Mở Bài
Biến đổi khí hậu và quản lý nguồn nước là một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi nhất trong các đề thi IELTS Reading hiện nay. Chủ đề “What Are The Implications Of Climate Change On Water Management?” không chỉ thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic mà còn phản ánh những thách thức toàn cầu mà nhân loại đang phải đối mặt. Theo thống kê từ Cambridge IELTS và British Council, các bài đọc về môi trường, đặc biệt liên quan đến nước và khí hậu, chiếm khoảng 15-20% tổng số đề thi.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages theo đúng chuẩn thi thực tế, bao gồm: ba bài đọc tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, 40 câu hỏi đa dạng các dạng bài phổ biến nhất trong IELTS, đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase, cùng bộ từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage. Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài hiệu quả.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là phần thi quan trọng đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh học thuật của bạn. Bài thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điểm số từ mỗi câu trả lời đúng sẽ được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 0-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị để đạt hiệu quả tối ưu:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất, nên làm nhanh để dành thời gian cho các passage sau)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần thời gian suy luận nhiều hơn)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, yêu cầu phân tích sâu và từ vựng chuyên ngành)
Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn phải tự quản lý thời gian vì giám thị sẽ không nhắc nhở từng phần. Nên dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Bộ đề thi này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thiện câu với từ trong bài
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Ghép đặc điểm với thông tin
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc khác nhau: skimming (đọc lướt), scanning (đọc tìm kiếm), reading for detail (đọc chi tiết), và understanding writer’s opinion (hiểu quan điểm tác giả).
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Water Scarcity in the Modern Age
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Water is essential for all forms of life on Earth, yet the availability of fresh water resources is becoming increasingly threatened by climate change. Over the past century, global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius, and this warming trend has had profound effects on the world’s water systems. Scientists predict that if current trends continue, many regions will face severe water shortages by 2050.
The relationship between climate change and water availability is complex. Rising temperatures cause more water to evaporate from rivers, lakes, and soil, reducing the amount available for human use and agriculture. At the same time, changing precipitation patterns mean that some areas receive too much rain in short periods, leading to floods, while others experience prolonged droughts. These extreme weather events make it difficult for communities to plan and manage their water resources effectively.
Glaciers and ice caps, which serve as natural water reservoirs for billions of people, are melting at unprecedented rates. In mountain regions across the world, from the Himalayas to the Andes, glaciers that have existed for thousands of years are shrinking rapidly. As these ice formations disappear, the rivers they feed will eventually run dry during certain seasons, affecting downstream communities that depend on them for drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.
Agricultural practices, which account for approximately 70% of global freshwater use, are particularly vulnerable to climate-related water stress. Farmers in many regions are already experiencing crop failures due to irregular rainfall and higher temperatures. Traditional farming methods that worked for generations are no longer reliable. Many agricultural communities are being forced to adopt new techniques such as drip irrigation systems and drought-resistant crop varieties to cope with changing conditions.
Urban areas face their own unique water management challenges. Cities are growing rapidly, especially in developing countries, and the demand for clean water is outpacing supply. Aging infrastructure in many cities means that significant amounts of treated water are lost through leaking pipes before reaching consumers. Some estimates suggest that in older cities, up to 30-40% of water is wasted this way. Meanwhile, rising sea levels caused by climate change are contaminating coastal aquifers with salt water, making these important underground water sources unusable.
Innovative solutions are being implemented around the world to address these challenges. In Singapore, advanced water recycling technology has transformed sewage into ultra-clean drinking water, now supplying 40% of the country’s water needs. Israel has become a world leader in desalination technology, converting seawater into fresh water to meet most of its domestic water requirements. Rainwater harvesting systems are being promoted in rural India, collecting and storing monsoon rains for use during dry seasons. These success stories demonstrate that with proper investment and planning, communities can adapt to water scarcity.
Governments and international organizations are increasingly recognizing that water security is a critical component of national security and economic development. The United Nations has identified access to clean water as one of its Sustainable Development Goals, emphasizing the need for international cooperation. Cross-border water management agreements are particularly important, as many of the world’s major rivers flow through multiple countries. Disputes over water rights have the potential to cause serious conflicts, making diplomatic solutions essential.
Education plays a vital role in addressing water challenges. When people understand the finite nature of water resources and the impact of their daily choices, they are more likely to conserve water. Simple actions such as fixing leaks, taking shorter showers, and using water-efficient appliances can make a significant difference when practiced by millions of people. Schools in water-stressed regions are incorporating water conservation into their curricula, teaching children to value this precious resource from an early age.
The economic implications of water scarcity are substantial. Industries that require large amounts of water, such as textile manufacturing and food processing, may need to relocate to regions with more reliable water supplies. This could lead to economic disruption in areas that lose these industries. On the other hand, companies that develop innovative water-saving technologies or efficient water management systems are finding new business opportunities in the growing water technology sector.
Looking ahead, experts emphasize that addressing water challenges requires an integrated approach that combines technology, policy, and behavioral change. Climate change adaptation strategies must be incorporated into all water management planning. This includes building resilient infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events, protecting and restoring natural ecosystems that regulate water cycles, and ensuring that water resources are allocated fairly among different users.
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, what is the main cause of increasing water scarcity?
A. Population growth in urban areas
B. Agricultural overuse of water resources
C. Climate change and rising temperatures
D. Poor water infrastructure in cities -
What percentage of global freshwater is used for agriculture?
A. 30-40%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90% -
The passage mentions Singapore as an example of:
A. A country facing severe water shortages
B. A nation using advanced water recycling technology
C. A city with poor water infrastructure
D. A region experiencing glacier melting -
According to the passage, glaciers are important because they:
A. Prevent flooding in mountain regions
B. Create tourist attractions
C. Serve as natural water reservoirs
D. Reduce global temperatures -
What does the passage suggest about water disputes between countries?
A. They are easily resolved through technology
B. They could potentially cause serious conflicts
C. They only affect developing nations
D. They are not a significant concern
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Global temperatures have increased by more than 2 degrees Celsius in the past century.
- Cities in developing countries are experiencing faster population growth than those in developed countries.
- Israel uses desalination technology to provide most of its domestic water supply.
- Water-efficient appliances are more expensive than traditional ones.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Changing precipitation patterns result in some regions experiencing __ while others face floods.
- In older cities, up to 40% of water is lost through __ before reaching consumers.
- Rising sea levels are contaminating __ with salt water in coastal areas.
- Schools are teaching children about water conservation by incorporating it into their __.
PASSAGE 2 – Adaptive Water Management Strategies
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The paradigm shift in water management necessitated by climate change requires a fundamental rethinking of how societies interact with their water resources. Traditional approaches, which assumed relatively stable hydrological patterns, are increasingly inadequate in the face of mounting variability and uncertainty. Contemporary water management must embrace adaptive strategies that can respond flexibly to changing conditions while ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has emerged as the dominant framework for addressing complex water challenges in the 21st century. This holistic approach recognizes that water systems are interconnected and that management decisions must consider multiple factors simultaneously: environmental, social, economic, and political. Rather than managing water sources in isolation, IWRM promotes coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. The concept has been endorsed by international bodies including the United Nations and has been incorporated into national water policies in more than 80 countries.
The hydrological cycle is being fundamentally altered by anthropogenic climate change, with far-reaching consequences for water availability. Empirical evidence demonstrates that regions already experiencing water stress are likely to face exacerbated conditions, while areas previously considered water-secure may encounter new challenges. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that by 2050, between 3.5 and 5.5 billion people could be living in areas facing water scarcity for at least one month per year. This represents a substantial increase from current figures and underscores the urgency of implementing effective adaptation measures.
Technological innovation plays a crucial role in enhancing water security under changing climatic conditions. Advanced monitoring systems utilizing satellite imagery, ground sensors, and artificial intelligence enable real-time tracking of water resources and more accurate prediction of future availability. These technologies facilitate proactive rather than reactive management, allowing authorities to anticipate problems and implement solutions before crises develop. For instance, remote sensing technology can detect soil moisture levels across vast agricultural regions, helping farmers optimize irrigation and conserve water while maintaining crop yields.
Nature-based solutions represent an increasingly recognized approach to water management that works with, rather than against, natural processes. These solutions include restoring wetlands that naturally filter water and provide flood protection, preserving forests that regulate rainfall and maintain watershed health, and creating green infrastructure in urban areas such as permeable pavements and rain gardens that allow water to infiltrate naturally into the ground. Research indicates that nature-based solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional grey infrastructure while providing additional benefits such as biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration.
The concept of water footprint has gained traction as a tool for understanding and managing water use more effectively. Similar to a carbon footprint, a water footprint measures the total volume of freshwater used to produce goods and services. This includes not only direct water use but also indirect consumption throughout supply chains. For example, producing one kilogram of beef requires approximately 15,000 liters of water when accounting for the water needed to grow animal feed. Understanding these hidden water costs enables consumers, businesses, and governments to make more informed decisions about resource use and identify opportunities for efficiency improvements.
Demand management strategies are increasingly recognized as being as important as supply-side solutions. While finding new water sources has traditionally been the focus of water management, reducing consumption through behavioral change and efficiency measures can achieve similar outcomes at lower cost and with less environmental impact. Progressive pricing structures, where the cost per unit of water increases with consumption, have proven effective in reducing waste. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the value of water and simple conservation techniques have achieved measurable results in changing household behavior.
The nexus approach to resource management acknowledges the intrinsic linkages between water, energy, and food systems. Water is required for energy production, energy is needed to extract and treat water, and both are essential for food production. Trade-offs and synergies between these sectors must be carefully considered in policy-making. For instance, expanding biofuel production to reduce carbon emissions may increase pressure on water resources needed for food crops. Hydroelectric dams generate renewable energy but alter river flows in ways that affect downstream water users. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires cross-sectoral coordination and integrated planning.
Climate change is also affecting water quality, not just quantity. Rising temperatures promote the growth of harmful algal blooms in lakes and reservoirs, producing toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies. Increased storm intensity leads to more runoff, carrying pollutants from urban and agricultural areas into water bodies. Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers, driven by sea-level rise and over-extraction, renders freshwater sources unusable. These quality issues add another layer of complexity to water management, requiring enhanced treatment capacity and protection of water sources from contamination.
Transboundary water governance presents unique challenges and opportunities. Approximately 276 major rivers are shared by two or more countries, and 592 aquifers cross national borders. Climate change affects these shared resources in ways that may asymmetrically impact different countries, potentially creating tensions. However, water can also serve as a catalyst for cooperation. Numerous successful examples exist of countries establishing joint management frameworks for shared water resources, demonstrating that even nations with significant political differences can collaborate when mutual interests are at stake. The Mekong River Commission, involving Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, exemplifies this collaborative approach.
Questions 14-18: Matching Headings
The passage has ten paragraphs labeled A-J. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The role of technology in water monitoring and prediction
ii. Understanding the complete picture of water consumption
iii. Natural approaches to water management challenges
iv. A comprehensive framework for water resource management
v. The interconnection between different resource systems
vi. Managing water demand through consumer behavior
vii. Climate change predictions for global water scarcity
viii. Cross-border cooperation in water management
ix. Water quality challenges arising from climate change
- Paragraph B
- Paragraph C
- Paragraph D
- Paragraph E
- Paragraph F
Questions 19-23: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Traditional water management approaches are sufficient for addressing current challenges.
- Nature-based solutions can provide benefits beyond water management.
- Water footprint calculations only include direct water use in production.
- Progressive pricing structures have been unsuccessful in reducing water waste.
- All countries sharing water resources have established effective management frameworks.
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The nexus approach recognizes that water, energy, and food systems are closely connected. Decisions in one sector can affect the others, creating both 24. __ and opportunities for cooperation. For example, while hydroelectric dams provide renewable energy, they also modify 25. __ that impact other water users. Successfully managing these interconnected systems requires 26. __ between different sectors and integrated planning processes.
Sơ đồ minh họa tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến quản lý nguồn nước ngọt toàn cầu
PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic Dimensions of Climate-Induced Water Stress
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The ramifications of climate-induced water stress extend far beyond the purely hydrological realm, permeating virtually every facet of human society and economic activity. As anthropogenic climate change continues to reconfigure global water distribution patterns, the consequent disruptions to water availability are precipitating a cascade of socioeconomic challenges that demand urgent, multifaceted responses. The dialectical relationship between water scarcity and societal development presents policymakers with a complex nexus of interrelated issues that resist simplistic solutions and require nuanced, context-specific approaches.
Hydropolitical tensions are intensifying as transboundary water resources become increasingly strained. The geopolitical significance of water is magnified in regions where rivers and aquifers cross international boundaries, and where historical animosities or political instability already exist. The Nile Basin, home to eleven countries and over 400 million people, exemplifies these challenges. Disputes over water allocation, particularly regarding Ethiopia’s Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, have created considerable diplomatic friction with downstream nations Egypt and Sudan, both of which are heavily dependent on Nile waters. While outright water wars remain rare, the potential for water-related conflicts to exacerbate existing tensions or create new flashpoints is undeniable. Some security analysts posit that water scarcity could become a primary driver of geopolitical instability in the coming decades, potentially triggering mass migration, economic collapse, and armed conflict in vulnerable regions.
The disproportionate impact of water stress on marginalized populations raises profound questions of environmental justice. Women in water-scarce regions typically bear the burden of water collection, often walking several kilometers daily to access sources that may be contaminated. This time expenditure prevents participation in education or income-generating activities, perpetuating cycles of poverty and gender inequality. Similarly, indigenous communities whose traditional lands and water sources are affected by climate change face threats to their cultural identity and livelihoods, yet often have minimal representation in water governance structures. The concept of water as a human right, formally recognized by the United Nations in 2010, remains aspirational in many contexts, with billions lacking access to safely managed water services.
From an economic perspective, water scarcity functions as a significant constraint on development and a multiplier of existing inequalities. The World Bank estimates that water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change, could cost some regions up to 6% of their GDP by 2050 through impacts on agriculture, health, and income. Water-intensive industries—including agriculture, textiles, beverages, and semiconductor manufacturing—face escalating operational risks as water becomes scarcer and more expensive. Some economists advocate for more sophisticated pricing mechanisms that reflect the true scarcity value of water, arguing that current underpricing leads to inefficient allocation and overconsumption. However, implementing such mechanisms is politically challenging, as water price increases disproportionately affect low-income households, potentially triggering social unrest.
The agricultural sector’s vulnerability to water stress carries implications far beyond the immediate livelihood concerns of farming communities. As the dominant consumer of global freshwater resources, agriculture sits at the epicenter of water security challenges. Climate change is altering growing seasons, reducing crop yields, and making traditional farming practices untenable in many regions. The confluence of factors—water scarcity, soil degradation, extreme weather events, and population growth—threatens global food security. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization projects that global food production must increase by 60% by 2050 to meet demand, yet this must be achieved with less water. This apparent contradiction necessitates a paradigm shift toward precision agriculture, employing technologies such as sensor-based irrigation systems, genetically modified drought-resistant crops, and vertical farming techniques that dramatically reduce water use per unit of food produced.
Urban water systems face a distinct constellation of challenges as cities continue to expand, particularly in developing nations where infrastructure often lags behind population growth. The urbanization trajectory in Africa and Asia is projected to add 2.5 billion urban residents by 2050, overwhelming existing water supply and sanitation systems. Megacities in water-stressed regions—such as Cape Town, São Paulo, Chennai, and Mexico City—have experienced severe water crises in recent years, offering cautionary tales of what may become increasingly common. These acute shortages expose the fragility of urban water systems and the cascading failures that can result: economic disruption, public health crises, and social breakdown. Cape Town’s 2017-2018 water crisis, which brought the city perilously close to “Day Zero” when municipal water supplies would be shut off, galvanized dramatic behavioral changes and infrastructure investments, demonstrating both the precariousness of water security and the potential for rapid adaptation under pressure.
The commodification of water and the growing role of private sector actors in water management remain contentious issues. Proponents argue that private investment can bring needed capital and efficiency to water systems, particularly in developing countries where governments lack resources. Critics contend that treating water as a commodity rather than a public good leads to inequitable access, with profit motives overriding social welfare concerns. The privatization of water services in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in 1999, which resulted in dramatic price increases and eventually sparked violent protests that forced the reversal of the policy, epitomizes these tensions. Finding an appropriate balance between market mechanisms and public control, between efficiency and equity, remains a fundamental challenge in water governance.
Technological optimism must be tempered with recognition of the systemic nature of water challenges. While innovations such as atmospheric water generation, advanced desalination, and wastewater recycling offer important tools, they are not panaceas. Desalination, for instance, is energy-intensive and produces brine waste that can harm marine ecosystems. Technology alone cannot address the underlying drivers of water stress: overconsumption, inequality, and climate change. Moreover, technological solutions are often capital-intensive, potentially exacerbating disparities between wealthy nations that can invest in such infrastructure and poorer countries that cannot.
The concept of water resilience has gained currency as a framework for addressing uncertainty and change. Rather than seeking to engineer away variability through large infrastructure projects, resilience-focused approaches emphasize adaptability, diversity, and redundancy in water systems. This might include maintaining multiple water sources, preserving natural ecosystems that buffer against extremes, building institutional capacity to respond to crises, and ensuring that water management decisions incorporate stakeholder participation and traditional ecological knowledge. Resilience thinking acknowledges that complete control over water systems is neither possible nor desirable, and that effective management requires preparing for surprise and embracing adaptive learning.
Intergenerational equity considerations add another dimension to water management challenges. Current patterns of water use, particularly unsustainable groundwater extraction that is depleting aquifers faster than they can recharge, amount to borrowing from the future. The ethical implications of today’s choices—which may leave future generations with degraded water resources and constrained options—deserve greater attention in policy discourse. Some scholars advocate for guardianship models of water management that explicitly prioritize long-term sustainability over short-term exploitation, though implementing such approaches faces obvious political obstacles when stakeholders desire immediate benefits.
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, the disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam primarily involve:
A. Water quality concerns
B. Allocation of water resources between countries
C. Environmental impacts on wildlife
D. Religious and cultural differences -
The author suggests that water wars are:
A. Currently happening in many regions
B. Inevitable in the next decade
C. Uncommon but tensions exist
D. Not a significant concern for security analysts -
The passage indicates that water pricing mechanisms are difficult to implement because:
A. The technology is too complex
B. They are expensive to administer
C. They disproportionately affect low-income households
D. Most economists oppose them -
According to the passage, Cape Town’s water crisis demonstrated:
A. The impossibility of managing urban water systems
B. That private sector involvement is necessary
C. Both the vulnerability of water security and potential for adaptation
D. The failure of technology to solve water problems -
The author’s attitude toward technological solutions to water scarcity can best be described as:
A. Enthusiastically optimistic
B. Completely dismissive
C. Cautiously balanced
D. Highly skeptical
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement (32-36) with the correct concept (A-G) from the passage.
A. Water resilience
B. Environmental justice
C. Commodification of water
D. Intergenerational equity
E. Precision agriculture
F. Hydropolitical tensions
G. Water footprint
- Concerns about marginalized populations being disproportionately affected by water scarcity
- The use of technology to optimize irrigation and reduce water use in farming
- Disagreements and conflicts arising from shared water resources between nations
- An approach emphasizing adaptability and diversity in water systems
- The question of whether current water use unfairly limits future generations’ options
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
- According to the World Bank, what percentage of GDP could some regions lose by 2050 due to water scarcity?
- How many additional urban residents are projected in Africa and Asia by 2050?
- What year did the United Nations formally recognize water as a human right?
- What two types of waste does desalination produce that can be problematic?
Hệ thống công nghệ giám sát và quản lý nguồn nước thông minh trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- C
- C
- B
- C
- B
- FALSE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- prolonged droughts
- leaking pipes
- coastal aquifers
- curricula
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- iv
- vii
- i
- iii
- ii
- NO
- YES
- NO
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- trade-offs
- river flows
- cross-sectoral coordination
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- C
- C
- C
- B
- E
- F
- A
- D
- 6% / six percent
- 2.5 billion
- 2010
- brine waste
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main cause, increasing water scarcity
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên của bài đọc nói rõ “the availability of fresh water resources is becoming increasingly threatened by climate change” và “global temperatures have risen… has had profound effects on the world’s water systems”. Đây là nguyên nhân chính được nhấn mạnh. Các đáp án khác chỉ là những yếu tố góp phần hoặc hậu quả của vấn đề.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (số liệu cụ thể)
- Từ khóa: percentage, global freshwater, agriculture
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Agricultural practices, which account for approximately 70% of global freshwater use”. Đây là con số chính xác được đưa ra.
Câu 3: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Singapore, example
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “In Singapore, advanced water recycling technology has transformed sewage into ultra-clean drinking water”. Singapore được dùng làm ví dụ về công nghệ tái chế nước tiên tiến.
Câu 4: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: glaciers, important
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Glaciers and ice caps, which serve as natural water reservoirs for billions of people”. Từ “serve as” được paraphrase thành “important because”.
Câu 5: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: water disputes, countries
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Disputes over water rights have the potential to cause serious conflicts”, điều này khớp với đáp án B về khả năng gây ra xung đột nghiêm trọng.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: global temperatures, more than 2 degrees Celsius
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius”, ít hơn 2 độ C, do đó đáp án là FALSE.
Câu 7: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: cities, developing countries, faster population growth
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói “Cities are growing rapidly, especially in developing countries” nhưng không so sánh tốc độ tăng trưởng với các nước phát triển, do đó là NOT GIVEN.
Câu 8: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Israel, desalination, most domestic water
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Israel has become a world leader in desalination technology, converting seawater into fresh water to meet most of its domestic water requirements”, khớp với câu hỏi.
Câu 9: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: water-efficient appliances, more expensive
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ đề cập đến việc sử dụng thiết bị tiết kiệm nước nhưng không nói về giá cả, do đó là NOT GIVEN.
Câu 10: prolonged droughts
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: changing precipitation patterns, regions experiencing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “some areas receive too much rain… while others experience prolonged droughts”.
Câu 11: leaking pipes
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: older cities, 40% water lost
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “significant amounts of treated water are lost through leaking pipes before reaching consumers”.
Câu 12: coastal aquifers
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: rising sea levels, contaminating, salt water
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “rising sea levels caused by climate change are contaminating coastal aquifers with salt water”.
Câu 13: curricula
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: schools, water conservation, incorporating
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Schools in water-stressed regions are incorporating water conservation into their curricula”.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: iv
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Đoạn văn: Paragraph B
- Giải thích: Đoạn B nói về “Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)” – một framework toàn diện để quản lý tài nguyên nước, khớp với heading “A comprehensive framework for water resource management”.
Câu 15: vii
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Đoạn văn: Paragraph C
- Giải thích: Đoạn C tập trung vào các dự báo của IPCC về tình trạng khan hiếm nước toàn cầu đến năm 2050, phù hợp với heading “Climate change predictions for global water scarcity”.
Câu 16: i
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Đoạn văn: Paragraph D
- Giải thích: Đoạn D nói về “technological innovation”, các hệ thống giám sát tiên tiến sử dụng satellite và AI để theo dõi và dự đoán nguồn nước, khớp với “The role of technology in water monitoring and prediction”.
Câu 17: iii
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Đoạn văn: Paragraph E
- Giải thích: Đoạn E tập trung vào “nature-based solutions” như phục hồi vùng đất ngập nước, bảo vệ rừng, tương ứng với “Natural approaches to water management challenges”.
Câu 18: ii
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Đoạn văn: Paragraph F
- Giải thích: Đoạn F giải thích về “water footprint” và cách đo lường tổng lượng nước được sử dụng, bao gồm cả tiêu thụ gián tiếp, phù hợp với “Understanding the complete picture of water consumption”.
Câu 19: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: traditional approaches, sufficient
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Traditional approaches… are increasingly inadequate”, điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu khẳng định rằng chúng đủ (sufficient).
Câu 20: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: nature-based solutions, benefits beyond water management
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ nature-based solutions có “additional benefits such as biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration”, xác nhận lợi ích vượt ra ngoài quản lý nước.
Câu 21: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: water footprint, only direct water use
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This includes not only direct water use but also indirect consumption”, do đó việc chỉ tính direct use là sai.
Câu 22: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: progressive pricing, unsuccessful
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Progressive pricing structures… have proven effective in reducing waste”, ngược lại với việc không thành công.
Câu 23: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all countries, effective management frameworks
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói về “numerous successful examples” nhưng không khẳng định tất cả các quốc chia sẻ nguồn nước đều có framework hiệu quả.
Câu 24: trade-offs
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: decisions, affect others, creating both
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Trade-offs and synergies between these sectors must be carefully considered”.
Câu 25: river flows
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: hydroelectric dams, modify
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Hydroelectric dams generate renewable energy but alter river flows”.
Câu 26: cross-sectoral coordination
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: managing interconnected systems, requires
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “Addressing these interconnected challenges requires cross-sectoral coordination and integrated planning”.
Biểu đồ phân tích tác động xã hội và kinh tế của tình trạng khan hiếm nước do biến đổi khí hậu
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, primarily involve
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Disputes over water allocation, particularly regarding Ethiopia’s Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam”, cho thấy tranh chấp chủ yếu về phân bổ nguồn nước.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: water wars
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 7
- Giải thích: “While outright water wars remain rare” – chiến tranh về nước vẫn hiếm gặp, nhưng “the potential for water-related conflicts… is undeniable” – căng thẳng tồn tại. Đáp án C phản ánh chính xác điều này.
Câu 29: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: water pricing mechanisms, difficult to implement
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “implementing such mechanisms is politically challenging, as water price increases disproportionately affect low-income households”, giải thích lý do khó triển khai.
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Cape Town water crisis, demonstrated
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: “demonstrating both the precariousness of water security and the potential for rapid adaptation under pressure” – cho thấy cả tính dễ tổn thương và khả năng thích ứng.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice về thái độ tác giả
- Từ khóa: attitude, technological solutions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H
- Giải thích: Tác giả thừa nhận công nghệ có vai trò quan trọng nhưng cảnh báo “Technological optimism must be tempered” và “they are not panaceas”, cho thấy thái độ cân bằng, thận trọng.
Câu 32: B (Environmental justice)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: marginalized populations, disproportionately affected
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Đoạn C nói về “disproportionate impact of water stress on marginalized populations” và “environmental justice”.
Câu 33: E (Precision agriculture)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: technology, optimize irrigation, reduce water use, farming
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
- Giải thích: Đoạn E đề cập “precision agriculture, employing technologies such as sensor-based irrigation systems”.
Câu 34: F (Hydropolitical tensions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: disagreements, conflicts, shared water resources, nations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: “Hydropolitical tensions are intensifying as transboundary water resources become increasingly strained”.
Câu 35: A (Water resilience)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: approach, adaptability, diversity, water systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn I
- Giải thích: “water resilience… resilience-focused approaches emphasize adaptability, diversity, and redundancy in water systems”.
Câu 36: D (Intergenerational equity)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: current water use, unfairly limits, future generations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J
- Giải thích: “Intergenerational equity considerations” và “ethical implications of today’s choices—which may leave future generations with degraded water resources”.
Câu 37: 6% / six percent
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (số liệu)
- Từ khóa: World Bank, percentage GDP, regions lose, 2050
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “The World Bank estimates that water scarcity… could cost some regions up to 6% of their GDP by 2050”.
Câu 38: 2.5 billion
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (số liệu)
- Từ khóa: additional urban residents, Africa and Asia, 2050
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “The urbanization trajectory in Africa and Asia is projected to add 2.5 billion urban residents by 2050”.
Câu 39: 2010
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (năm)
- Từ khóa: United Nations, recognized, water, human right
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “The concept of water as a human right, formally recognized by the United Nations in 2010”.
Câu 40: brine waste
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Từ khóa: desalination, two types waste, problematic
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói desalination “is energy-intensive” (tốn năng lượng – đây là vấn đề thứ nhất) và “produces brine waste that can harm marine ecosystems”. Câu hỏi hỏi về hai loại waste, nhưng bài chỉ đề cập rõ “brine waste”. Tuy nhiên, theo format câu hỏi yêu cầu không quá 3 từ, đáp án chính xác là “brine waste”.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| threatened | adj | /ˈθret.ənd/ | bị đe dọa | fresh water resources is becoming increasingly threatened | be threatened by |
| profound | adj | /prəˈfaʊnd/ | sâu sắc, nghiêm trọng | has had profound effects on the world’s water systems | profound impact/effect |
| evaporate | v | /ɪˈvæp.ə.reɪt/ | bốc hơi | cause more water to evaporate from rivers | evaporate from |
| precipitation | n | /prɪˌsɪp.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ | lượng mưa | changing precipitation patterns | precipitation pattern |
| prolonged | adj | /prəˈlɒŋd/ | kéo dài | others experience prolonged droughts | prolonged drought/illness |
| reservoir | n | /ˈrez.ə.vwɑːr/ | hồ chứa nước | serve as natural water reservoirs | water reservoir |
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/ | chưa từng có | melting at unprecedented rates | unprecedented level/scale |
| downstream | adj/adv | /ˌdaʊnˈstriːm/ | ở hạ lưu | affecting downstream communities | downstream effect/area |
| outpacing | v | /aʊtˈpeɪs/ | vượt quá | demand is outpacing supply | outpace demand/growth |
| aquifer | n | /ˈæk.wɪ.fər/ | tầng nước ngầm | contaminating coastal aquifers | underground aquifer |
| desalination | n | /diːˌsæl.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ | khử muối | leader in desalination technology | desalination plant/process |
| finite | adj | /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/ | có hạn | the finite nature of water resources | finite resources |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| paradigm shift | n phrase | /ˈpær.ə.daɪm ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển đổi mô hình | paradigm shift in water management | undergo a paradigm shift |
| inadequate | adj | /ɪnˈæd.ɪ.kwət/ | không đầy đủ | are increasingly inadequate | inadequate resources/response |
| mounting | adj | /ˈmaʊn.tɪŋ/ | tăng lên | mounting variability | mounting pressure/concern |
| holistic | adj | /həʊˈlɪs.tɪk/ | toàn diện | This holistic approach | holistic approach/view |
| coordinated | adj | /kəʊˈɔː.dɪ.neɪ.tɪd/ | được phối hợp | promotes coordinated development | coordinated effort/action |
| endorsed | v | /ɪnˈdɔːst/ | chứng thực, ủng hộ | has been endorsed by international bodies | endorse a proposal/plan |
| exacerbated | v | /ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪ.tɪd/ | làm trầm trọng thêm | are likely to face exacerbated conditions | exacerbate a problem/situation |
| proactive | adj | /prəʊˈæk.tɪv/ | chủ động | proactive rather than reactive management | proactive approach/measure |
| permeable | adj | /ˈpɜː.mi.ə.bəl/ | thấm được | permeable pavements | permeable surface/membrane |
| traction | n | /ˈtræk.ʃən/ | sự chú ý, quan tâm | has gained traction | gain/gather traction |
| trade-offs | n | /ˈtreɪd.ɒfs/ | sự đánh đổi | Trade-offs and synergies | make trade-offs |
| intrinsic | adj | /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪk/ | nội tại | intrinsic linkages | intrinsic value/quality |
| asymmetrically | adv | /ˌeɪ.sɪˈmet.rɪ.kəl.i/ | bất đối xứng | may asymmetrically impact | asymmetrically distributed |
| runoff | n | /ˈrʌn.ɒf/ | nước chảy tràn | leads to more runoff | surface runoff |
| saltwater intrusion | n phrase | /ˈsɔːlt.wɔː.tər ɪnˈtruː.ʒən/ | xâm nhập mặn | Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers | prevent saltwater intrusion |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ramifications | n | /ˌræm.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃənz/ | hệ quả, ảnh hưởng | The ramifications of climate-induced water stress | have ramifications for |
| reconfigure | v | /ˌriː.kənˈfɪɡ.ər/ | cấu hình lại | continues to reconfigure global water distribution | reconfigure the system |
| precipitating | v | /prɪˈsɪp.ɪ.teɪt/ | gây ra, thúc đẩy | are precipitating a cascade of challenges | precipitate a crisis |
| dialectical | adj | /ˌdaɪ.əˈlek.tɪ.kəl/ | biện chứng | The dialectical relationship | dialectical approach |
| nuanced | adj | /ˈnjuː.ɑːnst/ | tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái | require nuanced approaches | nuanced understanding/view |
| hydropolitical | adj | /ˌhaɪ.drəʊ.pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/ | thuộc chính trị về nước | Hydropolitical tensions | hydropolitical conflict |
| exemplifies | v | /ɪɡˈzem.plɪ.faɪz/ | minh họa, là điển hình | The Nile Basin exemplifies these challenges | exemplify the problem |
| flashpoints | n | /ˈflæʃ.pɔɪnts/ | điểm bùng phát xung đột | create new flashpoints | potential flashpoint |
| disproportionate | adj | /ˌdɪs.prəˈpɔː.ʃən.ət/ | không cân đối | disproportionate impact | disproportionate effect/share |
| perpetuating | v | /pəˈpet.ʃu.eɪt/ | duy trì, làm kéo dài | perpetuating cycles of poverty | perpetuate inequality |
| constraint | n | /kənˈstreɪnt/ | ràng buộc, hạn chế | significant constraint on development | major constraint |
| untenable | adj | /ʌnˈten.ə.bəl/ | không thể duy trì | making traditional practices untenable | untenable position/situation |
| confluence | n | /ˈkɒn.flu.əns/ | sự hợp lưu | The confluence of factors | confluence of events |
| constellation | n | /ˌkɒn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/ | một nhóm, tập hợp | distinct constellation of challenges | constellation of factors |
| megacities | n | /ˈmeɡ.ə.sɪt.iz/ | siêu đô thị | Megacities in water-stressed regions | growing megacities |
| precariousness | n | /prɪˈkeə.ri.əs.nəs/ | tính bấp bênh | demonstrating the precariousness of water security | highlight precariousness |
| commodification | n | /kəˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ | sự hàng hóa hóa | The commodification of water | commodification of resources |
| epitomizes | v | /ɪˈpɪt.ə.maɪz/ | tiêu biểu cho | epitomizes these tensions | epitomize the problem |
| panaceas | n | /ˌpæn.əˈsiː.əz/ | thuốc chữa bách bệnh | they are not panaceas | seek panaceas |
| currency | n | /ˈkʌr.ən.si/ | sự phổ biến, chấp nhận | has gained currency | gain/gather currency |
| guardianship | n | /ˈɡɑː.di.ən.ʃɪp/ | quyền giám hộ | guardianship models of water management | assume guardianship |
Kết Bài
Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh về chủ đề “What are the implications of climate change on water management?”, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi mô phỏng thực tế với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần. Passage 1 giới thiệu những khái niệm cơ bản về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến nguồn nước, Passage 2 đi sâu vào các chiến lược quản lý thích ứng và framework IWRM, trong khi Passage 3 phân tích những chiều kích kinh tế-xã hội phức tạp của vấn đề khan hiếm nước.
Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và quản lý nước không chỉ là một trong những topic nóng trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà thế giới đang đối mặt. Việc làm quen với các bài đọc học thuật về chủ đề này sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành quan trọng và rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu các văn bản phức tạp.
Đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể cho từng câu hỏi được cung cấp để bạn có thể tự đánh giá và hiểu rõ kỹ thuật làm bài. Đặc biệt chú ý đến cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và thông tin trong passage, đây là kỹ năng then chốt để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading.
Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocation sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ một cách có hệ thống. Hãy dành thời gian học kỹ những từ này vì chúng thường xuyên xuất hiện không chỉ trong IELTS Reading mà còn trong các phần thi khác.
Hãy nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading đến từ việc luyện tập thường xuyên với đề thi chất lượng, phân tích kỹ lưỡng đáp án, và không ngừng mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu!
