Mở bài
Năng lượng tái tạo đang trở thành một trong những chủ đề nóng nhất trong bối cảnh toàn cầu hóa và biến đổi khí hậu, đồng thời cũng là một topic phổ biến trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Chủ đề “What Are The Implications Of Renewable Energy On Global Trade?” xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng cao trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế, đặc biệt từ năm 2018 đến nay, khi vấn đề năng lượng bền vững trở thành mối quan tâm hàng đầu của các quốc gia.
Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế bài bản từ mức độ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng hoàn toàn giống với format thi thật. Bạn sẽ được học:
- Đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages (Easy → Medium → Hard) về năng lượng tái tạo và thương mại quốc tế
- 7 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau thường xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading
- Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và kỹ thuật paraphrase
- Từ vựng chuyên ngành và các collocations quan trọng
- Chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng độ khó
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề học thuật quan trọng và rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu toàn diện.
Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi đòi hỏi kỹ năng quản lý thời gian và chiến lược làm bài chặt chẽ:
- Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages (không có thời gian chuyển đáp án)
- Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
- Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, cần làm nhanh)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần cân bằng)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, cần thời gian suy luận)
Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Do đó, hãy luôn đảm bảo trả lời đủ 40 câu.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối đặc điểm với nhân vật/tổ chức
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Renewable Energy in International Commerce
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The global energy landscape is undergoing a remarkable transformation as renewable energy sources increasingly replace traditional fossil fuels in international trade. This shift is not merely an environmental necessity but has become a significant economic opportunity for nations worldwide. Over the past decade, the cost of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar panels and wind turbines, has dropped dramatically, making them commercially viable alternatives to coal, oil, and natural gas.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has experienced the most dramatic price reduction, with costs falling by more than 80% since 2010. This unprecedented decline has made solar energy the cheapest source of electricity in history in many parts of the world. Countries like China, the United States, and Germany have emerged as major exporters of solar equipment, fundamentally altering traditional energy trade patterns. China alone accounts for approximately 70% of global solar panel production, giving it considerable influence over the renewable energy supply chain.
Wind energy has followed a similar trajectory, with offshore wind farms becoming increasingly popular in Europe and Asia. Denmark, a pioneer in wind technology, exports turbines and expertise to dozens of countries, demonstrating how specialized knowledge can become a valuable export commodity. The Danish company Vestas, for instance, has installed wind turbines in over 80 countries, making it one of the world’s leading renewable energy exporters.
The implications for global trade are multifaceted. First, the international flow of energy is changing direction. Traditional oil and gas exporters, particularly in the Middle East, are facing declining demand for their products as more countries commit to carbon neutrality. Meanwhile, nations rich in renewable resources – such as those with abundant sunshine or strong coastal winds – are developing new export opportunities. Morocco, for example, is constructing massive solar installations in the Sahara Desert with plans to export electricity to Europe through undersea cables.
Second, the manufacturing and distribution of renewable energy equipment has created entirely new trade relationships. Countries that previously had little involvement in the energy sector are now significant players. Vietnam has become a major producer of solar panels, while Spain exports concentrated solar power technology. These developments have led to the creation of complex international supply chains involving the extraction of rare earth minerals, component manufacturing, and final assembly in different countries.
The geopolitical implications are equally important. Energy independence has become more achievable for countries that previously relied on imported fossil fuels. Japan, which imports nearly all its oil and gas, is investing heavily in domestic renewable capacity to reduce its vulnerability to supply disruptions. This trend is reshaping diplomatic relationships and reducing the strategic importance of traditional energy chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz.
However, challenges remain. The intermittent nature of solar and wind energy requires sophisticated storage solutions and grid infrastructure, which are themselves becoming important trade items. Battery technology, particularly lithium-ion batteries, is now a critical component of the renewable energy trade. Countries with lithium reserves, such as Chile and Australia, are gaining new economic importance, while those with battery manufacturing expertise, like South Korea and Japan, are becoming essential suppliers.
Trade policies are adapting to these changes. The European Union has implemented carbon border adjustment mechanisms to ensure that imported goods reflect their carbon footprint, effectively creating trade advantages for products made with renewable energy. This policy is likely to be emulated by other regions, further accelerating the integration of environmental considerations into international commerce.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, the cost of solar photovoltaic technology since 2010 has:
A. remained stable
B. increased moderately
C. decreased by more than 80%
D. varied unpredictably
2. Which country is mentioned as accounting for approximately 70% of global solar panel production?
A. United States
B. Germany
C. Denmark
D. China
3. The Danish company Vestas is known for:
A. producing solar panels
B. installing wind turbines globally
C. exporting lithium batteries
D. manufacturing rare earth minerals
4. Morocco’s plans for exporting electricity to Europe involve:
A. wind farms in the Atlas Mountains
B. nuclear power stations
C. solar installations in the Sahara Desert
D. hydroelectric dams
5. According to the passage, Japan is investing in renewable energy primarily to:
A. increase export revenues
B. reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels
C. compete with China
D. develop new technologies
Questions 6-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Renewable energy has become the cheapest source of electricity everywhere in the world.
7. Denmark was one of the first countries to develop wind technology.
8. Vietnam produces more solar panels than Spain.
9. The Strait of Hormuz is becoming less strategically important due to renewable energy.
10. Lithium-ion batteries are the only type of battery used for renewable energy storage.
Questions 11-13: Matching Information
Match the following statements with the correct country (A-F). You may use any letter more than once.
A. China
B. Denmark
C. Morocco
D. Japan
E. Chile
F. South Korea
11. This country has important lithium reserves.
12. This country imports almost all of its oil and gas.
13. This country has installed wind turbines in more than 80 countries.
PASSAGE 2 – Economic Transformations in the Renewable Energy Trade
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The transition to renewable energy is precipitating profound changes in global economic structures, with far-reaching consequences for international trade patterns, employment sectors, and national competitiveness. Unlike the fossil fuel era, which concentrated wealth and power in resource-rich nations, the renewable energy revolution is creating a more distributed economic landscape where technological innovation and manufacturing capacity are becoming as important as natural resource endowments.
A. The manufacturing dimension of renewable energy trade represents a fundamental departure from traditional energy commerce. Whereas oil and gas are primarily extracted and exported as raw commodities, renewable energy trade predominantly involves manufactured goods such as solar panels, wind turbines, inverters, and energy storage systems. This shift has profound implications for developing countries. Nations that previously had limited participation in the global energy market can now establish manufacturing facilities and become significant exporters of renewable technology. Bangladesh, for instance, has developed a thriving solar panel assembly industry serving both domestic and regional markets, creating thousands of jobs and reducing trade deficits.
B. The value chains associated with renewable energy are considerably more complex and geographically dispersed than those of fossil fuels. A single wind turbine may contain components from a dozen countries: rare earth magnets from China, steel towers from India, composite blades from Denmark, generators from Germany, and control systems from the United States. This interconnectedness creates both opportunities and vulnerabilities. On one hand, it allows countries to specialize in particular components where they have comparative advantages. On the other, it exposes the entire system to supply chain disruptions in any single country.
C. Intellectual property and technological know-how have become critical tradeable assets in the renewable energy sector. Unlike fossil fuel extraction, which relies primarily on geological fortune and capital-intensive infrastructure, renewable energy success depends heavily on continuous innovation in areas such as efficiency improvements, materials science, and grid integration technologies. Companies and countries that lead in these areas can command premium prices for their products and services. The licensing of patents and transfer of technology have become significant revenue streams, particularly for early movers in renewable energy development.
D. The renewable energy trade is also reshaping financial flows and investment patterns globally. International investment in renewable energy exceeded $300 billion annually by 2020, surpassing investment in fossil fuel power generation for the first time. This capital is flowing to a more diverse set of destinations than traditional energy investment. Sub-Saharan African countries, for example, are attracting substantial investment in solar and wind projects, creating export opportunities not just for electricity but also for renewable-powered manufactured goods. Morocco’s Noor concentrated solar power complex, one of the world’s largest, was financed through a consortium of international investors and demonstrates how renewable energy projects can attract cross-border capital flows.
E. However, the renewable energy trade is not without its challenges and controversies. One significant issue is the environmental and social cost of raw material extraction. The production of solar panels requires silicon, silver, and other materials, while batteries need lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The mining of these materials can have substantial environmental impacts and has been associated with labor rights concerns in some countries. The Democratic Republic of Congo, which produces over 60% of the world’s cobalt, has faced international scrutiny over working conditions in its mines. This has led to calls for ethical sourcing standards and supply chain transparency in renewable energy trade.
F. Trade disputes have also emerged as countries compete for market share in renewable technologies. The United States and European Union have both imposed tariffs on Chinese solar panels, arguing that government subsidies create unfair competitive advantages. China has retaliated with its own trade measures, creating tensions that complicate international cooperation on climate change. These disputes highlight the tension between free trade principles and national industrial policy objectives in the renewable energy sector.
G. Looking forward, the integration of renewable energy into broader industrial processes is creating new dimensions of trade impact. Green hydrogen, produced using renewable electricity to split water molecules, is emerging as a potentially transformative tradeable energy carrier. Countries with abundant renewable resources but limited local demand, such as Australia and Chile, are developing green hydrogen export industries targeting energy-hungry nations like Japan and South Korea. If successful, this could create entirely new patterns of energy trade, with renewable-rich nations exporting energy in chemical form rather than as electricity.
The digitalization of energy systems is another factor reshaping trade relationships. Smart grids, energy management software, and artificial intelligence systems that optimize renewable energy use are becoming valuable exports in their own right. Israeli and American companies are leading exporters of such technologies, adding a services dimension to what has traditionally been a goods-based energy trade.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. The renewable energy revolution is creating a more equally distributed economic landscape than the fossil fuel era.
15. Developing countries have fewer opportunities in renewable energy trade than in fossil fuel trade.
16. The complexity of renewable energy supply chains presents only disadvantages.
17. Intellectual property has become more important in renewable energy than in fossil fuel extraction.
18. All countries have equal capacity to develop green hydrogen export industries.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number (i-x).
List of Headings:
i. Financial investment patterns in renewable energy
ii. The manufacturing nature of renewable energy trade
iii. Future developments in energy exports
iv. Environmental concerns in material extraction
v. The role of natural resources in energy production
vi. Complex supply chains in renewable technology
vii. Trade conflicts in the renewable sector
viii. Technological innovation as a tradeable asset
ix. The decline of fossil fuel consumption
x. Digital technologies in energy management
19. Paragraph A
20. Paragraph B
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write the correct letter A-K.
Word Box:
A. hydrogen
B. tensions
C. batteries
D. subsidies
E. patents
F. silicon
G. tariffs
H. disputes
I. cobalt
J. electricity
K. software
The renewable energy trade faces several challenges. Raw material extraction for solar panels requires 24 __ and silver, while 25 __ need lithium and nickel. Trade 26 __ have occurred between major economies, with some countries imposing tariffs on solar panels due to government subsidies.
PASSAGE 3 – Geopolitical Reconfiguration and the Renewable Energy Paradigm
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The ascendancy of renewable energy as a dominant paradigm in global power generation is precipitating a fundamental reconfiguration of geopolitical relationships, economic dependencies, and strategic vulnerabilities that have characterized international relations for over a century. This transformation extends beyond mere technological substitution; it represents a systemic reorganization of how nations derive power, project influence, and structure their economic relationships in an increasingly multipolar world order.
The petro-state model, which has underpinned geopolitical dynamics since the early twentieth century, is experiencing unprecedented structural erosion. Nations whose fiscal frameworks and political legitimacy rest upon hydrocarbon rents face existential challenges as global demand for fossil fuels approaches its anticipated zenith. The rentier economics that enabled states like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezuela to exercise disproportionate influence in international affairs are being fundamentally undermined by the democratization of energy production inherent in renewable technologies. Unlike fossil fuels, which concentrate economic leverage in the hands of resource-endowed nations, renewable energy potential is far more evenly distributed globally, though not uniformly so.
This shift is engendering what energy scholars term the “renewable energy trilemma” in international trade: the simultaneous need to ensure supply chain security, maintain technological competitiveness, and achieve environmental sustainability objectives. Each element of this trilemma creates distinct trade implications. Supply chain security has emerged as a paramount concern following disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed vulnerabilities in the highly concentrated production networks for critical components. The preponderance of Chinese manufacturing in solar photovoltaics (controlling approximately 80% of polysilicon production, 95% of wafer manufacturing, and 75% of cell production) has prompted Western nations to reconsider their import dependencies and invest in domestic manufacturing capacity, even at higher cost.
Technological competitiveness in renewable energy is qualitatively different from the capital-intensive extraction technologies that dominated the fossil fuel era. It requires sustained investment in research and development, robust intellectual property regimes, and integration across multiple disciplines including materials science, electrical engineering, data analytics, and artificial intelligence. Countries that excel in these domains – predominantly those with advanced educational systems and innovation ecosystems – are positioned to capture disproportionate value from the global renewable energy trade. This creates a potential bifurcation between technology-exporting developed nations and technology-importing developing countries, replicating patterns of dependency that characterized earlier phases of industrialization.
The environmental sustainability dimension introduces novel complexities into trade relationships. As nations adopt increasingly stringent carbon reduction commitments under frameworks such as the Paris Agreement, the embedded carbon content of traded goods becomes a salient factor in commercial relationships. The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), implemented progressively from 2023, represents the first major attempt to internalize carbon costs in international trade. This mechanism effectively imposes tariffs on imports from countries with less stringent emissions regulations, creating incentives for trading partners to adopt cleaner production methods or risk diminished market access. Such policies are likely to proliferate, fundamentally altering the calculus of comparative advantage in international trade theory.
The material intensiveness of renewable energy technologies presents a paradoxical challenge to the sustainability narrative. While operational emissions from renewable energy systems are negligible, their manufacturing phase requires substantial quantities of specialized materials with geographically concentrated reserves. Lithium, primarily extracted in Australia, Chile, and Argentina, is essential for battery storage. Rare earth elements, over 80% of which are processed in China, are critical for wind turbine magnets and various electronic components. Cobalt, predominantly sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo under often problematic labor conditions, is a key battery component. This geographical concentration of critical materials creates new forms of resource dependency and potential leverage points in international relations, substituting one form of energy geopolitics for another.
Furthermore, the knowledge asymmetries embedded in renewable energy technologies are creating hierarchical structures in global trade relationships. Advanced economies that lead in renewable technology innovation – including the United States, Germany, Japan, and increasingly China – can extract technology rents through patent licensing, proprietary manufacturing processes, and high-value component exports. Meanwhile, many developing countries find themselves as recipients of technology rather than generators of innovation, potentially perpetuating neo-colonial patterns of economic relationships despite the ostensibly democratizing potential of distributed renewable energy.
The financial architecture surrounding renewable energy trade is also evolving in ways that reshape international economic relationships. The emergence of green bonds, sustainability-linked loans, and climate finance mechanisms is creating new conduits for capital flows that often come with governance requirements and environmental conditionalities. These financial instruments, while providing necessary capital for renewable energy deployment, also give creditor nations and institutions significant influence over energy policy decisions in recipient countries, raising questions about economic sovereignty and policy autonomy.
Multilateral trade institutions are struggling to adapt their frameworks to these new realities. The World Trade Organization’s rules were largely formulated during an era when energy was primarily a commodity trade issue. The multifaceted nature of renewable energy trade – encompassing goods, services, intellectual property, and increasingly data – challenges existing classificatory schemes and dispute resolution mechanisms. Debates over what constitutes legitimate industrial policy support versus trade-distorting subsidies have become increasingly contentious, as countries seek to develop domestic renewable industries while maintaining commitments to trade liberalization.
Emerging technologies such as green hydrogen and advanced energy storage systems are poised to add further layers of complexity to renewable energy trade. These technologies may enable the decoupling of renewable energy generation from immediate consumption, transforming electricity from a non-tradeable service into a storable, transportable commodity. This could replicate some features of fossil fuel trade while potentially creating entirely new trade routes and strategic dependencies. Australia’s ambition to become a green hydrogen superpower, exporting to Asian markets, exemplifies how renewable-rich nations with limited domestic demand might leverage their resources in future energy trade configurations.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, the “petro-state model” is facing challenges primarily because:
A. oil prices have become too volatile
B. renewable energy is democratizing power production
C. fossil fuel reserves are being depleted
D. international sanctions are becoming more common
28. The “renewable energy trilemma” mentioned in the passage refers to balancing:
A. cost, efficiency, and availability
B. supply chain security, technological competitiveness, and environmental sustainability
C. domestic production, imports, and exports
D. solar, wind, and hydroelectric power
29. China’s dominance in solar photovoltaic manufacturing is significant because it controls:
A. approximately 50% of global production
B. rare earth mineral deposits
C. over 75% of cell production
D. all aspects of the supply chain equally
30. The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) primarily:
A. bans imports from high-emission countries
B. provides subsidies for domestic producers
C. imposes tariffs based on embedded carbon content
D. requires all imports to use renewable energy
31. The passage suggests that knowledge asymmetries in renewable technology may:
A. benefit developing countries exclusively
B. create hierarchical trade relationships similar to colonial patterns
C. disappear as technology becomes more widespread
D. have no impact on international trade
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each challenge or characteristic (32-36) with the correct material or technology (A-G). You may use any letter more than once.
Materials/Technologies:
A. Lithium
B. Rare earth elements
C. Cobalt
D. Polysilicon
E. Green hydrogen
F. Battery storage
G. Wind turbines
32. Over 80% processed in a single country
33. Extracted primarily in Australia, Chile, and Argentina
34. Associated with problematic labor conditions in its primary source country
35. May transform electricity into a storable, transportable commodity
36. Critical component requiring rare earth magnets
Questions 37-40: Short Answer Questions
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of economies have traditionally enabled states like Saudi Arabia and Russia to exercise disproportionate influence internationally?
38. What percentage of wafer manufacturing does China control in solar photovoltaics?
39. What types of financial instruments are creating new conduits for capital flows in renewable energy?
40. Which international organization is struggling to adapt its frameworks to renewable energy trade realities?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- C
- D
- B
- C
- B
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- E
- D
- B (Denmark/Vestas)
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- YES
- NO
- NO
- YES
- NO
- ii
- vi
- i
- iv
- vii
- F
- C
- H
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- C
- C
- B
- B
- A
- C
- E
- G
- Rentier economics
- 95%
- Green bonds
- World Trade Organization
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: cost of solar photovoltaic technology, since 2010
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has experienced the most dramatic price reduction, with costs falling by more than 80% since 2010.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án C.
Câu 2: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: 70% of global solar panel production
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “China alone accounts for approximately 70% of global solar panel production” – thông tin rõ ràng chỉ ra China là đáp án đúng.
Câu 3: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Vestas, Danish company
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “The Danish company Vestas… has installed wind turbines in over 80 countries” – đáp án B là chính xác.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: cheapest source of electricity everywhere
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói “in many parts of the world”, không phải “everywhere”, do đó câu này FALSE.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Denmark, pioneer in wind technology
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Denmark, a pioneer in wind technology” khẳng định rõ ràng Denmark là một trong những nước đầu tiên phát triển công nghệ gió.
Câu 9: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Strait of Hormuz, less strategically important
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “reducing the strategic importance of traditional energy chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz” – paraphrase của câu hỏi.
Năng lượng tái tạo đang thay đổi bức tranh thương mại toàn cầu với sự phát triển của pin mặt trời và tuabin gió
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: more equally distributed economic landscape
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả rõ ràng ủng hộ quan điểm này khi viết “creating a more distributed economic landscape” đối lập với “concentrated wealth and power” của thời kỳ nhiên liệu hóa thạch.
Câu 15: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: developing countries, fewer opportunities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói “Nations that previously had limited participation in the global energy market can now establish manufacturing facilities”, cho thấy developing countries có nhiều cơ hội hơn, không phải ít hơn.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: complexity, only disadvantages
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 6-9
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói “creates both opportunities and vulnerabilities” – nghĩa là có cả ưu và nhược điểm, không chỉ có disadvantages.
Câu 19: ii (Paragraph A)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn A tập trung vào “manufacturing dimension” và “manufactured goods” trong thương mại năng lượng tái tạo, phù hợp với heading “The manufacturing nature of renewable energy trade”.
Câu 20: vi (Paragraph B)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn B nói về “value chains”, “complex and geographically dispersed”, và liệt kê các components từ nhiều quốc gia khác nhau – đúng với heading “Complex supply chains in renewable technology”.
Câu 21: i (Paragraph D)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn D bắt đầu với “reshaping financial flows and investment patterns” và nói về “$300 billion annually”, rõ ràng là về “Financial investment patterns in renewable energy”.
Câu 24-26: F, C, H
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E (câu 24-25), Đoạn F (câu 26)
- Giải thích:
- Câu 24: “silicon” được đề cập trong “production of solar panels requires silicon, silver”
- Câu 25: “batteries” cần “lithium, cobalt, and nickel”
- Câu 26: “disputes” được paraphrase từ “Trade disputes have also emerged”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: petro-state model, facing challenges
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, toàn đoạn
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “democratization of energy production inherent in renewable technologies” là nguyên nhân chính khiến mô hình petro-state bị thách thức.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: renewable energy trilemma
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “the simultaneous need to ensure supply chain security, maintain technological competitiveness, and achieve environmental sustainability objectives.”
Câu 29: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: China’s dominance, solar photovoltaic
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “75% of cell production” là con số được đề cập cụ thể trong danh sách về sự thống trị của Trung Quốc.
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: CBAM
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “This mechanism effectively imposes tariffs on imports from countries with less stringent emissions regulations” – paraphrase của “based on embedded carbon content”.
Câu 32: B (Rare earth elements)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Rare earth elements, over 80% of which are processed in China” khớp chính xác với mô tả.
Câu 33: A (Lithium)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Lithium, primarily extracted in Australia, Chile, and Argentina” – ba quốc gia được liệt kê chính xác.
Câu 37: Rentier economics
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer (NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “The rentier economics that enabled states like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezuela to exercise disproportionate influence” – chính xác ba từ được yêu cầu.
Câu 38: 95%
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer (NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6
- Giải thích: “95% of wafer manufacturing” – con số cụ thể về wafer manufacturing.
Câu 40: World Trade Organization
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer (NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Multilateral trade institutions” được cụ thể hóa là “The World Trade Organization” trong câu tiếp theo.
Chuỗi cung ứng năng lượng tái tạo toàn cầu với các thành phần từ nhiều quốc gia khác nhau
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remarkable | adj | /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/ | đáng chú ý, phi thường | remarkable transformation | remarkable achievement/progress |
| commercially viable | adj phrase | /kəˈmɜːʃəli ˈvaɪəbl/ | khả thi về mặt thương mại | commercially viable alternatives | economically/commercially viable |
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ | chưa từng có | unprecedented decline | unprecedented level/scale |
| fundamentally | adv | /ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/ | về cơ bản, căn bản | fundamentally altering | fundamentally different/change |
| considerable | adj | /kənˈsɪdərəbl/ | đáng kể, lớn | considerable influence | considerable amount/impact |
| multifaceted | adj | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ | nhiều mặt, đa dạng | multifaceted implications | multifaceted approach/problem |
| abundant | adj | /əˈbʌndənt/ | dồi dào, phong phú | abundant sunshine | abundant resources/supply |
| geopolitical | adj | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl/ | địa chính trị | geopolitical implications | geopolitical tensions/strategy |
| intermittent | adj | /ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/ | ngắt quãng, không liên tục | intermittent nature | intermittent supply/problems |
| sophisticated | adj | /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ | tinh vi, phức tạp | sophisticated storage solutions | sophisticated technology/system |
| emulated | verb | /ˈemjuleɪtɪd/ | bắt chước, noi theo | likely to be emulated | emulate success/model |
| carbon footprint | noun phrase | /ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | dấu chân carbon | reflect their carbon footprint | reduce/minimize carbon footprint |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| precipitating | verb | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪtɪŋ/ | gây ra, thúc đẩy nhanh | precipitating profound changes | precipitate crisis/conflict |
| far-reaching | adj | /fɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/ | có ảnh hưởng sâu rộng | far-reaching consequences | far-reaching implications/effects |
| predominantly | adv | /prɪˈdɒmɪnəntli/ | chủ yếu, phần lớn | predominantly involves | predominantly male/rural |
| comparative advantages | noun phrase | /kəmˈpærətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒɪz/ | lợi thế so sánh | comparative advantages | gain/exploit comparative advantages |
| disruptions | noun | /dɪsˈrʌpʃnz/ | sự gián đoạn, đứt quãng | supply chain disruptions | minimize/cause disruptions |
| consortium | noun | /kənˈsɔːtiəm/ | tập đoàn, liên minh | consortium of international investors | form/join a consortium |
| scrutiny | noun | /ˈskruːtəni/ | sự xem xét kỹ lưỡng | international scrutiny | face/come under scrutiny |
| ethical sourcing | noun phrase | /ˈeθɪkl ˈsɔːsɪŋ/ | tìm nguồn đạo đức | ethical sourcing standards | promote/ensure ethical sourcing |
| retaliated | verb | /rɪˈtælieɪtɪd/ | trả đũa, đáp trả | retaliated with trade measures | retaliate against/for |
| transformative | adj | /trænsˈfɔːmətɪv/ | có tính chuyển đổi, cải biến | potentially transformative | transformative impact/change |
| optimize | verb | /ˈɒptɪmaɪz/ | tối ưu hóa | optimize renewable energy use | optimize performance/efficiency |
| thriving | adj | /ˈθraɪvɪŋ/ | phát triển mạnh, thịnh vượng | thriving solar panel assembly industry | thriving business/community |
| embedded | adj | /ɪmˈbedɪd/ | được nhúng vào, tích hợp | environmental cost embedded | deeply embedded |
| capital-intensive | adj | /ˈkæpɪtl ɪnˈtensɪv/ | đòi hỏi nhiều vốn | capital-intensive infrastructure | capital-intensive industry/investment |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ascendancy | noun | /əˈsendənsi/ | sự thống trị, ưu thế | ascendancy of renewable energy | gain/achieve ascendancy |
| precipitating | verb | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪtɪŋ/ | gây ra nhanh chóng | precipitating a fundamental reconfiguration | precipitate action/decline |
| systemic | adj | /sɪˈstemɪk/ | mang tính hệ thống | systemic reorganization | systemic change/problem |
| rentier economics | noun phrase | /ˈrentieɪ iːkəˈnɒmɪks/ | kinh tế hưởng lợi | rentier economics enabled states | rentier state/mentality |
| disproportionate | adj | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/ | không cân đối, quá mức | disproportionate influence | disproportionate impact/share |
| trilemma | noun | /traɪˈlemə/ | bộ ba khó khăn | renewable energy trilemma | face a trilemma |
| paramount | adj | /ˈpærəmaʊnt/ | tối quan trọng, tối thượng | paramount concern | of paramount importance |
| preponderance | noun | /prɪˈpɒndərəns/ | sự chiếm ưu thế | preponderance of Chinese manufacturing | preponderance of evidence |
| bifurcation | noun | /ˌbaɪfəˈkeɪʃn/ | sự phân đôi, phân nhánh | potential bifurcation | lead to bifurcation |
| salient | adj | /ˈseɪliənt/ | nổi bật, quan trọng | salient factor | salient features/points |
| internalize | verb | /ɪnˈtɜːnəlaɪz/ | nội bộ hóa | internalize carbon costs | internalize values/costs |
| paradoxical | adj | /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/ | nghịch lý | paradoxical challenge | paradoxical situation/nature |
| negligible | adj | /ˈneglɪdʒəbl/ | không đáng kể | operational emissions are negligible | negligible impact/effect |
| asymmetries | noun | /eɪˈsɪmətriz/ | sự bất cân xứng | knowledge asymmetries | information/power asymmetries |
| hierarchical | adj | /ˌhaɪəˈrɑːkɪkl/ | theo thứ bậc | hierarchical structures | hierarchical organization/system |
| perpetuating | verb | /pəˈpetʃueɪtɪŋ/ | duy trì, làm tồn tại mãi | perpetuating neo-colonial patterns | perpetuate stereotypes/inequality |
| conditionalities | noun | /kənˌdɪʃəˈnælətiz/ | các điều kiện ràng buộc | environmental conditionalities | policy conditionalities |
| contentious | adj | /kənˈtenʃəs/ | gây tranh cãi | increasingly contentious | contentious issue/debate |
| decoupling | noun | /diːˈkʌplɪŋ/ | sự tách rời | decoupling of renewable energy generation | economic decoupling |
Bản đồ địa chính trị năng lượng tái tạo với các quốc gia chủ chốt và nguồn tài nguyên
Kết bài
Chủ đề “What are the implications of renewable energy on global trade?” không chỉ là một topic học thuật quan trọng mà còn phản ánh xu hướng phát triển thực tế của thế giới hiện nay. Qua đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ mức Easy giới thiệu tổng quan về năng lượng tái tạo trong thương mại quốc tế, đến Medium phân tích sâu về chuyển đổi kinh tế, và cuối cùng là Hard khám phá những tác động địa chính trị phức tạp.
Đề thi cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau thường xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading thực tế. Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cho biết câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không chính xác – giúp bạn hiểu sâu về kỹ thuật làm bài.
Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage bao gồm hơn 40 từ/cụm từ quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocations, giúp bạn không chỉ mở rộng vốn từ mà còn hiểu cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh học thuật. Đây là những từ vựng có thể xuất hiện trong nhiều chủ đề khác nhau của IELTS Reading.
Hãy dành đủ 60 phút để làm bài trong điều kiện tương tự như thi thật, sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và đọc kỹ phần giải thích để nâng cao kỹ năng. Chúc các bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
