. Remote sensing technologies
36. Weather index insurance

Benefits:
A. Encourages long-term investment in land improvements
B. Reduces water consumption significantly
C. Provides automatic compensation during poor conditions
D. Enables early detection of crop stress
E. Increases genetic diversity
F. Reduces greenhouse gas emissions directly
G. Allows farmers to adjust planting strategies
H. Improves soil fertility immediately

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of agriculture involves minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop diversification?

38. What problem with index-based insurance refers to the difference between index measurements and actual farm losses?

39. What type of knowledge systems combine traditional practices with scientific climate information?

40. According to the passage, what type of agriculture includes vertical farms and greenhouses?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. planting and harvesting schedules / planting schedules / harvesting schedules
11. reproductive cycles
12. irrigation systems
13. climate-resistant crop varieties / weather insurance

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. YES
17. NOT GIVEN
18. NO
19. iii
20. v
21. vii
22. viii
23. ii
24. Sahel region
25. glacier-fed
26. cascading effects

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. D
28. B
29. B
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. G
34. A
35. D
36. C
37. Conservation agriculture
38. Basis risk
39. Hybrid knowledge systems
40. Controlled environment agriculture

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate change, primarily caused
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, primarily caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels.” Đây là thông tin trực tiếp khẳng định đáp án C là đúng.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: food security, main pillars
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài viết “It depends on four main pillars: availability, access, utilization, and stability” chỉ ra rõ ràng có 4 trụ cột chính.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: one degree Celsius, wheat production, decrease
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Thông tin “wheat production could decrease by approximately 6%” được nêu cụ thể trong đoạn thảo luận về tác động nhiệt độ.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Earth’s average temperature, 2 degrees Celsius
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the Earth’s average temperature has increased by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius”, ít hơn 2 độ C nên câu này là FALSE.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Cyclone Idai, three African countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi” – đúng 3 quốc gia châu Phi.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fall armyworm, originated, Africa
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói sâu bọ này “has spread from its native Americas to Africa and Asia”, vậy nó có nguồn gốc từ châu Mỹ, không phải châu Phi, nên câu này FALSE.

Câu 10: planting and harvesting schedules

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: sub-Saharan Africa, rainfall, disrupted
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Câu “disrupted planting and harvesting schedules” xuất hiện trong ngữ cảnh thảo luận về tác động của thay đổi lượng mưa ở châu Phi.

Câu 13: climate-resistant crop varieties / weather insurance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: small-scale farmers, lack access
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “climate-resistant crop varieties, irrigation technology, and weather insurance” là những thứ mà nông dân quy mô nhỏ thiếu tiếp cận.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate change, all regions, same way
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu mở đầu của passage nói rõ “The effects of climate change on food security vary dramatically across different geographical regions”, điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu hỏi, nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: African farmers, rain-fed agriculture, vulnerability
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “relies predominantly on rain-fed agriculture. This dependence makes the region acutely sensitive to changes in precipitation patterns”, thể hiện quan điểm đồng ý với câu này.

Câu 16: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Indian summer monsoon, majority, annual rainfall
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 1, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the summer monsoon provides approximately 80% of annual rainfall”, đây là đa số (majority) nên đáp án là YES.

Câu 17: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: tropical cyclones, Southeast Asia, more intense and frequent
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 3, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói “projected to become more intense as ocean temperatures rise, though not necessarily more frequent”, tức là mạnh hơn nhưng không chắc là nhiều hơn. Câu hỏi nói cả hai đều tăng nên không có thông tin đủ để xác nhận, đáp án là NOT GIVEN.

Câu 19-23: Matching Headings

• Câu 19 (Section A): iii – Đoạn này tập trung vào sự phụ thuộc của châu Phi vào nông nghiệp và tính dễ bị tổn thương trước biến đổi khí hậu
• Câu 20 (Section B): v – Đoạn này thảo luận về các thách thức liên quan đến nước và nhiệt độ ở các khu vực phụ thuộc vào gió mùa
• Câu 21 (Section C): vii – Đoạn này trình bày các mối đe dọa khí hậu đa dạng trên khắp các cảnh quan Latin America
• Câu 22 (Section D): viii – Đoạn này giải thích rằng các quốc gia giàu có vẫn đối mặt với rủi ro nông nghiệp đáng kể
• Câu 23 (Section E): ii – Đoạn này thảo luận về bản chất kết nối của hệ thống lương thực toàn cầu

Câu 24: Sahel region

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Sub-Saharan Africa, productive land, desert
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “The Sahel region… has experienced significant desertification over recent decades, with productive agricultural land gradually transforming into desert.”

Câu 25: glacier-fed

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: South Asia, water, rivers, glaciers
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Cụm “glacier-fed rivers” xuất hiện trong câu thảo luận về nguồn nước của Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Câu 26: cascading effects

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: 2007-2008, food price crisis, distant countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Section E, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết sử dụng cụm “cascade through international markets” để mô tả cách các vấn đề lan truyền, và “cascading effects” được đề cập như một rủi ro.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate-smart agriculture, aims, objectives
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ CSA “addresses three interconnected objectives: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, building resilience to climate change through adaptation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions where possible.”

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: conservation agriculture, sub-Saharan Africa, yields, drought
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Thông tin cụ thể “conservation agriculture can increase yields by 20-120% in drought years compared to conventional tillage” xuất hiện trong đoạn này.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: index-based insurance, pays, based on
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn về Financial Innovations, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “Index-based insurance, which pays out based on objective triggers such as rainfall measurements or satellite-derived vegetation indices”, rõ ràng chỉ ra đáp án C.

Câu 32-36: Matching Features

• Câu 32 (Drip irrigation): B – Đoạn về Water Management nói “reduce water consumption by 30-70%”
• Câu 33 (Seasonal climate forecasts): G – Đoạn về Knowledge Systems nói farmers “adjust planting strategies”
• Câu 34 (Tenure security): A – Đoạn về Policy Frameworks nói “encourages investment in soil conservation and tree planting”
• Câu 35 (Remote sensing): D – Đoạn về Precision Agriculture nói “early detection of crop stress”
• Câu 36 (Weather index insurance): C – Đoạn về Financial Innovations nói “farmers automatically receive payments”

Câu 37: Conservation agriculture

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, crop diversification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Ba đặc điểm này được liệt kê trong định nghĩa về Conservation agriculture.

Câu 38: Basis risk

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: index-based insurance, problem, mismatch, measurements, losses
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn về Financial Innovations, đoạn cuối
• Giải thích: Thuật ngữ “basis risk” được định nghĩa rõ ràng là “the mismatch between index measurements and actual farm-level losses”.

Câu 39: Hybrid knowledge systems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: combine, traditional practices, scientific climate information
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn về Knowledge Systems, đoạn về Indigenous knowledge
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific climate information can produce hybrid knowledge systems”.

Câu 40: Controlled environment agriculture

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: vertical farms, greenhouses
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối về Transformation, đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Hai loại hình này được liệt kê như ví dụ của “controlled environment agriculture”.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
food security	n	/fuːd sɪˈkjʊərəti/	an ninh lương thực	Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient food	ensure food security, threaten food security
fossil fuels	n	/ˈfɒsl fjuːəlz/	nhiên liệu hóa thạch	burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases	burn fossil fuels, dependence on fossil fuels
greenhouse gases	n	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ˈɡæsɪz/	khí nhà kính	These activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere	emit greenhouse gases, reduce greenhouse gases
precipitation	n	/prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/	lượng mưa, lượng nước	alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns	precipitation patterns, annual precipitation
prolonged droughts	n	/prəˈlɒŋd draʊts/	hạn hán kéo dài	Some regions are experiencing prolonged droughts	suffer from prolonged droughts, cause prolonged droughts
crop failures	n	/krɒp ˈfeɪljəz/	mất mùa, thất bát mùa màng	Changes in rainfall have led to crop failures	result in crop failures, prevent crop failures
extreme weather events	n	/ɪkˈstriːm ˈweðə ɪˈvents/	hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan	Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent	severe extreme weather events, frequency of extreme weather events
agricultural pests	n	/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl pests/	sâu bệnh nông nghiệp	Rising temperatures favor the spread of agricultural pests	control agricultural pests, damage from agricultural pests
nutritional quality	n	/njuːˈtrɪʃənl ˈkwɒləti/	chất lượng dinh dưỡng	Climate change affects the nutritional quality of food	improve nutritional quality, reduce nutritional quality
irrigation	n	/ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	tưới tiêu	Many regions depend on irrigation systems	irrigation systems, drip irrigation
adaptation measures	n	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn ˈmeʒəz/	biện pháp thích ứng	Countries have limited resources for adaptation measures	implement adaptation measures, fund adaptation measures
climate-resistant	adj	/ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪstənt/	kháng khí hậu, chịu được biến đổi khí hậu	Farmers lack access to climate-resistant crop varieties	climate-resistant crops, climate-resistant varieties

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân xứng, bất cân đối	Certain areas face disproportionate risks	disproportionate impact, disproportionate burden
spatial heterogeneity	n	/ˈspeɪʃl ˌhetərəʊdʒəˈniːəti/	sự không đồng nhất về không gian	This spatial heterogeneity creates complex patterns	exhibit spatial heterogeneity, account for spatial heterogeneity
rain-fed agriculture	n	/reɪn fed ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp phụ thuộc vào mưa	The region relies on rain-fed agriculture	depend on rain-fed agriculture, practice rain-fed agriculture
desertification	n	/dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sa mạc hóa	The Sahel has experienced significant desertification	combat desertification, accelerate desertification
subsistence agriculture	n	/səbˈsɪstəns ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp tự cung tự cấp	Many farmers practice subsistence agriculture	rely on subsistence agriculture, transition from subsistence agriculture
precarious	adj	/prɪˈkeəriəs/	bấp bênh, không chắc chắn	This creates a precarious situation for farmers	precarious situation, precarious position
monsoon systems	n	/mɒnˈsuːn ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống gió mùa	The region depends on monsoon systems	monsoon systems fail, monsoon systems patterns
staple crops	n	/ˈsteɪpl krɒps/	cây lương thực chính	Monsoons are critical for rice, wheat and other staple crops	grow staple crops, production of staple crops
heatwaves	n	/ˈhiːtweɪvz/	đợt nóng, sóng nhiệt	Increasingly frequent heatwaves cause yield losses	severe heatwaves, withstand heatwaves
catastrophic yield losses	n	/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk jiːld ˈlɒsɪz/	mất mùa thảm khốc	Heatwaves can cause catastrophic yield losses	prevent catastrophic yield losses, result in catastrophic yield losses
sea-level rise	n	/siː ˈlevl raɪz/	mực nước biển dâng	Countries face vulnerabilities from sea-level rise	accelerate sea-level rise, impacts of sea-level rise
floodplain agriculture	n	/ˈflʌdpleɪn ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp vùng ngập lụt	Deltas produce rice in floodplain agriculture systems	practice floodplain agriculture, floodplain agriculture systems
tipping point	n	/ˈtɪpɪŋ pɔɪnt/	điểm giới hạn	The Amazon may reach a tipping point	reach a tipping point, approach a tipping point
meltwater	n	/ˈmeltwɔːtə/	nước tan băng	Communities depend on glacier meltwater for irrigation	glacier meltwater, seasonal meltwater
cascading effects	n	/kæˈskeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng liên hoàn	Supply disruptions create cascading effects	cascading effects through markets, trigger cascading effects

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
mitigation efforts	n	/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn ˈefəts/	nỗ lực giảm thiểu	Mitigation efforts to reduce emissions remain essential	strengthen mitigation efforts, prioritize mitigation efforts
adaptation strategies	n	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn ˈstrætədʒiz/	chiến lược thích ứng	Agriculture must pursue adaptation strategies	implement adaptation strategies, develop adaptation strategies
climate-smart agriculture	n	/ˈklaɪmət smɑːt ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp thông minh về khí hậu	CSA addresses three interconnected objectives	promote climate-smart agriculture, adopt climate-smart agriculture
portfolio	n	/pɔːtˈfəʊliəʊ/	danh mục, bộ sưu tập	Implementing CSA involves a diverse portfolio of practices	diverse portfolio, portfolio of practices
conservation agriculture	n	/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp bảo tồn	Conservation agriculture enhances soil health	practice conservation agriculture, principles of conservation agriculture
agrobiodiversity	n	/ˌæɡrəʊˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/	đa dạng sinh học nông nghiệp	Agrobiodiversity provides valuable traits	maintain agrobiodiversity, loss of agrobiodiversity
seed banks	n	/siːd bæŋks/	ngân hàng giống	Seed banks preserve genetic material	establish seed banks, contribute to seed banks
ex situ conservation	n	/eks ˈsɪtjuː ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	bảo tồn ngoài môi trường sống	Ex situ conservation programs preserve biodiversity	ex situ conservation programs, ex situ conservation methods
in situ conservation	n	/ɪn ˈsɪtjuː ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	bảo tồn tại chỗ	Efforts must extend to in situ conservation	support in situ conservation, in situ conservation strategies
agricultural biotechnology	n	/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl ˌbaɪəʊtekˈnɒlədʒi/	công nghệ sinh học nông nghiệp	Biotechnology offers tools for climate-resilient crops	advances in agricultural biotechnology, apply agricultural biotechnology
marker-assisted selection	n	/ˈmɑːkə əˈsɪstɪd sɪˈlekʃn/	chọn giống có hỗ trợ của chỉ thị phân tử	Marker-assisted selection can accelerate crop development	use marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted selection techniques
genetic modification	n	/dʒəˌnetɪk ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	biến đổi gen	Genetic modification remains controversial	concerns about genetic modification, genetic modification techniques
precision agriculture	n	/prɪˈsɪʒn ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp chính xác	Precision agriculture utilizes GPS and sensors	adopt precision agriculture, precision agriculture technologies
variable rate irrigation	n	/ˈveəriəbl reɪt ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	tưới tiêu theo tỷ lệ thay đổi	Variable rate irrigation applies water precisely	variable rate irrigation systems, implement variable rate irrigation
remote sensing	n	/rɪˈməʊt ˈsensɪŋ/	viễn thám	Remote sensing allows early detection of crop stress	remote sensing technologies, use remote sensing
water use efficiency	n	/ˈwɔːtə juːs ɪˈfɪʃnsi/	hiệu quả sử dụng nước	Improving water use efficiency is imperative	enhance water use efficiency, maximize water use efficiency
drip irrigation	n	/drɪp ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	tưới nhỏ giọt	Drip irrigation can reduce water consumption	install drip irrigation, drip irrigation systems
rainwater harvesting	n	/ˈreɪnwɔːtə ˈhɑːvɪstɪŋ/	thu gom nước mưa	Rainwater harvesting helps capture precipitation	rainwater harvesting systems, promote rainwater harvesting
watershed management	n	/ˈwɔːtəʃed ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý lưu vực	Watershed management considers entire hydrological systems	integrated watershed management, watershed management approaches
index-based insurance	n	/ˈɪndeks beɪst ɪnˈʃʊərəns/	bảo hiểm theo chỉ số	Index-based insurance pays based on objective triggers	index-based insurance schemes, adopt index-based insurance
basis risk	n	/ˈbeɪsɪs rɪsk/	rủi ro cơ sở	Basis risk undermines farmers’ trust in insurance	reduce basis risk, basis risk remains a challenge
seasonal climate forecasts	n	/ˈsiːzənl ˈklaɪmət ˈfɔːkɑːsts/	dự báo khí hậu theo mùa	Seasonal forecasts enable informed decisions	accurate seasonal climate forecasts, use seasonal climate forecasts
agricultural extension services	n	/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl ɪkˈstenʃn ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	dịch vụ khuyến nông	Extension services interpret scientific data	strengthen agricultural extension services, access to agricultural extension services
indigenous knowledge systems	n	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ˈnɒlɪdʒ ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống tri thức bản địa	Indigenous knowledge contributes valuable insights	integrate indigenous knowledge systems, preserve indigenous knowledge systems
hybrid knowledge systems	n	/ˈhaɪbrɪd ˈnɒlɪdʒ ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống tri thức lai	Hybrid systems combine indigenous and scientific knowledge	develop hybrid knowledge systems, hybrid knowledge systems approach
subsidy reform	n	/ˈsʌbsədi rɪˈfɔːm/	cải cách trợ cấp	Subsidy reform can redirect resources	implement subsidy reform, subsidy reform policies
tenure security	n	/ˈtenjə sɪˈkjʊərəti/	quyền sử dụng đất bền vững	Tenure security encourages long-term investment	ensure tenure security, lack of tenure security
transformational changes	n	/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃənl ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/	thay đổi mang tính biến đổi	Extreme impacts require transformational changes	facilitate transformational changes, transformational changes in agriculture
urban agriculture	n	/ˈɜːbən ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp đô thị	Urban agriculture represents a radical departure	promote urban agriculture, urban agriculture systems
controlled environment agriculture	n	/kənˈtrəʊld ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp môi trường kiểm soát	Controlled environment agriculture includes vertical farms	invest in controlled environment agriculture, controlled environment agriculture technologies

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “What are the effects of climate change on food security?” không chỉ là một đề tài thời sự mà còn là một trong những thách thức lớn nhất mà nhân loại đang phải đối mặt. Qua đề thi IELTS Reading mẫu này, bạn đã được luyện tập với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ những khái niệm cơ bản về mối liên hệ giữa khí hậu và lương thực, đến phân tích chi tiết các tác động khu vực, và cuối cùng là các giải pháp phức tạp đòi hỏi tư duy phản biện cao.

Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp đầy đủ các độ khó tương ứng với các band điểm khác nhau, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc thực tế của kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Passage 1 giúp bạn xây dựng nền tảng hiểu biết cơ bản, Passage 2 thử thách khả năng phân tích và so sánh thông tin phức tạp, còn Passage 3 đòi hỏi khả năng hiểu các khái niệm trừu tượng và đánh giá các giải pháp đa chiều.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase, và lý do tại sao các đáp án đúng đã được chọn sẽ giúp bạn tự đánh giá năng lực hiện tại và xác định những kỹ năng cần cải thiện. Đặc biệt, phần từ vựng với hơn 70 từ và cụm từ quan trọng được trình bày có hệ thống sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt trong các chủ đề liên quan đến môi trường, nông nghiệp và phát triển bền vững.

Hãy nhớ rằng, việc luyện tập với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng như thế này chỉ là một phần trong hành trình chuẩn bị IELTS của bạn. Điều quan trọng là phải áp dụng các kỹ thuật làm bài đã học, quản lý thời gian hiệu quả, và liên tục rèn luyện khả năng đọc hiểu với nhiều chủ đề đa dạng. Với sự kiên trì và phương pháp học tập đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong phần thi IELTS Reading.

Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!