IELTS Reading: Tiền Tệ Kỹ Thuật Số Và Nền Kinh Tế Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề tiền tệ kỹ thuật số và tác động của nó đến nền kinh tế toàn cầu đang trở thành một trong những đề tài nóng hổi nhất trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading hiện nay. Với sự phát triển vượt bậc của công nghệ blockchain và sự xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều của các đồng tiền số như Bitcoin, Ethereum hay các loại tiền kỹ thuật số do ngân hàng trung ương phát hành (CBDC), chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS Reading với tần suất khá cao, đặc biệt từ năm 2020 trở lại đây.

Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, hoàn toàn giống với format thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi passage được thiết kế kỹ lưỡng để phản ánh đúng độ khó và phong cách của đề thi Cambridge IELTS chính thức.

Sau khi hoàn thành bài test, bạn sẽ có đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase, và những chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Bên cạnh đó là bảng từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage, giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật liên quan đến kinh tế, công nghệ và tài chính.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn đang hướng tới band điểm 6.5-7.5. Hãy chuẩn bị đồng hồ bấm giờ và làm bài trong điều kiện tương tự như thi thật để đánh giá chính xác năng lực của mình.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài trong 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Đây là bài thi yêu cầu khả năng quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và kỹ năng đọc hiểu đa dạng từ skimming, scanning đến đọc chi tiết.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý rằng đề thi IELTS Reading không có thêm thời gian để chép đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong khi làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm với 3-4 lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được nhắc đến
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu một kỹ năng đọc và chiến lược làm bài khác nhau. Hãy đọc kỹ instructions trước khi bắt đầu mỗi phần.

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2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Digital Money

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Money has evolved significantly throughout human history, from bartering systems and commodity money like shells and precious metals to the paper currency and coins we use today. However, the 21st century has witnessed the emergence of a revolutionary form of money: digital currencies. Unlike traditional forms of payment, digital currencies exist entirely in electronic form and have no physical presence. This transformation is reshaping how we think about money, transactions, and the global financial system.

The concept of digital currency is not entirely new. Credit cards and online banking have been facilitating electronic transactions for decades. However, what makes modern digital currencies different is their decentralized nature. Traditional electronic payments still rely on banks and financial institutions to verify and process transactions. In contrast, many digital currencies operate on blockchain technology, a system where transactions are recorded on a distributed ledger maintained by a network of computers rather than a single central authority.

Bitcoin, created in 2009 by an anonymous person or group using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, was the first cryptocurrency to gain widespread attention. Bitcoin introduced the world to the possibility of a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that could operate without banks or governments. The underlying technology allows users to transfer value directly to one another, with transactions verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public ledger called a blockchain. This innovation sparked the creation of thousands of other cryptocurrencies, collectively known as altcoins, each with unique features and purposes.

The appeal of digital currencies lies in several key advantages. First, they offer increased transaction speed, especially for cross-border payments. Traditional international money transfers can take several days and involve multiple intermediaries, each charging fees. Digital currencies can complete these transactions in minutes or even seconds, regardless of geographical boundaries. Second, they provide financial inclusion for the estimated 1.7 billion adults worldwide who lack access to traditional banking services. With just a smartphone and internet connection, individuals in remote or underserved areas can participate in the global economy. Third, digital currencies offer enhanced security through cryptographic techniques that make transactions extremely difficult to counterfeit or reverse fraudulently.

However, digital currencies also face significant challenges and criticisms. Volatility remains a major concern, with the value of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin experiencing dramatic fluctuations. In 2021, Bitcoin’s price ranged from around $30,000 to over $65,000, making it unreliable as a stable store of value. This price instability makes merchants hesitant to accept cryptocurrencies for everyday transactions, as the value they receive could change dramatically within hours. Additionally, the anonymity associated with some digital currencies has raised concerns about their use in illegal activities such as money laundering, tax evasion, and purchasing illicit goods on the dark web.

Regulatory uncertainty represents another significant obstacle. Governments worldwide are grappling with how to classify and regulate digital currencies. Some countries, like El Salvador, have embraced Bitcoin as legal tender, while others, including China, have imposed strict restrictions or outright bans. This inconsistent regulatory landscape creates confusion for businesses and individuals trying to use or invest in digital currencies. Furthermore, the environmental impact of certain cryptocurrencies has become a contentious issue. Bitcoin mining, the process of verifying transactions and creating new bitcoins, requires enormous amounts of computational power and electricity, leading to concerns about carbon emissions and sustainability.

Despite these challenges, the digital currency ecosystem continues to evolve and mature. Central banks in numerous countries are now exploring or developing their own Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). Unlike cryptocurrencies, CBDCs would be issued and regulated by government authorities, combining the efficiency of digital transactions with the stability and trust associated with traditional fiat currencies. Countries including China, Sweden, and the Bahamas have already launched pilot programs or fully implemented CBDCs. These government-backed digital currencies could potentially offer the benefits of digital money while addressing many of the concerns associated with private cryptocurrencies.

The future of digital currencies remains uncertain but undeniably significant. As technology continues to advance and more people become comfortable with digital financial services, the adoption rate of digital currencies is likely to increase. Whether they ultimately complement, coexist with, or replace traditional currencies will depend on how successfully the challenges of volatility, regulation, security, and environmental sustainability are addressed. What is clear is that digital currencies have already begun to transform the financial landscape, forcing governments, financial institutions, and individuals to reconsider fundamental assumptions about the nature of money itself.

So sánh giữa hệ thống tiền tệ kỹ thuật số và hệ thống tài chính truyền thống trong bài thi IELTS Reading

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Digital currencies are the first form of electronic payment method ever created.
2. Bitcoin transactions do not require traditional banks to verify them.
3. Digital currencies can process international transfers faster than traditional banking systems.
4. All governments worldwide have banned the use of cryptocurrencies.
5. Central Bank Digital Currencies are issued by government authorities.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. Bitcoin was created by someone using the name __.
7. The technology that records cryptocurrency transactions on a distributed network is called __.
8. Approximately __ adults globally do not have access to traditional banking.
9. Bitcoin’s dramatic price changes make it unsuitable as a stable __.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, what is a major advantage of digital currencies for remote populations?

• A. They provide higher interest rates
• B. They enable access to the global economy
• C. They guarantee stable prices
• D. They eliminate all transaction fees

11. What concern does the passage mention about Bitcoin mining?

• A. It is too complicated for ordinary people
• B. It requires expensive equipment
• C. It consumes large amounts of electricity
• D. It is controlled by governments

12. How do Central Bank Digital Currencies differ from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin?

• A. They are more volatile
• B. They are issued by government authorities
• C. They use more electricity
• D. They cannot be used internationally

13. The passage suggests that the future of digital currencies will depend on:

• A. Replacing all traditional currencies immediately
• B. Addressing challenges like volatility and regulation
• C. Making them completely anonymous
• D. Eliminating all government involvement

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PASSAGE 2 – Economic Implications of Digital Currency Adoption

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The proliferation of digital currencies represents far more than a technological innovation; it constitutes a potential paradigm shift in the global economic order. As nations, corporations, and individuals increasingly engage with cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based financial systems, economists and policymakers are scrutinizing the multifaceted implications for monetary policy, financial stability, and economic sovereignty. Understanding these implications requires examining both the opportunities and risks that digital currencies present to established economic frameworks.

A One of the most significant economic implications concerns the disruption of traditional monetary policy. Central banks have historically controlled money supply and influenced economic activity through interest rate adjustments and other policy tools. However, widespread adoption of decentralized cryptocurrencies could potentially undermine this control. If citizens hold substantial wealth in digital currencies that exist outside the traditional banking system, central banks may find their monetary policy instruments less effective. For instance, lowering interest rates to stimulate economic growth becomes less impactful if people are conducting transactions in currencies that don’t respond to those policy changes. This erosion of monetary sovereignty represents a fundamental challenge to the economic governance structures that have prevailed since the establishment of modern central banking.

B Conversely, Central Bank Digital Currencies offer a potential solution to this challenge while providing additional policy tools. By creating digital versions of fiat currencies, central banks could maintain monetary control while gaining unprecedented visibility into transaction flows and economic activity. Some economists argue that CBDCs could enable more precise and responsive monetary policy. For example, during economic downturns, central banks could theoretically implement negative interest rates more effectively or even distribute stimulus payments directly to citizens’ digital wallets instantaneously. However, this increased capability also raises concerns about surveillance, privacy infringement, and the potential for governments to exert excessive control over individual financial behavior.

C The cross-border transaction efficiency enabled by digital currencies could significantly impact international trade and remittance flows. Currently, international payments involve multiple intermediaries, including correspondent banks, payment processors, and currency exchange services, each extracting fees and adding delays. Digital currencies could streamline this process, reducing transaction costs from an average of 6-7% to potentially less than 1% for remittances. This efficiency gain would be particularly beneficial for developing economies, where remittances from overseas workers constitute a substantial portion of national income. The World Bank estimates that remittance flows to low and middle-income countries reached $540 billion in 2020, suggesting that even a small reduction in transaction costs could release billions of dollars for productive economic use rather than intermediary fees.

D However, the ease of cross-border capital flows facilitated by digital currencies also presents risks, particularly concerning capital flight and financial instability. In countries with weak currencies or political uncertainty, citizens might rapidly convert local currency into digital assets, accelerating currency depreciation and potentially triggering economic crises. This phenomenon has already been observed in countries experiencing hyperinflation or severe economic sanctions, where cryptocurrencies have served as alternative stores of value. While this offers individuals a means of wealth preservation, it can simultaneously exacerbate macroeconomic instability and complicate government efforts to manage economic challenges.

E The implications for financial inclusion extend beyond simple access to payment systems. Digital currencies could enable new forms of decentralized finance (DeFi), where individuals can access lending, borrowing, and investment services without traditional financial intermediaries. Smart contracts—self-executing agreements coded on blockchains—could automate financial services, reducing costs and increasing accessibility for underbanked populations. However, the complexity of these systems and the lack of consumer protections currently available in traditional banking raise questions about whether they truly serve vulnerable populations or primarily benefit technologically sophisticated users.

F Taxation presents another complex challenge in a digital currency economy. Cryptocurrencies’ pseudonymous nature and the ease of cross-border transfers make tax enforcement considerably more difficult. Governments rely on taxation to fund public services and redistribute wealth, but tracking and taxing digital currency transactions requires new technological capabilities and international cooperation. Some jurisdictions have begun implementing reporting requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges, but peer-to-peer transactions and decentralized exchanges remain difficult to monitor. This tax compliance challenge could potentially lead to revenue shortfalls for governments or necessitate alternative taxation methods that don’t rely on tracking individual transactions.

G The competitive dynamics between nations regarding digital currency adoption may reshape geopolitical relationships and economic influence. Countries that successfully develop robust digital currency frameworks could gain advantages in international trade and finance. China’s aggressive development of its digital yuan (e-CNY) is partly motivated by desires to internationalize the Chinese currency and reduce dependence on the dollar-dominated SWIFT system for international transactions. If successful, this could challenge the hegemony of the US dollar in international trade and potentially alter the balance of global economic power. Other nations are consequently accelerating their own digital currency initiatives to avoid being left behind in this emerging technological-economic competition.

The economic implications of digital currencies are thus multidimensional and often contradictory, offering potential benefits while simultaneously presenting significant risks and challenges. As digital currencies continue to evolve and gain adoption, their ultimate impact on the global economy will depend on how effectively governments, financial institutions, and international organizations adapt existing frameworks and develop new regulatory approaches that balance innovation with stability, efficiency with security, and individual freedom with collective economic well-being.

Sơ đồ minh họa tác động của tiền tệ kỹ thuật số đến chính sách tiền tệ và hệ thống ngân hàng trung ương

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G.

14. Discussion of how digital currencies might affect government revenue collection
15. Explanation of potential advantages for countries receiving money from workers abroad
16. Description of how government-issued digital currencies could provide additional economic management tools
17. Concerns about rapid money outflows from economically unstable nations
18. Discussion of how digital currency development relates to international political power
19. Information about financial services that operate without traditional banks

Questions 20-23

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

20. Central Bank Digital Currencies would completely eliminate all privacy concerns.
21. Digital currencies could help reduce the cost of sending money across borders.
22. All economists believe digital currencies will benefit developing nations equally.
23. China’s digital yuan development is partially motivated by reducing reliance on dollar-based payment systems.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Digital currencies present both opportunities and challenges for the global economy. While they could make 24. __ transactions more efficient and reduce costs, they also risk undermining traditional 25. __ policy tools used by central banks. Additionally, the ease of moving money across borders could lead to 26. __ flight from countries with weak economies, potentially worsening economic instability.

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PASSAGE 3 – Systemic Transformation: Digital Currencies and the Future Financial Architecture

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The emergence of digital currencies represents not merely an incremental innovation in payment technology but potentially a fundamental restructuring of the global financial architecture that has underpinned economic activity since the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. This transformation encompasses multifarious dimensions—technological, economic, political, and social—that collectively challenge established paradigms regarding the nature of money, the role of financial intermediaries, and the sovereignty of nation-states in economic governance. To comprehend the full implications of this shift, one must examine the theoretical foundations of monetary systems, the practical ramifications for financial infrastructure, and the philosophical questions concerning power, trust, and value in increasingly digitalized societies.

Contemporary monetary theory traditionally rests upon three fundamental functions of money: a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Fiat currencies issued by central banks derive their value not from intrinsic worth or backing by commodities like gold, but from government decree and, more fundamentally, from the collective trust that others will accept these currencies in future transactions. This trust is buttressed by the legal tender laws, the taxation system (which creates demand for official currency), and the central bank’s monopoly on currency issuance. Digital currencies, particularly decentralized cryptocurrencies, challenge this framework by proposing alternative trust mechanisms based not on governmental authority but on cryptographic verification and distributed consensus protocols. The implications of this shift from hierarchical trust (vested in institutions) to algorithmic trust (embedded in transparent code) extend far beyond mere technical considerations, touching upon fundamental questions of political legitimacy and the social contract between states and citizens.

From a macroeconomic perspective, the widespread adoption of digital currencies could precipitate what economist Hyman Minsky termed a “systemic financial instability.” Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis posits that periods of economic stability paradoxically generate behaviors and structures that increase systemic fragility, eventually leading to crises. The rapid proliferation of digital currencies, many of which operate in regulatory grey zones and lack the prudential safeguards of traditional financial institutions, could amplify such instabilities. The interconnectedness of cryptocurrency markets, combined with their relatively shallow liquidity and susceptibility to speculative bubbles, creates potential contagion mechanisms whereby disruptions in digital currency markets could reverberate through traditional financial systems. The collapse of the cryptocurrency TerraUSD in May 2022, which erased approximately $40 billion in value and triggered cascading failures across the crypto ecosystem, exemplifies such risks. Furthermore, the increasing correlation between cryptocurrency prices and traditional asset classes suggests that the assumption of portfolio diversification benefits from digital assets may be illusory, particularly during periods of market stress.

The disintermediation of traditional financial services represents another profound implication. Banks have historically served as essential intermediaries that perform maturity transformation (converting short-term deposits into long-term loans), credit allocation, and risk assessment. These functions are central to capital formation and economic growth. However, decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols propose alternative mechanisms that could potentially replicate these functions without centralized intermediaries. Automated market makers, liquidity pools, and algorithmic lending protocols execute financial operations through smart contracts, eliminating the need for traditional banks. Proponents argue this democratizes finance by removing gatekeepers and reducing costs; critics contend that it eliminates essential prudential oversight and consumer protections that evolved following repeated financial crises. The question is not simply whether DeFi can functionally replace traditional finance, but whether it should, and what regulatory frameworks might preserve benefits while mitigating risks.

The implications for international monetary systems are equally profound. The current dollar-centric system, wherein approximately 60% of global foreign exchange reserves are held in US dollars and roughly 40% of international payments are dollar-denominated, grants the United States considerable geopolitical leverage, including the ability to implement extraterritorial sanctions that effectively exclude entities from the global financial system. Digital currencies, particularly those that enable pseudonymous transactions across borders without reliance on SWIFT or other dollar-dependent infrastructure, could potentially circumvent such sanctions, fundamentally altering the geopolitical utility of currency dominance. China’s development of the Digital Currency Electronic Payment (DCEP) system is explicitly intended to facilitate renminbi internationalization and reduce vulnerability to US financial power. However, a multipolar digital currency landscape also introduces coordination challenges for addressing transnational financial crimes, tax evasion, and terrorist financing—issues that currently benefit from the choke points and surveillance capabilities inherent in centralized payment systems.

Environmental considerations, while sometimes dismissed as secondary concerns, represent a first-order constraint on certain digital currency models. The Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism employed by Bitcoin requires vast computational resources, with the Bitcoin network currently consuming approximately 150 terawatt-hours annually—comparable to the entire electricity consumption of Argentina. As climate change intensifies scrutiny of carbon emissions across all sectors, this energy intensity represents both an ethical challenge and a practical limitation on scalability. Alternative consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Stake, successfully implemented by Ethereum in 2022, reduce energy consumption by over 99%, yet introduce different security trade-offs and centralization risks. The environmental implications thus intersect with technical design choices, raising questions about whether digital currencies can achieve simultaneously the goals of decentralization, security, scalability, and sustainability—a challenge known in cryptocurrency circles as the “blockchain trilemma.”

Perhaps most fundamentally, the digital currency phenomenon prompts reconsideration of the ontology of money itself. Throughout history, the forms and functions of money have evolved from commodity currencies with intrinsic value, to representative currencies backed by commodities, to contemporary fiat currencies deriving value primarily from government backing and social convention. Digital currencies, particularly those operating independently of state authority, suggest a potential evolution toward money as purely informational construct—value arising not from physical properties, governmental decree, or commodity backing, but from network effects and collective agreement encoded in distributed ledgers. This dematerialization and decentralization of money challenges not only economic structures but also political power, as the ability to issue and regulate currency has been a hallmark of sovereignty since ancient times. Whether nation-states will successfully reassert control through central bank digital currencies, whether private cryptocurrencies will carve out persistent niches, or whether some hybrid arrangement will emerge remains among the most consequential questions facing the global economy in the coming decades.

The trajectory of digital currency development and adoption will likely prove non-linear and contested, shaped by technological capabilities, regulatory responses, market dynamics, and sociopolitical factors that extend far beyond the financial sector. What appears certain is that the Pandora’s box of alternative monetary systems has been opened, and the genie of financial innovation cannot be easily coaxed back into the bottle of conventional banking. The challenge for policymakers, institutions, and societies is not to resist this transformation but to guide it toward outcomes that enhance economic efficiency and inclusion while preserving financial stability and the collective capacity to address shared challenges. The implications of digital currencies for the global economy are thus not predetermined but remain actively under construction through the decisions and actions of diverse stakeholders navigating this uncertain but undeniably transformative moment in financial history.

Kiến trúc hệ thống tài chính toàn cầu với tiền tệ kỹ thuật số và các yếu tố ảnh hưởng

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, what distinguishes the trust mechanism of cryptocurrencies from fiat currencies?

• A. Cryptocurrencies have higher intrinsic value
• B. Cryptocurrencies rely on cryptographic verification rather than government authority
• C. Cryptocurrencies are backed by gold
• D. Cryptocurrencies are more widely accepted globally

28. Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis suggests that:

• A. Digital currencies are always unstable
• B. Economic stability can lead to increased systemic fragility
• C. Cryptocurrencies will replace all traditional currencies
• D. Financial crises are impossible to predict

29. The collapse of TerraUSD in 2022 is mentioned to illustrate:

• A. The benefits of cryptocurrency diversification
• B. The superiority of traditional banking
• C. Potential contagion risks in digital currency markets
• D. The stability of decentralized finance

30. According to the passage, approximately what percentage of global foreign exchange reserves are held in US dollars?

• A. 40%
• B. 50%
• C. 60%
• D. 70%

31. The “blockchain trilemma” refers to the difficulty of simultaneously achieving:

• A. Profitability, security, and legality
• B. Decentralization, security, and sustainability
• C. Speed, privacy, and government control
• D. Low cost, high value, and widespread adoption

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below.

Traditional banks perform several essential functions including 32. __, where they convert short-term deposits into long-term loans, and 33. __, helping direct money to productive uses. Decentralized finance protocols propose to replicate these functions using 34. __, which are self-executing agreements. While proponents argue this 35. __ by removing gatekeepers, critics worry about the elimination of 36. __ that protect consumers.

A. smart contracts
B. credit allocation
C. maturity transformation
D. prudential oversight
E. cryptocurrency mining
F. democratizes finance
G. increases profits
H. regulatory capture
I. government intervention
J. international trade

Questions 37-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What agreement established the global financial architecture that has existed since 1944?
38. What mechanism does Bitcoin use that requires vast computational resources?
39. What alternative consensus mechanism did Ethereum implement in 2022 that reduced energy consumption?
40. What term describes money that derives value from government backing and social convention rather than intrinsic worth?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. Satoshi Nakamoto
7. blockchain technology
8. 1.7 billion
9. store of value
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. F
15. C
16. B
17. D
18. G
19. E
20. NO
21. YES
22. NOT GIVEN
23. YES
24. cross-border
25. monetary
26. capital

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. C
33. B
34. A
35. F
36. D
37. Bretton Woods Agreement
38. Proof-of-Work
39. Proof-of-Stake
40. fiat currencies

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: first form, electronic payment method
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Câu hỏi khẳng định tiền tệ kỹ thuật số là phương thức thanh toán điện tử đầu tiên được tạo ra. Tuy nhiên, bài đọc nói rõ “Credit cards and online banking have been facilitating electronic transactions for decades” (Thẻ tín dụng và ngân hàng trực tuyến đã tạo điều kiện cho giao dịch điện tử trong nhiều thập kỷ), chứng tỏ đã có phương thức thanh toán điện tử trước tiền tệ kỹ thuật số hiện đại.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Bitcoin transactions, not require, traditional banks, verify
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Bitcoin introduced the world to the possibility of a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that could operate without banks or governments” và “allows users to transfer value directly to one another, with transactions verified by network nodes through cryptography.” Điều này hoàn toàn phù hợp với nhận định trong câu hỏi.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Central Bank Digital Currencies, issued, government authorities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Thông tin được paraphrase từ câu “Unlike cryptocurrencies, CBDCs would be issued and regulated by government authorities” (Không giống như tiền điện tử, CBDC sẽ được phát hành và quản lý bởi các cơ quan chính phủ).

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: major advantage, remote populations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 7-10
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “With just a smartphone and internet connection, individuals in remote or underserved areas can participate in the global economy,” chỉ rõ lợi ích chính là cho phép tiếp cận nền kinh tế toàn cầu. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai với nội dung bài.

Câu 11: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: concern, Bitcoin mining
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn nêu rõ “Bitcoin mining, the process of verifying transactions and creating new bitcoins, requires enormous amounts of computational power and electricity, leading to concerns about carbon emissions.” Đây là paraphrase của đáp án C về việc tiêu thụ lượng điện lớn.

Chiến lược và kỹ thuật làm bài IELTS Reading về chủ đề tiền tệ kỹ thuật số hiệu quả

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: government revenue collection, taxation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, toàn bộ
• Giải thích: Đoạn F thảo luận chi tiết về thách thức thuế (taxation) với câu mở đầu “Taxation presents another complex challenge in a digital currency economy” và nói về việc chính phủ cần thuế để tài trợ dịch vụ công cộng và phân phối lại của cải.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: advantages, countries receiving money, workers abroad
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-9
• Giải thích: Đoạn C đề cập “This efficiency gain would be particularly beneficial for developing economies, where remittances from overseas workers constitute a substantial portion of national income” với số liệu cụ thể về dòng tiền kiều hối.

Câu 20: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Central Bank Digital Currencies, completely eliminate, privacy concerns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Câu hỏi dùng từ “completely eliminate” (loại bỏ hoàn toàn), nhưng bài viết nói “this increased capability also raises concerns about surveillance, privacy infringement” (khả năng tăng cường này cũng làm dấy lên lo ngại về giám sát, xâm phạm quyền riêng tư), cho thấy CBDC không loại bỏ hoàn toàn mối lo ngại về quyền riêng tư mà thậm chí còn gây thêm lo ngại.

Câu 23: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: China’s digital yuan, reducing reliance, dollar-based payment systems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 3-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “China’s aggressive development of its digital yuan (e-CNY) is partly motivated by desires to internationalize the Chinese currency and reduce dependence on the dollar-dominated SWIFT system,” hoàn toàn phù hợp với tuyên bố trong câu hỏi.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: trust mechanism, cryptocurrencies, fiat currencies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-12
• Giải thích: Bài viết phân biệt rõ “Digital currencies, particularly decentralized cryptocurrencies, challenge this framework by proposing alternative trust mechanisms based not on governmental authority but on cryptographic verification and distributed consensus protocols,” chỉ ra sự khác biệt về cơ chế tin cậy dựa trên mật mã thay vì quyền lực chính phủ.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis posits that periods of economic stability paradoxically generate behaviors and structures that increase systemic fragility,” cho thấy sự ổn định kinh tế nghịch lý có thể tạo ra sự mong manh hệ thống.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: collapse of TerraUSD, 2022
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: TerraUSD được nhắc đến ngay sau khi bài viết thảo luận về “contagion mechanisms whereby disruptions in digital currency markets could reverberate through traditional financial systems,” ví dụ này minh họa cho rủi ro lây lan (contagion risks).

Câu 37: Bretton Woods Agreement

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
• Từ khóa: agreement, established, global financial architecture, 1944
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên của passage nói rõ “the global financial architecture that has underpinned economic activity since the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944.”

Câu 38: Proof-of-Work

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
• Từ khóa: mechanism, Bitcoin, vast computational resources
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “The Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism employed by Bitcoin requires vast computational resources.”

Câu 40: fiat currencies

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
• Từ khóa: money, derives value, government backing, social convention
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 định nghĩa “Fiat currencies issued by central banks derive their value not from intrinsic worth or backing by commodities like gold, but from government decree and, more fundamentally, from the collective trust.”

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	phi tập trung	many digital currencies operate on decentralized nature	decentralized system/network
blockchain	n	/ˈblɒktʃeɪn/	chuỗi khối	operate on blockchain technology	blockchain technology/platform
cryptocurrency	n	/ˌkrɪptəʊˈkʌrənsi/	tiền điện tử	Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency	digital cryptocurrency
peer-to-peer	adj	/pɪə tə pɪə/	ngang hàng	a peer-to-peer electronic cash system	peer-to-peer network/transaction
volatility	n	/ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/	sự biến động	Volatility remains a major concern	price volatility/market volatility
cross-border	adj	/krɒs ˈbɔːdə/	xuyên biên giới	especially for cross-border payments	cross-border transactions/payments
financial inclusion	n phrase	/faɪˈnænʃəl ɪnˈkluːʒən/	hòa nhập tài chính	they provide financial inclusion	promote financial inclusion
legal tender	n phrase	/ˈliːɡəl ˈtendə/	phương tiện thanh toán hợp pháp	embraced Bitcoin as legal tender	accept as legal tender
regulatory uncertainty	n phrase	/ˈreɡjələtəri ʌnˈsɜːtənti/	sự không chắc chắn về quy định	Regulatory uncertainty represents another obstacle	face regulatory uncertainty
distributed ledger	n phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˈledʒə/	sổ cái phân tán	transactions are recorded on a distributed ledger	distributed ledger technology
anonymity	n	/ˌænəˈnɪməti/	tính ẩn danh	the anonymity associated with some digital currencies	provide anonymity/preserve anonymity
adoption rate	n phrase	/əˈdɒpʃən reɪt/	tỷ lệ chấp nhận	the adoption rate of digital currencies is likely to increase	increase adoption rate

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigm shift	n phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình	it constitutes a potential paradigm shift	represent a paradigm shift
monetary policy	n phrase	/ˈmʌnɪtəri ˈpɒləsi/	chính sách tiền tệ	concerns the disruption of traditional monetary policy	implement monetary policy
undermine	v	/ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/	làm suy yếu	could potentially undermine this control	undermine control/authority
remittance	n	/rɪˈmɪtəns/	kiều hối	impact international trade and remittance flows	remittance flows/payments
capital flight	n phrase	/ˈkæpɪtəl flaɪt/	sự tháo chạy vốn	particularly concerning capital flight	prevent capital flight
hyperinflation	n	/ˌhaɪpərɪnˈfleɪʃən/	siêu lạm phát	in countries experiencing hyperinflation	suffer from hyperinflation
decentralized finance	n phrase	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈfaɪnæns/	tài chính phi tập trung	enable new forms of decentralized finance (DeFi)	DeFi protocols/platforms
smart contracts	n phrase	/smɑːt ˈkɒntrækt/	hợp đồng thông minh	Smart contracts—self-executing agreements	execute smart contracts
tax enforcement	n phrase	/tæks ɪnˈfɔːsmənt/	việc thi hành thuế	make tax enforcement considerably more difficult	strengthen tax enforcement
geopolitical	adj	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl/	địa chính trị	may reshape geopolitical relationships	geopolitical tensions/influence
hegemony	n	/hɪˈɡeməni/	quyền bá chủ	challenge the hegemony of the US dollar	maintain hegemony
internationalize	v	/ˌɪntəˈnæʃənəlaɪz/	quốc tế hóa	desires to internationalize the Chinese currency	internationalize the currency
pseudonymous	adj	/sjuːˈdɒnɪməs/	giả danh	Cryptocurrencies’ pseudonymous nature	pseudonymous transactions
macroeconomic	adj	/ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/	vĩ mô	exacerbate macroeconomic instability	macroeconomic indicators/policy
stimulus payments	n phrase	/ˈstɪmjələs ˈpeɪmənts/	thanh toán kích thích	distribute stimulus payments directly	provide stimulus payments

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
fundamental restructuring	n phrase	/ˌfʌndəˈmentəl riːˈstrʌktʃərɪŋ/	sự tái cấu trúc cơ bản	potentially a fundamental restructuring of the global financial architecture	undergo fundamental restructuring
intrinsic worth	n phrase	/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk wɜːθ/	giá trị nội tại	derive their value not from intrinsic worth	have intrinsic worth
algorithmic trust	n phrase	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk trʌst/	sự tin cậy thuật toán	shift from hierarchical trust to algorithmic trust	build algorithmic trust
systemic fragility	n phrase	/sɪˈstemɪk frəˈdʒɪləti/	sự mong manh hệ thống	increase systemic fragility	expose systemic fragility
contagion mechanisms	n phrase	/kənˈteɪdʒən ˈmekənɪzəm/	cơ chế lây lan	creates potential contagion mechanisms	trigger contagion mechanisms
disintermediation	n	/ˌdɪsˌɪntəmiːdiˈeɪʃən/	sự loại bỏ trung gian	The disintermediation of traditional financial services	financial disintermediation
maturity transformation	n phrase	/məˈtʃʊərəti ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən/	chuyển đổi kỳ hạn	perform maturity transformation	conduct maturity transformation
credit allocation	n phrase	/ˈkredɪt ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/	phân bổ tín dụng	maturity transformation, credit allocation	efficient credit allocation
prudential oversight	n phrase	/pruːˈdenʃəl ˈəʊvəsaɪt/	giám sát thận trọng	eliminates essential prudential oversight	strengthen prudential oversight
extraterritorial sanctions	n phrase	/ˌekstrəˌterɪˈtɔːriəl ˈsæŋkʃənz/	các lệnh trừng phạt ngoài lãnh thổ	implement extraterritorial sanctions	impose extraterritorial sanctions
renminbi internationalization	n phrase	/renˈmɪnbi ɪnˌtɜːnæʃənəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/	quốc tế hóa nhân dân tệ	facilitate renminbi internationalization	promote renminbi internationalization
Proof-of-Work	n phrase	/pruːf əv wɜːk/	bằng chứng công việc	The Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism	Proof-of-Work algorithm
Proof-of-Stake	n phrase	/pruːf əv steɪk/	bằng chứng cổ phần	Alternative consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Stake	Proof-of-Stake protocol
blockchain trilemma	n phrase	/ˈblɒktʃeɪn traɪˈlemə/	tam nan blockchain	a challenge known as the blockchain trilemma	solve the blockchain trilemma
network effects	n phrase	/ˈnetwɜːk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng mạng lưới	value arising from network effects	leverage network effects
ontology of money	n phrase	/ɒnˈtɒlədʒi əv ˈmʌni/	bản thể luận về tiền tệ	reconsideration of the ontology of money itself	explore the ontology of money
hallmark of sovereignty	n phrase	/ˈhɔːlmɑːk əv ˈsɒvrənti/	dấu ấn quyền tối cao	has been a hallmark of sovereignty	represent a hallmark of sovereignty
sociopolitical factors	n phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈfæktəz/	các yếu tố chính trị xã hội	shaped by sociopolitical factors	influenced by sociopolitical factors

Bảng từ vựng quan trọng IELTS Reading chủ đề kinh tế và tiền tệ kỹ thuật số

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề tiền tệ kỹ thuật số và tác động của nó đến nền kinh tế toàn cầu là một đề tài cực kỳ quan trọng và thời sự trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading hiện nay. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài test hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần, hoàn toàn phù hợp với cấu trúc và format của đề thi IELTS chính thức.

Passage 1 giới thiệu những khái niệm cơ bản về tiền tệ kỹ thuật số với từ vựng dễ tiếp cận, phù hợp cho học viên band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đi sâu hơn vào các tác động kinh tế với mức độ phức tạp trung bình, thử thách khả năng hiểu sâu của học viên band 6.0-7.5. Cuối cùng, Passage 3 mang tính học thuật cao với các phân tích chuyên sâu về hệ thống tài chính toàn cầu, dành cho học viên hướng tới band 7.0-9.0.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ tại sao một đáp án là đúng, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, và những chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Đặc biệt, bảng từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage sẽ là công cụ hữu ích để bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật về kinh tế, công nghệ và tài chính – những lĩnh vực thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading.

Hãy tận dụng bộ đề thi này để luyện tập thường xuyên, đánh giá tiến bộ của bản thân, và hoàn thiện kỹ năng làm bài Reading của mình. Chúc bạn đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!