IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu và Di Cư Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến di cư toàn cầu là một trong những vấn đề nóng bỏng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong đề thi IELTS Reading. Với sự gia tăng các hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan, nước biển dâng và sa mạc hóa, hàng triệu người trên toàn thế giới đang phải rời bỏ quê hương để tìm kiếm cuộc sống tốt hơn. Hiểu rõ về mối liên hệ giữa khí hậu và di cư không chỉ giúp bạn nắm vững kiến thức xã hội quan trọng mà còn chuẩn bị tốt cho kỳ thi IELTS.

Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật. Bạn sẽ được làm quen với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích và vị trí trong bài để bạn tự đánh giá và học hỏi. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu, quản lý thời gian và tăng vốn từ vựng học thuật về chủ đề môi trường và xã hội.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

Bài thi IELTS Reading kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi passage có độ khó tăng dần và yêu cầu bạn vận dụng các kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau từ scanning, skimming đến phân tích sâu. Điểm số được tính dựa trên số câu trả lời đúng, không bị trừ điểm khi sai.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút cho 13 câu hỏi (độ khó dễ)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút cho 13 câu hỏi (độ khó trung bình)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút cho 14 câu hỏi (độ khó cao)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra và chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được nhắc đến
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate-Induced Migration: An Emerging Global Challenge

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Climate change is rapidly becoming one of the most significant drivers of human migration in the 21st century. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable, millions of people worldwide are being forced to leave their homes in search of safer and more sustainable living conditions. This phenomenon, known as climate-induced migration or environmental displacement, presents complex challenges for both origin and destination countries.

Coastal communities are among the most vulnerable populations affected by climate change. Rising sea levels, caused by the melting of polar ice caps and thermal expansion of ocean water, threaten to submerge low-lying areas permanently. In countries like Bangladesh, the Maldives, and several Pacific Island nations, entire communities face the prospect of becoming uninhabitable within the next few decades. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that by 2050, approximately 200 million people could be displaced due to climate-related factors, with sea-level rise being a primary contributor.

Agricultural regions are experiencing another form of climate-induced pressure. Prolonged droughts, erratic rainfall patterns, and extreme temperatures are making traditional farming increasingly difficult or impossible in many parts of the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the Sahel region, desertification is expanding at an alarming rate, forcing farming communities to abandon their ancestral lands. Similarly, in Central America, the “Dry Corridor” has seen consecutive years of failed harvests, pushing thousands of rural inhabitants toward urban areas or across international borders.

The connection between climate change and migration is not always direct or immediate. Climate factors often act as “threat multipliers,” exacerbating existing socio-economic vulnerabilities and political instabilities. For instance, in Syria, a severe drought from 2006 to 2010 contributed to rural-to-urban migration, which intensified social tensions and played a role in the subsequent conflict. This illustrates how environmental stressors can interact with other factors to create conditions that force people to move.

Urban migration represents a significant trend within climate-induced population movements. Many climate migrants initially move to cities within their own countries, hoping to find alternative livelihoods and better infrastructure. This pattern of internal displacement often precedes international migration. Cities like Dhaka in Bangladesh and Lagos in Nigeria have experienced rapid population growth partly due to climate refugees from rural areas. However, urban infrastructure often struggles to accommodate the influx, leading to the expansion of informal settlements and increased pressure on resources.

International responses to climate migration remain inadequate and fragmented. The 1951 Refugee Convention, which defines the legal framework for refugee protection, does not recognize climate change as grounds for refugee status. This legal gap means that climate migrants often lack the protections and rights afforded to political refugees. Some countries, like New Zealand, have begun introducing special visa categories for climate migrants from Pacific nations, but these initiatives remain limited in scope.

Adaptation strategies are crucial for reducing forced climate migration. Investments in climate-resilient infrastructure, sustainable agriculture, and disaster preparedness can help communities remain in their homes despite environmental changes. The Green Climate Fund, established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, aims to support such adaptation projects in developing countries. However, experts argue that funding levels remain far below what is needed to address the scale of the challenge.

Looking forward, climate-induced migration is likely to increase unless significant action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support vulnerable communities. Some researchers project that internal climate migration alone could reach 143 million people by 2050 across three regions: sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. Understanding and preparing for these population movements will be essential for maintaining global stability and protecting human rights in an era of environmental change.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Climate change is the only factor causing people to migrate in the 21st century.
2. The Maldives is one of the countries threatened by rising sea levels.
3. The IPCC predicts 200 million climate migrants by 2050.
4. All climate migrants immediately cross international borders.
5. Syria experienced a severe drought between 2006 and 2010.
6. The 1951 Refugee Convention includes provisions for climate refugees.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. In sub-Saharan Africa, __ is expanding rapidly in the Sahel region.
8. Climate factors are often described as “__ ” because they make existing problems worse.
9. Many climate migrants first move to cities, creating __ before potentially moving internationally.
10. New Zealand has introduced special __ for climate migrants from Pacific nations.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, coastal communities are vulnerable because:
    A. They lack proper infrastructure
    B. Rising sea levels threaten to flood their areas
    C. They have high population density
    D. They are politically unstable

12. The passage suggests that urban infrastructure:
    A. Is well-prepared for climate migrants
    B. Has unlimited capacity for new arrivals
    C. Often cannot adequately handle the influx of migrants
    D. Is only available in developed countries

13. The Green Climate Fund was established to:
    A. Relocate climate refugees to safe countries
    B. Research climate change impacts
    C. Support adaptation projects in developing countries
    D. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions directly

Biến đổi khí hậu tác động đến di cư toàn cầu với hình ảnh nước biển dâng và cộng đồng ven biển

PASSAGE 2 – The Multifaceted Drivers of Climate Migration

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between climate change and human migration is considerably more nuanced and multidimensional than simple cause-and-effect narratives might suggest. While environmental degradation undoubtedly plays a crucial role in displacing populations, understanding climate migration requires examining the intricate interplay between environmental, economic, social, and political factors. This complexity has significant implications for how governments, international organizations, and communities prepare for and respond to climate-induced population movements.

Slow-onset environmental changes represent a particularly challenging category of climate impacts. Unlike sudden disasters such as hurricanes or floods, which trigger immediate evacuation and displacement, slow-onset changes like gradual temperature increases, glacial retreat, salinization of freshwater sources, and soil degradation erode livelihoods over extended periods. These processes may take years or decades to render an area uninhabitable, during which time affected populations face difficult decisions about whether and when to migrate. Research in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta demonstrates how incremental land loss to rising seas creates a pattern of staged migration, where households send individual members to cities or other regions while maintaining connections to their ancestral homes for as long as possible.

The concept of trapped populations has emerged as a critical concern in climate migration research. Paradoxically, some of the most vulnerable communities affected by climate change lack the resources necessary to migrate. Migration, even internally within a country, requires financial capital, social networks, information, and often physical ability. Extremely poor households experiencing climate stress may become immobilized, unable to afford the costs of relocation. This phenomenon is particularly evident in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where chronic poverty and environmental degradation create a situation in which those who most need to move are least able to do so. The World Bank has identified these trapped populations as particularly vulnerable to the most catastrophic impacts of climate change.

Differential vulnerability within communities further complicates the picture of climate migration. Not all members of a climate-affected community are equally likely to migrate or equally affected by environmental changes. Gender, age, ethnicity, education level, and social status all influence both exposure to climate risks and adaptive capacity. Women in many developing countries face particular challenges, as they often have fewer economic opportunities, less access to land ownership, and greater caregiving responsibilities that limit mobility. Elderly populations and those with disabilities may also find migration physically or practically impossible, even when environmental conditions deteriorate substantially.

The political dimension of climate migration cannot be overlooked. Government policies, land tenure systems, access to social services, and governance quality all shape how communities experience and respond to climate stress. In some cases, authoritarian regimes have used environmental change as justification for forced relocations that serve political or economic purposes beyond climate adaptation. Conversely, some governments have implemented planned relocation programs that attempt to move vulnerable populations proactively before catastrophic environmental changes occur. These programs have met with mixed success, as they often struggle with issues of cultural displacement, livelihood restoration, and ensuring free and informed consent from affected communities.

Economic factors mediate the migration decision in complex ways. Climate change affects migration not only through direct environmental impacts but also through economic pathways. Agricultural losses due to climate change can reduce household income, potentially decreasing the ability to migrate. However, in some contexts, environmental stress can motivate families to invest in migration as a diversification strategy, sending one or more members to secure alternative income sources. Remittances from migrants often become crucial for the adaptive capacity of origin communities, funding investments in climate-resilient agriculture or enabling other family members to migrate if conditions worsen further.

The temporal dynamics of climate migration also merit attention. Climate-related displacement can be temporary, circular, or permanent, depending on the nature of the environmental stress and the context. After sudden-onset disasters, many people eventually return to their homes if recovery is possible. However, when environmental degradation is irreversible or when migrants successfully establish themselves in destination areas, displacement becomes permanent. Understanding these temporal patterns is essential for appropriate policy responses, as temporary displacement requires different interventions than permanent migration.

Research increasingly recognizes that migration itself can be an adaptive strategy to climate change rather than simply a failure of adaptation. When migration is voluntary, planned, and supported by appropriate policies, it can reduce vulnerability and improve livelihoods. This perspective has led to calls for mobility-inclusive climate adaptation strategies that facilitate safe, orderly, and dignified migration rather than attempting to prevent all climate-related movement. Such approaches require regional cooperation, portable social protections, recognition of migrant rights, and development policies that create opportunities in both origin and destination areas.

Questions 14-18

The passage mentions several factors affecting climate migration.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H.

Note: Paragraphs are labeled A-H in order of appearance.

14. Information about people who cannot afford to leave climate-affected areas
15. A description of environmental changes that occur gradually over time
16. Details about how governments sometimes relocate people for non-environmental reasons
17. An explanation of how migration can be a positive response to climate change
18. Examples of how personal characteristics affect vulnerability to climate change

Questions 19-23

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19. Climate change is the sole determinant of migration patterns in affected regions.
20. Slow-onset environmental changes are easier to respond to than sudden disasters.
21. The poorest communities affected by climate change are always the first to migrate.
22. Women in developing countries face unique challenges regarding climate migration.
23. All planned relocation programs have successfully improved the lives of displaced populations.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate migration is influenced by economic factors in various ways. When climate change damages agriculture, it can reduce household income and make migration more difficult. However, some families use migration as a 24. __, sending family members to earn money elsewhere. The money sent back home, known as 25. __, can help origin communities invest in climate-resilient farming or enable more family members to relocate. The duration of climate migration varies—it can be temporary, circular, or 26. __, depending on whether environmental damage can be reversed and whether migrants settle successfully in new locations.

Các yếu tố kinh tế xã hội và chính trị ảnh hưởng đến quyết định di cư của cộng đồng chịu tác động khí hậu

PASSAGE 3 – Climate Migration and Global Governance: Legal and Policy Frameworks

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The phenomenon of climate-induced migration presents unprecedented challenges to existing international legal and governance frameworks, exposing fundamental gaps in the architecture of global migration governance and humanitarian protection systems. As environmental displacement increasingly intersects with traditional forms of migration, the international community confronts the urgent need to develop normative frameworks that adequately address the rights, protection needs, and durable solutions for those displaced by climate change. However, the development of such frameworks is complicated by contested definitional boundaries, sovereignty concerns, and the divergent interests of sending and receiving states.

The absence of legal recognition for climate migrants in international law constitutes perhaps the most significant lacuna in current protection regimes. The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, which form the cornerstone of international refugee law, define refugees as persons fleeing persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. This definition’s anthropocentric focus on persecution by human agents explicitly excludes those fleeing environmental degradation or natural disasters, regardless of the severity of threat to life or livelihood. Various proposals have emerged to address this protection gap, ranging from creating a supplementary protocol to the existing Convention to developing an entirely new international agreement specifically addressing climate displacement.

The normative ambiguity surrounding climate migration terminology further complicates governance efforts. Terms such as “climate refugee,” “environmental migrant,” “climate displaced person,” and “survival migrant” circulate in academic, policy, and public discourse, each carrying different legal implications and normative weight. Many legal scholars and refugee advocates oppose the term “climate refugee,” arguing that its use dilutes the specific legal protections associated with refugee status under international law and could potentially undermine the 1951 Convention. The International Organization for Migration prefers “environmental migrant,” defining it as persons or groups who, predominantly for reasons of sudden or progressive changes in environment adversely affecting their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes temporarily or permanently. However, this terminology has not achieved universal acceptance or legal codification.

Regional approaches to climate migration governance have demonstrated both the potential and limitations of sub-global frameworks. The 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees in Latin America expanded the refugee definition to include persons fleeing “events seriously disturbing public order,” which some scholars argue could encompass climate-related displacement. The African Union’s 2009 Kampala Convention explicitly addresses internal displacement caused by natural disasters and climate change, representing the most progressive regional instrument on climate displacement to date. In the Pacific region, where climate change poses existential threats to entire island nations, initiatives like the Pacific Access Category and the Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme in New Zealand provide limited pathways for labor migration, though these programs do not explicitly frame migration as climate adaptation.

The principle of non-refoulement, a fundamental tenet of international refugee law prohibiting the return of individuals to places where they face serious threats to life or freedom, has emerged as a potential legal basis for protecting climate migrants. In a landmark 2020 decision, the United Nations Human Rights Committee ruled that countries cannot deport individuals who face climate change-induced threats to their right to life. While the Committee ultimately ruled against the specific case before it—involving a Kiribati national seeking asylum in New Zealand—it established the precedent that climate-related threats can, under certain circumstances, trigger non-refoulement obligations. This decision represents a significant jurisprudential development with potentially far-reaching implications for future climate migration cases.

State responsibility and liability frameworks concerning climate displacement remain contentious and largely undeveloped. Questions of whether and how states might be held responsible for climate displacement—either through their contributions to greenhouse gas emissions or through inadequate climate adaptation measures—involve complex issues of causation, attribution, and international climate justice. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” established in international climate agreements acknowledges that developed nations bear greater responsibility for historical emissions, but translating this principle into concrete legal obligations regarding climate displacement has proven politically and technically challenging. Some scholars have proposed compensation mechanisms modeled on polluter-pays principles, but these remain largely theoretical.

The Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2018, represents the first intergovernmental framework to explicitly address climate change as a driver of migration. The Compact recognizes climate change, natural disasters, and environmental degradation as factors that compel people to leave their countries and calls for cooperative measures including developing adaptation and resilience strategies, facilitating planned relocation and visa options for migrants from countries vulnerable to climate change, and ensuring that migrants have access to services and pathways to regular migration status. However, the Compact is legally non-binding, and several countries, including the United States and Australia, have explicitly declined to endorse it, limiting its practical impact.

Operational responses to climate displacement have increasingly focused on the concept of “planned relocation” or “climate-adaptive migration” as alternatives to emergency displacement. Organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration have developed guidelines for planned relocation, emphasizing principles of voluntariness, participation, and rights-based approaches. However, implementing planned relocation in practice involves formidable challenges, including determining when relocation is necessary, ensuring genuine consent from affected populations, preserving cultural heritage and social cohesion, providing adequate livelihood restoration, and securing funding for comprehensive relocation programs. The few attempted planned relocations, such as those in Fiji and Alaska, have encountered significant difficulties in meeting these standards.

Looking forward, effective governance of climate migration will likely require a multi-scalar approach combining international frameworks, regional agreements, national policies, and local interventions. Some scholars advocate for a “protection agenda” focused on extending existing human rights and humanitarian protections to climate migrants, while others emphasize a “migration management agenda” that facilitates orderly climate-adaptive migration. An emerging hybrid approach attempts to balance protection imperatives with practical governance considerations, recognizing that mobility can serve as an adaptation strategy while ensuring that those who move receive adequate protection and that those unable to move are not forgotten. The development of appropriate governance frameworks remains one of the critical challenges of our time, with implications not only for millions of potential climate migrants but for the broader project of global cooperation in an era of environmental instability.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, the 1951 Refugee Convention does not cover climate migrants because:
    A. It was written before climate change became a problem
    B. Its definition focuses on persecution by humans
    C. Countries refused to include environmental causes
    D. Climate displacement was considered temporary

28. Why do some scholars oppose the term “climate refugee”?
    A. It is scientifically inaccurate
    B. It could weaken existing refugee protections
    C. It is too difficult to define legally
    D. It applies to too few people

29. The UN Human Rights Committee’s 2020 decision established that:
    A. All climate migrants must be granted asylum
    B. Climate threats can potentially invoke non-refoulement obligations
    C. Kiribati nationals have special protection status
    D. Countries must accept unlimited climate refugees

30. The Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration:
    A. Creates binding legal obligations for all countries
    B. Was rejected by the majority of UN members
    C. Mentions climate change as a migration driver but is non-binding
    D. Replaces the 1951 Refugee Convention

31. What does the passage suggest about planned relocation programs?
    A. They have been universally successful
    B. They are simple to implement in practice
    C. They face significant implementation challenges
    D. They should be immediately adopted globally

Questions 32-36

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.

32. The 1984 Cartagena Declaration
33. The African Union’s Kampala Convention
34. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities
35. The Pacific Access Category in New Zealand
36. UNHCR guidelines on planned relocation

A. emphasize voluntary participation and rights-based approaches
B. recognizes that developed nations bear more responsibility for emissions
C. explicitly covers displacement from natural disasters and climate change
D. expanded refugee definitions to include public order disruptions
E. provides legal status to all climate migrants in Africa
F. allows unlimited migration from Pacific islands
G. requires immediate compensation for climate damages
H. provides limited labor migration pathways
I. creates binding obligations on all UN member states

Questions 37-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of focus in the 1951 Refugee Convention definition excludes environmental displacement?
38. Which international organization prefers the term “environmental migrant”?
39. What kind of approach do some scholars suggest is needed, combining different levels of governance?
40. What type of approach attempts to balance protection needs with practical governance considerations?

Khung pháp lý và chính sách quản lý di cư khí hậu trên toàn cầu với vai trò của các tổ chức quốc tế

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. desertification
8. threat multipliers
9. internal displacement
10. visa categories
11. B
12. C
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. C (Paragraph 3 – discusses trapped populations)
15. B (Paragraph 2 – describes slow-onset changes)
16. E (Paragraph 5 – mentions authoritarian regimes)
17. H (Paragraph 8 – describes adaptive strategy)
18. D (Paragraph 4 – discusses differential vulnerability)
19. NO
20. NOT GIVEN
21. NO
22. YES
23. NO
24. diversification strategy
25. remittances
26. permanent

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. B
30. C
31. C
32. D
33. C
34. B
35. H
36. A
37. anthropocentric focus / persecution by human agents
38. International Organization (for) Migration
39. multi-scalar approach
40. hybrid approach

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: only factor, causing people to migrate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu tiên và đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Câu hỏi nói climate change là yếu tố DUY NHẤT (“only factor”) gây di cư. Tuy nhiên, bài đọc nói climate change đang trở thành “one of the most significant drivers” (một trong những động lực quan trọng nhất), không phải duy nhất. Đoạn 4 còn giải thích rằng các yếu tố khí hậu tương tác với các yếu tố kinh tế-xã hội và chính trị khác. Do đó, đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Maldives, threatened, rising sea levels
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ: “In countries like Bangladesh, the Maldives, and several Pacific Island nations, entire communities face the prospect of becoming uninhabitable” do nước biển dâng. Thông tin trùng khớp hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: IPCC, 200 million, 2050
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ: “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that by 2050, approximately 200 million people could be displaced due to climate-related factors.” Đúng với thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: 1951 Refugee Convention, provisions, climate refugees
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ: “The 1951 Refugee Convention…does not recognize climate change as grounds for refugee status.” Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi nói Convention có các điều khoản cho climate refugees, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 7: desertification

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: sub-Saharan Africa, expanding, Sahel region
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “In sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the Sahel region, desertification is expanding at an alarming rate.” Từ cần điền là “desertification” – quá trình sa mạc hóa.

Câu 8: threat multipliers

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Climate factors, make existing problems worse
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Bài đọc sử dụng cụm từ “threat multipliers” trong dấu ngoặc kép và giải thích chúng “exacerbating existing socio-economic vulnerabilities” – làm trầm trọng thêm các điểm yếu hiện có. Paraphrase của “make problems worse”.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: coastal communities, vulnerable
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu và thứ 2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 giải thích cộng đồng ven biển dễ bị tổn thương vì “Rising sea levels…threaten to submerge low-lying areas permanently.” Đáp án B chính xác nhất. Các đáp án khác không được nhắc đến như lý do chính.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Green Climate Fund, established to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói: “The Green Climate Fund…aims to support such adaptation projects in developing countries.” “Such adaptation projects” ở đây ám chỉ các dự án về cơ sở hạ tầng chống chịu khí hậu và nông nghiệp bền vững được nhắc ở câu trước. Đáp án C chính xác.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: C (Paragraph 3)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: cannot afford to leave, climate-affected areas
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3 (Paragraph C)
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 giới thiệu khái niệm “trapped populations” – những người không có đủ nguồn lực để di cư: “some of the most vulnerable communities affected by climate change lack the resources necessary to migrate.” Đây là thông tin về những người không thể chi trả để rời đi.

Câu 19: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: sole determinant, migration patterns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu
• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định: “The relationship between climate change and human migration is considerably more nuanced and multidimensional than simple cause-and-effect narratives might suggest,” và nhấn mạnh cần xem xét “the intricate interplay between environmental, economic, social, and political factors.” Điều này trái ngược với ý kiến cho rằng climate change là “sole determinant” (yếu tố quyết định duy nhất).

Câu 22: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Women, developing countries, unique challenges
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Tác giả nêu rõ: “Women in many developing countries face particular challenges, as they often have fewer economic opportunities, less access to land ownership, and greater caregiving responsibilities that limit mobility.” “Particular challenges” đồng nghĩa với “unique challenges” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 24: diversification strategy

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: families use migration as a…
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói: “environmental stress can motivate families to invest in migration as a diversification strategy, sending one or more members to secure alternative income sources.” Cụm từ “diversification strategy” phù hợp với ngữ cảnh.

Câu 25: remittances

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: money sent back home, known as…
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài đọc sử dụng từ “Remittances from migrants” – tiền gửi về từ người di cư. Đây là thuật ngữ chuẩn xác cho “money sent back home”.

Câu 26: permanent

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: can be temporary, circular, or…
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu đầu
• Giải thích: Bài đọc liệt kê: “Climate-related displacement can be temporary, circular, or permanent, depending on the nature of the environmental stress and the context.” Từ “permanent” là từ còn thiếu trong chuỗi.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: 1951 Refugee Convention, does not cover climate migrants
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc giải thích rằng định nghĩa refugee trong Convention có “anthropocentric focus on persecution by human agents” – tập trung vào bức hại bởi con người. Đoạn này nói rõ định nghĩa “explicitly excludes those fleeing environmental degradation.” Đáp án B chính xác nhất vì nhấn mạnh focus vào persecution by humans.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: scholars oppose, climate refugee
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói: “Many legal scholars and refugee advocates oppose the term ‘climate refugee,’ arguing that its use dilutes the specific legal protections associated with refugee status under international law and could potentially undermine the 1951 Convention.” “Dilute” và “undermine” đồng nghĩa với “weaken” trong đáp án B.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: UN Human Rights Committee, 2020 decision, established
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu thứ 2-3
• Giải thích: Quyết định “established the precedent that climate-related threats can, under certain circumstances, trigger non-refoulement obligations.” Đáp án B phản ánh chính xác ý này. Đáp án A sai vì không phải tất cả phải được cấp asylum, C và D không được nhắc đến.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: planned relocation programs
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn mô tả planned relocation “involves formidable challenges” và “The few attempted planned relocations…have encountered significant difficulties.” Đáp án C chính xác. A, B sai vì bài nhấn mạnh khó khăn, D không được đề xuất.

Câu 32: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: Bài nói: “The 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees in Latin America expanded the refugee definition to include persons fleeing ‘events seriously disturbing public order.'” Đáp án D phù hợp.

Câu 33: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: “The African Union’s 2009 Kampala Convention explicitly addresses internal displacement caused by natural disasters and climate change.” Đáp án C chính xác.

Câu 37: anthropocentric focus / persecution by human agents

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: type of focus, 1951 Convention, excludes environmental
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu thứ 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết sử dụng cụm “anthropocentric focus on persecution by human agents” để giải thích tại sao Convention loại trừ environmental displacement. Cả hai cụm từ đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 38: International Organization (for) Migration

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: prefers, environmental migrant
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 4
• Giải thích: “The International Organization for Migration prefers ‘environmental migrant.'” Đây là câu trả lời trực tiếp.

Câu 39: multi-scalar approach

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: combining different levels of governance
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “effective governance of climate migration will likely require a multi-scalar approach combining international frameworks, regional agreements, national policies, and local interventions.” Cụm “multi-scalar approach” là đáp án.

Câu 40: hybrid approach

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: balance protection needs, practical governance
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu gần cuối
• Giải thích: “An emerging hybrid approach attempts to balance protection imperatives with practical governance considerations.” “Hybrid approach” chính xác trả lời câu hỏi.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unpredictable	adj	/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/	không thể dự đoán	weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable	unpredictable weather/behavior
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	bền vững, duy trì được	search of safer and more sustainable living conditions	sustainable development/agriculture
displacement	n	/dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/	sự di dời, dịch chuyển	environmental displacement	forced displacement, internal displacement
submerge	v	/səbˈmɜːdʒ/	nhấn chìm, làm ngập	threaten to submerge low-lying areas	submerge in water, be submerged
uninhabitable	adj	/ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbl/	không thể ở được	entire communities face the prospect of becoming uninhabitable	uninhabitable conditions/areas
erratic	adj	/ɪˈrætɪk/	thất thường, bất thường	erratic rainfall patterns	erratic behavior/movements
desertification	n	/dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sa mạc hóa	desertification is expanding at an alarming rate	combat/halt desertification
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	làm trầm trọng thêm	exacerbating existing socio-economic vulnerabilities	exacerbate the problem/situation
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/	cơ sở hạ tầng	hoping to find alternative livelihoods and better infrastructure	urban/modern infrastructure
informal settlements	n phrase	/ɪnˈfɔːml ˈsetlmənts/	khu định cư tự phát	leading to the expansion of informal settlements	live in informal settlements
adaptation	n	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/	sự thích nghi, thích ứng	Adaptation strategies are crucial	climate adaptation, adaptation measures
resilient	adj	/rɪˈzɪliənt/	có khả năng phục hồi	climate-resilient infrastructure	resilient communities/systems

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái	considerably more nuanced and multidimensional	nuanced understanding/approach
degradation	n	/ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/	sự xuống cấp, suy thoái	environmental degradation	environmental/land degradation
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, rắc rối	the intricate interplay between factors	intricate details/patterns
slow-onset	adj	/sləʊ ˈɒnset/	diễn ra từ từ	slow-onset environmental changes	slow-onset disasters/events
salinization	n	/ˌsælɪnaɪˈzeɪʃn/	quá trình nhiễm mặn	salinization of freshwater sources	soil/water salinization
incremental	adj	/ˌɪŋkrəˈmentl/	tăng dần, từng bước	incremental land loss	incremental changes/progress
trapped populations	n phrase	/træpt ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃnz/	dân số bị mắc kẹt	trapped populations has emerged as a critical concern	identify trapped populations
immobilized	adj	/ɪˈməʊbəlaɪzd/	bất động, không di chuyển được	may become immobilized	be immobilized by poverty/fear
differential vulnerability	n phrase	/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	tính dễ bị tổn thương khác biệt	Differential vulnerability within communities	assess differential vulnerability
adaptive capacity	n phrase	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực thích ứng	exposure to climate risks and adaptive capacity	enhance/strengthen adaptive capacity
caregiving responsibilities	n phrase	/ˈkeəɡɪvɪŋ rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlətiz/	trách nhiệm chăm sóc	greater caregiving responsibilities that limit mobility	balance caregiving responsibilities
forced relocations	n phrase	/fɔːst ˌriːləʊˈkeɪʃnz/	di dời cưỡng bức	used environmental change as justification for forced relocations	oppose/prevent forced relocations
remittances	n	/rɪˈmɪtnsɪz/	tiền kiều hối	Remittances from migrants often become crucial	send/receive remittances
diversification strategy	n phrase	/daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ˈstrætədʒi/	chiến lược đa dạng hóa	invest in migration as a diversification strategy	adopt/implement a diversification strategy
temporal dynamics	n phrase	/ˈtempərəl daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực thời gian	The temporal dynamics of climate migration	understand temporal dynamics

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented challenges	unprecedented scale/crisis
normative frameworks	n phrase	/ˈnɔːmətɪv ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung chuẩn mực	develop normative frameworks	establish normative frameworks
durable solutions	n phrase	/ˈdjʊərəbl səˈluːʃnz/	giải pháp lâu dài	rights, protection needs, and durable solutions	seek/find durable solutions
sovereignty concerns	n phrase	/ˈsɒvrənti kənˈsɜːnz/	mối quan ngại về chủ quyền	complicated by sovereignty concerns	raise sovereignty concerns
lacuna	n	/ləˈkjuːnə/	khoảng trống, thiếu sót	the most significant lacuna in current protection regimes	fill/address a lacuna
cornerstone	n	/ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/	nền tảng, trụ cột	form the cornerstone of international refugee law	cornerstone of policy/system
anthropocentric	adj	/ˌænθrəpəʊˈsentrɪk/	lấy con người làm trung tâm	anthropocentric focus on persecution	anthropocentric worldview/approach
protection gap	n phrase	/prəˈtekʃn ɡæp/	khoảng trống bảo vệ	to address this protection gap	close/bridge the protection gap
normative ambiguity	n phrase	/ˈnɔːmətɪv æmˈbɪɡjuəti/	sự mơ hồ về chuẩn mực	The normative ambiguity surrounding terminology	resolve normative ambiguity
codification	n	/ˌkəʊdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	việc hệ thống hóa thành luật	has not achieved universal acceptance or legal codification	legal codification of rules
encompass	v	/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/	bao gồm, bao trùm	could encompass climate-related displacement	encompass a wide range
existential threats	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θrets/	mối đe dọa sinh tồn	climate change poses existential threats	face existential threats
non-refoulement	n	/ˌnɒn rəˈfuːlmɒŋ/	nguyên tắc không trục xuất	The principle of non-refoulement	violate non-refoulement principle
landmark decision	n phrase	/ˈlændmɑːk dɪˈsɪʒn/	quyết định mang tính bước ngoặt	In a landmark 2020 decision	make/issue a landmark decision
jurisprudential	adj	/ˌdʒʊərɪsprʊˈdenʃl/	thuộc về pháp lý học	significant jurisprudential development	jurisprudential analysis/framework
liability frameworks	n phrase	/ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung trách nhiệm pháp lý	liability frameworks concerning climate displacement	establish liability frameworks
causation	n	/kɔːˈzeɪʃn/	quan hệ nhân quả	complex issues of causation	establish/prove causation
intergovernmental framework	n phrase	/ˌɪntəɡʌvnˈmentl ˈfreɪmwɜːk/	khung liên chính phủ	the first intergovernmental framework	create an intergovernmental framework
multi-scalar approach	n phrase	/ˈmʌlti ˈskeɪlə əˈprəʊtʃ/	cách tiếp cận đa cấp độ	will likely require a multi-scalar approach	adopt a multi-scalar approach

Kết Bài

Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến di cư toàn cầu không chỉ là một vấn đề quan trọng của thời đại chúng ta mà còn là chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong đề thi IELTS Reading. Qua bài test mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc của bài thi thực tế.

Ba passages đã cung cấp cho bạn góc nhìn toàn diện về vấn đề: từ tổng quan về climate-induced migration, các yếu tố phức tạp ảnh hưởng đến quyết định di cư, cho đến khung pháp lý và chính sách quản lý ở cấp độ toàn cầu. Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra kỹ năng đọc hiểu của bạn mà còn giúp mở rộng kiến thức về một chủ đề xã hội quan trọng.

Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách xác định thông tin chính xác trong bài, hiểu được các paraphrase và vận dụng các chiến lược làm bài cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Bảng từ vựng tổng hợp hơn 40 từ và cụm từ quan trọng sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ học thuật vững chắc, không chỉ cho phần Reading mà còn cho các phần thi khác.

Hãy luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng như thế này, chú ý quản lý thời gian và phát triển kỹ năng scanning, skimming cũng như đọc hiểu chi tiết. Với sự kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi sắp tới.