IELTS Reading: Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến quản lý tài nguyên nước – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Biến đổi khí hậu và quản lý tài nguyên nước là một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi và xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh những vấn đề môi trường cấp bách toàn cầu mà còn đòi hỏi người học phải nắm vững vốn từ vựng học thuật về khoa học, công nghệ và chính sách bền vững.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo cấu trúc chuẩn Cambridge, từ mức độ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ học được cách xử lý các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng, làm quen với từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường và nước, đồng thời rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể giúp bạn hiểu rõ logic làm bài và tự đánh giá năng lực của mình. Hãy chuẩn bị sẵn 60 phút để hoàn thành bài thi trong điều kiện mô phỏng thực tế nhất!

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và band điểm của bạn sẽ được quy đổi dựa trên tổng số câu đúng.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Đây là passage ngắn nhất với từ vựng và cấu trúc câu đơn giản
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Độ phức tạp tăng lên với nhiều thuật ngữ chuyên môn
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Passage dài và khó nhất, yêu cầu kỹ năng phân tích cao

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm với 3-4 lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai của thông tin
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đòi hỏi kỹ năng và chiến lược riêng, và bạn sẽ có cơ hội luyện tập tất cả trong đề thi này.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Water Security in a Changing Climate

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Water is one of the most essential resources for human survival, yet it is increasingly under threat from climate change. As global temperatures rise, the Earth’s water cycle is being significantly altered, creating both challenges and opportunities for water resource management. Understanding these changes is crucial for ensuring water security for future generations.

The most visible impact of climate change on water resources is the change in precipitation patterns. Some regions are experiencing more frequent and intense rainfall, leading to flooding and soil erosion. Meanwhile, other areas are facing prolonged droughts, which reduce the availability of freshwater for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. These extreme weather events make it difficult for water managers to predict and plan for future water needs.

Glaciers and snowpacks, which serve as natural water storage systems, are melting at an unprecedented rate. In many mountainous regions, these ice formations have traditionally released water gradually during warmer months, providing a reliable water supply for downstream communities. However, as temperatures continue to rise, glaciers are shrinking rapidly, and the timing of snowmelt is shifting earlier in the year. This creates a mismatch between water availability and demand, particularly during the dry summer months when water is most needed for irrigation.

Groundwater resources are also being affected by climate change. In areas where rainfall is decreasing, groundwater levels are dropping as aquifers are not being adequately recharged. Additionally, rising sea levels are causing saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers, making the water unsuitable for drinking or agriculture. This problem is particularly severe in low-lying coastal regions and small island nations, where freshwater resources are already limited.

The quality of water is another concern. Higher temperatures promote the growth of harmful algae in lakes and reservoirs, which can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies. Warmer water also holds less dissolved oxygen, which is essential for aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, intense rainfall events can overwhelm sewage systems and cause pollutants to enter water bodies, posing risks to both human health and the environment.

To address these challenges, water resource managers are adopting various adaptation strategies. These include improving water storage infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs, implementing more efficient irrigation systems, and promoting water conservation practices among the public. Many regions are also investing in water recycling and desalination technologies to create alternative water sources. Additionally, there is growing recognition of the need to protect and restore natural ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, which play a crucial role in regulating water flow and maintaining water quality.

Integrated water resource management (IWRM) is emerging as a key approach to dealing with climate-related water challenges. This holistic framework considers the connections between water, land, and ecosystems, and emphasizes the importance of coordinating management actions across different sectors and stakeholders. By taking a comprehensive view, IWRM helps ensure that water resources are used sustainably and equitably, both now and in the future.

Public awareness and education are also vital components of successful water management. When communities understand the links between climate change and water availability, they are more likely to support conservation measures and adapt their behavior. Schools, media campaigns, and community programs all play important roles in building this understanding and encouraging responsible water use.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Climate change affects the water cycle by altering temperature and precipitation patterns.
2. All regions around the world are experiencing increased rainfall due to climate change.
3. Glaciers release water gradually during warmer months in traditional patterns.
4. Coastal aquifers are threatened by saltwater intrusion caused by rising sea levels.
5. Water recycling technology is more expensive than building new dams.
6. Integrated water resource management focuses only on technical infrastructure solutions.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Higher water temperatures encourage the growth of __ in lakes and reservoirs.
8. Natural ecosystems like wetlands and forests help regulate water flow and maintain __.
9. The IWRM approach emphasizes coordination between different sectors and __.
10. Building public understanding through education encourages __ among communities.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, what is the main problem caused by early snowmelt?
    A. It increases flooding in mountain regions
    B. It creates a gap between water supply and demand
    C. It damages irrigation infrastructure
    D. It reduces the total amount of water available

12. What makes groundwater unsuitable for use in coastal areas?
    A. Contamination from algae
    B. Reduced oxygen levels
    C. Saltwater intrusion
    D. Sewage overflow

13. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation strategy?
    A. Building more dams and reservoirs
    B. Using more efficient irrigation methods
    C. Developing new water sources through technology
    D. Reducing industrial water consumption

PASSAGE 2 – The Economic and Social Dimensions of Water Scarcity

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The nexus between climate change and water resource management extends far beyond environmental concerns, penetrating deeply into the socio-economic fabric of communities worldwide. As water scarcity intensifies due to changing climatic conditions, its ramifications are being felt across multiple sectors, from agriculture and industry to public health and geopolitical stability. Understanding these interconnected dimensions is essential for developing comprehensive and equitable solutions.

Agriculture, which accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater withdrawals, faces particularly acute challenges from climate-induced water stress. Crop yields are declining in many regions as irrigation becomes less reliable, threatening food security for millions of people. Farmers are being forced to make difficult decisions about which crops to grow, with many shifting from traditional staples to more drought-resistant varieties or less water-intensive crops. However, these adaptations often come with trade-offs, such as reduced nutritional value or lower market prices. The situation is especially dire for smallholder farmers in developing countries, who lack access to advanced irrigation infrastructure and climate information systems that could help them adapt more effectively.

The industrial sector is also grappling with water-related challenges. Many manufacturing processes are water-intensive, and industries located in water-stressed regions are facing rising costs and operational constraints. Some companies are responding by investing in water-efficient technologies and closed-loop systems that recycle water within their facilities. Others are relocating operations to areas with more abundant water supplies, though this can have adverse effects on local communities that depend on these industries for employment. The energy sector presents a particularly complex case, as power generation – whether from thermal, hydroelectric, or even some renewable sources – requires substantial amounts of water, creating a challenging interdependency between water and energy security.

Urban populations are experiencing the impacts of water scarcity in various ways. In many cities, municipal water supplies are becoming less reliable, with rationing and supply interruptions becoming increasingly common. This affects not only household consumption but also businesses, schools, and healthcare facilities. The burden often falls disproportionately on low-income communities, which may lack the resources to install private water storage systems or purchase bottled water. Furthermore, inadequate water and sanitation services can lead to the spread of waterborne diseases, creating public health crises that strain already overburdened healthcare systems.

The distributional aspects of water scarcity raise important questions about equity and justice. Within countries, access to water is often unequal, with marginalized groups – including women, indigenous communities, and the poor – bearing a disproportionate share of the burden. Women and girls, in particular, often have the responsibility of collecting water for their families, a task that becomes more time-consuming and arduous as water sources become more distant or depleted. This can limit their opportunities for education and economic participation, perpetuating cycles of poverty.

At the international level, shared water resources are potential sources of both cooperation and conflict. Many of the world’s major river systems cross national boundaries, and the impacts of climate change on these transboundary waters can exacerbate existing tensions between countries. Upstream nations may build dams or divert water for their own needs, reducing the flow available to downstream countries. While international water law provides some frameworks for resolving these disputes, enforcement is often weak, and geopolitical considerations can override legal mechanisms. However, water scarcity can also serve as a catalyst for cooperation, as nations recognize their mutual interest in sustainable water management.

Economic valuation of water is emerging as an important tool for promoting efficient use and allocation. Historically, water has often been treated as a free good or priced well below its true cost, leading to overconsumption and wasteful practices. By assigning appropriate economic values to water – which reflect its scarcity, the costs of infrastructure, and its environmental importance – policymakers can create incentives for conservation and more efficient use. However, this approach must be implemented carefully to ensure that it does not make water unaffordable for the poor or lead to the commodification of a basic human right.

Addressing the socio-economic dimensions of water scarcity requires multi-faceted policy interventions. These include strengthening social safety nets to protect vulnerable populations, investing in education and capacity building to enhance adaptive capacity, promoting participatory governance structures that give all stakeholders a voice in water management decisions, and fostering regional cooperation on shared water resources. Financial mechanisms, such as climate adaptation funds and microfinance for water-efficient technologies, can help support these efforts. Ultimately, achieving water security in a changing climate will require not only technical solutions but also fundamental changes in how societies value, manage, and distribute this vital resource.

Biểu đồ minh họa tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến các lĩnh vực sử dụng tài nguyên nước như nông nghiệp công nghiệp và dân sinh

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. What does the passage say about smallholder farmers in developing countries?
    A. They are adapting more successfully than large-scale farmers
    B. They have adequate access to climate information
    C. They face particular difficulties due to limited resources
    D. They are receiving substantial government support

15. According to the passage, why is the energy sector particularly complex regarding water usage?
    A. It consumes more water than agriculture
    B. It creates an interdependency between water and energy security
    C. It is the fastest-growing water consumer
    D. It pollutes water resources more than other sectors

16. The passage suggests that water scarcity affects low-income urban communities more severely because they:
    A. Use more water per capita than wealthy communities
    B. Live in areas with older infrastructure
    C. Cannot afford private water storage or bottled water
    D. Are less educated about water conservation

17. What does the passage indicate about international water conflicts?
    A. They are inevitable as water becomes scarcer
    B. International law effectively prevents them
    C. They only occur between neighboring countries
    D. They can lead to either conflict or cooperation

18. According to the passage, what is a potential risk of economic valuation of water?
    A. It may reduce government revenue
    B. It could make water unaffordable for poor people
    C. It might increase water consumption
    D. It would be too complex to implement

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Water scarcity has significant impacts on agriculture, which uses about 70% of global water. Farmers are adapting by growing more 19. __ or crops that need less water, though these changes often involve 20. __ such as reduced nutrition. Industries are responding through 21. __ and water recycling systems. Urban areas face water rationing that particularly affects 22. __ who cannot afford alternative water sources. At the national level, 23. __ can be sources of both tension and collaboration between countries.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Women bear a disproportionate burden in collecting water for families.
25. Economic valuation of water always leads to better conservation outcomes.
26. Technical solutions alone are insufficient to achieve water security in a changing climate.

PASSAGE 3 – Innovative Approaches and Future Trajectories in Water Resource Management

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The confluence of accelerating climate change and burgeoning water demand has precipitated an imperative for paradigmatic shifts in water resource management. Contemporary approaches are increasingly characterized by a synthesis of cutting-edge technology, ecosystem-based adaptations, and sophisticated governance frameworks that transcend traditional sectoral boundaries. This evolution reflects a growing recognition that the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change necessitate equally nuanced and adaptive responses that can accommodate uncertainty and promote resilience across temporal and spatial scales.

Advanced monitoring and forecasting technologies are revolutionizing the capacity of water managers to anticipate and respond to climate-induced changes in water availability. Remote sensing systems, incorporating satellite imagery and aerial surveillance, now enable the continuous monitoring of soil moisture, snowpack depth, and reservoir levels across vast geographical areas with unprecedented spatial resolution. These data streams, when integrated with computational models that simulate hydrological processes under various climate scenarios, provide probabilistic forecasts that inform adaptive management strategies. Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being deployed to identify complex patterns in hydro-climatic data that may elude conventional analytical methods, thereby enhancing the accuracy and lead time of predictions regarding drought onset, flood risk, and seasonal water availability.

The conceptual framework of nature-based solutions has gained considerable traction as a complement to traditional grey infrastructure. Rather than relying solely on dams, levees, and treatment plants – which require substantial capital investment and ongoing maintenance – many jurisdictions are now investing in the restoration and protection of natural ecosystems that provide hydrological services. Constructed wetlands, for instance, can filter pollutants, attenuate flood peaks, and recharge groundwater aquifers at a fraction of the cost of conventional treatment facilities. Urban areas are implementing green infrastructure such as rain gardens, permeable pavements, and green roofs that reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Reforestation and watershed restoration projects enhance soil infiltration, reduce erosion, and stabilize water flows. These approaches yield multiple co-benefits, including biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and improved aesthetic and recreational values, making them particularly attractive from a cost-benefit perspective.

Desalination and water reuse technologies are experiencing rapid advancement, driven by innovations that reduce energy consumption and environmental impacts. Reverse osmosis, the most widely used desalination technology, has become significantly more energy-efficient through the development of advanced membrane materials and energy recovery devices. Nevertheless, concerns remain regarding the disposal of brine concentrate and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the energy-intensive process, particularly where electricity is generated from fossil fuels. Direct potable reuse – the treatment of wastewater to standards permitting its direct introduction into drinking water supplies – represents a frontier that challenges both technical capabilities and public acceptance. Advanced oxidation processes, membrane bioreactors, and multi-barrier treatment systems can now remove trace contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds, to levels below detection thresholds. However, overcoming the psychological barriers associated with what is colloquially termed “toilet-to-tap” water requires sustained public engagement, transparent communication, and demonstration of long-term safety.

Governance innovations are proving as critical as technological advances in navigating the complex institutional landscapes that characterize water management. The polycentric governance model, which recognizes multiple centers of decision-making operating at different scales, offers a framework for balancing local autonomy with coordination mechanisms necessary to address basin-wide or regional challenges. Stakeholder participation processes, including water user associations, multi-stakeholder platforms, and citizen science initiatives, are being formalized to ensure that diverse perspectives and knowledge systems – including indigenous and traditional ecological knowledge – inform management decisions. Adaptive governance structures incorporate feedback loops and learning mechanisms that enable iterative adjustments to management strategies as new information emerges or conditions change. This is particularly crucial in the context of climate change, where baseline conditions are shifting and historical data may have limited predictive value for future scenarios.

The financialization of water risk represents an emerging dimension of water management that reflects growing recognition of water security as a material consideration for financial institutions, investors, and corporations. Water risk disclosure frameworks, such as the CDP Water program, are encouraging companies to assess and report their exposure to water-related risks, including physical risks (such as scarcity or flooding), regulatory risks (such as changing water pricing or allocation rules), and reputational risks (associated with unsustainable water practices). Green bonds and other innovative financial instruments are channeling private capital toward water infrastructure and conservation projects. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes create economic incentives for land managers to adopt practices that protect or enhance hydrological functions, such as maintaining forest cover in watersheds or preserving wetlands. While these market-based approaches offer potential to mobilize resources and align economic incentives with environmental objectives, they also raise concerns about equity, access, and the potential for market failures in the provision of what is fundamentally a public good.

Looking forward, the trajectory of water resource management in a changing climate will be shaped by the interplay of technological innovation, ecological restoration, institutional evolution, and societal values. The increasing frequency of hydro-climatic extremes may serve as catalysts for transformation, creating windows of opportunity for implementing reforms that might otherwise face political resistance. However, there is also a risk of maladaptation – investments in solutions that provide short-term benefits but increase vulnerability over the long term or shift risks to other populations or future generations. Avoiding such pitfalls requires rigorous assessment of proposed interventions, consideration of distributional consequences, and commitment to participatory processes that ensure accountability and legitimacy. Ultimately, sustainable water management in an era of climate change demands not merely technical proficiency but a holistic vision that recognizes water as simultaneously an ecological necessity, an economic resource, a cultural symbol, and a fundamental human right.

Hệ thống công nghệ tiên tiến giám sát và dự báo tài nguyên nước qua vệ tinh và phân tích dữ liệu

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, what is the main advantage of machine learning in water management?
    A. It reduces the cost of data collection
    B. It can identify patterns that traditional methods might miss
    C. It eliminates the need for human decision-making
    D. It provides perfect predictions of future water availability

28. The passage suggests that nature-based solutions are attractive because they:
    A. Are always cheaper than conventional infrastructure
    B. Provide only hydrological benefits
    C. Require no maintenance after installation
    D. Offer multiple benefits beyond water management

29. What concern does the passage raise about desalination?
    A. The technology is not yet sufficiently developed
    B. It cannot produce water meeting drinking standards
    C. Brine disposal and greenhouse gas emissions are problematic
    D. It is only suitable for coastal regions

30. According to the passage, what is required to overcome psychological barriers to direct potable reuse?
    A. More advanced treatment technologies
    B. Government regulations mandating its use
    C. Reduced costs of water treatment
    D. Sustained public engagement and transparent communication

31. The concept of polycentric governance refers to:
    A. Centralized control of all water resources
    B. Multiple decision-making centers at different scales
    C. Exclusive reliance on local management
    D. International coordination of water policies

Questions 32-36

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

32. Remote sensing systems now provide data with unprecedented __ for monitoring water resources.
33. Constructed wetlands can provide hydrological services at a fraction of the cost of __.
34. Advanced treatment systems can remove trace contaminants to levels below __.
35. Adaptive governance includes __ that allow management strategies to be adjusted as conditions change.
36. Payment for ecosystem services creates economic incentives for practices that protect or enhance __.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Historical data remains the most reliable predictor of future water availability under climate change.
38. Green bonds are successfully channeling private investment into water infrastructure projects.
39. Market-based approaches to water management raise concerns about equity and access.
40. Technical proficiency alone is sufficient for sustainable water management in the climate change era.

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. FALSE
7. harmful algae
8. water quality
9. stakeholders
10. responsible water use
11. B
12. C
13. D

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. C
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. drought-resistant varieties
20. trade-offs
21. water-efficient technologies
22. low-income communities
23. transboundary waters
24. YES
25. NOT GIVEN
26. YES

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. D
29. C
30. D
31. B
32. spatial resolution
33. conventional treatment facilities
34. detection thresholds
35. feedback loops / learning mechanisms
36. hydrological functions
37. NO
38. NOT GIVEN
39. YES
40. NO

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate change, water cycle, temperature, precipitation patterns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “As global temperatures rise, the Earth’s water cycle is being significantly altered” – điều này khớp với ý trong câu hỏi về việc biến đổi khí hậu ảnh hưởng đến chu trình nước thông qua thay đổi nhiệt độ và lượng mưa.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all regions, increased rainfall
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu
• Giải thích: Passage chỉ ra “Some regions are experiencing more frequent and intense rainfall… Meanwhile, other areas are facing prolonged droughts” – điều này mâu thuẫn với nhận định rằng TẤT CẢ các khu vực đều có lượng mưa tăng.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: glaciers, release water gradually, warmer months, traditional patterns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu thứ 2
• Giải thích: “These ice formations have traditionally released water gradually during warmer months” – khớp chính xác với thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: integrated water resource management, only technical infrastructure
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Passage nói IWRM “considers the connections between water, land, and ecosystems” và nhấn mạnh “coordinating management actions across different sectors and stakeholders” – chứng tỏ không CHỈ tập trung vào cơ sở hạ tầng kỹ thuật.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main problem, early snowmelt
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “This creates a mismatch between water availability and demand” – “mismatch” (sự không khớp) được paraphrase thành “gap” (khoảng cách) trong đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập như là vấn đề chính.

Câu 13: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: NOT mentioned, adaptation strategy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 liệt kê các chiến lược: improving water storage infrastructure (A), efficient irrigation systems (B), water recycling and desalination (C). “Reducing industrial water consumption” (giảm tiêu thụ nước công nghiệp) không được đề cập.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: smallholder farmers, developing countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “The situation is especially dire for smallholder farmers in developing countries, who lack access to advanced irrigation infrastructure and climate information systems” – “lack access” và “limited resources” là paraphrase của nhau, xác nhận đáp án C.

Câu 15: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: energy sector, particularly complex
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “The energy sector presents a particularly complex case… creating a challenging interdependency between water and energy security” – đáp án B lấy trực tiếp từ cụm “interdependency between water and energy security”.

Câu 18: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: potential risk, economic valuation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “However, this approach must be implemented carefully to ensure that it does not make water unaffordable for the poor” – rủi ro là nước có thể trở nên “unaffordable” (không chi trả nổi) cho người nghèo.

Câu 24: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: women, disproportionate burden, collecting water
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “Women and girls, in particular, often have the responsibility of collecting water for their families, a task that becomes more time-consuming and arduous” – thể hiện quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả về gánh nặng không công bằng.

Câu 26: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: technical solutions alone, insufficient
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Achieving water security in a changing climate will require not only technical solutions but also fundamental changes” – từ “not only… but also” cho thấy tác giả tin rằng chỉ có giải pháp kỹ thuật là không đủ.

Sơ đồ các giải pháp tích hợp quản lý tài nguyên nước bền vững trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main advantage, machine learning
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being deployed to identify complex patterns in hydro-climatic data that may elude conventional analytical methods” – từ “elude” (thoát khỏi, không phát hiện được) được paraphrase thành “miss” trong đáp án B.

Câu 28: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: nature-based solutions, attractive
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, gần cuối
• Giải thích: “These approaches yield multiple co-benefits, including biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and improved aesthetic and recreational values” – “multiple co-benefits” = “multiple benefits beyond water management”.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: concern, desalination
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “Nevertheless, concerns remain regarding the disposal of brine concentrate and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the energy-intensive process” – đáp án C tóm tắt chính xác hai mối lo ngại này.

Câu 30: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: overcome psychological barriers, direct potable reuse
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: “Overcoming the psychological barriers… requires sustained public engagement, transparent communication, and demonstration of long-term safety” – đáp án D lấy trực tiếp hai yếu tố đầu.

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: historical data, most reliable predictor
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “This is particularly crucial in the context of climate change, where baseline conditions are shifting and historical data may have limited predictive value for future scenarios” – tác giả nói dữ liệu lịch sử có giá trị dự đoán HẠN CHẾ, mâu thuẫn với “most reliable”.

Câu 39: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: market-based approaches, concerns, equity, access
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “While these market-based approaches offer potential… they also raise concerns about equity, access” – tác giả thừa nhận rõ ràng những lo ngại về công bằng và tiếp cận.

Câu 40: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: technical proficiency alone, sufficient
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu cuối cùng
• Giải thích: “Sustainable water management in an era of climate change demands not merely technical proficiency but a holistic vision” – từ “not merely” (không chỉ) cho thấy technical proficiency KHÔNG ĐỦ (not sufficient).

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
essential resources	n phrase	/ɪˈsenʃəl rɪˈsɔːsɪz/	tài nguyên thiết yếu	Water is one of the most essential resources	essential for survival
precipitation patterns	n phrase	/prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃən ˈpætənz/	kiểu mẫu lượng mưa	change in precipitation patterns	rainfall/precipitation patterns
unprecedented rate	n phrase	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd reɪt/	tốc độ chưa từng có	melting at an unprecedented rate	at an unprecedented rate/speed
groundwater resources	n phrase	/ˈɡraʊndwɔːtə rɪˈsɔːsɪz/	tài nguyên nước ngầm	Groundwater resources are being affected	groundwater depletion/recharge
saltwater intrusion	n phrase	/ˈsɔːltwɔːtər ɪnˈtruːʒən/	xâm nhập mặn	rising sea levels are causing saltwater intrusion	coastal saltwater intrusion
aquatic ecosystems	n phrase	/əˈkwætɪk ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəmz/	hệ sinh thái dưới nước	essential for aquatic ecosystems	marine/aquatic ecosystems
adaptation strategies	n phrase	/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən ˈstrætədʒiz/	chiến lược thích ứng	adopting various adaptation strategies	climate adaptation strategies
irrigation systems	n phrase	/ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃən ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống tưới tiêu	implementing more efficient irrigation systems	drip/sprinkler irrigation
water conservation	n phrase	/ˈwɔːtə ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/	bảo tồn nước	promoting water conservation practices	water conservation measures
desalination technologies	n phrase	/diːˌsælɪˈneɪʃən tekˈnɒlədʒiz/	công nghệ khử mặn	investing in desalination technologies	desalination plants/facilities
integrated water resource management	n phrase	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd ˈwɔːtə rɪˈsɔːs ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý tài nguyên nước tích hợp	IWRM is emerging as a key approach	integrated management approach
stakeholders	n	/ˈsteɪkhəʊldəz/	các bên liên quan	coordinating actions across stakeholders	key/major stakeholders

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nexus	n	/ˈneksəs/	mối liên hệ chặt chẽ	The nexus between climate change and water	water-energy-food nexus
socio-economic fabric	n phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊ ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈfæbrɪk/	cấu trúc kinh tế xã hội	penetrating into the socio-economic fabric	social and economic fabric
ramifications	n	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃənz/	hậu quả, tác động	its ramifications are being felt	serious/far-reaching ramifications
geopolitical stability	n phrase	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl stəˈbɪləti/	ổn định địa chính trị	from public health to geopolitical stability	regional geopolitical stability
crop yields	n phrase	/krɒp jiːldz/	năng suất cây trồng	Crop yields are declining	improve/increase crop yields
drought-resistant varieties	n phrase	/draʊt rɪˈzɪstənt vəˈraɪətiz/	giống chống hạn	shifting to drought-resistant varieties	drought-resistant/tolerant crops
smallholder farmers	n phrase	/ˈsmɔːlhəʊldə ˈfɑːməz/	nông dân canh tác nhỏ	especially dire for smallholder farmers	support smallholder farmers
water-intensive	adj	/ˈwɔːtər ɪnˈtensɪv/	tiêu tốn nhiều nước	manufacturing processes are water-intensive	water-intensive industries/crops
closed-loop systems	n phrase	/kləʊzd luːp ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống khép kín	investing in closed-loop systems	closed-loop recycling
municipal water supplies	n phrase	/mjuːˈnɪsɪpəl ˈwɔːtə səˈplaɪz/	nguồn cung cấp nước đô thị	municipal water supplies are becoming less reliable	municipal water infrastructure
distributional aspects	n phrase	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənəl ˈæspekts/	khía cạnh phân phối	The distributional aspects of water scarcity	equity and distributional issues
transboundary waters	n phrase	/trænzˈbaʊndəri ˈwɔːtəz/	nguồn nước xuyên biên giới	impacts on transboundary waters	shared transboundary resources
economic valuation	n phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/	định giá kinh tế	Economic valuation of water	economic valuation methods
commodification	n	/kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	hàng hóa hóa	lead to the commodification of	commodification of nature
capacity building	n phrase	/kəˈpæsəti ˈbɪldɪŋ/	xây dựng năng lực	investing in capacity building	capacity building programs

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hội tụ	The confluence of accelerating climate change	confluence of factors
paradigmatic shifts	n phrase	/ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk ʃɪfts/	chuyển đổi mô hình	imperative for paradigmatic shifts	paradigm shift in thinking
ecosystem-based adaptations	n phrase	/ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm beɪst ˌædæpˈteɪʃənz/	thích ứng dựa vào hệ sinh thái	synthesis of ecosystem-based adaptations	ecosystem-based approaches
remote sensing systems	n phrase	/rɪˈməʊt ˈsensɪŋ ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống viễn thám	Remote sensing systems incorporating satellite imagery	remote sensing technology/data
spatial resolution	n phrase	/ˈspeɪʃəl ˌrezəˈluːʃən/	độ phân giải không gian	with unprecedented spatial resolution	high/fine spatial resolution
computational models	n phrase	/ˌkɒmpjuˈteɪʃənəl ˈmɒdəlz/	mô hình tính toán	integrated with computational models	mathematical/computational modeling
hydrological processes	n phrase	/ˌhaɪdrəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈprəʊsesɪz/	các quá trình thủy văn	that simulate hydrological processes	hydrological cycle/processes
nature-based solutions	n phrase	/ˈneɪtʃə beɪst səˈluːʃənz/	giải pháp dựa vào thiên nhiên	framework of nature-based solutions	nature-based infrastructure
grey infrastructure	n phrase	/ɡreɪ ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng xám (nhân tạo)	complement to traditional grey infrastructure	grey vs green infrastructure
constructed wetlands	n phrase	/kənˈstrʌktɪd ˈwetləndz/	đất ngập nước nhân tạo	Constructed wetlands can filter pollutants	constructed/artificial wetlands
stormwater runoff	n phrase	/ˈstɔːmwɔːtə ˈrʌnɒf/	nước mưa chảy tràn	reduce stormwater runoff	manage stormwater runoff
reverse osmosis	n phrase	/rɪˈvɜːs ɒzˈməʊsɪs/	thẩm thấu ngược	Reverse osmosis, the most widely used	reverse osmosis membrane
potable reuse	n phrase	/ˈpəʊtəbəl riːˈjuːs/	tái sử dụng cho nước uống	Direct potable reuse represents a frontier	indirect/direct potable reuse
membrane bioreactors	n phrase	/ˈmembreɪn ˌbaɪəʊriˈæktəz/	bể phản ứng sinh học màng	membrane bioreactors and multi-barrier systems	membrane bioreactor technology
polycentric governance	n phrase	/ˌpɒliˈsentrɪk ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị đa trung tâm	The polycentric governance model	polycentric governance approach
payment for ecosystem services	n phrase	/ˈpeɪmənt fɔː ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	chi trả dịch vụ hệ sinh thái	Payment for ecosystem services schemes	PES programs/mechanisms
maladaptation	n	/ˌmælædæpˈteɪʃən/	thích ứng không phù hợp	there is also a risk of maladaptation	avoid/prevent maladaptation
holistic vision	n phrase	/həˈlɪstɪk ˈvɪʒən/	tầm nhìn toàn diện	demands a holistic vision	holistic approach/perspective

Kết bài

Chủ đề về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến quản lý tài nguyên nước không chỉ là một nội dung phổ biến trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà nhân loại đang đối mặt. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba cấp độ khó từ dễ đến nâng cao, với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng như trong thi thật.

Ba passages đã cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về vấn đề: từ những tác động cơ bản và giải pháp thích ứng ban đầu (Passage 1), đến các chiều cạnh kinh tế-xã hội phức tạp (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là những đổi mới công nghệ cùng khung quản trị tiên tiến (Passage 3). Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu mà còn giúp bạn làm quen với từ vựng học thuật quan trọng trong lĩnh vực môi trường.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách xác định thông tin trong bài, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không phù hợp. Đây là nền tảng quan trọng giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng mà còn hiểu được cách tư duy và làm bài một cách có hệ thống.

Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ là công cụ hữu ích để bạn mở rộng vốn từ, đặc biệt là các collocations và cụm từ học thuật thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS. Hãy dành thời gian ôn tập những từ này và áp dụng chúng vào cả phần Writing và Speaking để nâng cao band điểm tổng thể.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, bạn nên làm bài này nhiều lần với các mục tiêu khác nhau: lần đầu để làm quen với đề, lần sau để cải thiện tốc độ, và lần cuối để hoàn thiện kỹ thuật. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!