Mở bài
Tiền tệ ảo (virtual currencies) như Bitcoin, Ethereum hay các loại cryptocurrency khác đã trở thành một hiện tượng toàn cầu trong thập kỷ qua, mang đến những thay đổi sâu sắc về mặt kinh tế, xã hội và công nghệ. Chủ đề về tiền tệ ảo và tác động xã hội của nó xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các đề thi từ năm 2018 trở lại đây, phản ánh tính thời sự và tầm quan trọng của vấn đề này trong đời sống hiện đại.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages (từ dễ đến khó), bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Bạn sẽ học được cách xử lý các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion. Đi kèm là đáp án chi tiết với giải thích cụ thể về cách tìm thông tin, paraphrase và kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó tăng dần và rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian – yếu tố then chốt để đạt điểm cao trong IELTS Reading.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai. Điểm số thô (raw score) sau đó được chuyển đổi thành band score từ 1-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút
Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án lên answer sheet. Không có thời gian bổ sung cho việc này.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn A, B, C, D
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với các đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thiện câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Digital Money Revolution: Understanding Virtual Currencies
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Over the past decade, virtual currencies have emerged from the shadows of the internet to become a significant force in the global financial landscape. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and central banks, these digital assets exist purely in electronic form and operate on decentralized networks powered by blockchain technology. The most famous example, Bitcoin, was created in 2009 by an anonymous person or group using the name Satoshi Nakamoto, and it has since inspired thousands of alternative cryptocurrencies.
Virtual currencies offer several distinctive features that set them apart from conventional money. First and foremost, they enable peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries such as banks or payment processors. This means that individuals can send money directly to one another across borders, often with lower fees and faster processing times than traditional banking systems. Additionally, the cryptographic security built into these systems makes transactions highly secure and difficult to counterfeit or reverse fraudulently.
The technology underlying most virtual currencies is called blockchain – a distributed ledger that records all transactions across a network of computers. This innovative system ensures transparency because every transaction is visible to all participants in the network, while simultaneously maintaining user privacy through pseudonymous addresses. Each transaction is verified by network participants called miners, who use powerful computers to solve complex mathematical problems. In return for their efforts, miners receive newly created currency units as rewards, a process known as mining.
However, the rise of virtual currencies has not been without challenges and controversies. One major concern revolves around their use in illegal activities. Because transactions can be conducted with a degree of anonymity, criminals have sometimes exploited virtual currencies for money laundering, purchasing illegal goods on dark web marketplaces, and evading taxes. Regulatory authorities worldwide have struggled to develop appropriate frameworks to monitor these activities without stifling innovation.
Price volatility represents another significant challenge. Virtual currencies are known for dramatic price swings, with values sometimes fluctuating by 20% or more in a single day. In December 2017, Bitcoin reached nearly $20,000 per coin, only to fall below $4,000 one year later. Such instability makes these currencies problematic as stores of value or mediums of exchange for everyday transactions. Most people are reluctant to use something as payment if its purchasing power might change dramatically between the time they receive it and when they want to spend it.
Despite these obstacles, virtual currencies have begun to gain mainstream acceptance. Major companies like Microsoft, AT&T, and Overstock.com now accept Bitcoin as payment. Several countries, including Japan and Switzerland, have created regulatory frameworks that recognize virtual currencies as legitimate forms of payment. Furthermore, financial institutions that initially dismissed cryptocurrencies are now investing heavily in blockchain technology and exploring ways to integrate digital assets into their services.
The environmental impact of virtual currencies has also become a topic of intense debate. The mining process, particularly for Bitcoin, requires enormous amounts of electricity. According to some estimates, the Bitcoin network consumes more energy annually than entire countries like Argentina or the Netherlands. Critics argue that this energy consumption is unsustainable and contributes significantly to carbon emissions. In response, some newer virtual currencies have adopted alternative validation methods that require far less energy, and there are ongoing efforts to power mining operations with renewable energy sources.
From a social perspective, virtual currencies have democratized access to financial services for millions of people worldwide. In developing countries where traditional banking infrastructure is limited, individuals can use virtual currencies to participate in the global economy with nothing more than a smartphone and internet connection. This financial inclusion has particularly benefited people in countries experiencing hyperinflation or restrictive capital controls, where local currencies have lost significant value or where governments limit citizens’ ability to move money across borders.
Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, what is the main difference between virtual currencies and traditional money?
A. Virtual currencies are more valuable
B. Virtual currencies are not issued by governments
C. Virtual currencies can only be used online
D. Virtual currencies are illegal in most countries
2. The blockchain technology is described as:
A. a private database controlled by banks
B. a distributed ledger visible to network participants
C. a system that hides all transaction information
D. a technology that requires government approval
3. What reward do miners receive for verifying transactions?
A. Government bonds
B. Bank interest
C. Newly created currency units
D. Physical gold
4. Why is price volatility a problem for virtual currencies?
A. It makes them attractive to criminals
B. It increases transaction fees
C. It makes them unreliable for everyday use
D. It requires too much electricity
5. How has mainstream acceptance of virtual currencies changed?
A. All countries have banned them
B. Major companies now accept them as payment
C. Banks refuse to work with them
D. They are only used on the dark web
6. What advantage do virtual currencies offer people in developing countries?
A. Higher wages
B. Better internet connections
C. Access to financial services
D. Protection from all economic problems
Questions 7-13: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7. Bitcoin was the first virtual currency ever created.
8. Virtual currency transactions typically cost less than traditional bank transfers.
9. Every transaction on a blockchain network reveals the real identity of the user.
10. The value of Bitcoin increased continuously from 2017 to 2018.
11. Japan has developed regulations that recognize virtual currencies.
12. All new virtual currencies use less energy than Bitcoin.
13. Virtual currencies have completely replaced traditional banking in developing countries.
Công nghệ blockchain và tiền tệ ảo trong hệ thống tài chính hiện đại
PASSAGE 2 – Social Transformations in the Age of Cryptocurrencies
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The proliferation of virtual currencies has catalyzed profound social changes that extend far beyond the realm of economics. These digital monetary systems are reshaping fundamental aspects of how societies organize themselves, how power is distributed, and how individuals conceptualize trust, privacy, and financial autonomy. While mainstream discourse often focuses on the speculative investment aspect of cryptocurrencies, the deeper social implications warrant careful examination.
One of the most significant social transformations concerns the democratization of financial power. Traditional financial systems have historically been characterized by hierarchical structures, where central banks, large commercial banks, and financial institutions exercise considerable control over monetary policy, credit allocation, and payment systems. Virtual currencies, by contrast, operate on decentralized networks that theoretically distribute power more evenly among participants. This paradigm shift challenges centuries-old assumptions about who should control money and has sparked intense debates about the proper role of government in monetary affairs. Advocates argue that this decentralization promotes economic freedom and protects individuals from arbitrary monetary policies, such as excessive money printing that can lead to inflation. Critics, however, warn that removing regulatory oversight could lead to financial instability and leave consumers vulnerable to fraud.
The concept of trust has been fundamentally reconceptualized in the context of virtual currencies. Traditional financial transactions rely on institutional trust – confidence that banks, governments, and legal systems will honor their commitments and protect participants’ interests. Virtual currencies replace this institutional trust with cryptographic trust based on mathematical algorithms and distributed consensus mechanisms. This shift from “trust in people” to “trust in code” represents a radical philosophical departure with far-reaching implications. Proponents celebrate this as liberation from corruptible human institutions, while skeptics question whether algorithms can adequately address the complexities and nuances of human economic interactions.
Privacy concerns have emerged as another critical social dimension. While early cryptocurrency advocates promoted these systems as tools for financial privacy, the reality has proven more complex. Although blockchain transactions use pseudonymous addresses rather than real names, the public nature of blockchain ledgers means that transaction histories are permanently recorded and potentially traceable. Sophisticated analytical techniques can sometimes link pseudonymous addresses to real-world identities, particularly when individuals convert cryptocurrencies to traditional currencies through regulated exchanges that require identity verification. This has created an ongoing tension between the desire for privacy and the need for transparency and accountability in financial systems.
The environmental and social sustainability of virtual currency systems has become increasingly contentious. The energy-intensive nature of proof-of-work mining, particularly for Bitcoin, has drawn criticism from environmental activists and scientists. The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index estimates that Bitcoin mining annually consumes approximately 130 terawatt-hours of electricity, comparable to the entire energy consumption of Argentina. This has raised questions about whether the benefits of decentralized currencies justify their environmental costs. Furthermore, mining operations have tended to concentrate in regions with cheap electricity, sometimes creating tension with local communities concerned about noise pollution, strain on electrical grids, and the opportunity costs of dedicating vast energy resources to cryptocurrency mining rather than other social priorities.
Virtual currencies have also influenced social inequality in complex ways. Early adopters who invested in cryptocurrencies when prices were low have, in some cases, accumulated substantial wealth, creating a new class of “crypto-millionaires” and even “crypto-billionaires.” This has generated both admiration and resentment, with critics arguing that cryptocurrency wealth accumulation often results more from speculative timing than productive economic contribution. Moreover, the technical knowledge required to participate safely in cryptocurrency markets creates a digital divide, potentially excluding less technologically sophisticated populations from benefits while exposing them to risks. Scams, hacks, and fraudulent schemes have disproportionately affected vulnerable populations with limited financial literacy.
The rise of decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, which use smart contracts to provide financial services without traditional intermediaries, represents another dimension of social transformation. These platforms enable individuals to lend, borrow, trade, and earn interest on cryptocurrencies without banks or other financial institutions. Supporters view DeFi as a pathway to financial inclusion, particularly for the estimated 1.7 billion adults worldwide who lack access to traditional banking services. However, the absence of consumer protections, combined with the technical complexity and risks of smart contract vulnerabilities, has led to substantial financial losses for some participants.
Cultural shifts are also evident as virtual currencies gain prominence. A distinct “crypto culture” has emerged, characterized by its own language, memes, online communities, and social dynamics. Terms like “HODL” (hold on for dear life), “to the moon” (expressing hope for dramatic price increases), and “diamond hands” (refusing to sell despite volatility) have become part of the cultural lexicon. This culture often exhibits libertarian philosophical tendencies, skepticism toward traditional institutions, and faith in technological solutions to social problems. While this culture has fostered innovation and community, it has also been criticized for sometimes exhibiting cult-like characteristics, with social pressure to conform to group beliefs and harsh treatment of skeptics.
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. The most important aspect of cryptocurrencies is their potential for investment profits.
15. The decentralization of virtual currencies represents a significant challenge to traditional power structures in finance.
16. Mathematical algorithms are definitely superior to human institutions for managing financial transactions.
17. The environmental cost of Bitcoin mining is too high to justify its benefits.
18. Early cryptocurrency investors deserved their wealth more than people who earned money through traditional means.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The emergence of a new social class through cryptocurrency wealth
ii. Replacing traditional trust systems with technology
iii. How virtual currencies shift control of money
iv. The cultural phenomenon surrounding cryptocurrencies
v. Environmental challenges and community tensions
vi. Privacy paradoxes in blockchain systems
vii. Banking alternatives for the unbanked population
viii. Government regulation of cryptocurrency exchanges
Paragraph B:
Paragraph C:
Paragraph D:
Paragraph E:
Paragraph F: _____
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms use (24) __ to offer financial services without traditional banks. Supporters believe these platforms can promote (25) __, especially for people without access to banking. However, participants face risks due to lack of (26) __ and technical vulnerabilities.
PASSAGE 3 – Socioeconomic Ramifications of Virtual Currency Adoption: A Critical Analysis
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The ascendance of virtual currencies represents not merely a technological innovation or financial phenomenon, but rather a complex socioeconomic transformation with multifaceted implications for social cohesion, economic stratification, and the ontological foundations of monetary systems. As these decentralized digital assets permeate various strata of society, they simultaneously challenge established institutional frameworks while potentially exacerbating existing inequalities and creating novel forms of social stratification. A comprehensive analysis necessitates examining these currencies through multiple theoretical lenses, including perspectives from sociology, economics, political science, and technology studies.
The disintermediation inherent in virtual currency systems fundamentally reconstitutes the relationship between individuals and financial infrastructure. Traditional banking systems, despite their limitations, have functioned as mechanisms of social integration, providing standardized services that facilitate economic participation across diverse population segments. Banks serve not only as financial intermediaries but as gatekeepers who verify identities, assess creditworthiness, and maintain records that enable individuals to establish financial reputations. The elimination of these intermediaries through peer-to-peer transaction protocols ostensibly enhances efficiency and autonomy, yet simultaneously dissolves social structures that have historically provided stability and accountability mechanisms. This institutional void raises profound questions about alternative frameworks for establishing trust, resolving disputes, and protecting vulnerable parties in financial relationships.
The purported egalitarian ethos of virtual currencies merits critical scrutiny, particularly regarding actual patterns of wealth accumulation and technological access. While proponents emphasize the permissionless nature of these systems – theoretically allowing anyone to participate without institutional authorization – substantive barriers to entry persist. Technical literacy requirements, access to reliable internet connectivity and computing hardware, and sufficient capital reserves to absorb the substantial volatility inherent in cryptocurrency markets create de facto exclusions that disproportionately affect marginalized populations. Furthermore, the distribution of cryptocurrency wealth exhibits remarkable concentration, with research indicating that approximately 95% of Bitcoin is held by roughly 2% of accounts. This wealth concentration rivals or exceeds inequality in traditional financial systems, challenging narratives of democratization and suggesting that virtual currencies may reproduce or amplify existing socioeconomic hierarchies rather than dismantling them.
The intersection of virtual currencies with regulatory frameworks illuminates fundamental tensions between state sovereignty and transnational digital networks. Governments derive significant power from their monopoly on currency issuance and their ability to regulate financial flows, capabilities that enable monetary policy implementation, tax collection, and enforcement of capital controls. Virtual currencies’ capacity to facilitate cross-border transactions outside traditional regulatory oversight potentially undermines these governmental prerogatives, precipitating what some scholars characterize as a sovereignty crisis. State responses have varied considerably, ranging from prohibition (as in China’s comprehensive ban on cryptocurrency transactions) to regulatory accommodation (such as El Salvador’s adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender). These divergent approaches reflect deeper ideological disagreements about the legitimate scope of state authority over monetary affairs and the relative priority of financial innovation versus regulatory control.
Epistemological shifts in conceptualizing trust and verification constitute another crucial dimension of virtual currencies’ social impact. The cryptographic foundations of these systems instantiate what blockchain developers term “trustless” transactions – exchanges that require no faith in counterparties or intermediary institutions because cryptographic protocols mathematically guarantee transaction validity. This represents a paradigm shift from relationship-based trust, built through repeated interactions and social embeddedness, to algorithm-based verification, grounded in computational processes. Sociological research on trust emphasizes its fundamentally social character, arguing that trust relationships create social capital and facilitate cooperation beyond what contracts and formal mechanisms can achieve. The displacement of social trust with algorithmic verification may therefore have unintended consequences for social cohesion, potentially contributing to what Robert Putnam and other scholars have identified as the erosion of civic engagement and decline of social capital in contemporary societies.
The environmental externalities associated with proof-of-work consensus mechanisms exemplify how virtual currencies create collective action problems that individual participants have limited incentive to address. Each miner rationally pursues profits by expanding computational capacity, yet the aggregate effect generates substantial environmental costs borne by society broadly. This structure mirrors classic tragedy of the commons scenarios, where individual rationality produces collectively suboptimal outcomes. The carbon footprint of Bitcoin mining alone has been estimated to produce between 22 and 22.9 megatons of carbon dioxide annually, comparable to the emissions of countries like Jordan or Sri Lanka. Beyond climate implications, the geographic concentration of mining operations in specific regions has created localized environmental impacts, including noise pollution, electronic waste accumulation, and stress on electrical infrastructure. These externalities raise distributive justice concerns, as communities bearing environmental costs rarely receive proportionate benefits from mining activities.
Virtual currencies have also catalyzed new forms of economic criminality and financial crime, necessitating adaptive responses from law enforcement agencies. The pseudo-anonymous nature of cryptocurrency transactions has facilitated their use in illicit marketplaces, ransomware attacks, money laundering operations, and sanctions evasion. The Silk Road marketplace, operational from 2011 to 2013, demonstrated how virtual currencies could enable large-scale illegal commerce, facilitating over $1 billion in transactions for drugs, weapons, and other contraband before authorities shut it down. More recently, ransomware attackers have increasingly demanded payment in cryptocurrencies, exploiting both the difficulty of tracing transactions and the irreversibility of cryptocurrency transfers. These criminal applications have prompted development of blockchain analytics technologies and international cooperation frameworks, yet the technological arms race between criminals leveraging privacy-enhancing technologies and law enforcement developing investigative capabilities continues to evolve.
The psychological and behavioral dimensions of virtual currency participation reveal complex patterns of risk-taking, social influence, and speculative mania. Behavioral economics research has documented how cognitive biases – including recency bias, herd behavior, and overconfidence – influence cryptocurrency investment decisions. The extreme volatility of cryptocurrency markets creates environments where these biases can produce dramatic wealth transfers, with some participants experiencing substantial gains while others suffer severe losses. Social media platforms have amplified these dynamics, creating echo chambers where enthusiastic communities reinforce bullish sentiments while dismissing skeptical perspectives. The social contagion of cryptocurrency enthusiasm has been particularly pronounced among younger demographics, with surveys indicating that millennials and Generation Z show significantly higher rates of cryptocurrency ownership than older cohorts. This generational divide in adoption patterns may have long-term implications for intergenerational wealth distribution and financial system evolution.
Các tác động xã hội và kinh tế của tiền ảo đối với cộng đồng toàn cầu
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, traditional banks have historically served as:
A. obstacles to economic progress
B. mechanisms that help integrate people into society
C. institutions that only benefit wealthy individuals
D. temporary solutions to financial problems
28. The passage suggests that wealth distribution in cryptocurrency markets is:
A. more equal than traditional financial systems
B. impossible to measure accurately
C. highly concentrated among a small percentage of holders
D. evenly distributed across all participants
29. Different government responses to virtual currencies reflect:
A. varying levels of technological development
B. fundamental disagreements about state authority over money
C. different environmental concerns
D. similar regulatory approaches worldwide
30. The concept of “trustless” transactions in virtual currencies refers to:
A. systems where no one can be trusted
B. transactions that require strong personal relationships
C. exchanges verified by mathematical algorithms rather than institutions
D. methods that increase social capital
31. According to the passage, cognitive biases in cryptocurrency investment:
A. only affect inexperienced investors
B. have been eliminated by education
C. are amplified by social media echo chambers
D. primarily impact older generations
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each concept (Questions 32-36) with the correct description (A-H).
Concepts:
32. Disintermediation
33. Proof-of-work consensus
34. Blockchain analytics
35. Social capital
36. Regulatory accommodation
Descriptions:
A. Technologies developed to investigate cryptocurrency transactions
B. Government acceptance of virtual currencies with appropriate rules
C. The environmental costs of cryptocurrency mining
D. Removing banks and other middlemen from financial transactions
E. Trust and cooperation built through social relationships
F. The process of converting cryptocurrencies to traditional money
G. Methods that require intensive computational power to verify transactions
H. The concentration of wealth among early cryptocurrency adopters
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
37. What percentage of Bitcoin is held by approximately 2% of accounts?
38. What type of crisis do some scholars say virtual currencies create for governments?
39. What classic economic problem does cryptocurrency mining resemble, according to the passage?
40. Which two generations show the highest rates of cryptocurrency ownership?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- B
- C
- C
- B
- C
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- FALSE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- NOT GIVEN
- NO
- iii
- ii
- vi
- v
- i
- smart contracts
- financial inclusion
- consumer protections
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- B
- C
- C
- D
- G
- A
- E
- B
- 95% / ninety-five percent
- sovereignty crisis
- tragedy of commons
- millennials and Generation Z (hoặc Generation Z and millennials)
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main difference, virtual currencies, traditional money
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói rõ “Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and central banks, these digital assets exist purely in electronic form”. Đáp án B “not issued by governments” paraphrase chính xác thông tin này. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai lệch.
Câu 2: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: blockchain technology, described as
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết mô tả blockchain là “a distributed ledger that records all transactions across a network of computers” và “every transaction is visible to all participants in the network”. Đáp án B paraphrase chính xác với “distributed ledger visible to network participants”.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: reward, miners, verifying transactions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Câu “miners receive newly created currency units as rewards” trả lời trực tiếp câu hỏi này.
Câu 4: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: price volatility, problem
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “Such instability makes these currencies problematic as stores of value or mediums of exchange for everyday transactions”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án C “unreliable for everyday use”.
Câu 5: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: mainstream acceptance, changed
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Major companies like Microsoft, AT&T, and Overstock.com now accept Bitcoin as payment” chứng minh sự thay đổi trong việc chấp nhận tiền ảo.
Câu 6: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: advantage, developing countries
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: “Virtual currencies have democratized access to financial services” và “individuals can use virtual currencies to participate in the global economy” chỉ ra lợi ích về tiếp cận dịch vụ tài chính.
Câu 7: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Bitcoin, first virtual currency
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói Bitcoin là “most famous example” được tạo ra năm 2009, nhưng không khẳng định đây là đồng tiền ảo đầu tiên.
Câu 8: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: transactions, cost less, bank transfers
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “often with lower fees and faster processing times than traditional banking systems” xác nhận thông tin này đúng.
Câu 9: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: transaction, reveals real identity
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài nói “maintaining user privacy through pseudonymous addresses”, mâu thuẫn với việc tiết lộ danh tính thật.
Câu 10: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Bitcoin value, 2017 to 2018, increased continuously
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Bitcoin reached nearly $20,000 per coin, only to fall below $4,000 one year later” cho thấy giá giảm chứ không tăng liên tục.
Câu 11: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Japan, regulations, recognize
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Several countries, including Japan and Switzerland, have created regulatory frameworks that recognize virtual currencies” xác nhận thông tin này.
Câu 12: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all new virtual currencies, less energy
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “some newer virtual currencies have adopted alternative validation methods that require far less energy”, không nói tất cả.
Câu 13: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: completely replaced, traditional banking, developing countries
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói tiền ảo giúp mọi người “participate in the global economy” nhưng không nói về việc thay thế hoàn toàn ngân hàng truyền thống.
Kỹ thuật làm bài IELTS Reading với tiền tệ ảo hiệu quả
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: most important aspect, investment profits
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói “While mainstream discourse often focuses on the speculative investment aspect of cryptocurrencies, the deeper social implications warrant careful examination”, cho thấy tác giả không đồng ý rằng lợi nhuận đầu tư là quan trọng nhất.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: decentralization, challenge, traditional power structures
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “This paradigm shift challenges centuries-old assumptions about who should control money” thể hiện rõ quan điểm của tác giả về thách thức đối với cấu trúc quyền lực truyền thống.
Câu 16: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: algorithms, definitely superior, human institutions
- Giải thích: Tác giả trình bày cả hai quan điểm (proponents và skeptics) nhưng không đưa ra nhận định cá nhân rõ ràng về việc algorithms có chắc chắn tốt hơn không.
Câu 17: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: environmental cost, too high, justify benefits
- Giải thích: Tác giả đề cập đến “questions about whether the benefits of decentralized currencies justify their environmental costs” nhưng không đưa ra câu trả lời rõ ràng cho câu hỏi này.
Câu 18: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: early investors, deserved wealth
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “critics arguing that cryptocurrency wealth accumulation often results more from speculative timing than productive economic contribution” cho thấy tác giả chia sẻ quan điểm phê phán về việc những người này không thực sự xứng đáng hơn.
Câu 19: iii (Paragraph B)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào “democratization of financial power” và cách tiền ảo “challenges centuries-old assumptions about who should control money”, phù hợp với heading “How virtual currencies shift control of money”.
Câu 20: ii (Paragraph C)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn C thảo luận về “concept of trust” và sự chuyển đổi từ “institutional trust” sang “cryptographic trust”, tương ứng với “Replacing traditional trust systems with technology”.
Câu 21: vi (Paragraph D)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn D nói về “Privacy concerns” và sự phức tạp giữa privacy và transparency trong blockchain, phù hợp với “Privacy paradoxes in blockchain systems”.
Câu 22: v (Paragraph E)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn E tập trung vào “environmental and social sustainability” và “tension with local communities”, tương ứng với “Environmental challenges and community tensions”.
Câu 23: i (Paragraph F)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn F thảo luận về “crypto-millionaires” và “crypto-billionaires”, phù hợp với “The emergence of a new social class through cryptocurrency wealth”.
Câu 24: smart contracts
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, which use smart contracts to provide financial services”
Câu 25: financial inclusion
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Supporters view DeFi as a pathway to financial inclusion”
Câu 26: consumer protections
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “the absence of consumer protections, combined with the technical complexity”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional banks, historically served
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Traditional banking systems…have functioned as mechanisms of social integration, providing standardized services that facilitate economic participation”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: wealth distribution, cryptocurrency markets
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “approximately 95% of Bitcoin is held by roughly 2% of accounts. This wealth concentration rivals or exceeds inequality in traditional financial systems” chỉ ra sự tập trung cao.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: different government responses, reflect
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: “These divergent approaches reflect deeper ideological disagreements about the legitimate scope of state authority over monetary affairs”
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: trustless transactions, refers to
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “trustless transactions – exchanges that require no faith in counterparties or intermediary institutions because cryptographic protocols mathematically guarantee transaction validity”
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: cognitive biases, cryptocurrency investment
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “Social media platforms have amplified these dynamics, creating echo chambers where enthusiastic communities reinforce bullish sentiments”
Câu 32: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Disintermediation được định nghĩa trong đoạn B là việc loại bỏ các trung gian tài chính.
Câu 33: G
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Proof-of-work được mô tả trong đoạn F là “consensus mechanisms” yêu cầu năng lượng tính toán lớn.
Câu 34: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Blockchain analytics được đề cập trong đoạn G là công nghệ để điều tra các giao dịch cryptocurrency.
Câu 35: E
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Social capital được định nghĩa trong đoạn E là niềm tin và hợp tác được xây dựng qua các mối quan hệ xã hội.
Câu 36: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Regulatory accommodation được đề cập trong đoạn D là việc chính phủ chấp nhận tiền ảo với các quy định phù hợp.
Câu 37: 95% / ninety-five percent
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 8
- Giải thích: “approximately 95% of Bitcoin is held by roughly 2% of accounts”
Câu 38: sovereignty crisis
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “potentially undermines these governmental prerogatives, precipitating what some scholars characterize as a sovereignty crisis”
Câu 39: tragedy of commons
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4
- Giải thích: “This structure mirrors classic tragedy of the commons scenarios”
Câu 40: millennials and Generation Z
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “surveys indicating that millennials and Generation Z show significantly higher rates of cryptocurrency ownership than older cohorts”
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| virtual currencies | n | /ˈvɜːtʃuəl ˈkʌrənsiz/ | tiền tệ ảo | Virtual currencies have emerged from the shadows of the internet | adopt virtual currencies |
| decentralized networks | n | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈnetwɜːks/ | mạng lưới phi tập trung | operate on decentralized networks powered by blockchain | establish decentralized networks |
| peer-to-peer transactions | n | /pɪə tuː pɪə trænˈzækʃənz/ | giao dịch ngang hàng | enable peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries | facilitate peer-to-peer transactions |
| cryptographic security | n | /ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪk sɪˈkjʊərəti/ | bảo mật mã hóa | the cryptographic security built into these systems | provide cryptographic security |
| blockchain | n | /ˈblɒktʃeɪn/ | chuỗi khối | The technology underlying most virtual currencies is called blockchain | blockchain technology |
| distributed ledger | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˈledʒə/ | sổ cái phân tán | a distributed ledger that records all transactions | maintain distributed ledger |
| pseudonymous addresses | n | /sjuːˈdɒnɪməs əˈdresɪz/ | địa chỉ giả danh | maintaining user privacy through pseudonymous addresses | use pseudonymous addresses |
| mining | n | /ˈmaɪnɪŋ/ | khai thác (tiền ảo) | a process known as mining | cryptocurrency mining |
| price volatility | n | /praɪs ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/ | sự biến động giá | Price volatility represents another significant challenge | experience price volatility |
| mainstream acceptance | n | /ˈmeɪnstriːm əkˈseptəns/ | sự chấp nhận rộng rãi | virtual currencies have begun to gain mainstream acceptance | achieve mainstream acceptance |
| regulatory frameworks | n | /ˈreɡjələtəri ˈfreɪmwɜːks/ | khung pháp lý | Several countries have created regulatory frameworks | develop regulatory frameworks |
| financial inclusion | n | /faɪˈnænʃəl ɪnˈkluːʒən/ | hòa nhập tài chính | This financial inclusion has particularly benefited people | promote financial inclusion |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | n | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/ | sự phát triển nhanh | The proliferation of virtual currencies has catalyzed profound social changes | rapid proliferation |
| democratization | n | /dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | dân chủ hóa | the democratization of financial power | democratization of financial power |
| paradigm shift | n | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển đổi mô hình | This paradigm shift challenges centuries-old assumptions | represent paradigm shift |
| decentralization | n | /diːˌsentrəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | phi tập trung hóa | Advocates argue that this decentralization promotes economic freedom | financial decentralization |
| arbitrary monetary policies | n | /ˈɑːbɪtrəri ˈmʌnɪtəri ˈpɒləsiz/ | chính sách tiền tệ độc đoán | protects individuals from arbitrary monetary policies | impose arbitrary monetary policies |
| institutional trust | n | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl trʌst/ | niềm tin thể chế | Traditional financial transactions rely on institutional trust | establish institutional trust |
| cryptographic trust | n | /ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪk trʌst/ | niềm tin mã hóa | replace institutional trust with cryptographic trust | build cryptographic trust |
| distributed consensus mechanisms | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd kənˈsensəs ˈmekənɪzəmz/ | cơ chế đồng thuận phân tán | based on mathematical algorithms and distributed consensus mechanisms | implement distributed consensus mechanisms |
| far-reaching implications | n | /fɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/ | những tác động sâu rộng | represents a radical philosophical departure with far-reaching implications | have far-reaching implications |
| analytical techniques | n | /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl tekˈniːks/ | kỹ thuật phân tích | Sophisticated analytical techniques can sometimes link pseudonymous addresses | advanced analytical techniques |
| transparency and accountability | n | /trænsˈpærənsi ənd əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ | tính minh bạch và trách nhiệm giải trình | the need for transparency and accountability in financial systems | ensure transparency and accountability |
| proof-of-work mining | n | /pruːf əv wɜːk ˈmaɪnɪŋ/ | khai thác bằng chứng công việc | The energy-intensive nature of proof-of-work mining | proof-of-work mining process |
| opportunity costs | n | /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti kɒsts/ | chi phí cơ hội | the opportunity costs of dedicating vast energy resources | consider opportunity costs |
| crypto-millionaires | n | /ˈkrɪptəʊ ˌmɪljəˈneəz/ | triệu phú tiền ảo | creating a new class of crypto-millionaires | become crypto-millionaires |
| speculative timing | n | /ˈspekjələtɪv ˈtaɪmɪŋ/ | thời điểm đầu cơ | results more from speculative timing than productive economic contribution | rely on speculative timing |
| digital divide | n | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl dɪˈvaɪd/ | khoảng cách số | creates a digital divide, potentially excluding less technologically sophisticated populations | bridge digital divide |
| decentralized finance (DeFi) | n | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈfaɪnæns/ | tài chính phi tập trung | The rise of decentralized finance platforms | decentralized finance platforms |
| smart contracts | n | /smɑːt ˈkɒntræks/ | hợp đồng thông minh | which use smart contracts to provide financial services | execute smart contracts |
| cultural lexicon | n | /ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈleksɪkɒn/ | từ vựng văn hóa | have become part of the cultural lexicon | enter cultural lexicon |
| libertarian philosophical tendencies | n | /ˌlɪbəˈteəriən ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪkl ˈtendənsiz/ | xu hướng triết học tự do | often exhibits libertarian philosophical tendencies | display libertarian philosophical tendencies |
Bảng từ vựng quan trọng về tiền tệ ảo trong IELTS Reading
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| multifaceted implications | n | /ˌmʌltɪˈfæsɪtɪd ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/ | những tác động đa chiều | a complex socioeconomic transformation with multifaceted implications | have multifaceted implications |
| ontological foundations | n | /ˌɒntəˈlɒdʒɪkl faʊnˈdeɪʃənz/ | nền tảng bản thể luận | the ontological foundations of monetary systems | challenge ontological foundations |
| social stratification | n | /ˈsəʊʃəl ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | phân tầng xã hội | creating novel forms of social stratification | reinforce social stratification |
| theoretical lenses | n | /ˌθɪəˈretɪkl ˈlenzɪz/ | các lăng kính lý thuyết | examining these currencies through multiple theoretical lenses | apply theoretical lenses |
| disintermediation | n | /ˌdɪsɪntəˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/ | phi trung gian hóa | The disintermediation inherent in virtual currency systems | financial disintermediation |
| social integration | n | /ˈsəʊʃəl ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/ | hội nhập xã hội | have functioned as mechanisms of social integration | promote social integration |
| gatekeepers | n | /ˈɡeɪtkiːpəz/ | người giữ cổng | Banks serve not only as financial intermediaries but as gatekeepers | act as gatekeepers |
| financial reputations | n | /faɪˈnænʃəl ˌrepjuˈteɪʃənz/ | uy tín tài chính | enable individuals to establish financial reputations | build financial reputations |
| accountability mechanisms | n | /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti ˈmekənɪzəmz/ | cơ chế trách nhiệm giải trình | providing stability and accountability mechanisms | establish accountability mechanisms |
| institutional void | n | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl vɔɪd/ | khoảng trống thể chế | This institutional void raises profound questions | create institutional void |
| egalitarian ethos | n | /ɪˌɡælɪˈteəriən ˈiːθɒs/ | tinh thần bình đẳng | The purported egalitarian ethos of virtual currencies | promote egalitarian ethos |
| permissionless | adj | /pəˈmɪʃənləs/ | không cần phép | proponents emphasize the permissionless nature of these systems | permissionless access |
| institutional authorization | n | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən/ | sự cho phép của thể chế | allowing anyone to participate without institutional authorization | require institutional authorization |
| technical literacy | n | /ˈteknɪkl ˈlɪtərəsi/ | kiến thức kỹ thuật | Technical literacy requirements, access to reliable internet | improve technical literacy |
| de facto exclusions | n | /deɪ ˈfæktəʊ ɪkˈskluːʒənz/ | sự loại trừ trên thực tế | create de facto exclusions that disproportionately affect marginalized populations | result in de facto exclusions |
| socioeconomic hierarchies | n | /ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈhaɪərɑːkiz/ | hệ thống phân cấp kinh tế xã hội | may reproduce or amplify existing socioeconomic hierarchies | reinforce socioeconomic hierarchies |
| state sovereignty | n | /steɪt ˈsɒvrənti/ | chủ quyền nhà nước | illuminate fundamental tensions between state sovereignty | challenge state sovereignty |
| monopoly on currency issuance | n | /məˈnɒpəli ɒn ˈkʌrənsi ˈɪʃuəns/ | độc quyền phát hành tiền tệ | derive significant power from their monopoly on currency issuance | maintain monopoly on currency issuance |
| capital controls | n | /ˈkæpɪtl kənˈtrəʊlz/ | kiểm soát vốn | enforcement of capital controls | impose capital controls |
| sovereignty crisis | n | /ˈsɒvrənti ˈkraɪsɪs/ | khủng hoảng chủ quyền | what some scholars characterize as a sovereignty crisis | precipitate sovereignty crisis |
| regulatory accommodation | n | /ˈreɡjələtəri əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃən/ | sự điều chỉnh theo quy định | ranging from prohibition to regulatory accommodation | provide regulatory accommodation |
| epistemological shifts | n | /ɪˌpɪstəməˈlɒdʒɪkl ʃɪfts/ | sự chuyển dịch tri thức luận | Epistemological shifts in conceptualizing trust and verification | represent epistemological shifts |
| algorithm-based verification | n | /ˈælɡərɪðəm beɪst ˌverɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | xác minh dựa trên thuật toán | grounded in computational processes of algorithm-based verification | rely on algorithm-based verification |
| social capital | n | /ˈsəʊʃəl ˈkæpɪtl/ | vốn xã hội | trust relationships create social capital and facilitate cooperation | build social capital |
| erosion of civic engagement | n | /ɪˈrəʊʒən əv ˈsɪvɪk ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ | sự xói mòn tham gia công dân | contributing to the erosion of civic engagement | lead to erosion of civic engagement |
| collective action problems | n | /kəˈlektɪv ˈækʃən ˈprɒbləmz/ | các vấn đề hành động tập thể | exemplify how virtual currencies create collective action problems | solve collective action problems |
| tragedy of the commons | n | /ˈtrædʒədi əv ðə ˈkɒmənz/ | bi kịch của cái chung | This structure mirrors classic tragedy of the commons scenarios | illustrate tragedy of the commons |
| carbon footprint | n | /ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | dấu chân carbon | The carbon footprint of Bitcoin mining alone has been estimated | reduce carbon footprint |
| distributive justice | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjətɪv ˈdʒʌstɪs/ | công bằng phân phối | These externalities raise distributive justice concerns | ensure distributive justice |
| pseudo-anonymous | adj | /ˌsjuːdəʊ əˈnɒnɪməs/ | giả danh ẩn danh | The pseudo-anonymous nature of cryptocurrency transactions | provide pseudo-anonymous transactions |
| illicit marketplaces | n | /ɪˈlɪsɪt ˈmɑːkɪtpleɪsɪz/ | thị trường bất hợp pháp | facilitated their use in illicit marketplaces | operate illicit marketplaces |
| ransomware attacks | n | /ˈrænsəmweə əˈtæks/ | các cuộc tấn công mã độc tống tiền | ransomware attackers have increasingly demanded payment | launch ransomware attacks |
| sanctions evasion | n | /ˈsæŋkʃənz ɪˈveɪʒən/ | trốn tránh trừng phạt | money laundering operations, and sanctions evasion | facilitate sanctions evasion |
| irreversibility | n | /ˌɪrɪˌvɜːsəˈbɪləti/ | tính không thể đảo ngược | exploiting both the difficulty of tracing transactions and the irreversibility | transaction irreversibility |
| blockchain analytics | n | /ˈblɒktʃeɪn ˌænəˈlɪtɪks/ | phân tích chuỗi khối | prompted development of blockchain analytics technologies | develop blockchain analytics |
| technological arms race | n | /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl ɑːmz reɪs/ | cuộc chạy đua vũ trang công nghệ | the technological arms race between criminals and law enforcement | engage in technological arms race |
| cognitive biases | n | /ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈbaɪəsɪz/ | thiên kiến nhận thức | Behavioral economics research has documented how cognitive biases influence | overcome cognitive biases |
| recency bias | n | /ˈriːsənsi ˈbaɪəs/ | thiên kiến gần đây | including recency bias, herd behavior, and overconfidence | demonstrate recency bias |
| herd behavior | n | /hɜːd bɪˈheɪvjə/ | hành vi bầy đàn | including recency bias, herd behavior, and overconfidence | exhibit herd behavior |
| echo chambers | n | /ˈekəʊ ˈtʃeɪmbəz/ | buồng vang (không gian chỉ nghe ý kiến tương tự) | Social media platforms have amplified these dynamics, creating echo chambers | create echo chambers |
| social contagion | n | /ˈsəʊʃəl kənˈteɪdʒən/ | lây lan xã hội | The social contagion of cryptocurrency enthusiasm | demonstrate social contagion |
| generational divide | n | /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃənl dɪˈvaɪd/ | khoảng cách thế hệ | This generational divide in adoption patterns may have long-term implications | widen generational divide |
| intergenerational wealth distribution | n | /ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl welθ ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ | phân phối của cải giữa các thế hệ | implications for intergenerational wealth distribution | affect intergenerational wealth distribution |
Kết bài
Chủ đề về tiền tệ ảo và những tác động xã hội của nó không chỉ là một hiện tượng tài chính đương đại mà còn phản ánh những biến chuyển sâu sắc trong cách xã hội tổ chức và vận hành. Việc xuất hiện thường xuyên của chủ đề này trong IELTS Reading cho thấy tầm quan trọng của nó trong việc đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật của thí sinh.
Bộ đề thi mẫu trên đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần: Passage 1 giúp bạn làm quen với những khái niệm cơ bản về tiền tệ ảo; Passage 2 đào sâu vào các tác động xã hội và văn hóa; còn Passage 3 yêu cầu khả năng phân tích phức tạp về các chiều kích kinh tế-xã hội và triết học. Thông qua 40 câu hỏi đa dạng, bạn đã được luyện tập với hầu hết các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading thực tế.
Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp các đáp án đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng cách tìm thông tin, nhận diện paraphrase và áp dụng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Đây là những kỹ năng thiết yếu giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong việc quản lý thời gian và tối ưu hóa điểm số trong kỳ thi thật.
Bảng từ vựng toàn diện với hơn 50 từ và cụm từ quan trọng, kèm theo phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocations, sẽ là tài liệu tham khảo quý giá giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật – yếu tố quan trọng không chỉ cho phần Reading mà còn cho cả Writing và Speaking.
Hãy sử dụng đề thi này như một công cụ đánh giá năng lực hiện tại và xác định những điểm cần cải thiện. Luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi chất lượng cao như thế này sẽ giúp bạn từng bước nâng cao band điểm và tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi IELTS chính thức. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt được mục tiêu IELTS mong muốn!
